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5th International Conference on Advanced Materials and Computer Science (ICAMCS 2016)The constant temperature control system design based on STM32 andPID algorithmZhao Xuyang1，a and Yang Hao2，b1School of Zhao Xuyang,，China Jiliang University，Hangzhou 310000,China2School of Yang Hao，China Jiliang University，Hangzhou 310000,Chinaa ,b****************.cnKeywords: PID Algorithm；STM32；semiconductor temperature regulator；constant temperatureAbstract. Time—varying, nonlinear and multivariable coupling are characteristics of temperature. In the temperature control process, the detected temperature is often lags behind the regulation of temperature, which will cause the phenomenon such as the temperature of the controlling system overshoot and temperature oscillation. Temperature control is proposed based on incremental PID algorithm model in this paper, the system uses low-power STM32 as the main chip, DS18B20 digital temperature sensor and semiconductor temperature regulator. Experimental results show that the system can effectively maintain the temperature of the system constant.IntroductionIn natural environment, the system will generate a heat exchange which is difficult to control with the outside world, and produce unpredictable interference.During this situation it will be difficult to achieve in precise temperature controlling. When performing high-precision temperature control, temperature tends to produce overshoot phenomenon [1].Temperature control system with a lag, nonlinear and time-varying characteristics, can not establish a precise mathematical model, therefore, the use of conventional linear control theory can not achieve satisfactory control effect. semiconductor temperature controller working condition have a relationship with heat conditions and the environment factors. its work process is a non-steady state process, it needs to be addressed precisely controlled .PID control theory has a characteristic of convenient parameter setting, flexible structural change, robust and easy to implement [1,2]. the system design using incremental PID algorithm can not only solve the above problems, but also in the unsupervised, for a long time temperature will be automatically collected, automatic controlling of the semiconductor temperature controller achieves heating or cooling function, the system temperature will always be maintained constantly.Using a master chip STM32 and digital temperature sensor DS18B20 design a constant temperature system, the advantages consist of anti-interference digital signal, high sensitivity, fast response, and reasonable controlling of semiconductor temperature regulator,through the whole system design can effectively realize a special case temperature stable. within the setting temperature model of a small area in the design of a system with the column a special case. the result shows that the temperature controlling system of constant small area with very good results after analysis.System hardware designHardware System features modular designDS18B20 digital temperature sensor is placed on both sides of a special case, the datas are directly send to the master chip STM32 so that microchip could obtain temperature value, According to the requirements of the system setting temperature judgment mainly adopts the cooling method in the operation of the semiconductor temperature regulator in regulating or adjust temperature with heating methods . adjusting the way through the PID control