九年级化学双语教学中英文对照材料

九年级全一册英语课文翻译单元一：A New School Term这个单元主要介绍了一个新学年的开始。

故事中，孩子们分享了暑假的经历，交流了彼此的感受，并期待着新学年的挑战。

1.1：Unit 11.1.1：Lesson 1Lesson Title: Welcome back!在这节课中，学生们返回学校并与朋友们见面。

他们互相问候，交流暑假的见闻，并谈论了新学年的期望。

1.1.2：Lesson 2Lesson Title: New Beginnings这节课主要讲解了学生们对新学年的期望以及他们将如何与新同学相处。

1.1.3：Lesson 3Lesson Title: School Life本课程将学生从新学年的初始转移到学校生活的方方面面。

他们将讨论上学的理由以及学校的环境。

1.2：Unit 21.2.1：Lesson 1Lesson Title: My Favorite Hobby这节课将学习者介绍给学生的爱好以及他们如何度过自己的业余时间。

1.2.2：Lesson 2Lesson Title: How I Spend My Weekends在这节课中，学生们将会谈论他们如何度过周末。

1.2.3：Lesson 3Lesson Title: In the Kitchen通过这节课，学生们能够学到一些基本的烹饪技巧和方法。

1.3：Unit 31.3.1：Lesson 1Lesson Title: My Dream Job在这节课中，学生们将会分享他们对未来的职业的憧憬。

1.3.2：Lesson 2Lesson Title: Life in the Future本课程将帮助学生们想象未来生活的可能性，并让他们思考人工智能将如何影响我们的生活。

1.3.3：Lesson 3Lesson Title: Protecting the Environment通过这节课，学生们能够了解到保护环境的重要性以及他们能够为环保贡献什么。

20THE ROLE OF PROTECTIVE GROUPS IN ORGANIC SYNTHESIS20有机合成中保护基团的使用If a satisfactory protective group has not been located,the chemist has a number of alternatives:rearrange the order of some of the steps in the synthetic scheme so that a functional group no longer requires protection or a protective group that was reactive in the original scheme is now stable;redesign the synthesis,possibly making use of latent functionality(i.e.,a functional group in a precursor form;e.g.,anisole as a precursor of cyclohexanone).Or,it may be necessary to include the synthesis of a new protective group in the overall plan.如果找不到符合要求的保护基，化学家仍然具有大量可供选择的方法：重新安排合成系统中一些步骤的顺序，保证官能团不再需要保护或者在原来的系统中的活性保护基现在变得稳定；可能利用潜在的功能重新设计合成（也就是功能性基团以前驱体形式出现；例如：茴香醚作为环己酮的前驱体）。

或者，有必要在总体计划中包括新保护基的合成.22POLYMERS22聚合物The process by which small molecules undergo multiple combinations to form macromolecules is polymerization.Small molecules from which a macromolecule or polymer can be made are called monomers.Two types of polymerization are recognized: (1)condensation polymerization and(2)addition polymerization.A polymer-forming reaction involving elimination of a small molecule such as water or alcohol between monomer units is described as condensation polymerization.In addition polymerization, unsaturated or cyclic molecules add to each other without elimination of any portion of the monomer molecule.The empirical formula of the polymer is then,of course,the same as that of the monomer.小分子进行多重结合形成大分子的过程叫做聚合反应。

