lost generation

Terms in American Literature (1)1) American PuritanismAP is one of the dominant factors in American life and America literature. It was first the religious belief of the Puritans, who had intended to purify and simplify the religious ritual of the Church of England. The optimistic American Puritans were practical idealists, believing that the church should be restored to the “Purity” of the 1st century as established by Jesus Christ himself. The simplicity, freshness and directness characterize the Puritan style of writing. Benjamin as the spokesman of the 18th century America represents Puritan Materialism.2) American RomanticismComing 20 years later than its British counterpart, American Romanticism was regarded as a period of Renaissance in art and literature in the United States. It is generally held that true American literature was born in this period.Major features:a. The Westward Movement, the pioneering into the West, provided the American writers withthe best subject and materials.b. T he newness as a nation, with people’s ideals of individualism and freedom, their dreamthat America was to be built into a new Garden of Eden, was strong enough to inspire romantic imagination.c. American Romanticism was both imitative and innovative. it stresses the relationshipbetween man and nature.3) American TranscendentalismAmerican Transcendentalism is a philosophic and literary movement that flourished in the early 19th century New England, as a reaction against rationalism and Calvinism. It stressed intuitive understanding of god without the help of the church, and advocated independence of the mind. It was a collection of eclectic ideas about literature, philosophy, religion, social reform, and the general state of American culture. Transcendentalism had different meanings for each person involved in the movement, including those who attended the Transcendental Club.Major features:a.The transcendentalists especially Emerson placed emphasis on spirit, or the Oversoul, asthe most important thing in the universe.b.The transcendentalists stressed the importance of the individual.c.The transcendentalists offered a fresh perception of nature as symbolic of the spirit of God.Influences: Even today it is difficult to say definitively who can be considered a transcendentalist. Yet all agree that that transcendentalism did flourish, primarily in Concord and Boston in the 19th century and that its influence on American culture and literature was profound. In literature, it’s the summit of American Romanticism It inspired a whole new generation ofsuch famous authors as Emerson, Thoreau, Hawthorne, Melville, Whitman and Dickinson.Terms in American Literature (2)4) American RealismIn American litareature, the Civil War brought the Romantic Period in an end. The Age of Realism came into existence. It came as a reaction against Romanticism. It stresses truthful treatment of material. It focuses on commonness of the lives of the common people, and emphasizes objectivity and offers an objective rather than an idealistic view of human mature and human experience. The three dominant figures of the period are William Howells, Mark Twain, and Henry James.5) Local ColorismLocal Colorism as a trend became dominant in American literature in the late 1860s and early 1870s. It is a variation of American literary realism. Generally, the writings of local colorists are concerned with the life of a small, well-defined region or province. The characteristic setting is the isolated small town. Local colorists were consciously nostalgic historians of a vanishing way of life, recorders of a present that faded before their eyes.Local colorists: Mark Twain, Bret Harte, Sara Orne Jewett6) American NaturalismThe term naturalism describes a type of literature that attempts to apply scientific principles of objectivity and detachment to its study of human beings. Unlike realism, which focuses on literary technique, naturalism implies a philosophical position: for naturalistic writers, since human beings are, in Emile Zola's phrase, "human beasts," characters can be studied through their relationships to their surroundings. Naturalistic writers thus used a version of the scientific method to write their novels; they studied human beings governed by their instincts and passions as well as the ways in which the characters' lives were governed by forces of heredity and environment. The pessimism and deterministic ideas of naturalism pervaded the works of such writers as Stephen Crane, Benjamin Frank Norris, Jack London and