algorithm of thetemperature read by the line processing, while the master semiconductor chip STM32 control thermostat-off, so that a special case temperature maintained at a stetted temperature. this system without manual monitoring, and data can be collected via the RS232 serial port and then the observed system temperature curve plotted, by autonomous control system effectively maintained aThe hardware system module functional designSystem functional hardware modules include temperature acquisition module, data display and export module, fan power switch module, semiconductor temperature controller module five modules.Temperature acquisition moduleTemperature acquisition module uses a digital temperature sensor DS18B20, the sensor has high measurement accuracy, the output signal is digital with anti-jamming performance, no front-end data processing module, direct access to the STM32's I / O port , the master chip can directly read data.Data display and export moduleTaking the versatility of the system into account, used in the design is one of the communication interfaces RS232 computer data communication channel, data communication is actually using a USB data format. In this communication stepper can get higher data transfer speeds, true plug and play, it can also make it easy to connect the communication between different devices.When data is displayed using USB to serial cable to the PC, using serial debugging assistant can easily read the temperature data acquisition, and also can import the data into a computer terminal for data storage. Therefore, the use of a standard interface technology can effectively solve the problem of inconsistent communication protocols [4].Fan power switch moduleWhen the semiconductor thermostat is in the cooling operation state, it is important to timely dissipate the heat, otherwise it will make semiconductor refrigeration unnormal. According to the determination of the fan work condition, by the cathode of high and low level control fan switch, the anode is normal power supply connection.This module is controlled by the master chip I / O port output level to control the fan switch purposes.Semiconductor temperature regulator moduleThe core of the temperature control system is semiconductor temperature regulator. The semiconductor temperature regulator reliability is relatively high, while the power supply terminal through the access of different polarity power supply, it can absorb heat and release heat so as to achieve the effect of refrigeration and heating. using this module is characterized by the use of a device can replace separate heating and cooling systems. precise temperature control thermostat semiconductor characteristics to facilitate the composition of automated control systems [1,2]. Figure 2 is a semiconductor temperature control circuit diagram of a switching regulator.Figure 2 Diagram of semiconductor thermostat switch control circuitSoftware system and algorithm designThe system software design process includes temperature digital signal acquisition, temperature display、PID algorithm temperature control 、temperature feedback components. The main part of the PID control algorithm is changing the value of the ambient temperature and after the feedback the temperature regulation value, it ultimately achieve the effect of Steady-State accuracy.PID algorithm designPID algorithm has a simple structure, the robust performance is good, high reliability, easy parameter setting features .P, I, D control law have their own separate areas, performing linear combination constitutes control amount, then the control amount will control objects [5,6].In the control system, a system based on real-time temperature and the set threshold value increment controls semiconductor temperature regulator operation. Therefore, the output portion of the controller is required to control the amount of incremental, in the design of the system is used incremental PID algorithm [7,8]. equation for the incremental PID algorithm is as follows.