Bunsen burner 本生灯product 化学反应产物flask 烧瓶apparatus 设备PH indicator PH值指示剂,氢离子(浓度的)负指数指示剂matrass 卵形瓶litmus 石蕊litmus paper 石蕊试纸graduate, graduated flask 量筒,量杯reagent 试剂test tube 试管burette 滴定管retort 曲颈甑still 蒸馏釜cupel 烤钵crucible pot, melting pot 坩埚pipette 吸液管filter 滤管stirring rod 搅拌棒element 元素body 物体compound 化合物atom 原子gram atom 克原子atomic weight 原子量atomic number 原子数atomic mass 原子质量molecule 分子electrolyte 电解质ion 离子anion 阴离子cation 阳离子electron 电子isotope 同位素isomer 同分异物现象polymer 聚合物symbol 复合radical 基structural formula 分子式valence, valency 价monovalent 单价bivalent 二价halogen 成盐元素bond 原子的聚合mixture 混合combination 合成作用compound 合成物alloy 合金metal 金属metalloid 非金属Actinium(Ac) 锕Aluminium(Al) 铝Americium(Am) 镅Antimony(Sb) 锑Argon(Ar) 氩Arsenic(As) 砷Astatine(At) 砹Barium(Ba) 钡Berkelium(Bk) 锫Beryllium(Be) 铍Bismuth(Bi) 铋Boron(B) 硼Bromine(Br) 溴Cadmium(Cd) 镉Caesium(Cs) 铯Calcium(Ca) 钙Californium(Cf) 锎Carbon(C) 碳Cerium(Ce) 铈Chlorine(Cl) 氯Chromium(Cr) 铬Cobalt(Co) 钴Copper(Cu) 铜Curium(Cm) 锔Dysprosium(Dy) 镝Einsteinium(Es) 锿Erbium(Er) 铒Europium(Eu) 铕Fermium(Fm) 镄Fluorine(F) 氟Francium(Fr) 钫Gadolinium(Gd) 钆Gallium(Ga) 镓Germanium(Ge) 锗Gold(Au) 金Hafnium(Hf) 铪Helium(He) 氦Holmium(Ho) 钬Hydrogen(H) 氢Indium(In) 铟Iodine(I) 碘Iridium(Ir) 铱Iron(Fe) 铁Krypton(Kr) 氪Lanthanum(La) 镧Lawrencium(Lr) 铹Lead(Pb) 铅Lithium(Li) 锂Lutetium(Lu) 镥Magnesium(Mg) 镁Manganese(Mn) 锰Mendelevium(Md) 钔Mercury(Hg) 汞Molybdenum(Mo) 钼Neodymium(Nd) 钕Neon(Ne) 氖Neptunium(Np) 镎Nickel(Ni) 镍Niobium(Nb) 铌Nitrogen(N) 氮Nobelium(No) 锘Osmium(Os) 锇Oxygen(O) 氧Palladium(Pd) 钯Phosphorus(P) 磷Platinum(Pt) 铂Plutonium(Pu) 钚Polonium(Po) 钋Potassium(K) 钾Praseodymium(Pr) 镨Promethium(Pm) 钷Protactinium(Pa) 镤Radium(Ra) 镭Radon(Rn) 氡Rhenium(Re) 铼Rhodium(Rh) 铑Rubidium(Rb) 铷Ruthenium(Ru) 钌Samarium(Sm) 钐Scandium(Sc) 钪Selenium(Se) 硒Silicon(Si) 硅Silver(Ag) 银Sodium(Na) 钠Strontium(Sr) 锶Sulphur(S) 锍Tantalum(Ta) 钽Technetium(Tc) 锝Tellurium(Te) 碲Terbium(Tb) 铽Thallium(Tl) 铊Thorium(Th) 钍Tin(Sn) 锡Thulium(Tm) 铥Titanium(Ti) 钛Tungsten(W) 钨Uranium(U) 铀Vanadium(V) 钒Xenon(Xe) 氙Ytterbium(Yb) 镱Yttrium(Y) 钇Zinc(Zn) 锌Zirconium(Zr) 锆organic chemistry 有机化学inorganic chemistry 无机化学derivative 衍生物series 系列acid 酸hydrochloric acid 盐酸sulphuric acid 硫酸nitric acid 硝酸aqua fortis 王水fatty acid 脂肪酸organic acid 有机酸hydrosulphuric acid 氢硫酸hydrogen sulfide 氢化硫alkali 碱,强碱ammonia 氨base 碱hydrate 水合物hydroxide 氢氧化物,羟化物hydracid 氢酸hydrocarbon 碳氢化合物,羟anhydride 酐alkaloid 生物碱aldehyde 醛oxide 氧化物phosphate 磷酸盐acetate 醋酸盐methane 甲烷,沼气butane 丁烷salt 盐potassium carbonate 碳酸钾soda 苏打sodium carbonate 碳酸钠caustic potash 苛性钾caustic soda 苛性钠ester 酯gel 凝胶体analysis 分解fractionation 分馏endothermic reaction 吸热反应exothermic reaction 放热反应precipitation 沉淀to precipitate 沉淀to distil, to distill 蒸馏distillation 蒸馏to calcine 煅烧to oxidize 氧化alkalinization 碱化to oxygenate, to oxidize 脱氧,氧化to neutralize 中和to hydrogenate 氢化to hydrate 水合,水化to dehydrate 脱水fermentation 发酵solution 溶解combustion 燃烧fusion, melting 熔解alkalinity 碱性isomerism, isomery 同分异物现象hydrolysis 水解electrolysis 电解electrode 电极anode 阳极,正极cathode 阴极,负极catalyst 催化剂catalysis 催化作用oxidization, oxidation 氧化reducer 还原剂dissolution 分解synthesis 合成reversible 可逆的refining 炼油refinery 炼油厂cracking 裂化separation 分离fractionating tower 分馏塔fractional distillation 分馏distillation column 分裂蒸馏塔polymerizing, polymerization 聚合reforming 重整purification 净化hydrocarbon 烃,碳氢化合物crude oil, crude 原油petrol 汽油 (美作:gasoline)LPG, liquefied petroleum gas 液化石油气LNG, liquefied natural gas 液化天然气octane number 辛烷数,辛烷值vaseline 凡士林paraffin 石蜡kerosene, karaffin oil 煤油gas oil 柴油lubricating oil 润滑油asphalt 沥青benzene 苯fuel 燃料natural gas 天然气olefin 烯烃high-grade petrol, high-octane petrol 高级汽油,高辛烷值汽油plastic 塑料chemical fiber 化学纤维synthetic rubber 合成橡胶solvent 溶剂初中化学用语之教学高唐县教师进修学校兼职教师刘甲明化学用语表达了化学概念，反映了化学事物形成和发展的客观规律，是构建化学科学大厦的基本材料。

化学专业基础英语教案第1部分基础化学讲座（Part I Chemistry Lectures）第1章化学的本质（Chapter I The Nature of Chemistry）下面是一封小约翰（John C. Bailar, Jr., 父子同名时用于区别；senior, adj. n. 年长的，高级的；年长者）给一个朋友的信，他（小约翰）是伊利诺斯（州）（Illinois, [ili'nɔi(z)]）大学化学系部（faculty, ['fækəlti]）一名已经（has been）从教56年教员。

亲爱的克丽丝（Chris, [kris]）：这封信仅仅是关于你所提出的化学是什么和化学家在做什么这些问题的一个回答。

我很高兴你问及的这个学科/科目（subject）到底（all about, 关于…的一切，到处，附近）是什么的看法/观点（view），对于许多人来说，对这个问题都有一个扭曲的，或者至少是肤浅（superficial）看法/观点（看法/观点可以认为既是asked的宾语也是distored or superficial的宾语）。

正如这封信，我不确定我是否能给予你一个清晰的画面/解释（picture），但是我试图这样做。

当然了，你知道化学与物理学、地质学、天文学一道，是属于物质科学/自然科学（physical sciences）的一门学科。

生物科学（biological sciences），诸如植物学（botany, ['bɔtəni]）、生理学（physiology）、生态学（ecology）和遗传学（genetics, [dʒi'netiks]）是亲密关联的，但是也属于稍微不同的学科门类/种类（倒装句：亲密关联的，但是也属于稍微不同的学科门类/种类，是生物科学（biological sciences），诸如植物学（botany, ['bɔtəni]）、生在这两个学科组（physical sciences和biological sciences）之间，或者在任何一个学科组内的学科之间，没有特别明显的（sharp），因为（for）它们相互涵盖（overlap, [əuvə'læp]）。

