英语词汇前缀总结
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英语词汇前缀一、上(向上,在上);下(向下,在下)1.ana-来源:G. ana-,来自ana,up,on向上,在上变形:元音之前变为an-,如anode含义:(1) up, upward向上,向上的,向上地anabatic向上的,向上运动的(2) back, backward在后,向后的ananym倒写名字(3) again, anew再,重新,以一种新的或不同的方式(现现)anabiosis复苏2.cata-来源:G. kata-,来自kata,down向下变形:元音与h之前变为cat-,如cation,cathode含义:(1) down向下catabiotic衰变的(2) against,back,opposite相反,向后,相反的catabaptist反对洗礼的人(3) wholly,thoroughly整个地,彻底地(用以加强原意)cataclastic碎裂的3.epi-来源:G. epi-,来自epi,on,up,to在上,向上,向变形:元音与h之前变为ep-,如epoch,ephemeral含义:upon,besides,near to,over,after,outer,anterior,prior to在上,加之,靠近,向上,在后,外边的,在…之前,在先的epibiotic残骸,残遗物4.up-来源:M. E. up,upward向上含义:in an upward direction,up向上,在上upgrade提高等级5.down-来源:M. E. doun,来自O. E. adune(a-dune,hill),off or from the hill下山含义:down,in a downward direction向下,在…下downcast下落,陷落6.a-来源:O. E. a-,an,on在上含义:(1) on,in,at在…上,在…中,在abed在床上(2) in(such)a state or condition在…情况或状态中afire燃烧着(3) in(such)a manner处于…方式aloud高声地,出声地(4) in the act of,in the process of处于某种行动或过程中a-hunting打猎中7.on-来源:O. E. on,an,on在…上含义:on在…上onlooker旁观者二、过(过,上,超,高,特);不及(不及,下,亚,次,稍)1.super-来源:L. super-,over,above,in addition过,高于,加之;来自super,to or in a position higherthan,over,处于更高的位置,过含义:(1) (a) (i) over,above,higher in quantity,quality or degree,more than过,高于,在数量、质量、程度上高于、多于superstandard高标准(ii) in addition,extra附加的,额外的supernumerary多余的;多余者(iii) of a secondary character某种次特征的superparasitism重寄生现象(b) in excessing degree or intensity,exceeding a normal过度的,加强的,超过标准superingenious极度机灵的(c) surpassing all or most others of its kind or class(as in power,size or complexity)(在威力、形态、复杂性等方面)超群同种类中全部或大多数的superbomber超级轰炸机(2) (a) situated or placed above,on the top of,specifically situated on the dorsal side of位于或置于上面或项上的,尤指位于背部顶上的supertower塔顶(b) next above or higher次高,较高superoctave高八度音(3) having an additional dimension比…在形体上更增大的supersized超大型的(4) (a) consisting a more inclusive category than that specified含有包容比所述者更大的范畴的superfamily总科(b) superior in status, title or position在地位、头衔、职位上更高的supersovereign高级统治者2.sub-来源:L. sub- under,below,form below up,near,further,after在下,低于,从上而下,接近,较远,在后变形:(1) c,f,g,m,p,r前,分别变为suc-,suf-,sug-,sum-,sup-,sur-如succeed,suffix,suggest,summate,support,surrender (2) t以及一些c,p之前变为sus-,如sustain,susceptible,suspend (3) sc,sp之前,略去b,成为su-,如suspect含义:(1) under,below,beneath在下,低于,在下面subsoil底土,下层土(2) (a) subordinate,secondary,next lower than or inferior to,of lower rank亚于,次于,次低于或劣于,低级别的subcenter子中心,副中心(b) (i) subordinate portion of,subdivision of,derived from次要部分的,细分部分的,从…派生的subdistrict小区(ii) with repetition(as of a process),so as to form,stress or deal with subordinate parts or relations,further,again在形成、强调或处理次要部分或关系中,进行(如过程的)重复,更进一步地,再次地subclassify再细分(3) somewhat,slightly,less than completely or perfectly,inadequately,less than normally有点,略微,略少,不充分地,少于正常地subacid微酸的(4) (a) almost,nearly差不多,近似,接近subabdominal近腹部的(b) fallen nearly in the category of and often adjoining,bordering upon差不多已是这个范畴,并且常常表示临近,近似subadult差不多已成人(c) immediately following,after紧跟,随后successive后继的3.hyper-来源:G. hyper-,来自hyper,相当于L. super-含义:(1) over,above,beyond高于,超过,相当于super-hyperbarbarous极残暴的(2) overmuch,excessively太多,过,过分地,相当于extra-hyperacid胃酸过多的(3) excessive in extent or quality在范围与性质上过大、过甚hyperesthesia感觉过敏4.hypo-来源:G. hypo-,来自hypo,相当于L. sub-含义:(1) under,beneath,down在下,在下面,低于hypodermic皮下的(2) less than normal or normally低于正常的(地)hypocalcemia血钙过低5.supra-来源:L. supra-,above,on,top,beyond,furtherback,earlier高于,在上,上端,超出,更后,较早含义:(1) above,higher than处于上部,高于supraorbital眼眶上的(2) transcending超越supranational超国家的(3) prior to先于supralapsarian前定论者6.infra-来源:L. infra,below,beneath低于,在下面含义:(1) below,lower in status than低于,地位低于infraglacial冰底的(2) within在…内infraterritorial本土内的(3) below in a scale or series在尺度或系列中处于下位的infrasonic次声(频)的(4) below