△u = A • e (k) + B •e (k-1) + C • e (k-2) (1) Where: △u increment control quantity; ratio of A, B, C as PID control, differentiation, integration coefficients; e (k), e (k-1), e (k-2) before and after the three measurements the temperature difference .Precision of the digital temperature sensor DS18B20 can reach ± 0.5 ℃, when setting the thermostat system temperature threshold, typically the change of temperature thermostat system is set within ± 0.5 ℃, partly because the system itself and the temperature sensor error performance limits; on the other hand with a time-varying temperature, constant temperature control need to constantly switch control semiconductor thermostat and fan control to a large extent, this will reduce the life of the instrument, and even burn the instrument.The main process of PID algorithm controller is parameter tuning, tuning in essence is through changing the regulator parameters to match the characteristics of properties and processes in order to improve the dynamic and static index system, so as to achieve the best control effect parameters. in tuning process, the first controller is as a pure proportional controller, form a closed loop, changing the coefficients, so that the coefficient corresponding to the input reaches a critical state (oscillation amplitude). Last in turn introduced differential and integral parameters according to attenuation 1 / 4 obtained, this attenuation can take into account the stability and rapidity.The result of the experiment and analysisReal entire test system shown in Figure 3, including the serial communication section, column oven, control panel and temperature control systems DS18B20, fans, and other semiconductor temperature regulator.Figure 3 System schematic diagramFirst obtaining room temperature, setting the thermostat system defined temperature less than room temperature, then connecting to the PC serial display interface, running the system, it will be observed that the fan is running, the positive power semiconductor thermostat is in cooling state, when the temperature is close to the serial display system the lower limit set temperature, the fan and the temperature of the semiconductor regulators are turned off, followed by heat exchange with the outside of the system will cause the temperature to rise, when the temperature rises to the set temperature limit, the fan is turning and positive power semiconductor in the temperature regulator cooling state, repeating the cooling state maintains the temperature at the set range. Column Compartment closed box is a small area, gathering room temperature is 25.4 ℃, the set temperature for the system is 20 ℃, when the permissible error set upper and lower threshold values were 20.5 ℃ and 19.5 ℃, the temperature control results shown in Figure 4Figure 4 Diagram of temperature controlling effectThe collected data of constant temperature system threshold below room temperature is as table 1. Table 1 Thermostatic system threshold below room temperature data