Learning Supplementsin Organic Chemistry有机化学双语教学辅助材料（常见中英文专业单词对照）有机化学常见概念中英对照中文名称英文名β-酮酸酯β-ketone esterDL规则DL conventionD-异构体D-isomerE-异构体E isomerL-异构体L-isomern+1规则n+1 ruleπ键pi bondR/S构型命名法Cahn–Ingold–Prelog (CIP) R/S convention R基R groups-反式构象s-trans conformationα,β-不饱和酮α,β-unsaturated ketoneσ键sigma bond氨、氨水ammonia(NH3)氨基amino group氨基酸amino acid氨络物ammine铵根离子ammonium ion(NH4+) ammonium. 胺amine螯合物chelate八隅规则octet rule半缩醛半缩酮hemiketal饱和脂肪族烃saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon 苯benzene苯环phenyl ring苯基phenyl group苯炔; 脱氢苯benzyne苄基；苯甲基benzyl group变性denaturation变旋Mutarotation氢离子活度的pH值pH丙二烯丙烷propane薄层色谱thin layer chromatography(TLC) 不饱和烃unsaturated hydrocarbon不规则的Atactic不完全八隅体incomplete octet布朗斯特碱Br.sted base布朗斯特酸Br.sted acid部分消旋的Scalemic差向异构化作用Epimerization差向异构体Epimers拆分; 分辨率; 分离度Resolution超共轭; 超共轭效应Hyperconjugation稠环芳烃Condensed aromatics船式构象Conformation (boat)纯手性; 纯手性的Homochiral醇Alcohol(ROH)醇酸Alcoholic acid醇盐Alkoxide(RO- M+) alkoxide ion. 醋酸盐Acetate单分子亲核取代反应SN1 reaction单分子消除反应E1 elimination reaction单配位基Monodentate蛋白质Protein等时的；同步的Isochronous等位; 等位的; Homotopic狄尔斯-阿尔德反应Diels-Alder reaction电负性Electronegativity电环化反应、π-键环化反应Electrocyclic reactions电价键; 离子键Ionic bond电偶极矩Electric dipole moment(μ) 电偶极子Electric dipole淀粉Starch动理学; 动力学Kinetics动力学拆分Kinetic resolution动力学产物Kinetic product对Para对称面Plane of symmetry对甲基苯磺酸盐Ots，Tosylate (toluene-4-sulfonate, 4-mec6h4so3)对溴苯磺酸盐Obs，Brosylate (4-bromobenzenesulfonate, 4-brc6h4so3), 对旋Disrotatory对映体Enantiomers对映体过量百分数Enantiomeric excess; enantiomeric ratio对映体过量的Enantiomerically enriched 对映异位的Enantiotopic非质子溶剂Aprotic solvent多步合成Multistep synthesis多配位基的Polydentate多原子分子Polyatomic molecule多原子离子Polyatomic ion惰性电子对Inert pair二环的Bicyclic二硫化物Disulfide二氯甲烷Dichloromethane(CH2Cl2) 二元化合物Binary compound反错构象Anti clinal反芳香性的Anti-aromatic反键轨道Antibonding orbital反平面Anti periplanar反式Trans反式的Anti反式构象Anti conformation反式加成Anti addition范德华力Van der Waals’ radius芳环; 芳族环Aromatic ring(Ar)芳基Aryl group芳烃Aromatic hydrocarbon芳香烃Arene芳族化合物; 芳香族化合物Aromatic compound非苯芳烃Nonbenzenoid aromatic hydrocarbon 非等时同步Anisochronous非对映异构的Diastereotopic非对映异构体Diastereoisomers非手性、非手性的Achiral肥皂Soap费歇尔投影式Fischer projection分馏Fractional distillation分歧、不同Allo-分子单元Formula unit分子轨道理论Molecular orbital theory 分子几何; 分子几何结构Molecular geometry分子离子Molecular ion分子量Molecular weight分子模型Molecular model分子筛Molecular sieve分子式Molecular formula酚Phenol酚酸Phenolic acid酚酞Phenolphthalein风化的Efflorescent砜Sulfone干馏Dry distillation甘油Glycerol甘油, 丙三醇Glycerol(HOCH2CH(OH)CH2OH) 甘油三酸酯Triglyceride高分子化合物Polymer隔离双键Isolated double bonds共扼二烯烃Conjugated diene共轭碱Conjugate base共轭双键Conjugated double bonds 共轭酸Conjugate acid共价键Covalent bond共振结构Resonance structures共振结构式Canonical forms共振效应Resonance effect构象Conformation构象异构体Conformers构型Configuration构造异构体Constitutional isomers固体石蜡Paraffin wax官能团Functional group冠醚Crown ether光学纯Enantiomerically pure (optically pure) 光学纯的Optically pure轨道Orbital国际纯粹与应用化学联合会Iupac过渡态Transition state过氧化物离子Superoxide ion合成材料Synthetic material合成纤维Synthetic fiber合成橡胶Synthetic rubber核磁共振Nmr核间距离，键长Bond length核酸外切酶Exo红外光谱IR spectroscopy，infrared spectroscopy 胡萝卜素Carotene互变体; 互变异构体Tautomer互变异构现象Tautomerism化学计量学; 化学计量法Stoichiometry化学键Chemical bond化学式量; 分子量Formula weight化学位移Chemical shift环化加成反应Cycloaddition reaction环氧化合物Epoxide缓冲溶液Bufferph buffer; buffer solution. 磺化反应Sulfonation reaction磺基Sulpho group磺酸Sulfonic acid混酸甘油酯Mixed glyceride活性亚甲基Active methylene group 基（后缀）-Yl极性分子Polar molecule极性键Polar bond几何异构体Geometric isomer加成反应Addition reaction加成化合物Addition compound加聚反应Addition polymerization 甲基Methyl(-CH3)甲烷Methane价电子Valence electron价键Valence bond假旋转Pseudorotation间位定位Meta-directing碱; 基极Base碱的、碱性的Alkaline碱水解常数Base hydrolysis constant 碱土金属Alkaline earth键焓Bond enthalpy键级Bond order键能Bond energy交叉式构象Conformation (staggered) 交叉式构象Staggered conformation 结构式Structural formula腈Nitrile肼、联氨Hydrazine(NH2NH2)锯架投影式Sawhorse projection聚合反应Po1ymerization均裂Homolytic bond cleavage 卡宾、碳烯Carbene R2C:.