or beneath低于,在下面infracoastal肋骨以下的7.subter-来源:L. subter,secretly,under,below隐蔽在,在下,低于含义:under,below,secretly在下,低于,隐蔽地subternatural逊于天然的8.sur-来源:O. F. sour-,sur-来自L. super含义:(1) over超,高于,加上,相当于super-surface表面(2) excessive过度的surexcitation兴奋过度(3) above,up在上,向上surbase基柱上的饰物9.over-来源:O. E. ofer,over在上,过于含义:(1) too过,太(尤用于来自形容词的形容词)overbold过于大胆的(2) too much过多(尤用于来自名词或动词的名词或动词)overact演得过火(3) over,on,outside在上,在外overshoe套鞋10.under-来源:O. E. under,under在下,少于含义:(1) worn,placed,situated,etc. under穿于下面,放在下面,位于下部等(尤用于名词之前)underclothes内衣裤(2) not sufficiently,not so much as necessary不足,比需要的少些(尤用于动词之前)underact不卖力的表演三、内(在内,向内,进内);外(在外,向外,出外)1.in-来源:L. in-,in在内,向内,进入变形:(1) 在b,m,p以前变成im-,如imbalance,immoral,import (2) 在l,r以前变成il-,ir-,如irrigate (3) 在gn前变成i-,如ignorance(4) 偶尔还可见其延伸式indu-,如industry含义:(1) in,within,inward,into,toward,on内,在内,向内,进入,向,在上inject投入,注射(2) 与en-同义,使…,加以…,饰以…,放进去,提供illucidate使清楚,阐明(3) 加强原意illustrate说明,表明2.en-来源:O. F. en-,来自L. in-变形:b,m,p前通常变为em-,如embus,emmarble,empower含义:(1) put into,put on to,cover or surround with,go into or on to置于…内,置于…上,盖以…,环以…,进入,登上——加在名词前变动词encradle放进摇篮中(2) cause to be使之——加在形容词或名词之前,成为动词,有时加在动词前,这种动词有时还有后缀-en,如emboldenenglad使乐(3) provided with供以——加在名词前成为动词encollar上领子(4) so as to cover or surround,thoroughly盖住或包围,彻底地——加在其含义与之稍有差别或不全相同的动词前变成新动词enwrap包入,卷入3.en-来源:L. en-,来自G. en-,来自en,in在内变形:b,m,p前通常变为em-,如embatholithic含义:in,within,inside内,在内,内面endermic皮下的4.endo-来源:F. endo-,来自G. endon-,within,at home在…内,在家变形:有时元音前为end-,如endergonic含义:与exo-相反(1) within,inside在…内,内面endoscope内窥镜(2) taking in,requiring吸,收,与exo-相反endotherm吸热5.eso-来源:G. eso-,来自eso,within在内含义:within内部的,在内的esotropia内斜眼6.intra-来源:L. intra,within(position,the mind,thoughts,the space of),inside(position,a period oftime);without passing beyond,on this sideof;without exceeding,within a limit orrestriction;confined to在(位置,心、思维、空间)内,在(位置、期间)之内,未跨越,在…的这边,未超过,在某界限或限度之内,限于含义:(1) (a) within在…内,尤用于形容词组成的形容词intraclass同类的(b) between layers of层间,尤用于形容词组成的形容词intracutaneous皮内的(c) during期间,尤用于形容词组成的形容词intrafebrile发热期间的(d) underneath在下,尤用于形容词组成的形容词intrasonic超低频的(2) 进入内部的,与intro-同义intramascular注入肌肉的(3) internal内部的intraselection内部选择说7.intro-来源:L. intro,inwardly,to the inside内向地,向内地,与extro-相反含义:(1) in,into内,进入introjection投入的行动(2) inward,within向内,在…内,与extro-相反introvert内向,内省8.ex-来源:L. ex-,out,away,throughout,thoroughly,achievement,up;it also has privative force外,出外,向…离去,彻底地,完成,向上;它也有“缺少”或“除外”的含义变形:(1) 元音和c,p,q,s,t前,取ex-形,有时s前的exs-变成ex-或es-,如expect (2) b,d,g,j,l,m,n,r,v前变为e-,如ebullition,edition,egregious,eject,elect,emission,enervate,erect,evohuate (3) f前变为eff-,如effuence含义:(1) out of,away form,outside of在…外,从…离去,在…之外elect选出,选举(2) without,lacking没有,缺exalate无翅的(3) 加强原意exalt增高,使升高(4) out of(the office or condition),former脱离(某个职位或状态),前…(中间以短划连接)ex-president前总统9.exo-来源:G. exo-,out of,out,outside of,outside在…外,外,在…外边,外边变形:元音前有时变成ex-,如exergonic含义:(1) outside,outer,外面,外面的,与endo-相反,请比较ecto-exogamy外族通婚(2) producing产生,与endo-相反exothermal放热的10.ec-来源:G. ek-,out of,outside of,out在…外,在…外边,外边含义:out of,outside of,out在…外,在…外边,外边eccyesis子宫外孕11.ecto-来源:G. ekto-,outside外面变形:元音前变为ect-,如ectad含义:(1) outside,external外边,外部的(对比endo-,exo-)ectotherm冷血动物(2) out of place异位ectocardia心脏异位12.extra-来源:L. extra,outside,except,beyond外边,除却,超出含义:outside,beyond在…之外,格外,特,超——尤用于形容词组成形容词extra-urban市区外的13.extro-来源:L. extro,outside,outward外面,向外含义:outside,outward外面,向外,与intro-相反extrovert外向性格的人14.in-来源:O. E. in,in在内变形:无,注意与前面的in-有区别含义:in内,在内inland内地的,国内的15.out-来源:O. E. ut,out外,在外(参见词根ut)含义:(1) out,outside,outward,away,from外,外面,向外,从…离去outdoor户外的(2) out,indicating exhaustion,extinction驱逐出,表示耗尽,灭绝outroot除根(3) over,too much,too excessively过,过分,太,过多地outsize过大(4) surpassing胜过的,无比的outdo胜过,战胜四、前(在前,在先,优先);后(在后,随后,远离,退后,反向,重复)1.pre-来源:L. prae-,position