Theodore Dreiser.Terms in American Literature (3)7）The Jazz AgeTo many, World War I was a tragic failure of old values, of old politics, of old ideas. The social mood was often one of confusion and despair. Yet, on the surface the mood in America during the 1920s did not seem desperate. Instead, Americans entered a decade of prosperity and exhibitionism. Fashions were extravagant; more and more automobiles crowded the roads. People danced the Charleston, and they sat on the flagpoles. This was the jazz Age or the Roaring Twenties. F. Scott. Fitzgerald portrays the Jazz Age as a generation of “the beautiful anddamned”, drowning in their pleasures.8）The Lost GenerationThis term is applied to the American writers, most of whom were basically expatriates. They left America and formed a community of writers and artists in Paris, involved with other European novelists and poets in their experimentation on new modes of thought and expression. The term "Lost Generation " came from Gertrude Stein's remark to a mechanic in Hemingway's presence that "You are all a lost generation. " Hemingway used it as a motto in his novel The Sun Also Rises. Among those greatest figures in "The Lost Generation" and Ezra Pound, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway and Hart Crane who lost the traditional values as a result of the war and fought hard to seek new values and beliefs to fill the void of the post - war world which was full of physical wounds as well as mental chaos.9）Yoknapatawpha CountyIt is a fictional setting in northern Mississippi for the saga of 14 novels and many stories by William Faulkner. Based on Lafayette County and its capital, Oxford, Faulkner's mythical land, whose capital is called Jefferson, has an area of 2,400 square miles. He populated it with a broad spectrum of remarkable characters - farmers, hunters, aristocrats, businessmen, former black slaves, dispossessed Indians and several generations of whole families moving on different levels of southern society. He set his characters in the country he knew well and against a background of history he profoundly understood. Yoknapatawpha County stands as a grand allegory about the real American South in history.10）ModernismThis term is applied to one of the main directions in writing in the 20th century. "Modern" refers to a group of characteristics, and not all of them appear in any one writer who merits the designation "modern". In a broad sense, it is applied to writing marked by a strong and conscious break with traditional forms and techniques of expression. "Modern" implies a historical discontinuity, a sense of alienation, of loss and of despair. It elevates the individual and his inner being over social man, and prefers the unconscious to the self - conscious. Its most interesting strategies are its attempt to deal with the unconscious and the mythopoeic. It is basically anti-intellectual, celebrating passion and will over reason and systematic morality. In many respects, it is a reaction against realism and naturalism.11）stream of consciousnessThe artist, who wants to reach the highest stage and to gain the insights necessary for the creation of dramatic art, should have the complete conscious control over the creative process and depersonalize his own emotion in the artistic creation. He should appear as an omniscient author and present unspoken materials directly from the psyche of the characters, of making the characters tell their own inner thoughts in monologues. This literary approach to the presentation of psychological aspects of characters is usually termed as "stream of consciousness".The artistic features of Earnest Hemingway's novels(1) Hemingway code hero or tough guy.Hemingway - himself a great sportsman - liked to portray soldiers, hunters, bullfighters - tough, at times primitive people whose courage and honesty are set against the brutal ways of modern society, and who in this confrontation lose hope and faith. “In O ur Time" is the first book to present a Hemingway hero—Nick, a rough guy. Exposed to and victimized by violence in various forms, Nick becomes the prototype of the wounded hero who, with all the dignity and courage he could master, confronts situations which are not of his own choosing yet threaten his destruction.(2) Reflection of "The Lost Generation"."The Sun Also Rises" (1926) is Hemingway's first true novel. It casts light on a whole generation after the First World War and the effects of the war by way of a vivid portrait of "The Lost Generation," a group of young Americans who left their native land and fought in the war and later engaged themselves in writing in a new way about their own experiences.