醌Quinone蜡Wax离去基团Leaving group离子电离; 离子电离作用Ionic dissociationionize; ionization. 离子盐Ionic compound salt立体化学Stereochemistry立体特异性的，立体专一性的Stereospecific立体选择性的，立体有择性的Stereoselective立体异构体Stereoisomers两性的Amphoteric两性离子Zwitterion两性溶剂Amphiprotic solvent 裂化Cracking裂解Pyrolysis邻Orthogonal邻近的Vicinal硫醇Thiol硫酚Thiophenol硫化物Sulfide卤代烃Halohydrocarbon卤离子Halide ion路易斯碱Lewis base路易斯结构Lewis structure路易斯酸Lewis acid螺环化合物Spiro compound螺旋度; 螺旋性Helicity马尔科夫尼科夫规则Markovniknov’s rule 麦芽糖Maltose煤Coal酶Enzyme醚Ether命名法; 命名原则Nomenclature内Endo内酰胺Lactam内消旋化合物Meso compounds内酯Lactone扭曲式构象Conformation (skewed) 扭转位阻Torsion barrier纽曼投影式Newman projection偶氮Azo偶极矩Dipole moment配体; 配基Ligand配位数Coordination number平键; 平伏键Equatorial bond平均键焓Average bond enthalpy 平面偏振光Plane polarized light葡萄糖Glucose前手性Prochiral强酸Strong acid羟基Hydroxy group羟基酸Hydroxy acid桥环化合物Bridged ring compound 桥头碳原子Bridgehead carbon亲电体; 亲电子试剂Electrophile亲核试剂Nucleophile亲核性Nucleophilicity亲双烯体Dienophile氢键Hydrogen bond氢氧化物Hydroxide氢氧化物、水合物Hydrate氰基Cyano group巯基Mercapto巯基Sulfhydryl group区域选择性Regioselective取代反应Substitution reaction取代基Substituent取代酸Substituted acid全规的；全同立构的Isotactic醛Aldehyde(RCHO)醛的后缀-Al炔烃Alkyne热力学Thermodynamics热力学产物Thermodynamic product 弱酸Weak acid叁键Triple bond石蜡Paraffin石蕊试纸Litmus paper石油Petroleum实验式; 经验式;Empirical formula手性; 手性的Chiral手性分子Chiral molecule手性中心Chiral center手性中心、不对称中心Stereogenic centre (Chiral centre, Asymmetric centre) 双分子亲核取代反应SN2 reaction双分子消除反应E2 elimination reaction双峰; 双重谱线Doublet双键Double bond双烯; 二烯烃Diene双原子分子Diatomic molecule水合氢离子Hydronium ion(H3O+)水解反应Hydrolysis reaction水煤气,蓝煤气；合成气Water gas;blue gas; synthesis gas 顺错构象Syn clinal顺式Cis顺式；同；共；Syn顺式共平面Syn periplanar顺式加成Syn addition顺旋Conrotatory赤式Erythro塑料Plastic塑料的老化Plastic ageing酸、酸的Acid酸电离常数Acid dissociation constant. 酸酐Acid anhydride酸碱指示剂Acid-base indicator羧基Carboxyl group羧酸Carboxylic acid缩氨脲Semicarbazone缩酮Ketal碳水化合物、糖类Carbohydrate碳正离子Carbocation羰基Carbonyl group糖Sugar天然产物Natural product铁离子Ferric ion.烃、碳氢化合物Hydrocarbon烃的衍生物Derivative of hydrocarbon 烃基Hydrocarbonyl同侧的Suprafacial同分异构体Isomer同系物Homo1og同系物; 同系化合物Homolog铜离子Cupric. (cu2+) cupric ion 酮Ketone酮Ketone(R-CO-R')酮酸Keto acid脱氢酶Dehydrogenases歪扭构象; 偏转构象Gauche conformation外消旋化作用Racemization外消旋混合物Racemic mixture烷基Alkyl group烷基Alkyl(-cnh2n+1) alkyl group. 烷烃Alkane paraffin.烷氧基Alkoxyl group王水Aqua regia未共用电子对Lone pair位阻Steric hindrance位阻异构体Atropisomers肟Oxime无机化合物Inorganic compound 无机化学Inorganic chemistry 无水的Anhydrous西佛碱Shiff's base吸湿的Hygroscopic吸湿性; 吸水性Hygroscopicity烯丙基Allyl group烯丙基正离子Allylic carbon烯烃Alkene洗涤剂Detergent洗脱; 洗脱法；洗剂Elution纤维素Cellulose酰胺Amide酰基Acyl group酰卤Acid halide消去反应Elimination reaction消旋体Racemate硝化反应Nitratlon reaction硝基Nitro group硝酸，王水Nitric acid. (hno3) aqua fortis 协定的, 一致的；协同的Concerted偕的Geminal辛烷Octane休克尔规则Hückel's rule溴的四氯化碳溶液Solution of bromine in carbon tetrachloride 溴水Bromine water旋光计Polarimeter旋光性Optical activity亚氨基Imino group亚砜Sulfoxide亚磺酸Sulfinic acid亚铁离子Ferrous ion亚铜离子Cuprous. (cu+) cuprous ion亚硝基Nitroso group 盐析Salting-out阳离子Cation乙醇Ethanol乙二胺四乙酸Edta乙醛Ethana1乙炔Ethyne乙酸Acetic acid乙酸Ethanoic acid 乙酸乙酯Ethyl acetate乙缩醛二乙醇Acetal乙烯Ethene乙酰乙酸乙酯Ethyl acetoacetate椅式构象Conformation (chair) 椅型构象; 椅式构象Chair conformation 异头物Anomers异位的Syndiotactic阴离子Anion阴碳离子; 负碳离子Carbanion银镜反应Silver mirror reaction 硬脂酸、十八酸Stearic acid油脂Oils and fats有机化合物Organic compound有旋光活性的Optically active右旋的Dextrorotatory (d)诱导效应Inductive effect原子化热Enthalpy of atomization. ( hat) 杂化; 杂交Hybridization杂化轨道Hybrid orbitals杂环的, 不同环式的Heterocyclic皂化作用Saponification蔗糖Sucrose正交Ortho脂肪酸Fatty acid脂肪族的Aliphatic脂环烃Alicyclic hydrocarbon 直角的；正交的Ortho-para director直立键Axial bonds指纹区Fingerprint region酯Ester酯化反应Esterification质谱法Mass spectrometry质子Proton质子给体; 质子给予体Proton donor质子溶剂Protic solvent中和反应Neutralization reaction 中间体Intermediate中介效应Mesomeric effect中性的Neutral轴手性；轴不对称性Axial chirality自由基，根，原子团Radical自由基; 游离基Free radical腙Hydrozone左旋的Laevorotatory (l)重氮化; 重氮化作用Diazotization重氮盐Diazonium salt重叠式构象Conformation (eclipsed) 重叠式构象Eclipsed conformation 重键; 多重键Multiple bond周环反应Pericyclic reactions。