in front,ahead,at the end,or temporal precedence;preeminence in thequality(在动词或其派生词前,表示)位置在前,前头,在端点或暂时领先,(在形容词前,表示)有关的性质是超群的含义:(1) (a) (i) earlier than,prior to,before先于,早于,在…之前(先),前predeparture出发前的(ii) preparatory or prerequisite to预备的,必须预先具备的premedical医学预科的(iii) in a formative, incipient or preliminary stage趋于成形的,初期的,初步的阶段precartilage前软骨(最终形成软骨)(b) in advance,before-hand预先,在前prejudge预先判断(2) (a) in front of,before在前,前preamplifier放置放大器(b) at the front,anterior,constituting a front part在前部,在…之前,构成前面部分preabdomen前腹部(3) exceedingly非常地,极度地prenoble极其高尚的2.preter-来源:L. praeter-,past,by过去,经过含义:(1) past,by已过,经过preterit过去时态(2) beyond the range of,surpassing超过…范围,超越preternormal超过正常标准的3.pro-来源:L. pro-,foreward movement or direction,downward movement,action in front,prominence;utterance;priority in time andadvantage移前,向前,下移,向前作用,突出;极度;优先,优势含义:(1) (a) earlier than,prior to,before(时间上)先于,早于,前于,前probaptismal洗礼前的(b) 原始的,与proto-同义proanthropus原人(2) (a) situated before,located in front of,anterior to(空间上)在前,位于前,先于procerebrum脑的前部(b) front,anterior前,先于prothorax前胸(3) projecting,action in front向前投射,向前动作project射出(4) bringing into open使公开proclaim正式公布4.pro-来源:L. pro-,pro,before,in front of,in behalf of,for,on account of在前,在…前面,代表,为了,为了…的缘故变形:某些法语源词为pur-(A. F.,来自O. F. por-,pur-,F. pour-,来自L. pro-,for),如purchase,purport,purpose,pursue,purvey含义:(1) taking the place of,substituting for代替,代理pronoun代名词(2) siding with,advocating,favoring,supporting,championing与…站在一边,拥护,亲…,支持,为支持他人而奋斗pro-British亲英的(3) for,on account of,according to为了,为了…之故,按照proportion按比例,比例5.proto-来源:G. protos,before,ahead在…前,在前面变形:元音前变为prot-,如protactinium含义:(1) (a) first in time(时间上)最初,第一protohistoric史前时代的(b) first in status,chief in rank or importance,principal(地位上)首要,(等级上)主要或显要,主要的protocerebrum前脑(c) beginning,tending toward,given rise to开始,趋于,引起protocol文件原稿,议定书(2)(通常第一个字母大写)一种或多种语言或方言的母语,一般拼作proto-,后面用一短划与大写的第二部分连接Proto-Arabic原始阿拉伯语的6.re-来源:L. re-,red-,movement back or in reverse,withdrawal,reversal of a previous process,restoration,response or opposition,repeatedaction向后或反向移动,退后,前一过程的逆过程,复原,反应或相反,重复动作变形:red-,如redundant含义:(1) movement back or in reverse,withdrawal(向)后动,反向动,退却rebound弹回(2) reversal of a previous process,restoration,again,anew前过程的逆过程,恢复,再,重新redo再做(3) response or opposition反应,反对rebellion反叛(4) separation,withdrawal撤离,离开remove除去,移去注:下列场合,要在前缀re-与后续部分中间加一短划:(1) 为避免与另一含义不同的词相混淆,如re-create,以别于recreate(2) 后续部分已有一前缀re-,如re-recover(3) 后续部分以大写字母开头,如re-Christianization7.retro-来源:L. retro-,(1) towards the rear, backwards向后部,向后(2) (without motion implied) in aposition to the rear, behind one, in a positionto the rear of, behind(无动作)位置在后,在另一个之后,在后部位置,在后部(3) tothe place or in the direction from which onecame, back (again)回到原来的位置或方向,(再)返回(4) in the opposite direction tothat normally followed, backward与循序而行的方向反向,倒退含义:(1) (a) backward, back向后,后retroject向后投射(b) back in time, past(时间上)回溯,过去retrodict倒堆(过去)(2) situated behind(位置)在后retrolingual舌后的(3) contrary to the usual or natural course, retrograde, back, again逆反,逆行,逆反应retroinfection逆传染(4) in return, retroverse反转,反向,倒转retrovert使翻转8.ante-来源:L. ante-, in front, in front of, before, forewards,previously在前面,在…的前面,在…之前,向前,先前地含义:(1) (a) prior, precedent, earlier较早的,在先的,更早的antenatus某时代前出生的人(b) anterior, foreward在…之前的,(空间)向前anteroom前厅,接待室(2) (a) prior to, earlier than先于,早于antenatal出生以前的(b) in front of在…前面的anteorbital眼眶前的9.post-来源:L. post-, 来自posterus, behind含义:(1) (a) after, subsequent, later在…之后,此后的,后postentry后登的(漏)账(b) behind, posterior, following after…后面,…以后,…随后的postfix后缀(2) (a) subsequent to, later than继…之后的,比…较后的postabolescence(青年期之后)壮年期(b) behind, posterior to…后面的,次要的postern后门,便道10.meta-来源:L. L. & G. meta-,来自meta, after, with,between在后,紧接着,随后,介于两者之间变形:元音或h前多为met-,如metencephalic,method含义:(1) (a) between介于中间,介metastable暂时稳定的(b) in