新编语言学教程名词解释(部分重点)

一（试题九）31、Synchronic linguisticsLinguistics that studies language at one particular point of time, e.g. the study ofthe kind of English used during Shakespeare's time.32、displacementOne of the major defining features of human language. Human language is notrestricted by the "here" and "now" as animal communication is; we can virtually talk about anything we want, including what happened in the past, what is going to happen in the future, what is not existent in the immediate surroundings and even what we imagine.33、a minimal pairA pair of sound combinations which are identical in every way except one sound e.g. /pit/and /bit/.34、derivative affixesAffixes added to an existing form to create a new word, e.g.in-, -er 35, Syntax is a subfield of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of language, and it consists of a set of rules that allow words to be combined with other words to form grammatical sentences.35、SyntaxThe study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentence is called syntax.36, Language transferLanguage transfer is a phenomenon that L2 learners subconsciously use their L1 knowledge in their learning process.37, HyponymyHyponymy refers to the sense relation between a more specific word and a more general, more inclusive word, The former is included in the latter. For example, a cat is a hyponym of animal.38, Sentence meaningSentence meaning refers to the intrinsic property of the sentence itself in terms of a predication. It is abstract and decontextualized. For example, semantic analysis of the sentence meaning of "The bag is heavy" results in the one-place predication BAG（BEING HEAVY）39, lingual francaLingual franca is a variety of language that serves as a medium of communication among groups of people of diverse linguistic backgrounds. For this reason, a lingual franca must be an agree-upon"common tongue"used by people thrown into social contact for various purposes, such as for social or commercial purposes.40, Cerebral cortexCerebral cortex is the outside surface of the brain, the decision-making organ of the body,receiving messages from all sensory organs and initiating all voluntary actions. Many of the cognitive abilities that distinguish humans from other mammals, such as sophisticated reasoning, linguistic skills, and musical ability, are believed to reside in the cortex.二（试题一）31、dualityOne of the major defining features of human language, Human language consists of two levels. At the lower level, there are a limited number of sounds which are meaningless while at the higher level there are an unlimited number of combinations of these sounds. It is also known as double articulation.32 、diachoronic linguisticsLinguistics that studies language over a period Di time, also known as historical linguistics, e.g. the study of the Chinese language since the end of the Qing dynasty up to the present.33, broad transcriptionA way to transcribe speech sounds. The basic principle is to use one letter to indicate one sound. It is generally used in dictionaries and language teaching textbooks.34, morphological rulesThe rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word, e.g. -ly can be added to a noun to form an adjective.35, phrase structure rulea rewrite rule that allows for the possible combinations of words to form phrases and sentences.36 relational oppositesRelational opposites, a kind of antonyms, refer to pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items, For example, "husband" and "wife", "father" and "son" etc.37、componential analysisComponential analysis is a way proposed by the structural semanticists to analyze word meaning. The approach is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features. For example, the word "man" is analyzed as composing of +HUMAN, +ADULT, +ANIMATE, +MALE.38 ContextContext is regarded as constituted by all kinds of knowledge assumed to be shared by the speaker and the hearer, For example, the knowledge of the knowledge used and the knowledge of the world, including the general knowledge about the world and the specific knowledge about the situation in which linguistic communication is taking place.39,euphemismA euphemism is a mild, indirect or less offensive word or expression that replaces a taboo word or serves to avoid more direct wording that might be harsh, unpleasantly direct, or offensive, e.g." pass" away for "die".40,brain lateralizationBrain lateralization refers to the localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a particular hemisphere of the brain. For example, the right hemisphere processes stimuli more holistically and the left hemisphere more analytically. In most people, the left hemisphere has primary responsibility for language, while the right hemisphere controls visual and spatial skills.试题七1、ReferenceReference means what a linguistic from refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.2、perlocutionary actA perlocutionary act is the act per-formed by or resulting from saying something ; it is the consequence of, the change brought about by the utterance; it is the act performed by saying something.3、Linguistic tabooA linguistic taboo refers to a word or expression that is prohibited by the "polite" society from general use, such as obscene, profane and swear words etc.试题六1. assimilation ruleA phonological rule that makes one sound similar to a neighboring one by copying one of it phonetic features. For example, the /i: /sound in/: /to some extent nasalized because it is assimilated by the nasal sound /n/that follows it immediately.2.rootA root is often seen as part of a word; it can never stand by itself though it bears clear,definite meaning: it must be combined with another root or an affix to form a word, e.g. liter-in literal, and literature.3. bound morphemesThe morphemes that cannot be used by themselves, but must be combined with other morphemes to form words that can be used independently4. surface structureA level of syntactic representation after the operation of necessary syntactic movement.5. grammaticalityGrammaticality refers to the grammatical well-formedness of a sentence. It is governed by the grammatical rules of the language. A grammatically well-formed sentence may not be semantically meaningful, For example, Green clouds are sleeping furiously6. elaborationElaboration is a kind of language change. it occurs when there is a need to reduce ambiguity and increase communicative clarity or expressiveness.7. bilingualismBilingualism refers to a linguistic situation in which two standard languages are used either by an individual or by a group of speakers, such as the inhabitants of a particular region or a nation.8. creoleCreole refers to a language that is originally a pidgin, which comes to be adopted by a community as its native tongue, and children lean it as their first language9. the Sapir-whorf hypothesisThe hypothesis refers to the theory put forward by the American anthropological linguists Sapir and Whorf, which states that the language we speak determines the way we perceive the world and therefore the nature of thought. Whorf illustrated his view based in part on a number of differences that he observed among languages. For example, there are different words for snow in the Eskimo language. Proponents of the hypothesis believe that the English and Eskimo speakers perceive snow in different ways10. fossilizationFossilization is a process that sometimes occurs in second language learning in which incorrect linguistic features such as an accent or a grammatical pattern become a permanent part of the way a person speaks or writes in the target language.