双语生物化学词汇Glossary of Biochemistry BilinguallyAAbsolute configuration（绝对构型）The configuration of four different substituent groups around an asymmetric carbon atom, in relation to u- and i.-glyceraldehyde. Absorption（吸收）: transport of the products of digestion from the intestinal tract into the blood.Acceptor control（受体控制）:The regulation of the rate of respiration by the availability of ADP as phosphate group acceptor.Accessory pigments（辅助色素）:Visible light-absorbing pigments (carotenoids, xanthophyll, and phycobilins藻胆素) in plants and photosynthetic bacteria that complement chlorophylls in trapping energy from sunlight.Acidosis（酸中毒）: A metabolic condition in which the capacity of the body to buffer is diminished; usually accompanied by decreased blood pH.Actin（肌动蛋白）: A protein making up the thin filaments（细丝）of muscle; also an important component of the cytoskeleton of many eukaryotic cells.Activation energy(ΔG*)（活化能）: The amount of energy (in joules) required to convert all the molecules in 1 mole of a reacting substance from the ground state to the transition state.Activator:（活化物、激活剂）(1) A DNA-binding protein that positively regulates the expression of one or more genes; that is, transcription rates increase when an activator is bound to the DNA. (2) A positive modulator of an allosteric enzyme.Active site:（活性部位）The region of an enzyme surface that binds the substrate molecule and catalytically transforms it; also known as the catalytic site.Active transport:（主动运输）Energy-requiring transport of a solute across a membrane in the direction of increasing concentration.Activity:（活度）The true thermodynamic activity or potential of a substance, as distinct from its molar concentration.Activity coefficient:（活度系数）The factor by which the numerical value of the concentration of a solute must be multiplied to give its true thermodynamic activity. Adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate: See cyclic AMP.Adenosine diphosphate: See ADP.Adenosine triphosphate: See ATP.Adipocyte:（脂肪细胞）An animal cell specialized for the storage of fats (triacylglycerols).Adipose tissue:（脂肪组织）Connective tissue specialized for the storage of large amounts of triacylglycerols.ADP (adenosine diphosphate):A ribonucleoside diphosphate serving as phosphate group acceptor in the cell energy cycle.Aerobe:（需氧生物）An organism that lives in air and uses oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor in respiration.Aerobic: Requiring or occurring in the presence of oxygen.Alcohol fermentation:（乙醇发酵）The anaerobic conversion of glucose to ethanol via glycolysis. See also fermentation.Aldose:（醛糖）A simple sugar in which the carbonyl carbon atom is an aldehyde; that is, the carbonyl carbon is at one end of the carbon chain.Alkalosis:（碱中毒）A metabolic condition in which the capacity of the body to buffer is diminished; usually accompanied by an increase in blood pH.Allosteric enzyme:（变/别构效应） A regulatory enzyme, with catalytic activity modulated by the noncovalent binding of a specific metabolite at a site other than the active site.Allosteric protein: （变/别构蛋白）A protein (generally with multiple subunits) with multiple ligand-binding sites, such that ligand binding at one site affects ligand binding at another.Allosteric site: （变/别构部位）The specific site on the surface of an allosteric enzyme molecule to which the modulator or effector molecule is bound.α helix:（α-螺旋）A helical conformation of a polypeptide chain, usually right-handed, with maximal intrachain hydrogen bonding; one of the most common secondary structures in proteins.Ames test:A simple bacterial test for carcinogens, based on the assumption that carcinogens are mutagens.Amino acid activation:（氨基酸活化）ATP-dependent enzymatic esterification of the carboxyl group of an amino acid to the 3'-hydroxyl group of its corresponding tRNA. Amino acids:（氨基酸）an Amino-substituted carboxylic acids, the building blocks of proteins.Amino-terminal residue:（氨基末端残基）The only amino acid residue in a polypeptide chain with a free a-amino group; defines the amino terminus of the polypeptide.Aminoacyl-tRNA:（氨酰tRNA）An aminoacyl ester of a tRNA.Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases:（氨酰tRNA合成酶）Enzymes that catalyze synthesis of an aminoacyl-tRNA at the expense of ATP energy.Aminotransferases:（氨基转移酶）Enzymes that catalyze the transfer of amino groups fromα-amino to α-keto acids; also called transaminases.Ammonotelic:（排氨的）Excreting excess nitrogen in the form of ammonia. Amphibolic pathway:（双向代谢途径）A metabolic pathway used in both catabolism and anabolism.Amphipathic:（双亲的）Containing both polar and nonpolar domains. Ampholyte:（两性电解质）A substance that can act as either a base or an acid. Amphoteric:（两性的）Capable of donating and accepting protons, thus able to serve as an acid or a base.Anabolisim:（合成代谢）The phase of intermediary metabolism concerned with the energy-requiring biosynthesis of cell components from smaller precursors. Anaerobe:（厌氧生物）An organism that lives without oxygen. Obligate anaerobes （专性厌氧生物）die when exposed to oxygen.Anaerobic:（厌氧的）Occurring in the absence of air or oxygen.Anaplerotic reaction:（回补反应）An enzyme-catalyzed reaction that can replenish the supply of intermediates in the citric acid cycle.A ngstrom (Ǻ):（唉）A unit of length (10-8cm) used to indicate molecular dimensions. Anhydride:（酸酐）The product, of the condensation of two carboxyl or phosphate groups in which the elements of water are eliminated to form a compound with the general structure R—X—0—X—R, where X is either carbon or phosphorus.Anion-exchange resin:（阴离子交换树脂）A polymeric resin with fixed cationic groups; used in the chromatographic separation of anions.Anomers:（异头物、端基异构体）Two stereoisomers of a given sugar that differ only in the configuration about the carbonyl (anomeric) carbon atom.Antibiotic:（抗生素）One of many different organic compounds that are formed and secreted by various species of microorganisms and plants, are toxic to other species, and presumably have a defensive function.Antibody:（抗体）A defense protein synthesized by the immune system of vertebrates. See also immunoglobulin.Anticodon:（反密码子） A specific sequence of three nucleotides in a tRNA, complementary to a codon for an amino acid in an mRNA.Antigen:（抗原）A molecule capable of eliciting the synthesis of a specific antibody in vertebrates.Antiparallel:（反平行）Describing two linear polymers that are opposite in polarity or orientation.Antiport:（反向转运）Cotransport of two solutes across a membrane in opposite directions.Apoenzyme:（酶蛋白）The protein portion of an enzyme, exclusive of any organic or inorganic cofactors or prosthetic groups that might be required for catalytic activity. Apolipoprotein:（脱辅基脂蛋白）The protein component of a lipoprotein. Apoprotein: （脱辅基蛋白）The protein portion of a protein, exclusive of any organic or inorganic cofactors or prosthetic groups that might be required for activity. Apoptosis:（细胞凋亡）(app'-a-toe'-sis) Programmed cell death, in which a cell bringsabout its own death and lysis, signaled from outside or programmed in its genes, by systematically degrading its own