succession to, occurring later, after较后发生,随后出现,在后metagenesis世代交替(c) situated behind, posterior位于后,后面的metacarpal掌骨(位于腕骨carpal之后)(d) later or more highly organized or specialized form of新近出现的,更高层次组合或更特殊形态的metaphyte后生植物(与protophyte相对)(e) with, occurring with有,带有metatype伴型,次型(2) change in transformation of…的变化metaplasm词形变化(3) (a) beyond, transcending超出,超越(此义从亚里斯多德名著metaphysics而来),metaphysics来自G. ta meta ta physika, the works after the physics意为物理学后的著作,或超物理学(中国古代叫形而上学或玄学)metaphysics形而上学(b) of a higher logical type in names formed from names of disciplines and designating new but related disciplines such as can deal critically with the nature, structure or behavior of the original ones元的,一种更高层次逻辑形式的——加于一种学科名字之前,表示一种新的但与此学科有关的学科,它批判地研究原学科的性质、结构或行为metalanguage元语言11.fore-来源:O. E. fore-,来自fore,在前部含义:(1) (a) at an earlier point in time, beforehand时间上在先,预先foresee预见(b) occurring at an earlier point in time, occurring beforehand发生在先forepaymant预付(c) being an earlier part of (something stipulated)(某些规定事物的)早先部分foreday早晨(2) (a) situated at or toward the front, situated in front of something位在前,向前,位于某些事物的前面foreleg(动物)前腿(b) being the front part of (something stipulated)(某些事物的)前部分forearm前臂(3) 主要的,首要的foreman工头12.after-来源:O. E. aeften, behind在后含义:(1) after较后aftereffect后效,后作用(2) second二次,再,后after-crop第二次收获五、在旁边(沿着,平行,靠近);越过(穿过,透过,跨过,遍及,远的)1.para-来源:L. para-,来自G. para-,来自para, beside,contrary to在旁边,相反于变形:元音前par-,如paranthropus含义:(1) (a) beside, along side of傍,沿…边paracentral靠近中心的(b) parallel, parasitic平行的,并行的,寄生的paragenesis共生(c) associated in a subsidiary or accessory capacity能力或能量属于次要的或附加的paramilitary准军事组织(d) closely resembling the true form, almost极似真的,差不多的(尤指疾病)para-book类似书籍的刊物(2) beyond, outside of超越,在…之外paranormal超越正常现象的(3) (a) faulty, irregular or disordered condition, abnormal有缺陷、不规则或无秩序的状态paranoia妄想症(b) perversion反常parabulia意志力的异常或颠倒2.cis-来源:L. cis-,来自cis, (time) before, (space) on thenear side of, (motion) to the near side of,across(时间)在前,(空间)在近端,(动作)向近端,横过含义:(1) on this side, on the nearer side (often with a hyphen)在这一边,在近边(往往加一短划);请与trans-, ultra-作对照cisalpine在阿尔卑斯山这边(2) nearer in time, since时间上较近,自…cisatomic自发现原子以来3.by-来源:O. E. be, bi, by, near旁,近旁,与amphi-, ambi-有亲缘关系含义:(1) near, at or to the side of近旁,侧bypass旁路,支路(2) past过去的bygone过时的,过去的;过去的事(3) aside, in reverse在一边,反面的byplace偏僻处,穷乡僻壤(4) secondary, subsidiary, supplementary其次的,次要的,副的,补充的by-effect副作用4.be-来源:O. E. be-,来自be, bi, by, near旁,近旁含义:(1) on, around, over在…之上,盖在表面上,在…之四周,从一边到另一边bedaub涂,敷,污染(2) to a great or greater degree, thoroughly达到一个大的或更大的程度,彻底地——用于使简单动词变成加强语气的动词becudgel该(棒)打(3) excessively, ostentatively过分地,夸张地——用于简单动词变为加强语气的动词;也用于词尾为-ed的形容词之前bedeck装饰,点缀(4) about, to, at, upon, against, across在近处或随处,到,在,在…之上,在相反处,横过——加在不及物动词前变成及物动词bestride骑乘,跨,跨越(5) make, cause, to be, treat as使,使之,是,视为——加于形容词或名词之前,变成动词belittle轻视,蔑视(6) call or dub, esp. excessively取名或起号,尤指过分夸张地——加于名词之前变成动词belady如夫人(7) affect, afflict, treat, provide, or cover with, esp. excessively使受影响、痛楚、虐(或善)待、提供、覆盖以,尤指程度上过分地——加于名词前变为动词,有时加在词尾为-ed的形容词前befamine使饥饿5.peri-来源:L. peri-,来自G. peri-,来自peri, to passthrough通过,穿过含义:(1) near空间或时间的接perihelion近日点(2) all around, about, round四处,到处,四周围,在周围periarctic北极地区的(3) (a) enclosing or surrounding包围的,环绕的periderm外皮(b) tissue surrounding (a sp. part)环绕某部组织炎症的(用于带后缀-it is的名称)periarthritis关节周炎6.per-来源:L. per-, throughout, thoroughly, completely,deviating from, detrimentally遍及,彻底地,完全地,偏离,有害地;来自per, through, by穿过,傍变形:某些法语源词为par-,如pardon含义:(1) throughout遍及,全部,贯穿perspective透视(2) through, by means of经过,穿过,经由,通过perambulate步行穿过(3) deviating from偏离perfidy背信,不忠(4) 