collection formTime Left of box Middle of box Right of box0min 25.2℃ 25.4℃ 25.4℃5min 21.3℃ 20.6℃ 20.9℃10min 19.8℃ 20.1℃ 19.6℃ 20.3℃ 19.8℃ 20.1℃column oven PowersupplyDS18B20theoretical temperature, the blue curve represents the set temperature threshold. The data of Table 1 is collected at the different parts of the column oven temperature on a fixed time interval ,by this set of data can provide data support for the precise control of various parts of the column oven . variation tendency from the red curve show the actual temperature drop is divided into stages and temperature stabilization phase, after 225 seconds the system enter into the temperature stabilization phase. under the control of the incremental PID algorithm, the value of a small area of the temperature and the temperature of the theory has a good agreement, because of the exchange principle of the temperature of the nature result that the actual temperature are some errors in the data, but in the end the system could be stabilized, error is within a controllable range .by the ratio of the critical ratio method tuning PID proportion P, the integral I, differential D parameters, ideal set of data is debugged within surplus overshoot, it will be saw that the overshoot of the actual temperature curve is reduced to 17.5 % .this control process reduces the overshoot and maintain a constant temperature system efficiently and quickly.SummarySmall regional integrated climate control system is made up of a dual data collection, synchronous dual refrigeration heating control systems and incremental PID control algorithm. The algorithm combined with semiconductor temperature controller provides a set of high-precision temperature control system. solutions can effectively reduce outside interference, maintaining the temperature of the entire area of constant temperature changes in real-time monitoring system. this system temperature control effect is obvious, the structure has small size, and is suitable for most stringent temperature requirements systems, as well as the instrument cooling system, can effectively improve the instrument of practical life.AcknowledgmentsThanks to the teacher's guidance and let me join the related projects include science and technology plan projects in Zhejiang province (2015C33009), science and technology plan projects in Jiaxing (2015 AY11008)References[1] Wang Hongjie,Du Jialian,Chen Jincan,Optimization on the Performa-nce Characteristics of a Semiconductor Refrigeration System, J. R-efrigeration，1999,18（4）：54-58.[2]Fan Hanbai,Xie hanhua,Semiconductor Refrigerator Temperature Con-trol System with High-precision Based on Thyristor Phase-shifted Control, J. Instrument Technique and Sensor，2012,5：103-105.[3] Cai Jinping,Li Li,The Small Area Temperature Control Model Based on Improved PID Algorithm Simulat, J. Computer Simulation,2015,32(6) ：237-240.[4] Ge Leijiao,Mao Yizhi,Li Qi et al,RS232 Serial Interface Communic-ation with the C Language, J. Journal of Hebei University of Tech-nology,2008,37（6）：11-16.[5] Xiao Wenjian,Li yongke,Design of Intelligent Vehicle Based on In-cremental PID Control Algorithm, J. Information technology，2012, 10：125-127.[6] Yan Xiaozhao,Zhang Xingguo,Application of Increasing PID Contro-lling Method in Temperature Controlling System, J. Journal of Nan-tong University，2006,5（4）：48-51.[7] Wang Shuyan，Shi Yu，Feng Zhongxu et al ,A Method for Controlling a Loading System Based on a Fuzzy PID Controller, J. Mechanical S-cience and Technology for Aerospace Engineering，2011,30（1）：166-169.[8] LI Fengman.,The Research of Controlling Arithmetic for Figure PID, J. Journal of Liaoning University，2005,32（4）：367-370.。