(3) Grace under pressure.Hemingway's world is limited. He deals with a limited range of characters in quite similar circumstances and measures them against an unvarying code, known as "grace under pressure," which is actually an attitude towards life that Hemingway had been trying to demonstrate in his works. Those who survive in the process of seeking to master the code with the honesty, the discipline, and the restraint are Hemingway Code heroes.(4) "Iceberg" principle.And this concern is closely connected with the code, even has the resonance that has come to mark his prose style. Hemingway himself once said, "The dignity of movement of an iceberg is due to only one - berg is due to only - eighth of it being above water." According to Hemingway, good literary writing should be able to make readers feel the emotion of the characters directly and the best way to produce the effect is to set down exactly every particular kind of feeling without any authorial comments, without conventionally emotive language, and with a bare minimum of adjectives and adverbs.(5) Colloquialism.Hemingway develops the style of colloquialism initiated by Mark Twain. The accents and mannerisms of human speech are so well presented that the characters are full of flesh and blood and the use of short, simple and conventional words and sentences has an effect of clearness, terseness and great care.Terms 4 & Review12. Imagism:Expressionism: the term is used to describe the works of art and literature in which the representation of reality is distorted to communicate an inner vision, transforming nature rather than imitating it. In literature it is often considered a revolt against realism and naturalism, a seeking to achieve a psychological or spiritual reality rather than to record external events. In drama, the expressionist work was characterized by a bizarre distortion of reality. On the American stage, elements of expressionism can be seen in the plays of Eugene O' Neill and Arthur Miller.13. Beat Generation: the Beat writers were a small group of close friends first, and a movement later. The term “Beat Generation” gradually came to represent an entire period in time, but the entire original Beat Generation in literature was small enough to have fit into a couple of cars. The term was created by Jack Kerouac in 1948. The original word meant nothing more than “bad” or “ruined” or “spent” or “beaten-down, beaten-up and beaten-out”. The connotation is defeat, resignation, and disappointment. Literally, the Beats were all experimenters who sought to express spontaneity of thought and feeling in a seemingly formless verse as Ginsberg did or prose as Kerouac.14. Black Humor. In contemporary literary criticism, black humor is a term applied to a large group of American novels beginning in the 1950s. Although the writers of black humor did not intentionally form a school of literary movement, there is in their novels a common core of satire that is directed against hypocrisy, materialism, racial prejudice, and above all, the dehumanization of the individual by a modern society. In their opinion, their society is full of institutionalized absurdity. Therefore, all of them hold a cynical attitude toward society and the conventional moral values that support that society.15. The Harlem Renaissance (1917-1935) brought new attention to African American literature. The Harlem Renaissance, based in the African American community in Harlem in New York City, existed as a larger flowering of social thought and culture, with numerous Black artists, musicians, and others producing classic works in fields from jazz to theater. During the American Civil Rights movement, authors wrote about issues of racial segregation and black nationalism. Since the 1970s, African American literature reached the mainstream as books by Black writers continually achieved best-selling and award-winning status.♦Ralph Ellison （1914-1994）♦Maya Angelou (1928- ) I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings1983♦Toni Morrison(1931- )♦Alice Walker (1944- )American Woman LiteratureLate 19th century: Sarah Orne Jewett (1849-1909) The Country of the Pointed Firs (1896) Kate Chopin (1851-1904) The Awakening (1899)Beginning of the 20th century:Willa Cather (1873-1947) My Antonia 1918;Katherine Anne Porter (1890-1980) Flowering Judas1930Ship of Fools 1962Post world-war II : Carson McCullers (1917-1967) The ballad of the sad cafe 1951Flannery O'Connor (1925-1964) Wise Blood, 1952。