加强原义perplex使复杂7.dia-来源:L. dia-来自G. dia-, through越过,遍及变形:di-,用于元音前,如diactinic含义:(1) through, during全部,遍及,由此及彼,自始至终diagnose诊断(彻底弄清)(2) across横过,穿过diagonal对角线8.trans-来源:L. trans-, across, beyond, to the other side,through, so as to change横过,跨越,到另一边,经过,因之改变变形:常在浊辅音前变为tra-,如trajectory, traduce,traverse; s前常成为tran-,如transister含义:(1) (a) across越过transpolar跨(北)极的(b) beyond超出transhuman超人的(c) through透过,穿过translucent半透明的(d) on or to the other side在或到另一边transpacific在太平洋彼岸的(e) completeness of change变化的完成,转变transshape变形(2) transverse横向的transverse横卧,横放9.ultra-来源:L. ultra-,来自ultra, to a point beyond, on thefar side, farther off, beyond向远端的一点,在远端,远离,超出含义:(1) beyond in space, on the other side空间上的那一边,在另一端,相当于trans-ultratropical热带那边的(2) beyond the range or limits of, transcending范围或限度上超越,超越,相当于super- ultramodern超现代化的(3) beyond what is common, ordinary, natural, right, proper or moderate, excessively, exceedingly超乎普通、一般、自然、正当、正常或适度的,过度地,非常地,相当hyper-ultracomplex极端复杂的10.tele-来源:G. tel-, tele, far, far off, distant远的,远离的,遥远的变形:tel-, telo-,如telautogram, telodynamic含义:(1) distant, at a distance, over a distance远的,在远处,超过某一距离telegram电报(2) telegram, television, telephoto, telecommunication电报,电视,远距摄影,电信teletypewriter电传打字机六、在中间(在内,相互之间);在周围(围绕)1.medi-, medio-来源:来自L. medius, middle中间含义:(1) medial中间的medial中间的(2) intermediate居间的medieval中世纪的,中古的(3) middle or median plane中部或中间平面medioventral腹中部的2.meso-来源:L., G. meso-,来自G. mesos, middle中间变形:元音前用mes-,如mesad含义:in the middle, intermediate (as in position, size,type, time, degree)在中间,(位置、大小、型别、时间、程度的)中间或中等的,介于…之间的mesial中间的,当中的3.inter-来源:L. inter-,来自inter, within在…内含义:(1) between, among, in the midst介于…间,两者之间interpolar处于两极之间的(2) mutual, reciprocal相互,交互interrelation相互关系(3) between or among the parts of介于两部分之间intercostal肋间的(4) carried on between在…之间进行或从事的international国际(间)的(5) carried on between, intervening在…间进行的,干扰的interfere干涉(6) shared by or derived from two or more为二个或多个(团体、组织等)所共享或从它们派生出来的interdepartmental各部门间的,(大学的)各秒之间的(7) between the limits of, within在两个界限之内,在…之内intertropical位于热带地区之内的4.circum-来源:L. circum-来自circum, round about (an objector place), nearby, in a circle around, (withmotion or of distance) round,环某物或地方周围,近旁,在圆圈周围,(动作或距离)环绕含义:(1) around, about, on all sides围绕,到处circumrotate绕转(2) around, surrounding, revolving around在…四周,周围的,绕着…转的(3) circumscribed标出界限,限制,画圈circumscribe标界5.amphi-来源:L. amphi-, around, on both sides环绕,两边变形:元音前为amph-,如amphion含义:(1) around环绕amphibology语义不明确(在真意周围打圈圈)(2) on both sides, of both kinds, both两边,两种,两者amphivorous荤素两食的6.ambi-来源:L. ambi, around, on both sides, both围绕,两边,两者变形:元音前amb-,如ambit含义:(1) around环绕ambient环绕四周的(2) both两者ambilateral双方的七、合(在一起,共同,同时),分(离)1.con-来源:L. com,来自cum, along with, together with,with与…一道,连同,与变形:(1) 元音h, g, n前变为co-,如coaction,coherence, cognate (2) b, m, p前,变为com-,如combine, commemorate, compatriot (3) l前变为col-,如collaboration (4) r前变为cor-,如correlation含义:(1) collection or simultanously聚在一起,同时地convention大会,会议(2) joint action共同行动colloquy交谈,谈话(3) connexion or partnership连接或合伙关系consort配偶,夫妻(4) enclose or containing围绕或包含conception怀孕,构思(5) intensify of action动作的加强(起加强原义作用)constant永恒,经常的(6) completeness完全性(起加强原义作用)complete完全的,全部的2.co-来源:L. com-,与O. E. ge-有亲缘关系,后者表示perfective, associative, collective完成的,联合的,聚集的含义:(1) with, together, joint, jointly, shared, mutual, mutually与,一起,共同的,共同,共同地,共有的,互相的,互相地coaction(生物)共同的行动(2) in or to the same degree在或趋于同一程度coconcious意识到同样事物的(3) (a) fellow, partner同伴,合伙者coconspirator(共谋的)阴谋家(b) having an usually lesser share in duty or responsibility, alternate, deputy责任和义务较少的,轮流的,代表,代理人copilot副驾驶员(4) (a) operating together, or reciprocally相互起作用的,互惠的,相互的coterm互相适应的(b) of the complement of an angle余角的cosine余弦3.syn-来源:M. E sin-, syn-,来自L. syn-,来自G. syn-,来自syn, with, together with, by means of, atthe same time