基于PID 电加热炉温度控制系统设计摘要 电加热炉随着科学技术的发展和工业生产水平的提高，已经在冶金、化工、机械等各类工业控制中得到了广泛应用，并且在国民经济中占有举足轻重的地位。
对于这样一个具有非线性、大滞后、大惯性、时变性、升温单向性等特点的控制对象，很难用数学方法建立精确的数学模型，因此用传统的控制理论和方法很难达到好的控制效果。
单片机以其高可靠性、高性能价格比、控制方便简单和灵活性大等优点，在工业控制系统、智能化仪器仪表等诸多领域得到广泛应用。
采用单片机进行炉温控制，可以提高控制质量和自动化水平。
一、 绪论在本控制对象电阻加热炉功率为8可W ，由220V 交流电供电，采用双向可控硅进行控制。
本设计针对一个温度区进行温度控制，要求控制温度范围50~350C ，保温阶段温度控制精度为正负1度。
选择合适的传感器，计算机输出信号经转换后通过双向可控硅控制器控制加热电阻两端的电压。
其对象问温控数学模型为： 1)(+=-s T e K s G d sd τ 其中：时间常数Td=350秒，放大系数Kd=50，滞后时间τ=10秒， 控制算法选用改PID 控制图1.1系统总体结构图二、控制系统的建模和数字控制器设计图2 PID算法流程图数字PID控制算法PID控制器是通过计算机PID控制算法程序实现的。
计算机直接数字控制系统大多数是采样-数据控制系统。
进入计算机的连续-时间信号,必须经过采样和整量化后，变成数字量，方能进入计算机的存贮器和寄存器，而在数字计算机中的计算和处理，不论是积分还是微分，只能用数值计算去逼近。
图2.1位置PID控制算法简化示意图在数字计算机中，PID 控制规律的实现，也必须用数值逼近的方法。
当采样周期相当短时，用求和代替积分，用差商代替微商，使PID 算法离散化，将描述连续时间PID 算法的微分方程，变为描述离散-时间PID 算法的差分方程。
∑⎰==k j i s j e T T d e T 0t 0)()(1ττ用矩形积分时，有 )]1()([)(--=k e k e T T dt t de T S D d （1） 用差分代替微分 00))]1()([)(()([)(u k e k e T T j e T T k e K k u S D k j i sp +--+++=∑= （2） 由上式得01)]1()([)()()(u u k e k e K k e K k e K k D k j p +--++=∑= (3)式中 u 0——控制量的基值，即k=0时的控制；u(k)——第k 个采样时刻的控制；K P ——比例放大系数；K I ——积分放大系数；I S P I T T K K = S D P D T T K K =K D ——微分放大系数；T S ——采样周期。
温度控制的增量式pid算法温度控制是工业生产中非常重要的一项技术，它可以保证生产过程中的温度稳定，从而保证产品的质量。
而PID算法是一种常用的控制算法，它可以根据当前的误差来调整控制器的输出，从而实现对温度的精确控制。
在本文中，我们将介绍一种基于增量式PID算法的温度控制方法。
增量式PID算法是一种常用的控制算法，它可以根据当前的误差和误差变化率来计算控制器的输出。
具体来说，增量式PID算法可以分为三个部分：比例控制、积分控制和微分控制。
比例控制是根据当前误差来计算控制器的输出，积分控制是根据误差的积分来计算控制器的输出，微分控制是根据误差的变化率来计算控制器的输出。
这三个部分的输出可以相加得到最终的控制器输出。
在温度控制中，我们可以将温度传感器的输出作为反馈信号，将设定温度作为目标信号，然后使用增量式PID算法来计算控制器的输出。
具体来说，我们可以将当前温度与设定温度的差值作为误差，将当前温度与上一次温度的差值作为误差变化率，然后使用增量式PID算法来计算控制器的输出。
控制器的输出可以通过控制加热器或冷却器的功率来实现对温度的控制。
需要注意的是，增量式PID算法需要对控制器的输出进行积分和微分，这可能会导致控制器的输出出现过冲或震荡的情况。
为了避免这种情况的发生，我们可以使用一些技巧来优化控制器的输出。
例如，我们可以使用限幅器来限制控制器的输出范围，或者使用滤波器来平滑控制器的输出。
增量式PID算法是一种非常有效的温度控制方法，它可以根据当前的误差和误差变化率来计算控制器的输出，从而实现对温度的精确控制。
在实际应用中，我们需要根据具体的情况来选择合适的控制参数，并使用一些技巧来优化控制器的输出，从而实现更加稳定和精确的温度控制。
基于增量型ＰＩＤ控制的烘箱自动控温系统作者：杜中白志刚来源：《电脑知识与技术·学术交流》2008年第26期摘要：应变片粘结剂的固化、光弹试件的浇铸和固化等过程都需要电阻丝加热型烘箱严格按照给定的升温、保温和降温（不低于室温）折线进行精确的升温、保温和降温过程。
烘箱自动控温系统根据PID调节的自动控制原理，并考虑到被控对象大惯性、大迟延的特点，采用Smith补偿提高系统的自动控制品质，实现了烘箱温度自动测控。
运行结果表明，烘箱自动控温系统可靠性强，精度高，完全满足生产要求。
关键词：烘箱；自动控温；PID；Smith补偿中图分类号：TP273文献标识码：A 文章编号：1009-3044(2008)26-1651-03An Oven Temperature Autocontrol System Based on Incriment PID ControlDU Zhong1 , BAI Zhi-gang2(1.School of Computer Science and Technology, Southwest University of Science and Technology,Mianyang 621010, China; 2.The Air Force Military Representative Office Resident in Chengdu Region,Chengdu 610041, China )Abstract：These occasions need resistance wire heating oven to accurately control temperature according to the polyline which includes process of warm heating,holding and descenting, so long as the temperature not less than room temperature, which include solidfying of agglomerant on strain gage, casting of optics elastomeric test pieces or solidfying，etc. The oven temperature autocontrol system was based on PID adjustment control theory.considering the large object inertia and characteristics of delay, Smith compensation has been used for this system to increase the autocontrol quality. The runing results show that this system can fully meet the work requirements with high reliability and high precision.Key words: oven; temperature autocontrol; PID; Smith compensation1 前言应变片粘贴后粘贴剂的固化、光弹试件的浇铸和固化等过程都需要电阻丝加热型烘箱严格按照给定的升温、保温和降温（不低于室温）折线进行升温、保温和降温过程。