试题二1.general linguistics.The study of language as a whole is often called general linguistics.2.suprasegmental festuresThe phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments3.root and stemThe base form of a word; the existing form to whiich a derivational affixcan be added.4.hierarchical structureThe sentence structure that groups words into structural constituents and shows the syntactic categories of each structural constituent, such as NPand VP5.naming theory and conceptualist viewThe words of a language are labels of the objects they stand for, alinguistic form is linkedthrough concepts to what it refers to6.maxims of quality and mannerDo not say what you believe to be false or without adequate evident,Avoid obscurity of expression and ambiguity, be brief and orderly.7.blendingA process of forming a new word by combining parts of other words8.sociolectA variety of languages used by a social class9.subvocal speechThought when it is close to language10.contrastive analysisA comparative procedure to establish linguistic differences betweenteaching purposes试题八1.cultural transmission (as a defining feature of human language)One of the major defining features of human language. Humans are born with the ability to acquire a language, but different from animals, the actual use of human language is not genetically transmitted, rather it is culturally transmitted, i.e. it has to be taught and learnt.2.phonic medium of languageThe limited range of sounds that are used in human language communication,i.e. the speech sounds3.voicingVoicing is a phonetic feature of some sounds. lt is caused by the vibration of thevocal cords4.Inflectional morphemesInflectional morphemes are morphemes that are used to indicate the grammatical relations and categories, such as-ed, (e)s, est in Englishaaaaa5. ReferenceReference is what a linguistic form refers to in the real world; it is a matter of the relationship between the form and the reality. For example, if we say, " The dog is barking,we must be talking about a certain dog known to both the speaker and the hearer in the situation. The actual dog the word"dog"refers to in this particular situation is the reference of the word"dog6. Locutionary actrefers to the act of uttering words, phrases, and clauses. It is the actof conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology. For example, bysaying " You have left the door wide open", the locutionary act performedthat by the speakeristhat he has uttered all the words and expressed what the words literally mean7. protolanguageA protolanguage is the original formof a language family that has ceased toexist. The proto form can be reconstructed by identifying and comparing similar linguistic forms with similar meanings across related languages8. ethnic dialectAn ethnic dialect is a social dialect of a language, often cutting across regional differences. It is spoken mainly by a less privileged population that has experienced some form of social isolation, such as racial discrimination or segregation9. RegistersRegisters are language varieties appropriate for use in particular speech situations, in contrast to language varieties that are associated with the social or regional grouping of their customary users. For this reason, registers are also known as situational dialects10. AcculturationAcculturation refers to a process of adapting to the culture and value system of thesecond language community11.stylistic synonymsstylistic synonyms are synonyms that differ in style, or in "the degree of formality. Some words tend to be more formal, others informal or casual. and still others neutral in style. For example, English has various ways to express the termination of life: die, pass away, decease, pop off, kick the bu cket, to mention a few. Of all these, " die is neutral in style; "pass away"and "decease "are more for, gop off "is casual; and the idiom "kick the bucker12.learner languagelearner language is normally, what a foreign/second language learner pro-duces. It is -also called interlanguage". Learner language contains an emerging linguistic system that has been developed by a learner of a second language(or L2) who has not become fully proficient yet but is, approximating the target language: preserving some features of their first language (or Ll), or overgeneralizing target language rules in speaking or writing the target language and-creating innovationsprehensible inputComprehensible input is the language input that can be understood by second or foreign language learners. According to Krashen's Comprehensible Input Hypothesis, the right level of input for language leaming is i +1, while i represents learners' current proficiency level, I means one level above that, this kind of input helps them acquire language naturally, rather than leam it consciously14.Intercultural communication.Intercultural communication,a form of global communication, is used to describe the wide range of communication problems that naturally app- ear within an organization made up of individuals from different religious, social, ethnic,and educational backgrounds. Intercultural communication is sometimes used synonymously with cross-cultural communication. In this sense it seeks to understand how people from different countries and cultures act, communicate and Perceive the world around them. As a separate notion, it studies situations where people from different cultural backgrounds interact15.AphasiaAphasia refers to language loss or disorders due to the lesions in the brain areas Specialized for language, which can be caused by a stroke, tumor, or other brain inuny.The loss may be total or partial, and may affect spoken and/or written language ability。