macromolecules.Arrestin:（抑制蛋白） A family of proteins that bind to the phosphorylated carboxyl-terminal region of serpentine receptors, preventing their interactions with G proteins and thereby terminating the signal through those receptors.Asymmetric carbon atom:（不对称碳原子）A carbon atom that is covalently bonded to four different groups and thus may exist in two different tetrahedral configurations. ATP (adenosine triphosphate): A ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate functioning as a phosphate group donor in the cell energy cycle; carries chemical energy between metabolic pathways by serving as a shared intermediate coupling endergonic and exergonic reactions.ATP synthase:（ATP合酶）An enzyme complex that forms ATP from ADP and phosphate during oxidative phosphorylation in the inner mitochondrial membrane or the bacterial plasma membrane, and during photophosphorylation in chloroplasts. ATPase:（ATP酶）An enzyme that hydrolyzes ATP to yield ADP and phosphate; usually coupled to some process requiring energy.Attenuator:（弱化子）An RNA sequence involved in regulating the expression of certain genes; functions as a transcription terminator.Autotroph:（自养生物）An organism that can synthesize its own complex molecules from very simple carbon and nitrogen sources, such as carbon dioxide and ammonia. Auxin:（植物生长素）A plant growth hormone.Auxotrophic mutant (auxotroph):（营养缺陷突变体）A mutant organism defective in the synthesis of a given biomolecule, which must therefore be supplied for the organism's growth.Avogadro's number: The number of molecules in a gram molecular weight (a mole) of any compound (6.02 × 1023).BBack-mutation:（回复突变）A mutation that causes a mutant gene to regain its wild-type base sequence.Bacteriophage (phage):（噬菌体）A virus capable of replicating in a bacterial cell. Basal metabolic rate:（基础代谢率）The rate of oxygen consumption by an animal's body at complete rest, long after a meal.Base pair:（碱基对）Two nucleotides in nucleic acid chains that are paired by hydrogen bonding of their bases; for example, A with T or U, and G with C.β conformation:（β构象）、An extended, zigzag arrangement of a polypeptide chain; a common secondary structure in proteins.βoxidation:（β氧化）Oxidative degradation of fatty acids into acetyl-CoA by successive oxidations at the β-carbon atom.β-turn:（β转角）A type of secondary structure in polypeptides consisting of four aminoacid residues arranged in a tight turn so that the polypeptide turns back on itself. Bilayer:（双分子层）A double layer of oriented amphipathic lipid molecules, forming the basic structure of biological membranes. The hydrocarbon tails face inward to form a continuous nonpolar phase.Bile salts:（胆酸盐）Amphipathic steroid derivatives with detergent properties, participating in digestion and absorption of lipids.Binding energy:（吸附能）The energy derived from noncovalent interactions between enzyme and substrate or receptor and ligand.Binding site:（结合部位）The crevice or pocket on a protein in which a ligand binds. Biocytin:（生物胞素）The conjugate amino acid residue arising from covalent attachment of biotin, through an amide linkage, to a Lys residue.Biomolecule:（生物分子）An organic compound normally present as an essential component of living organisms.Biopterin:（生物喋呤）An enzymatic cofactor derived from pterin and involved in certain oxidation-reduction reactions.Biosphere:（生物圈）All the living matter on or in the earth, the seas, and the atmosphere.Biotin:（生物素）A vitamin; an enzymatic cofactor involved in carboxylation reactions. Bond energy:（键能）The energy required to break a bond.Branch migration:（分支迁移）Movement of the branch point in branched DNA formed from two DNA molecules with identical sequences. See also Holliday intermediate.Buffer:（缓冲液）A system capable of resisting changes in pH, consisting of a conjugate acid-base pair in which the ratio of proton acceptor to proton donor is near unity.CCalorie:（卡）The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1.0 g of water from 14.5 to 15.5 °C. One calorie (cal) equals 4.18 joules (J).Calvin cycle:（Calvin循环）The cyclic pathway used by plants to fix carbon dioxide and produce triose phosphates.cAMP:See cyclic AMP.cAMP receptor protein (CRP): （cAMP受体蛋白）A specific regulatory protein that controls initiation of transcription of the genes producing the enzymes required for a bacterial cell to use some other nutrient when glucose is lacking. Also called catabolite gene activator protein (CAP)，降解物基因活化蛋白.CAP:See catabolite gene activator protein.Capsid:（衣壳）The protein coat of a virion or virus particle.Carbanion:（碳负离子）A negatively charged carbon atom.Carbocation: （碳正离子）A positively charged carbon atom; also called a carboniumion.Carbon-assimilation reactions:（碳同化反应）Reaction sequences in which atmospheric CO2 is converted into organic compounds.Carbon-fixation reaction:（固碳反应）The reaction catalyzed by rubisco during photosynthesis, or by other carboxylases, in which atmospheric CO2is initially incorporated into an organic compound.Carboxyl-terminal residue:（羧基末端残基）The only amino acid residue in a polypeptide chain with a free a-carboxyl group; defines the carboxyl terminus of the polypeptide.Carotenoids:（类葫罗卜素）Lipid-soluble photosynthetic pigments made up of isoprene units.Catabolism:（分解代谢）The phase of intermediary metabolism concerned with the energy-yielding degradation of nutrient molecules.Catabolite gene activator protein (CAP):See cAMP receptor protein.Catalytic site:（催化部位）See active site.Catecholamines:（儿茶酚胺类）Hormones, such as epinephrine, that are amino derivatives of catechol.Catenane:（连环体）Circular polymeric molecules with a noncovalent topological link resembling the links of a chain.Cation-exchange resin:（阳离子交换树脂）An insoluble polymer with fixed negative charges; used in the chromatographic separation of cationic substances.cDNA: See complementary DNA.Central dogma:（中心法则）The organizing principle of molecular biology: genetic information flows from DNA to RNA to protein.Centromere:（着丝粒） A specialized site within a chromosome, serving as the attachment point for the mitotic or meiotic spindle.Cerebroside(脑苷酯) Sphingolipid containing one sugar residue as a head group. Channeling:（生物合成途径限制作用)The direct transfer of a reaction product (common intermediate) from the active site of one enzyme to the active site of a different enzyme catalyzing the next step in a sequential pathway.Chemiosmotic coupling:（化学渗透偶联）Coupling of ATP synthesis to electron transfer via an electrochemical H+ gradient across a membrane.Chemotaxis（向化性）:A cell's sensing of and movement toward, or away from, a specific chemical agent.Chemotroph:（化能生物）An organism that obtains energy by metabolizing organic compounds derived from other organisms.Chiral center:（手性中心）An atom with substituents arranged so that the molecule is not superimposable on its mirror image.Chiral compound:（手性化合物）A compound that contains an asymmetric center(chiral atom or chiral center) and thus can occur in two nonsuperimposable mirror-image forms (enantiomers).Chlorophylls:（叶绿素）A family of green pigments functioning as receptors of light energy in photosynthesis; magnesium-porphyrin