as与,与…一起,籍,与…同时变形:(1) b, m, p前为sym-,如symbol, symmetry,symphony (2) l前为syl-,如syllable (3) s, z前为sy-,如system, syzygy含义:(1) with, along with, together与,与…一道,在一起synod讨论会(2) at the same time同时synod(天文)会合(3) like, associated相似的,相连的syndrome并发症,综合症4.se-来源:L. se, sed, apart, aside, sometimes privative分离,靠近,有时有“除外”的含义含义:(1) apart, aside分离,靠边secede退出,脱离(2) privative除外的,否定的secure无虑的,安心的八、来自;去向1.ab-来源:L. ab-, from, away from; off; at a distance;completely, thoroughly从…(出发),向…,离去,在某个距离处,完全地,彻底地变形:(1) abs,如abstract (2) a-,如avert含义:(1) from, departing from, away, off, at a distance, outside of从…,从…离去,向…离去,在某个距离处,在…之外abnoraml反常(2) completely, thoroughly完全地,彻底地(起加强原义作用)absorb吸收(3) 从absolute(绝对的)一词转用到公制的电磁单位abampere绝对安培2.apo-来源:G. apo-,来自apo, from, away从…出发,向…离去变形:ap-,用于元音或h之前,如apastron, aphelion含义:(1) away, from, off, remove off向…离去,从…出发,离去,移去aphelion远日点(2) detached, separate离开的,分开的aporrhea流出,析出(3) 用以加强原义aphorism(从某一见解完全分出的简要语)格言、警语3.ad-来源:L. ad-, motion to or against, direction towards,placing on or against, nearness or presence,intensification动向,背向,指向,置于其上,到达,靠近或在场,加强原意变形:凡来自拉丁语源的词,(1) 在c, f, g, l, n, p, r,s, t之前分别变为acc-, aff-, agg-, all-, ann-,app-, arr-, ass-, att-,如account, affix,aggravate, allocation, announce, appoint,arrange, assimilate, attract (2) 在k, q之前常变为ack-, acq-,如acknowledge, acquire (3)在sc, sp, st, gn之前,d常被略去,成为asc-,asp, ast-, agn-,如ascension, aspiration,astride, agnostic (4) m前之adm-有时变为amm-,如ammunition含义:(1) (motion) to, toward(动)至,(动)向adduce引用,引证,说明(2) placing on or against置于…上,背靠affix附加,贴上(3) near, adjacent to(常用ad-形)接近,靠近adoral靠近嘴的,口旁的(4) 对原意的加强admixture混杂(5) reaching到达arrive到达,达到(某地),到达(成年),活到(多少岁),达成(决议),谈妥(交易)4.de-来源:来自L. de-, from away, down从…出发,向…离去,向下含义:(1) remove…from, away from, removal, destroy from从…除去,自…离去,除去,从…毁掉dehorn去牛角(2) get off of (a special thing)从(某事物)离去,下来debus下公共汽车(3) motion down from or away从…移下或移去depress压下(4) thoroughness or completeness(用于加强原意,表示)彻底性,完全性delimit划界限(5) cause to cease使停止de-energize断电,停电5.ob-来源:L. ob-, to, toward, before, against, over,completely至,向,在前,背,相反,过(份),完全地变形:(1) 在c, f, p之前,变为occ-, off-, opp-,如occur, offend, oppose (2) 在m之前变为o-,如omit (3) 个别的p前,变为o-,如opaque;个别的t前为os-,如ostentation含义:(1) to, towards, in the direction of到,向,在…方向Occident(太阳落向)西方(2) in front of, against在…之前,相反,靠occasion(落在前面)机会(3) in reverse order, inverse反顺序,反的,倒的opposition反对,敌对(4) over, completely过,过分,完全地obses(吃的过分)胖子(5) to intensify the original meaning用以加强原义oppress压迫九、相反;反向1.contra-来源:L. contra-,来自contra, against含义:(1) against, contrary, contrasting, inopposition相对,相反,对比,反对contradict反驳,驳斥(2) pitched below normal bass低于正常低音contrabassoon低音巴松管2.counter-来源:M. E. counter-,来自M. F. contre-, conter-来自L. contra, against相反含义:(1) (a) contrary, opposite, adverse相反的,相对的,反面的countercurrent逆流(b) opposing, retaliatory, answering反对的,报复的,回答的counterblow反击(2) complementary, corresponding, alternate互补的,相应的,交替的counterpart相应的东西(3) duplicate, substitute复本,副本,代替的人或物counterfoil票根,支票存根3.anti-来源:L. anti-, against相反,反对变形:元音或h前,通常作ant-,如antarctic, anthelion含义:(1) (a) one oppose the claims of, rival, spurious对于某种主张的反对者,竞争对手,虚假的antisoical对社会主义怀有敌意的(b) of the same kind but situated opposite, exerting energy in the opposite direction or pursuing an opposite policy站在同类中的反面的,向反方向使劲或追求一种相反的政策的antischool对立学派(c) one that is opposite in kind to种类、性质、方法上的相反anticyclone高气压(2) (a) opposing or hostile to in opinion, sympathy or practice在信念、同情心或实践中处于反面或敌对的antidemocratic反民主的(b) opposing in effect or activity, inhibiting, preventing, counteracting在效果或活动上是相反的,阻止的,防止的,抵消的antiacid抗酸(3) not不antilogical不合逻辑的(4) serving to prevent, cure or alleviate (a pathological condition)用于防病、治病或消痛的antiarthritic治关节炎的(5) opposing or neutralizing another substance对另一物质起相反或中和作用的antibody抗体(6) combating, destroying, defending