新编简明英语语言学学习重点总结Company number：【WTUT-WT88Y-W8BBGB-BWYTT-19998】一、定义1.语言学LinguisticsLinguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.2.普通语言学General LinguisticsThe study of language as a whole is often called General linguistics. 3.语言languageLanguage is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.语言是人类用来交际的任意性的有声符号体系。

4.识别特征Design FeaturesIt refers to the defining poperties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication.语言识别特征是指人类语言区别与其他任何动物的交际体系的限定性特征。

Arbitrariness任意性Productivity多产性Duality双重性Displacement移位性Cultural transmission文化传递⑴arbitrarinessThere is no logical connection between meanings and sounds.the arbitrary nature of language is a sign of sophistication and it makes it possible for language to have an unlimited source of expressions⑵ProductivityAnimals are quite limited in the messages they are able to send.⑶DualityLanguage is a system, which consists of two sets of structures ,or two levels.⑷DisplacementLanguage can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker.⑸Cultural transmissionHuman capacity for language has a genetic basis, but we have to be taught and learned the details of any language system. this showed that language is culturally transmitted. not by instinct. animals are born with the capacity to produce the set of calls peculiar to their species.5.语言能力CompetenceCompetence is the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language.6.语言运用performancePerformance is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.语言运用是所掌握的规则在语言交际中的体现。