complexes.Chloroplasts:（叶绿体）Chlorophyll-containing photosynthetic organelles in some eukaryotic cells.Chromatin:（染色质）A filamentous complex of DNA, histones, and other proteins, constituting the eukaryotic chromosome.Chromatography:（层析）A process in which complex mixtures of molecules are separated by many repeated partitionings between a flowing (mobile) phase and a stationary phase.Chromosome:（染色体）A single large DNA molecule and its associated proteins, containing many genes; stores and transmits genetic information.Chylomicron:（乳糜微粒）A plasma lipoprotein consisting of a large droplet of triacylglycerols stabilized by a coat of protein and phospholipid; carries lipids from the intestine to the tissues.cis and trans isomers:（顺反异构体）See geometric isomers.Cistron:（顺反子）A unit of DNA or RNA corresponding to one gene.Citric acid cycle:（柠檬酸循环）A cyclic system of enzymatic. reactions for the oxidation of acetyl residues to carbon dioxide, in which formation of citrate is the first step; also known as the Krebs cycle or tricarboxylic acid cycle.Clones:（克隆）The descendants of a single cell.Cloning:The production of large numbers of identical DNA molecules, cells, or organisms, from a single ancestral DNA molecule, cell, or organism.Closed system:（封闭系统）A system that exchanges neither matter nor energy with the surroundings. See also system.Cobalamin:（钴胺素）See cocnzyme B12.Codon:（密码子）A sequence of three adjacent nucleotides in a nucleic acid that codes for a specific amino acid.Coenzyme:（辅酶）An organic cofactor required for the action of certain enzymes; often contains a vitamin as a component.Coenzyme A: （辅酶A）A pantothenic acid-containing coenzyme serving as an acyl group carrier in certain enzymatic reactions.Coenzyme B12: An enzymatic cofactor derived from the vitamin cobalamin, involved in certain types of carbon skeletal rearrangements.Cofactor(辅助因子) An inorganic ion or a coenzyme required for enzyme activity. Cognate:（相关的）Describing two biomolecules that normally interact; for example, an enzyme and its normal substrate, or a receptor and its normal ligand.Cohesive ends:（粘性末端）See sticky ends.Cointegrate:（共整合）An intermediate in the migration of certain DNA transposons in which the donor DNA and target DNA are covalently attached.Colligative properties:（依数性）Properties of solutions that depend on the number of solute particles per unit volume; for example, freezing-point depression.Common intermediate:（共同中间产物）A chemical compound common to two chemical reactions, as a product of one and a reactant in the other.Competitive inhibition:（竞争性抑制作用）A type of enzyme inhibition reversed by increasing the substrate concentration; a competitive inhibitor generally competes with the normal substrate or ligand for a protein's binding site.Complementary:（互补）Having a molecular surface with chemical groups arranged to interact specifically with chemical groups on another molecule.Complementary DNA (cDNA): A DNA used in DNA cloning, usually made by reverse transcriptase; complementary to a given mRNA.Configuration:（构型）The spatial arrangement of an organic molecule that is conferred by the presence of either (1) double bonds, about which there is no freedom of rotation, or (2) chiral centers, around which substituent groups are arranged in a specific sequence. Configurational isomers cannot be interconverted without breaking one or more covalent bonds.Conformation:（构象）The spatial arrangement, of substituent groups that are free to assume different positions in space, without breaking any bonds, because of the freedom of bond rotation.Conjugate acid-base pair:（共扼酸碱对） A proton donor and its corresponding deprotonated species; for example, acetic acid (donor) and acetate (acceptor). Conjugate redox pair: （共扼氧还对）An electron donor and its corresponding electron acceptor form; for example, Cu+ (donor) and Cu2+ (acceptor), or NADH (donor) and NAD+ (acceptor).Conjugated protein:（结合蛋白质）A protein containing one or more prosthetic groups.Consensus sequence:（一致序列）A DNA or amino acid sequence consisting of the residues that occur most commonly at each position within a set of similar sequences. Conservative substitution:（保守性置换）Replacement of an amino acid residue in a polypeptide by another residue with similar properties; for example, substitution of Glu by Asp.Constitutive enzymes:（组成酶）Enzymes required at all times by a cell and present at some constant level; for example, many enzymes of the central metabolic pathways. Sometimes called house-keeping enzymes.Contour length (外形长度): The length of a helical polymeric molecule as measured along the molecule's helical axis.Corticosteroids（皮质类固醇激素）Steroid hormones formed by the adrenal cortex. Cotransport:（共转运）The simultaneous transport, by a single transporter, of twosolutes across a membrane. See antiport, symport.Coupled reactions:（偶联反应）Two chemical reactions that have a common intermediate and thus a means of energy transfer from one to the other.Covalent bond:（共价键）A chemical bond that involves sharing of electron pairs. Cristae:（嵴）Infoldings of the inner mitochondrial membrane.CRP（cAMP受体蛋白）See cAMP receptor protein.Cyclic AMP (cAMP):A second messenger within cells; its formation by adenylyl cyclase is stimulated by certain hormones or other molecular signals.Cyclic electron flow:（循环电子流）In chloroplasts, the light-induced flow of electrons originating from and returning to photosystem I.Cyclic photophosphorylation: （循环光合磷酸化）ATP synthesis driven by cyclic electron flow through photosystem I.Cyclin:（细胞周期蛋白）One of a family of proteins that activate cyclin-dependent protein kinases and thereby regulate the cell cycle.Cytochromes:（细胞色素）Heme proteins serving as electron carriers in respiration, photosynthesis, and other oxidation-reduction reactions.Cytokine:（细胞因子）One of a family of small secreted proteins (such as interleukins or interferons) that activate cell division or differentiation by binding to plasma membrane receptors in sensitive cells.Cytokinesis:（胞质分裂）The final separation of daughter cells following mitosis. Cytoplasm:（细胞质）The portion of a cell's contents outside the nucleus but within the plasma membrane; includes organelles such as mitochondria.Cytoskeleton:（细胞骨架）The filamentous network providing structure and organization to the cytoplasm; includes actin filaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments.Cytosol:（细胞浆）The continuous aqueous phase of the cytoplasm, with its dissolved solutes; excludes the organelles such as mitochondria.DDalton:（道尔顿）The weight of a single hydrogen atom (1.66 x I0-24 g).Dark reactions:（暗反应）See carbon-assimilation reactions.De novo pathway:（从头合成）Pathway for synthesis of a biomolecule, such as a nucleotide, from simple precursors; as distinct from a salvage pathway. Deamination:（脱氨基作用）The enzymatic removal of amino groups from biomolecules such as amino acids or nucleotides.Degenerate code:（兼并密码）A code in which a single element in one language is specified by more than one element in a second language.Dehydrogenases:（脱氢酶类）Enzymes catalyzing the removal of pairs of hydrogen atoms from their