国际贸易实务(下划线为重点记忆和理解，无的为一般记忆和了解)
Chapter one
1.国际贸易概念：International trad e is also known as world trad e, foreign trad e, overseas trad e.
It refers to the process of fair and d eliberate exchange of goods or services between two or more countries, involving the use of two or more currencies. Besides, international trad e concerns trad e operations of both import and export and includ es the purchase and sale of both visibl e and invisibl e goods.
2.
1)Resource reasons (natural resource, human resource and technol ogy)
2)Economic reasons (economic benefits, comparative advantage and economies of scal e)
3)Other reasons (political reasons, differences in tastes, preferences and consumption
patterns)
3.国际贸易与国内贸易的不同：
In particular, international trad e is more subject to:
Language habits and cultural differences
2)Foreign laws, customs and regulations or international rul es
3)Exchange rate fluctuations and interest rate
4)Higher l evel of political, financial and transportation risks
5)More compl ex business procedures therefore managers need a broad er range of
management skills
4.
1)从货物流向（direction of cargo fl ow）分: export trad e, import trad e and transit trad e(过境贸易)
2)从参与的贸易方（the number of participants ）分：direct trad e, indirect trad e and entrepot trad e(转口贸易)
转口贸易：entrepot trad e refers to the transaction which involves importing goods from overseas for further processing or assembling and the re-exporting the goods abroad. 转口贸易又称中转贸易或再输出贸易，是指国际贸易中进出口货物的买卖，不是在生产国和消费国之间直接进行，而是通过第三国转手进行的贸易。对于第三国来说，就是转口贸易，与过境贸易的最大区别在于货物的所有权会发生转移，并且只涉及一个贸易方。国际上有很多中转地，如新加坡，香港，鹿特丹等
3）从商品形式（form of goods）分：有形贸易（visibl e/tangible goods trade）和无形贸易（invisibl e/intangible goods trade）
）分：易货贸易（barter trad e）和自由结汇贸易（free-liquidation trad e）
5.进出口贸易的程序：Export and import procedures:
e operation und ergoes four stages:
1) the preparation of a transaction
2) the negotiation of the contract
3) the performance of the contract
4) the settlement of disputes
①Negotiation can be conducted in two forms:
ephone)
In writing (business correspond ence which includ es letters, faxes, e-mails)
②Four main steps: 询盘(enquiry), 发盘(offer), 还盘(counter-offer),接受(acceptance)
Chapter two 国际贸易术语
1.三种贸易术语的解释规则（three sets of rul es）
）
2) 美国对外贸易修正案1941（Revised American Foreign Trad e Definitions 1941）
3) 2000年国际贸易术语解释通则（International Rul es for the Interpretation of Trad e Terms 2000）
2. incoterms2000 的具体内容（ E、F、C、D组的划分，重点在F、C类）
（这个不知道怎么写，看书本P34-42）
3. 装运合同术语和到货合同术语区别
Shipment contract:起运前交付（the d elivery will happen at the time or before the time of 类
Arrival contract: 到达目的地后交付（d eliver at the time of arrival）
Symbolic delivery:买方并没有实质性的接受到货物，而是通过一系列运输单据证明其交接。（ the buyer d oes not physically receive the goods, the d elivery is proved by the submission of transport d ocument by the seller to the buyer）只意味着买方同意了买方交货的事实，并不代表买方接受了该批货物就是与合同一致的货物。
Actual d elivery: the buyer (or his agent) physically receives the goods upon the time of d elivery Chapter three 出口商品的价格
1.出口商品价格的表达（ expression of export price）
The standard format of a price in international trad e has four components
通常一个标准出口价格包括四个部分：
货币（a cod e of currency）
金额（a number indicating the price）
数量单位（a unit for measuring quantity）
贸易术语（a certain trad e term）
这是一种出口价格的表现形式，在纽约市用CIF贸易术语进行交易，每件货为22.5美元
2. 价格的计算
FOB= total cost + profit
以外国货币计算 FOB= (Total cost + profit)/ Exchange rate
CFR价格： CFR= FOB + Ocean freight
CIF价格： CIF=FOB + Ocean freight +Insurance Premium
Insurance premium =CIF *(1+markup) *Premium rate(R)
CIF=CFR / (1-markup*R)
①Commission (C) = contract value * commission rate
②Price including C = net price / (1 – C rates)
Net price = price including C (1- C rates)
折扣价： Discount = contract price * discount rate
Actual price = contract price – discount
= contract price * (1- discount rate)
出口利润率（ Export profit margin）:
Export profit margin = export revenue (FOB) – export cost (FOB)
Export revenue (FOB)
公式中用的是FOB价格，即不包含运费保险费的价格，并且使用的是出口国货币。反映的是一单位的销售额能赚取多少的利润，越大越好
出口换汇成本（Export Cost for Foreign Exchange ）:
Export cost for foreign exchange = export cost in local currency
Export revenue in foreign currency
该指标反映的是要赚取一单位的外国货币需要花费的本国货币成本，越小越好
4. 定价的四个步骤：（要求能够知道概念和判断）
询盘：A potential client asks for information from the counterpart to his intention in buying or selling of a certain commodity.