第一单元听写A generation ago, children in many Western countries moved out of home when they left school for work or college study. They would rent a room or share a flat with other teenagers. Today’s young adults are not in such a hurry to leave. It is often more comfortable to live at home than to rough it in cheap accommodation. There are two reasons for this change. The first reason is the depressed job market, which makes it more and more difficult for young school-leavers to get a good job. Besides, many governments have made severe cuts in educational funding. Students are required to pay fees or part of the fees for college education. The second reason is a change of attitude toward life. Today’s young people have more spending power than their parents and they are more prepared to use it. They tend to live for the present rather than prepare themselves for the future.翻译：1. She doesn’t seem to get along with her new classmates.2. I’d been out of touch with Mary for years, but I managed to reach her by phone yesterday.3. The veteran enjoys showing off his medals to everyone whovisits him.4. Her husband seems very much opposed to her going abroad.5. As Thomas couldn’t settle down in his job, his parents were very worried.6. I always have all kinds of bits and pieces in my pockets.7. Her mother pulled a few strings to get her into the business circle.8. I hope the food is to your liking.9. I told the boys off for making so much noise.第二单元听写：The age of twenty is just the beginning of life, and one feels young and full of energy. However, at the same time, a period of life has passed, which makes one sad when he thinks something will never come back. It is not silly to feel a certain regret, for when one gets something, he may meanwhile have lost something else. Many things really begin at the age of twenty, and certainly all is not over then. One begins to see more and more clearly that life is only a kind of sowing time, and the harvest is still far away.翻译：1. He resolved to work on the complicated project immediately.2. They saw an old man knocked over by a car coming from the opposite direction.3. He walked unsteadily/stumbled along in the dark, groping for the light-switch.4. After three month’s illness, he found it difficult to rise to his feet again.5. Owing to the staff shortage, the task could not be fulfilled on schedule.6. During the period of depression, the company was running into financial difficulties.7. When the blind girl got on the crowded bus, the passengers made room for her.8. He at last managed to hold on to the rock on the cliff and stopped himself from slipping.第三单元：听写：Mary, who had been in a deep sleep, was woken suddenly by a strange noise, /which seemed to come from outside her window. /She sat up, startled. /Then she froze as she saw that the window, /which she thought she had locked the night before, was wide open. /With a shock, she remembered that her husbandhad taken the children to visit their sick grandmother, /and that she was alone in the house./ Something cracked ominously behind her. /Turning, she saw, to her great relief, /that it was only the little dog, /which had accidentally knocked over a pitcher on the small table. /Suddenly it occurred to her that she had left the window slightly open for the pup, /as it had not returned after dark. /At this moment, the little dog, whimpering, came to her side to lick her feet /as if it knew it had done something wrong./翻译：1. Mother immediately sent Tom for the doctor.2. She failed to bake the cake as she had run out of sugar.3. I know how desperately busy you are now.4. The whole class roared with la ughter at Tom’s slip of tongue.5. Such things as needles and scissors should be kept out of the reach of children.6. The soldiers stood under the burning scorching sun, drenched with sweat.7. He returned to his own country in the end.第四单元听写：Today I met George in the supermarket for the first time after thirty years. We were close friends in primary school, but I dare not greet him because I was not sure whether he would recall our friendship after so many years. The thing that struck me was my own reaction to meeting him. From day to day I often see men who went to school with me and who have, in the common way of speaking, done well for themselves. They are now doctors, lawyers, important officials and even very successful businessmen. They are wealthy and famous figures in our city. Sometimes, they see me too and nod a greeting or turn their eyes to a shop window as the case may be. Whenever I encounter one of these people I always feel a burning shame and self contempt, but George was different because we were special friends. I used to protect him from the bullies around our school. He noticed me and our eyes met, but he soon noticed the worn, old clothes I was wearing. He greeted me warm-heartedly from a distance and said quickly afterwards: "Billy nice to meet you, but I must run. "I can't understand why I replied" Yes, Sir."