against抗战斗、抗破坏、抗防御的antimine防地雷的4.un-来源:O. E. un-, on-,为and-之变形,意为against相反含义:(1) (a) do the opposite of, reversal (a sp. action)作相反或逆向动作——加在动词前undress脱去衣服,披露(b) cause to cease to使停止——加在动词前unbe使不再是(2) (a) deprive of, remove (a sp. thing) from, remove使丧失,自…除去,除去——加在名词前成动词unflesh变瘦,消瘦(b) release from, free from自…释放或摆脱——加在名词前成动词unhand放掉,把手从…移开(c) remove from, extract, bring out of从…除去,拔取,显现出——加在名词前成为动词,比较de-, dis- unbosom吐露(d) cause to cease to使止——加在名词前成动词,比较dis-(3) completely完全地(加强语义),比较dis-unloose放松,释放5.for-来源:O. E. for- (1) out, away, un-,在外,离去,与un-相当,(2) altogether全部地含义:(1) so as to involve prohibition, exclusion, omission, failure or refusal含有禁止、排除、删除、失败或拒绝的意思forbid禁止,不许(2) completely, excessively, to exhaustion, to pieces完全地,过分地;耗尽,成碎片forspent耗尽的,破烂的6.with-来源:O. E. with, against, opposite, toward, with相反,反面,向,具有含义:(1) against, opposite相反withdraw取回,撤回,撤退(2) toward, with向,具有within在…之内,在内,在内部7.de-来源:L. dis-, separation, dispersal, reversal分离,散开,反转,倒退含义:do the opposite of, reverse of做相反的…,反其道而行之decode(编码的反义)解码8.dis-来源:M. E. dis-, des-,来自L. dis-, commonly,signifies separation, dispersal, sometimes alsoinvolving the reversal of a previous process.An intensifying force is apparently colloquial通常表示分离,散开,有时也包括某过程的逆过程,在口语中有加强的含义变形:(1) di-,用于拉丁语源词d, g, l, m, r, v之前,有时s, j之前,如didactic, digress, diligent,diminish, direct, diverse, dispirit, dijudicate(2) dif-,用于拉丁语源词f之前,如differ,diffuse (3) des-为M. E.或O. F.语源词前缀,用于元音与h之前,如deshabille,但有例外,即在非元音前也用,如despatch含义:(1) (a) do the opposite of, reverse (a sp. action)做相反的,逆反(某一动作)disjoin拆散,分开(b) deprive of (a sp. character, quality or rank), deprive of (a sp. object)使丧失(某种特性,性质或地位),剥或脱去(某物)discourage使失去勇气(c) exclude or expel from自…排除或逐出disbar逐出法庭(2) opposite of, contrary of, absence of对立的,相反的,欠缺的disunion不统一,分裂(3) not不dishonest不诚实的(4) completely完全地(加强原意)disannul取消,作废(5)(来自民间语)相当于dys-,反常的,有困难的disfunction (dysfunction)功能障碍。
英语词汇前缀二、前缀:circum-表示圆圈per- 到处,从头到位,从始至终,穿过,或者假、坏in- 表示往里、向内或否定im-表示否定或者往里magn- 表示大uni- 表示单一bi-表示数字二auto-表示自动micro-表示微小ex-,e-表示向外re-表示往回(return), 反复(repeat)sus-表示方向下面ad- 表示加强语气(强化词根的含义)co- ,con-或者com-(存在音变),表示全部、共同和所有odori-表示气味(odor n. 气味、名声)flor-表示花aqu-表示水de- 表示向下、否定、加强dif-表示分(英文中di+两个相同的辅音,前半部分表示dis 否定,比如different)trans-表示交换、转移en- 表示使、能an- 表示无,否定af- 表示(a+辅音+相同辅音表示加强语气,强化词根的含义)ef- 表示(e+辅音+相同辅音向外)il-表示否定;(i+辅音字母+相同辅音字母,中间段开,前半部分表示否定)dia-表示对面,在……之间a 表示否定(ab)或者加强语气(ad);cata- 表示在下面pro- 表示向前epi- 表示在后面eu- 表示好,谐音“优”mono- 表示单一,单独as- 表示(a+辅音+相同辅音从两个辅音中间段开表示加强语气,强化词根的含义)dis- 词根表示否定或者相四处发散;co+辅音+相同辅音,从两辅音中间断开,前半部分表com 或con 表全部、共同、所有al- 表示all 所有manu- 表示手post- 表示向后pre-表示向前,预先sub-表示在下面inter- 表示在……之间anti-表示反抗retro-表示往回;intro 表示向里(表方向)sus-表示向下;ob-表否定supra- ,super-表示在……上面em-词缀表示介入、使……让……ant-词缀表示反抗uni-词缀表示单一multi-词缀表示多bene-前缀表示好di+辅音+一相同辅音,从两辅音间断开,前半部分表示否定ds-(ds-表否定或向四处发散)contra 词根表示相反、抵抗的e+辅音+相同辅音,从两个辅音中间断开前半部分表-向外i-表示的是否定se-表示分开dys-表示否定syn 前缀表示全部、共同和所有o+辅音+相同辅音从两个辅音中间段开前半部分表示op---表否定ig-表示否定non- 表示否定。
英语前后缀的分类及用法前后缀是英语中常见的词缀,用来改变单词的词形或词义。
它们可以帮助我们更好地理解和记忆单词。
本文将详细介绍英语中常见的前后缀的分类和用法,帮助读者更好地掌握英语词汇。
一、前缀(Prefix)前缀是位于单词前面的词缀,可以改变单词的意义或词性。
1. 否定前缀(Negative Prefix)否定前缀是最常见的一类前缀,用于给单词加上否定的含义。
常见的否定前缀有:- un-: 表示"不"或"非",如unhappy(不快乐的),unfair(不公平的)。
- in-/im-/il-/ir-: 表示"非","无"或"不",如invisible(看不见的),impossible(不可能的),illegal(非法的),irregular(不规则的)。
- dis-: 表示"不","否定"或"分离",如disagree(不同意),disable(使无能力),disconnect(断开连接)。
- non-: 表示"非"或"不",如nonstop(不间断的),nonfiction(非小说的)。
2. 数字和数量前缀(Numeric and Quantitative Prefix)数字和数量前缀用于表示数量或数字的词缀。
常见的数字和数量前缀有:- bi-/di-: 表示"两个"或"二",如bicycle(自行车),diagonal(对角线)。
- tri-/thri-: 表示"三个"或"三",如tricycle(三轮车),threesome(三个一组)。
- quadri-/quadr-/tetra-: 表示"四个"或"四",如quadrilateral(四边形),tetrahedron(四面体)。