新编语用学教程名词解释(一)新编语用学教程名词解释1. 语用学（Pragmatics）语用学是语言学的一个分支，研究语言在使用过程中的实际意义和功能。

它关注语言的非字面含义，以及说话人和听话人之间的交流和互动。

2. 句意（Utterance）句意是指说话人在一次语言行为中所表达的具体含义。

句意通常包含了语言表达的字面含义和所表达的更深层的含义。

3. 合作原则（Cooperative Principle）合作原则是由语用学家Grice提出的，用于描述说话人在言语交际中如何合作，进行有效和合理的交流。

合作原则包括了四条准则：言语行为准则，与事实和真理有关的准则，与回答有关的准则，以及与指示有关的准则。

4. 意义辨析（Sense vs. Reference）意义辨析是语言学中一个重要的概念，用于描述词语的意义和所指的具体对象之间的区别。

意义（Sense）是词语所代表的概念、概念网络或认识结构，而参考（Reference）是词语所指的具体事物或具体个体。

5. 会话分析（Conversation Analysis）会话分析是语用学的一个分支，研究日常对话中的语言现象和互动模式。

通过分析人们的对话结构、交互方式和组织方式，会话分析可以揭示语境对对话的影响，并且可以理解对话中涉及的意义和目的。

6. 言外之意（Implicature）言外之意是指通过说话人的言辞外部暗示出的含义。

言外之意通常是通过推理和推导从言辞中推断出来的，而不是直接由言辞本身表达出来的。

7. 修辞（Rhetoric）修辞是语用学中的一个重要概念，指通过运用特定的语言手法和修辞技巧来增强说话人的语言表达的说服力和表现力。

修辞包括了比喻、夸张、反问等多种形式。

8. 语篇分析（Discourse Analysis）语篇分析是语用学的一个分支，研究文本和对话中的语言现象和语言结构。

通过分析语境、语言选择、句子结构等，语篇分析可以揭示文本或对话的含义、目的和影响。

(1) linguistics: （语言学）the scientific or systematic study of language.(2) language: （语言）a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.(3) arbitrariness: （任意性）the absence of similarity between the form of a linguistic sign andwhat it relates to in reality, e.g. the word dog does not look like a dog.(4) duality:（双重性）the way meaningless elements of language at one level (soundsand letters) combine to form meaningful units (words) at another level.(5) competence:（语言能力）knowledge of the grammar of a language as a formalabstraction and distinct from the behavior of actual language use, i.e. performance.(6) performance:（语言运用）Chomsky’s term for actual language behavior as distinct from theknowledge that underlies it, or competence.(11) synchronic linguistics: （共时语言学）the study of language and speech as they are used ata given moment and not in terms of how they have evolved over time.(12) diachronic linguistics: （历时语言学）the study of linguistic change over time in contrastto looking at language as it is used at a given moment.(6) phoneme:（音位）the abstract element of a sound, identified as being distinctive in aparticular language.(7) phonetics（语音学）: the study of linguistic speech sounds, how they areproduced, how they are perceived, and their physical properties.(8)phonology: （音位学）the study of the abstract systems underlying the sounds of language.(1) morphology:（形态学）the study of the structure of words.(2) morpheme:（词素）the smallest unit of language that carries meaning or serves agrammatical function.(3) free morpheme: （自由词素）a morpheme that can stand alone as a word.(4) bound morpheme: （黏着词素）a morpheme that can not stand alone as a word,e.g. ment (as in establishment), and -er (as in painter).(5) morph:（语素变体）the smallest meaningful phonetic segments of an utterance on the levelof parole.(6) allomorph: a phonetic form in which a morpheme is realized, e.g. -s, -es, and en are allallomorphs (in writing) of the plural morpheme.(1) syntax: the term used to refer to the structure of sentences and to the study of sentencestructure.（句法学）(5) IC analysis:（Immediate constituent analysis 直接成分分析法）the approach to divide thesentence up into its immediate constituents by using binary cutting until obtaining itsultimate constituents.(11) ideational function（概念功能）: the use of language as a means of giving structure to ourexperience of the real or imaginary world.(12) interpersonal function（人际功能）: the use of language for maintaining social roles andinteracting with others.(13) textual function（语篇功能）: to create written or spoken texts which cohere withinthemselves and which fit the particular situation in which they are used.(1) semantics: the study of linguistic meaning.语义学(14) synonymy:(同义) the sense relations of equivalence of meaning between lexicalitems, e.g. small/little and dead/deceased.(15) antonymy:(反义关系) the sense relation of various kinds of opposing meaning betweenlexical items, e.g. big/small, alive/dead and good/bad.(16) hyponymy:（上下义关系）the sense relation between terms in a hierarchy,where a more particular term (the hyponym) is included in the more general one (thesuperordinate): X is a Y, e.g. a beech is a tree, a tree is a plant.(17) meronym:（整体部分关系）the sense relation between body and its parts which are notonly sections of the body but defined in terms of specific functions. For example, thehead is the part of the body which carries the most important sense organs, i.e. eyes, ears, nose and tongue.(1) pragmatics:（语用学）a branch of linguistics that studies language in use.(2) deixis:（指示）the marking of the orientation or position of entities and situations withrespect to certain points of reference such as the place (here/there) and time (now/then) of utterance.(1) sociolinguistics: the study of the relationship between language and society, that is, howsocial factors influence the structure and use of language.（社会语言学）(8) diglossia:（双语） a situation when two distinct varieties of the same languageare used, side by side, for two different sets of functions.(9) bilingualism:（双语现象）the use of at least two languages either by an individual or by agroup of speakers, such as the inhabitants of a particular region or a nation.(11) taboo:（禁忌）a word or expression that is prohibited by the polite society from generaluse.(12) euphemism:（委婉语）a word or phrase that replaces a taboo word or is used to avoidreference to certain acts or subjects, e. g. “powder room” for “toilet”.(1) cognitive linguistics: a new approach to the study of language and mind. According to thisapproach, language and language use are based on our bodily experience and the way we conceptualize it.（认知语言学）。