电子技术与软件工程Electronic Technology & Software Engineering电子技术Electronic Technology基于PID 自动控制的高精度温控电路设计与实现郑本昌(中国运载火箭技术研究院研究发展部 北京市100076 )摘 要；本文为实现某半导体激光器对温度控制的需求，提出了一种基于PID 自动控制原理的高精度温控电路设计与实现方法。
采用 采用齐格勒一尼柯尔斯整定规则对PID 电路参数进行设定，有机结合模拟电路与数字电路优点，实现了对微波腔的大范围，快速响应和高稳定性的温度控制。
测试结果表明，温控精度达到±0.01°以内。
关键词：温控电路；PID 控制；高精度1引言半导体激光器由于其体积小、效率高、寿命长等优点，在激光光通讯、光存储、激光高速印刷、光信息处理、光传感等诸多方面 得到广泛而至关重要的应用(,-3|o 但从物理机制上讲，温度变化影 响了半导体激光器的这一美妙应用，由于激活介质的能带中等效费米能级随温度变化，使得增益曲线漂移从而造成频率漂移，甚至导致跳模，另外，温度变化引起激光器腔长变化，也将导致频率变化(4'5,o 由此可见，控制温度使其稳定是一项重要而且必不可少的任务。
针对半导体激光器控温，国内外进行了大量的研究。
PID(Proportional Integral Derivative)控制作为揑制工程中技术成熟，应 用广泛的一种控制策略，能够在一定程度上合理的解决动态稳定性和静态增益之间的矛盾，因此吸引了众多研究人员的兴趣。
贺春贵⑹等人分析了 PI 参数对温度控制稳定性的影响及温度控制的短期稳 定性，卢燕⑺等采用DSP 数字信号处理芯片的方式实现了 ±0.1。
控 温精度的温控系统，鲍健181等人实现了 ±0.05。
的高精度二极管激光 温度控制器。
本文针对某激光器控温精度±0.1。
基于PID算法的温度控制系统设计随着科技的不断发展，温度控制系统得到了广泛的应用。
无论是工业制造还是家庭生活，都会用到温度控制系统。
在这个系统中，PID算法是最常用的控制算法之一。
本文将介绍基于PID算法的温度控制系统的设计。
一、系统概述温度控制系统可以用于控制温度控制在一定范围内。
该系统包括一个温度传感器、一个控制器、一个执行器和一个热源。
其中，温度传感器用于将温度信号转换成电信号，控制器用于处理电信号，执行器用于控制热源加热或停止加热。
在温度控制系统中，PID算法是控制器中使用的一种算法。
二、PID算法原理PID控制算法分别根据偏差、积分错误和微分错误来控制系统。
PID算法控制器包括控制模块、时间模块、输出模块、PID模块和作用模块。
该算法可以通过增大或减少控制器的输出来控制系统的状态，以便实现温度控制。
模型中包含比例项、积分项和微分项。
控制器采用增益因子对其中的每一个部分进行调整，以便更好地控制系统。
三、系统设计在设计基于PID算法的温度控制系统时，需要首先将传感器连接到控制器。
控制器可以收集从温度传感器中收集的温度信号并将其转换成电信号。
然后，该信号将被发送到PID算法控制器，该控制器可以使用PID算法来计算输出信号。
输出信号可以通过执行器来控制加热或停止加热的热源，从而实现温度控制。
四、系统的优点基于PID算法的温度控制系统可以实现更准确和更稳定的温度控制。
相对于其他控制算法来说，该算法具有更优秀的响应特性和更敏感的响应速度。
此外，该算法可以进行现场校准，更容易进行二次开发。
五、系统的应用基于PID算法的温度控制系统广泛应用于各个领域。
在工业制造领域，该系统可以用于控制各种设备和工具的温度，以保证生产质量。
在医疗领域，该系统可以用于监控体温，并确保患者在治疗过程中保持稳定的体温。
此外，在家庭生活中，基于PID算法的温度控制系统可以帮助人们更好地控制室内温度，从而提高生活舒适度。
总之，基于PID算法的温度控制系统可以广泛应用于各种领域。
基于P I D法温度控制 Document number【AA80KGB-AA98YT-AAT8CB-2A6UT-A18GG】于400℃，发热棒、发热圈还将会对被加热的器件进行加热，即使温度控制器发出信号停止加热，被加热器件的温度还往往继续上升几度，然后才开始下降。
当下降到设定温度的下限时，温度控制器又开始发出加热的信号，开始加热，但发热丝要把温度传递到被加热器件需要一定的时候，这就要视乎发热丝与被加热器件之间的介质情况而定。
通常开始重新加热时，温度继续下降几度。
所以，传统的定点开关控制温度会有正负误差几度的现象，但这不是温度控制器本身的问题，而是整个热系统的结构性问题，使温度控制器控温产生一种惯性温度误差。
2、PID控制解决要解决温度控制器这个问题，采用PID控制技术，是明智的选择。
PID控制，是针对以上的情况而制定的、新的温度控制方案，用先进的数码技术通过Pvar、Ivar、Dvar三方面的结合调整，形成一个模糊控制，来解决惯性温度误差问题。
然而，在很多情况下，由于传统的温度控制器温控方式存在较大的惯性温度误差，往往在要求精确的温控时，很多人会放弃自动控制而采用调压器来代替温度控制器。
但是用调压器来代替温度控制器时，必须在很大程度上靠人力调节，随着工作环境的变化而用人手调好所需温度的度数，然后靠相对稳定的电压来通电加热，勉强运作，但这决不是自动控温。
当需要控温的关键很多时，就会手忙脚乱。
这样，调压器就派不上用场，因为靠人手不能同时调节那么多需要温控的关键，只有采用PID 模糊控制技术，才能解决这个问题，使操作得心应手，运行畅顺。
二、该温控系统的结构和原理：1、系统的结构：系统功能主要实现断水保护和高水位指示、自动保温、自动报警及高温保护功能。
用双排数码管分别显示设计与测量温度，保温时间，加热周期及PID 的各参数，当测量温度达保温温度时，数码管显示设定温度。
当达设定温度时，数码管应该切换到设定的保温时间，并倒计时。
一种基于增量式数字PID算法的智能温度控制器林海波;王晓曦;刘奭昕【摘要】阐述了一种基于增量式数字PID算法的智能温度控制器的实现,并对数字PID算法及硬件方案的实现进行了分析。
通过软硬件的设计,完成了PID控制算法在温度控制系统中的应用。
对温度控制进行了LabVIEW仿真测试,仿真结果表明,基于增量式数字PID算法的智能温度控制器具有较好的控制效果和较高的准确性。
%This paper introduces the realization of a kind of intelligent temperature controller that based on incremental digital PID algorithm,and analyzes the digital PID algorithm and hardware scheme.Through the design of software and hardware,it completes the application of PID control algorithm in temperature control system.The temperature control has been simulated and tested by LabVIEW.The simulating results show that the intelligent temperature controller based on incremental digital PID algorithm has good control effect and higher accuracy.【期刊名称】《长春工程学院学报（自然科学版）》【年(卷),期】2011(000)003【总页数】4页(P86-89)【关键词】PID算法;智能;数据采集;温度控制【作者】林海波;王晓曦;刘奭昕【作者单位】长春工程学院电气与信息工程学院,长春130012;大连理工大学电子信息与电气工程学部,大连116023;大连理工大学电子信息与电气工程学部,大连116023【正文语种】中文【中图分类】TP273.50 引言温度的检测和控制在理论上发展比较成熟,但在实际测量和控制中,如何保证快速实时地对温度进行采样,确保数据的正确传输,并能对所测温度场进行较精确的控制,仍然是目前需要解决的问题。