substrates.Deletion mutation:（删除突变）A mutation resulting from the deletion of one or morenucleotides from a gene or chromosome.Denaturation:（变性）Partial or complete unfolding of the specific native conformation of a polypeptide chain, protein, or nucleic acid.Denatured protein:（变性蛋白）A protein that has lost its native conformation by exposure to a destabilizing agent such as heat or detergent.Deoxyribonucleic acid; See DNA.Deoxyribonucleotides:（脱氧核糖核苷酸）Nucleotides containing 2-deoxyribose as the pentose component.Desaturases:（去饱和酶）Enzymes that catalyze the introduction of double bonds into the hydrocarbon portion of fatty acids.Desolvation:（脱水）In aqueous solution, the release of bound water surrounding a solute.Dextrorotatory isomer:9右旋异构体） A stercoisomer that rotates the plane of plane-polarized light clockwise.Diabetes mellitus:（糖尿病）A metabolic disease resulting from insulin deficiency; characterized by a failure in glucose transport from the blood into cells at normal glucose concentrations.Dialysis:（透析）Removal of small molecules from a solution of a macromolecule, by allowing them to diffuse through a semipermeable membrane into water.Differential centrifugation:（差速离心）Separation of cell organelles or other particles of different size by their different rates of sedimentation in a centrifugal field. Differentiation:（分化）Specialization of cell structure and function during embryonic growth and development.Diffusion:（扩散）The net movement, of molecules in the direction of lower concentration.Digestion:（消化）Enzymatic hydrolysis of major nutrients in the gastrointestinal system to yield their simpler components.Diploid:（二倍体）Having two sets of genetic information; describing a cell with two chromosomes of each type.Dipole;（双极分子）A molecule having both positive and negative charges.Diprotic acid: An acid having two dissociable protons.Disaccharide:（二糖） A carbohydrate consisting of two covalently joined monosaccharide units.Dissociation constant:（解离常数）(1) An equilibrium constant (K d)for the dissociation of a complex of two or more biomolecules into its components; for example, dissociation of a substrate from an enzyme. (2) The dissociation constant (Ka) of an acid, describing its dissociation into its conjugate base and a proton.Disulfide bridge:(二硫桥)A covalent cross link between two polypeptide chains formed by a cystine residue (two Cys residues).DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)： A polynucleotide having a specific sequence of deoxyribonucleotide units covalently joined through 3', 5'-phosphodiester bonds; serves as the carrier of genetic information.DNA chimera:（DNA嵌合）A DNA containing genetic information derived from two different species.DNA cloning:Sec cloning.DNA library:（DNA文库）A collection of cloned DNA fragments.DNA ligase：（DNA连接酶）An enzyme that creates a phosphodiester bond between the 3' end of one DNA segment, and the 5' end of another.DNA looping:（DNA出环）The interaction of proteins bound at distant sites on a DNA molecule so that the intervening DNA forms a loop.DNA microarray:（DNA微阵列）A collection of DNA sequences immobilized on a solid surface, with individual sequences laid out in patterned arrays that can be probed by hybridization.DNA polymerase:（DNA聚合酶）An enzyme that catalyzes template-dependent synthesis of DNA from its deoxyribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate precursors.DNA replicase system：（DNA复制酶系统）The entire complex of enzymeH and specialized proteins required in biological DNA replication.DNA supercoiling:（DNA超螺旋化）The coiling of DNA upon itself, generally as a result of bending, underwinding, or overwinding of the DNA helix.DNA transposition:（DNA转座）See transposition.domain:（结构域）A distinct structural unit of a polypeptide; domains may have separate functions and may fold as independent, compact units.Double helix:（双螺旋）The natural coiled conformation of two complementary, antiparallel DNA chains.Double-reciprocal plot:（双倒数作图）A plot, of 1/Vo versus 1/[S], which allows a more accurate determination of Vmax and Km than a plot of V versus [S]; also called the Lineweaver-Burk plot,EE'°: 标准还原电位See standard reduction potential.E. coli (Escherichia coli):（大肠杆菌）A common bacterium found in the small intestine of vertebrates; the most well-studied organism.Electrochemical gradient:（电化学梯度）The sum of the gradients of concentration and of electric charge of an ion across a membrane; the driving force for oxidative phosphorylation and photophosphorylation.Electrochemical potential: （电化学势）The energy required to maintain a separation of charge and of concentration across a membrane.Electrogenic:（生电的）Contributing to an electrical potential across a membrane.Electron acceptor:（电子受体） A substance that receives electrons in an oxidation-reduction reaction.Electron carrier:（电子载体）A protein, such as a flavoprotein or a cytochrome, that can reversibly gain and lose electrons; functions in the transfer of electrons from organic nutrients to oxygen or some other terminal acceptor.Electron donor:（电子供体） A substance that donates electrons in an oxidation-reduction reaction.Electron transfer:（电子转移）Movement of electrons from substrates to oxygen via the carriers of the respiratory (electron transfer) chain.Electrophile:（亲电剂）An electron-deficient group with a strong tendency to accept electrons from an electron-rich group (nucleophile).Electrophoresis（电泳）: Movement of charged solutes in response to an electrical field; often used to separate mixtures of ions, proteins, or nucleic acids.Electroporation:（电穿孔法）Introduction of macromolecules into cells after rendering the cells transiently permeable by the application of a high-voltage pulse.Elongation factors:（延长因子）Specific proteins required in the elongation of polypeptide chains by ribosomes.Eluate:（流出液）The effluent from a chromatographic column.Enantiomers:（对映异构体）Stereoisomers that are nonsuperimposable mirror images of each other.End-product inhibition:See feedback inhibition.Endergonic reaction(耗能反应): A chemical reaction that consumes energy (that is, for which ΔG is positive).Endocrine glands:（内分泌腺）Groups of cells specialized to synthesize hormones and secrete them into the blood to regulate other types of cells.Endocytosis:（内吞体）The uptake of extracellular material by its inclusion within a vesicle formed by an invagination of the plasma membrane.Endonuclease:（内切核酸酶）An enzyme that hydrolyzes the interior phosphodiester bonds of a nucleic acid; that is, it acts at points other than the terminal bonds. Endoplasmic reticulum:（内质网）An extensive system of double membranes in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells; it encloses secretory channels and is often studded with ribosomes (rough endoplasmic reticulum).Endothermic reaction:（吸热反应）A chemical reaction that takes up heat (that is, for which ΔH is positive).Energy charge:（能荷）The fractional degree to which the ATP/ADP/AMP system is filled with high-energy phosphate groups.Energy coupling:（能量偶联）The transfer of energy from one process to anotlier. Enhancers:（增强子）DNA sequences that facilitate the expression of a given gene;。