英语单词常见前后缀总结背单词必看*前缀***a,an①无,不,非astable不稳定的acentric无中心的②含有in,on,at,by,with,to等意义asleep在熟睡中ahead向前ab脱离abnormal不正常的abaxial离开轴心的anti反抗antiwar反战的anti imperialist反帝的auto自动,自己autobiography自传autostable自动稳定be使…加强belittle使缩小befriend友好相待bi二,双biweekly双周刊biligual两种语言的co,col,com,con,cor 共同cooperation协作collaboration协作,勾结combine联合correlation相互关系counter,contra反,对应counteraction反作用contrast对比,对照di,dif,dis否定,相反diffident不自信的dislike不喜欢en,em使… enlarge扩大enable使…能empower使…有权力e,ex外,出external外部的erupt喷出extra以外,超过extraordinary格外的extrasolar太阳系以外的hyper在上,超hyperfrequency超高频hypersonic超声的il,im,in,ir否定illogical不合逻辑的impossible不可能的invisible不可见irrational不合理的inter互相interchange交换interlock连锁intra,intro在内,内部intrapersonal个人内心的introspect内省mal恶,不良maltreat虐待malfunction机能失常micro显微镜microware微波mid中,中间mid air半空中midstream中流mini小minibus小公共汽车ministate小国mis错,坏mistake错误misspell拼错multi多multiparty多党的multilingual多种语言的non否定nonsmoker不抽烟的人nonexistent不存在的out超过,过度,外,出,除去outgo走得比…远outgrow长得太大outdoor户外的outroot除根over上,过度overwork工作过度overbridge天桥post后postwar战后postnatal诞生后的pre前,领先prewar战前的prefix前缀re回,再return返回restart重新开始semi半semicircle半圆semiconductor半导体sub,suc,suf,sup次,亚,在下,低于substandard低于标准规格的succeed继承suffix后缀supplement 增补trans 转换,变换,横过,越过transmit传送transatlantic横渡大西洋的tri三tricar三轮车triangle三角(形)un否定unstable不稳定的unknown未知的under下,内(指衣服),不足underground地下的underskirt衬裙underpay付资不足uni单一uniform均匀的unipolar单极的**后缀**able,ible 可…的,能…的readable可读的sensible可觉察的age 表状态,性质,行为breakage破损shortage缺乏al (adj)具有…性质的,如…的personal个人的regional地区的al (n)表动作,人,事物proposal提案professional专业人员ance,ence 表状态,行为,性质importance重要性confidence自信ancy,ency 表状态,行为,性质constancy一惯性urgency紧迫性ant,ent 表人,物,行为applicant申请人correspondent通信者arian 表各种年龄,派别,主义,职业的人humanitarian人道主义的utilitarian功利主义者crat 支持,参与者democrat民主人士bureaucrat官僚dom 表性质,状态,行为freedom自由wisdom智慧ee 表动物的承受者employee雇员trainee受训练的人eer 从事…的人pioneer开拓者volunteer志愿者en (v)使变成harden使硬shorten使短en (adj)有…质的,似…的golden金色的woolen毛的er,or 表人,物singer歌唱家survivor幸存者ery 表状态,性质,行为,活动地点nursery托儿所robbery掠夺slavery奴隶身份ese 某国(地)的,某国(地)的人及语言Chinese中国人(汉语) Portuguese 葡萄牙人(语)ess 表女性,雌性hostess女主人actress女演员ful 充满…的,具有…性质的cupful一满杯fearful可怕的hood 表身份,状况,性质neighborhood邻里manhood男子气概ic,ical 类似…的,具有…的heroic英雄般的logical合逻辑的ify 使成…,使…化magnify放大purify提纯ion,tion 表情况,状态,性质,行为fashion时髦decision决定ish 似…的,有…的selfish自私的childish儿童般的ism 表示……主义,行为,…学,…派realism现实主义tourism旅游fatalism宿命论modernism现代派ist 从事…工作的人socialist社会主义者dentist牙科医生ity 表行为,性质,状态unity团结一致maturity成熟性ive 有…性质的,有…作用的,属于… protective保护的productive生产的active积极主动的ize,ise,yze,yse 以…方式对待,…化realize实现analyze分析modernize现代化less 没有…的fearless无畏的useless无用的let 小booklet小册子leaflet传单like 有…性质的,像…的dreamlike梦一般的humanlike像人类的logy 论,研究biology生物学technology技术ly 如…的,有…特性的manly男子气的lovely可爱的ment 表行为,状态,性质movement运动management管理ness 表状态,性质darkness黑暗kindness仁慈ous,eous,ious 充满…的dangerous危险的famous着名的ship 表状况,状态,身份,技艺,技能hardship苦难doctorship博士学位workmanship手艺,工艺some 像…的,引起…的troublesome讨厌的lonesome孤独的ster 表示人youngster年轻人gangster歹徒ward(s) 表方向upward(s)向上outward(s)向外y ①(n)表状态,性质,行为difficulty困难victory胜利②(adj)充满,包含hairy 多毛发的irony钢铁般的常用的前缀主要有:?ab—表示反常absent缺席abnormal不正规的?ap—表示添加append悬挂apposition同位置?bi—表示两、重bicycle自行车bigamy重婚?com—表示共同combine联合compete相争?dis—表示分开disarm裁军dislike讨厌?im—表示不impossible不可能的immoral不道德的?in—表示不、向内informal非正式的inhuman不人道的?non—表示无nonparty无party派的nonMETAl非金属?pro—表示向前progress进步prognostic预兆?re—表示回、重新review复习reaction反应?un—表示不、非unhappy不快乐的unbalance失去平衡?常用的后缀主要有:?al—表示人、物rival竞争者mural壁画?cy—表示状态、职位bankruptcy破产captaincy船长?er—表示人、物teacher老师cooker厨具?able—表示可能的movable可移动的passable可通行的?ful—表示充满beautiful美丽的useful有用的?or—表示人、物actor男演员mirror镜子?ist—表示人copyist抄写员socialist社会主义者?ment—表示行为enjoyment娱乐movement运动?ing—表示令人exciting令人兴奋的interesting令人有兴趣的?ed—表示感到excited感到兴奋的interested感到有兴趣的?less—表示没有的resistless不抵抗的homeless无家可归的?ly—副词后缀gently轻轻地intently专心地?tion—名词后缀graduation毕业relation亲属看英文电影的学习技巧:1、尽量选取一些著名的英文大片进行观赏;2、随时记录一些好句子,进行中英文比较;3、参考剧本和场景自我模仿角色练习发音;4、反复观摩一部影片分析人物性格及思想。