翻译：• 1. There is a road on our left leading straight to thefoot of the mountains.• 2. In order to lose weight, she eats nothing but vegetables.• 3. We are sorry to inform you that we cannot employ you right now. If there is a vacant position / a vacancy in the future, we will contact you.• 4. We cannot complete the project as scheduled because we are short of staff.• 5. Children will understand one day that parents’ nagging is for their own good.• 6. She burst out crying when she heard that her lost daughter had been found.•7. If you have any difficulties, don’t hesitate to come to see me.第五单元听写：An important relationship exists between food and comfort. In times of stress, when one is depressed, anxious or hurt, the temptation may be to turn to food—soft, smooth, sweet, soothing food. Many people turn to food that reminds them of their childhood, of being loved and cared for. Others find as much comfort in the distraction offered by the act of preparingfood—the smells, sensations, and physical work in the kitchen. Scientists researching the link between foods and moods believe that some sweet and starchy foods trigger an increase in a certain chemical substance in the brain, making us sleepy and less sensitive to pain. However, there is a problem with using food as a source of comfort— the problem of over-eating and overweight.翻译：1.She looks very beautiful when she piles up her hair ontop of her head.2.The cases and bags being sold in the shops are stuffedwith paper so that they look more attractive.3.The teacher handed out a pencil to each student beforethe exam as the questions were to be answered in pencil.4.The house is totally devoid of furniture.5.He managed to win her trust by taking advantage of herignorance.6.When evening approaches, the vendors would lay out anassortment of small articles on the ground for people tobuy.7.It is said that a new lock has been invented that canidentify its owner by the smell of his or her body.8.Out of gratitude for the help of his teachers andclassmates, he is determined to work hard and score highly.第六单元听写：In general, children in primitive societies are much loved, and when their childhood is not overshadowed by disease or famine, they grow up free and lively. Their education is based on an imitation of adult life, and on the teachings of their elders. Children learn about their own family and its place within a group of other families. Primitive children are a good deal freer in everyday life than are children in the “civilized” world. Their relations with others in their village are controlled less by rules and regulations than by their own knowledge of what is proper and improper that will be important to them throughout their lives.翻译：• 1. At the sight of the general walking towards him, he got to his feet at once and saluted.• 2. “What’s this money for?”“It’s for helping those children who have lost the chance for schooling to returnto school again.• 3. The knock at my door night sent me quivering with fright.• 4. I can assure you that he is a most reliable person.• 5. Everybody hopes that he will take over as dean of the department when Mr. Martin retires.• 6. She tried her best to hide her feelings, but eyes betrayed her longing for the prize.•7. It is said that people increase their risk of skin cancer if they are exposed to the sun too much.第七单元听写：Women’s low social position is a serious problem. It is evident in almost every aspect of social life. Even our language often gives us the false impression that women simply don’t exist. For example, once the word man meant person or human being. But the word man has gradually become more specific in meaning and is now a synonym for an adult male human being only. In the words of a popular dictionary for children, a boy grows up to be a man. Father and Uncle George are both men. This is the meaning that we understand because we hear the word man used in everyday speech in this way from childhood.Later we learn that the word man has another meaning, but we do not accept it with the same certainty. Studies of college students and school children show that phrases like economic man and political man or man is a dreamer create an image of males only, not females or males and females together. Furthermore, we have become aware that conventional English usage often minimizes the achievements, the contributions and sometimes the very presence of women.