第一单元What is linguistics? 什么是语言学？Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. It studies not any particular language, but languages in general.The scope of linguistics 语言学研究的范畴Phonetics语音学\Phonology音系学\Morphology 形态学\Syntax句法学\Semantics语义学\Pragmatics语用学\Sociolinguistics社会语言学\Psycholinguistics心理语言学\Applied linguistics 应用语言学Phonetics语音学：the study of sounds used in linguistic communication led to the establishment of a branch of linguistics called phonetics Phonology音系学:as linguists became interested in how sounds put together and used to convey meaning in communication ,they developed another branch of study related to sounds called phonology.Morphology形态学:the study of the way in which these symbols are arranged form words has constituted the branch of study called morphology.Syntax句法学:the combination of these words to form permissible sentences in languages is governed by rules ,the study of these rules constitutes a major branch of linguistics studies Semantics语义学:the study of meaning was gradually developed and became known as semanticsPragmatics语用学:when the study of meaning is conducted,not in isolaion,but in the context of use,it becomes another branch of linguistic study called pragmaticsSociolinguistics社会语言学:the study of all these social aspects of language and its relation with society form the core of the branch called sociolinguisticsPsycholinguistics心理语言学: Psycholinguistics relates the study of language to psychology\Applied linguistics应用语言学:findings in linguistic studies can often be applied to the solution of such practical problems as the recovery of speech ability.the study of such applications is generally known as applied linguisticsOther related branchs include anthropological linguistics,neurological linguistics,mathematical linguistics,and computational linguistics.Some important distinctions in linguistics。

新编语用学教程名词解释
语用学教程中的名词解释
以下是新编语用学教程中的名词解释:
1. 语用学：研究语言使用过程的学科，着重探讨语言在不同情境下的用途和功能，以及语言使用与人类社会和文化之间的关系。

2. 语境：指言语活动所处的情境，包括时间、地点、人物、事件等，是语用学中重要的概念之一。

3. 功能语法：一种语法理论，认为语法规则应该描述语言中实际出现的语句，而不是简单地解释语言现象。

4. 会话策略：指在会话过程中，参与者为了达成共同目标而采取的措施，包括话题的引入、语用转换、避免争端等。

5. 言语行为：指在言语交流过程中，为了完成某个目的而采取的行为，包括表达、传达、说服、响应等。

6. 社会语用学：研究语言与社会之间的关系，探讨语言使用与社会文化、社会阶层、性别等因素有关的问题。

7. 字面意义：指词汇和短语在书面或口头表达中所表现出来的实际意义，也称为字面含义。

8. 象征意义：指词汇和短语所表现出来的深层次的意义，通常与文化背景、意识形态、社会心理等因素有关。

9. 语言用：指人们在不同情境下使用语言的目的和方式，是语
用学中的一个重要概念。

10. 语言结构：指语言中词语和句子的排列和组合方式，是语法学中的核心概念之一。

第1章导言1.1复习笔记本章要点：1.The definition and main branches of linguistics study语言学的定义和研究的范围2.The definition and the origins of language语言的定义与起源3.The design feature and the function of language语言的特征和功能4.Some major concepts in linguistics语言学中重要的概念本章考点：1.有关语言学的常考考点(1)语言学的定义，现代语言学与传统语法学研究的区别。