翻译：1.I prefer spring to autumn though I love both seasons.2.I believe that electric cars will one day supplantpetrol-driven ones.3.They warned him of the danger of climbing the Himalayas,but he wouldn’t listen.4.The teacher told his students that their future prospectshinged on their education.5. Everybody thinks that she deserved the award Best Actress of the Year.6. Every time the girl came across a problem, she would turn to her mother for solution, rather than trying to solve itherself.7. After her husband died, she continued to nurture her three daughters.8. It seems that a lot of people learn English less as a practical language than for its grammar.第八单元：听写：Language is the commonest means of communication for human beings, //but if people speak different languages,// they usually turn to other means. //Gesture, then, is often the first choice. //Gestures in most cases help people a lot in getting their meanings across. //However, since the same gestures may be used for different ideas in different cultures, //failures in communication often happen. //Sometimes this may lead to terrible consequences. //Several years ago, some European sailors were swimming near a coastal area in a foreign country, //which was closed to outsiders. //Seeing these unknown swimmers, the guards on the coast wanted to question them. //The guards shouted to them to come nearer, //and made at the same time their usual “come here” gesture. //The sailors did not understand the language //and took the gesture to mean “go away”, //and they realized they might be nearcoastal defenses, //so they swam off. //The consequence was that the guards who were now highly suspicious, //opened fire, with tragic results. //翻译：。

英语单词lost是什么中文意思英语单词lost是什么中文意思想要掌握好lost这一英语单词，那就要先知道它的中文意思是什么。

为此店铺为大家带来英语单词lost的中文意思。

英语单词lost的中文意思英 [lɒst] 美 [lɔ:st]原级：lose第三人称单数：loses现在分词：losing形容词失去的; 迷路的; 不知所措的动词遗失，失去( lose的过去式和过去分词); (使)失去(所需要的东西，尤指钱); (因事故、年老、死亡等)损失; 浪费1. 丢失：视频:<<丢失>>(Lost)片断--Jack和Ben打算回去Paula Abdul会留在<<美国偶像>>(American Idol)吗?<<实践医生格蕾>>(Grey's Anatomy)独家:想要知道Izzie和Denny的鬼故事吗?<<只身毒爸>>(Californication)幸运的得到第三季<<实践医生格蕾>>(Grey's Anatom2. 失败：这里的意思是如果a*N>=1的条件成立,就得到结果W,否则就得到结果L. 冒号左右的W和L代表胜利(Win)和失败(Lost). 什么?你说有平局?......你几次是抛硬币抛出直立的状态的?平局重新来过不就好了?3. 失去：[里美、你昨天该不会是没有回家吧?外宿?情人节的巧克力攻势什么的?终于失去(Lost)了吗?]4. lost：loss of the talented; 人才流失英语单词lost的词典解释1.浪费掉的;错过的If something is lost, it is not used properly and is considered wasted.e.g. Fox is not bitter about the lost opportunity to compete in the Games...福克斯并没有对错过了参赛机会感到不忿。

American LiteratureThe Lost Generation By Jammi Wu What is it ? The “Lost Generation” isa term used to characterize a general feeling of disillusionment (幻想破灭） of American literary notables who lived in Europe, most notablyParis, after the First World War. Aimlessness moral loss melancholy (忧郁的）nostalgic （令人<a name=baidusnap0></a>忧伤</B>的）Origin of the term In fact, the term of "the lost generation" was coinedby Gertrude Stein who is rumored to have heard her auto-mechanic whilein France to have said that his young workers were, "une generation perdue".This referred to the young workers' poor auto-mechanic repair skills.Gertrude Stein would take this phrase and use it to describe the peopleof the 1920's who rejected American post World War I values. Famouswriters F. Scott Fitzgerald Sherwood Anderson Ernest Hemingway JohnDos Passos John Steinbeck Ernest Hemingway Works ten novels, tencollections of short stories and six works of non-fiction A Farewell toArms 《永别了，武器》 The Sun Also Rises 《太阳照常升起》 The Old Man andthe Sea 《老人与海》 For Whom the Bell Tolls 《丧钟为谁而鸣》 The Gardenof Eden《伊甸园》………. What characterizes Hemingway's?writingstyle? a lean, clear prose based on action rather than reflection.theory of omission or “iceberg principle ”（冰山理论） If a writer ofprose knows enough of what he is writing about he may omit things thathe knows and the reader, if the writer is writing truly enough, will havea feeling of those things as strongly as though the writer had stated them.The dignity of movement of an ice-berg is due to only one-eighth of itbeing above water. A writer who omits things because he does not know themonly makes hollow places in hiswriting. ―Ernest Hemingway in Death in the Afternoon Why Was It Significant to American Culture? Thistemporary emigration of American talent into cosmopolitan cities such as Paris, is significant to American culture in two parts. One, because it aided in the desire for a cosmopolitan culture to be established and to exist in America. ?Two, because when American Culture became more defined, European and other countries began to recognize a distinctive Democratic American culture The Lost Generation At Present The term has more recently been used as generic shorthand for groups of young people disproportionately affected by economic shocks, often involving lengthy periods of unemployment, such as those affected by the Financial crisis of 2007。