(2)语言学中几组重要概念，每组两个概念的含义、区分及其意义。

(3)普通语言学的主要分支学科及各自的研究范畴。

(4)宏观语言学及应用语言学的主要分支及各自的研究范畴。

2.有关语言的常考考点(1)语言的定义；语言的基本特征(任意性、二重性、多产性、移位性、互换性、专门性和文化传递性)；(2)语言的功能(寒暄、指示、信息、疑问、表达、劝说和施为)；(3)语言的起源(叮咚说、唱歌说、哒哒说、汪汪、噗噗、哟嘿吼理论等。

)本章内容索引：I.Definition of linguisticsII.Linguistics vs.traditional grammarIII.Scope of linguistics1.Microlinguistics2.MacrolinguisticsIV.Definition of languageV.Origins of language1.Ding-Dong Theory2.Sing-Song Theory3.Pooh-Pooh Theory4.Yo-He-Ho Theory5.Ta-Ta Theory6.Bow-Wow TheoryVI.Design features of language1.Arbitrariness2.Duality3.Productivity4.Interchangeability5.Displacement6.Specialization7.Cultural transmissionVII.Functions of language1.Phatic function/communion2.Directive functionrmative function4.Interrogative function5.Expressive function6.Evocative function7.Performative functionVIII.Some major concepts in linguistics1.Descriptive and prescriptive grammar2.Synchronic and diachronic linguisticsngue and parolepetence and performance5.Syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations6.Functionalism and formalismI.Definition of linguistics(语言学的定义)【考点：名词解释】The scientific or systemic study of language,which is always guided by the-three canons ofscience:exhaustiveness,consistency and economy.语言学是对语言的科学或系统的研究。

一、定义1.语言学LinguisticsLinguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.2.普通语言学General LinguisticsThe study of language as a whole is often called General linguistics.3.语言languageLanguage is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.语言是人类用来交际的任意性的有声符号体系。

4.识别特征Design FeaturesIt refers to the defining poperties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication.语言识别特征是指人类语言区别与其他任何动物的交际体系的限定性特征。

Arbitrariness任意性Productivity多产性Duality双重性Displacement移位性Cultural transmission文化传递⑴arbitrarinessThere is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. P.S the arbitrary nature of language is a sign of sophistication and it makes it possible for language to have an unlimited source of expressions⑵ProductivityAnimals are quite limited in the messages they are able to send.⑶DualityLanguage is a system, which consists of two sets of structures ,or two levels.⑷DisplacementLanguage can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker.⑸Cultural transmissionHuman capacity for language has a genetic basis, but we have to be taught and learned the details of any language system. this showed that language is culturally transmitted. not by instinct. animals are born with the capacity to produce the set of calls peculiar to their species.5.语言能力CompetenceCompetence is the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language.6.语言运用performancePerformance is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.语言运用是所掌握的规则在语言交际中的体现。

名词解释1.Prescriptive and Descriptive规定性的和描述性的Prescriptive and descriptive represent two kind of different types of linguistic study. If a linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, it is said to be descriptive; If the linguistic study aims to lay down rules for “correct and standard” behavior in using language, it is said to be prescriptive.描述性的研究主要以观察和描述人们实际所使用的语言为目的。

规定性的研究以制定语言使用的规范和标准为主要目的，即为使用者指出语言的标准用法，什么是正确的用法，什么是错误的用法，为语言使用者提供典范。

ngue and Parole 语言和言语Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.Langue is the set of conventions and rules which language users all have to abide by. Parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use.Parole is the concrete use of the convention and the application of rules.语言是一种社会机制、是一种语言的理想形式、是为一个团体所有成员所接受的社会惯例的抽象的语言系统。