《英语国家概况》复习题及参考答案一Multiple choice ( 30’)( ) 1 As a result of the Black Death, much land was left untended and there was a terrible shortage of ___ in England.A grainB farm toolsC housesD labor( ) 2 In the late 17th century, two of most famous literary works were Pilgrim’s Progress and _________ .A the Jew of MaltaB the School of ArcheryC Novum OrganumD Paradise Lost( ) 3. In 1836, a group of skilled workers and _____ formed the London Working Men’s Association.A householdersB tenantsC small shopkeepersD office workers ( ) 4. In the Industrial Revolution, changes occurred earliest and quickest in the industry of ______.A. pottery B hardware C textiles D chemicals ( ) 5. In Britain police officers are not allowed to join ________ or to go on strike.A a choirB a political partyC a trade unionD a club ( ) 6 The Great Carter of 1215 is also known as _________.A People’s CharterB Magna CartaC King’s CharterD the Declaration of human rights( ) 7 Henry Ⅱwas the first king of the ________ dynasty.A MalcolmB PlantagenetC WindsorD Tudor ( ) 8. __________ is the most typically English of sportsA CricketB GolfC TennisD Horse-racing ( ) 9. By the Treaty of ______ of 1842, China ceded _______ to Britain.A Nanjing, Hong KongB Tianjing, Hong KongC Nanjing, MacauD Tianjing, Macau( ) 10. In _______, the name Great Britain came into being.A 1689B 1702C 1701D 1707( ) 11. The serious economic crisis in the late 1920s and the beginning of 1930s was first brought about by ___.A the farm failureB the bank failuresC the stock market crashD the high unemployment( ) 12．What are the problems that the U.S. economy has faced from time to time?A InflationB DepressionsC RecessionsD all of the above ( ) 13．The real American literature began________.A after the war of IndependenceB after the Westward MovementC after the Civil WarD after the Civil Rights Movement ( ) 14. In 1900, the United States ranked first in the production of ____ .A coalB electricityC oilD wheat( ) 15. In the United States, if the parents don’t send their children to school at certain age, ________ .A the state government will be responsible for itB they will educate the children themselvesC they can save a lot of moneyD they are breaking the law( ) 16. The U.S. and China established their diplomatic relations in _____.A 1974B 1972C 1978D 1979( ) 17 In his inaugural speech, ______ said that “the only thing we have to fear is fear itself.”A Woodrow WilsonB Theodore RooseveltC Franklin D. RooseveltD George Washington( ) 18. One of the characteristics of the American people is _______ and it is said they are always ______.A liberty, debatingB aggressiveness, starting warsC mobility, on the moveD greediness, making money( ) 19. Hemingway’s most famous masterpiece was ______.A The Sun Also RisesB A Farewell to ArmsC For Whom the Bell TollsD Old Man and the Sea( ) 20. The system of higher education in the U. S. has three principle functions except ____-.A teachingB researchC public serviceD individual service following statements are T (true) or F (false) according to what you have learned. (10’)( ) 1 There are three political divisions on the island of Great Britain: Scotland, Wales and England.( ) 2 Under William’s rule, the freeman were at the bottom of the feudal system. ( ) 3 The English Civil War is also called the Glorious Revolution.( ) 4 In U.K, a Parliament has a maximum duration of 4 years.( ) 5 Christmas Day, December 25th, celebrates the birth of Christ, and is the greatest of Christian festivals.( ) 6 Chicago is known as the automobile capital of the world.( ) 7 Between 1850 and1880, many early Chinese immigrants to the United States worked in the mining industry, especially in the gold mines.( ) 8 The Pilgrims built a colony named Plymouth after they arrived in America. ( ) 9. The longest war that the United States has fought is the Civil War.( ) 10. Higher education in the U.S consists of six types of institutions.三Fill in the following blanks: (10’)1 In 1066, England was conquered by the _____________ who were led by William the Conqueror.2 The greatest writer in the English language is ____________________ .3 In criminal trials in Britain, the issue of guilt or innocence is to be decided by the ________ while sentence is to be passed by the _______________ .4 The dominant broadcasting corporation in Britain is ____________, which is controlled by the state.5 The most famous leader of the American Civil Rights movement in the 1960s was______________________.6 The U.S. system of government has two layers of rule. They are the ___________ government and the ______ government.7. The National Day of the United States is ______.8 Between 1946 and 1961, more than 63 million babies were born in the United States, who were known as the ______________ generation.四Give a one-sentence answer to each of the following questions. (30’)1 What is the official name of Britain?2 What were the main causes of the Hundred Years’War?3 What are the primary sources of British law?4 How was the 1920s in the United States described by many historians?5 What is the meaning of the “Lost Generation”?6. What were the two guiding principles underlying America diplomatic activities in World War Two?7. What are the three periods as far as the evolution the British economy since theSecond World War is concerned?8. What kind of economic system does the United States have?9. Why is education very important to Americans?10. What does the British Parliament consist of?五Explain each of the following terms in English. ( 10’)1 Thanksgiving Day2 the Civil Rights Act of 1964六Write between 100-120 words on EITHER of the following topics. ( 10’)1. What is Thatcherism and what are the major components of Thatcherism?2.In what sense was the War of 1812 important to the development of the United States?参考答案一1 DDCCC 6 BBAAD 11 CDAAD 16 DCCDD二1 TFFFT 6 FTTFT三1 Norman 2 Shakespeare 3 jury judge 4 BBC 5 Martin Luther King6 Federal State7 4, July8 baby boom四1 The official name of Britain is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Nortain Ireland.2 Tthe main causes of the Hundred Years’ War were partly territorial and partly economic.3 The primary sources of British law are: (1) Statutes of Parliament; (2) common law;(3) equity law; (4) European Community law.4 The 1920s in the United States has been described by many historians as a period of material success and spiritual frustration or confusion and purposelessness.5 The “Lost Generation refers to those who are both physically and spiritually impotent.6 The first was to win the war; the second was to establish a postwar political structure in accord with American interests and to prevent the Soviet Union from over-expansion.7 (1) Steady development in the 50s and 60s;(2) Economic recession in the 70s;(3) Economic recovery in the 80s.8 The United state has a free-market economy with a dominant private sector.9. Because it contributes to developing the national strength and personal success.10 The British Parliament consists of the Sovereign, the House of Lords and the House of Commons.五1 Thanksgiving Day is a typical American holiday. It is an annual day of thanks for the blessings people have enjoyed during the year. The theme of thanksgiving has been peace and plenty, health and happiness.2 The Civil Rights Act of 1964 It was signed into law by President Jonson in 1964. It outlawed discrimination not only in public housing, but also in employment on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.六1：The election of 1979 returned the Conservative Party to power and Margaret Thatcher became the first woman prime minister in Britain. Her policies are popularly referred to as Thatcherism. It included:(1) the return to private ownership of state-owned industries;(2) the use of monetarist polices to control inflation;(3) the weakening of trade union;(4) the strengthening of the role market forces in the economy;(5) an emphasis on law and order.2 The war, however, had great impact on the development of the United States.（1）The war made people realize the importance of a strong national government.（2）The war strengthened the feeling of national unity and patriotism.（3）For almost 10 years after the war, the Americans turned their attention to the development of the western part of the continent.（4）It made both Britain and Unites States realize that their disputes should be solve through negotiation..Please write any three of the 13 colonies the British established along the east coast of North America between 1607 and 1733.。