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2022年考研考博-考博英语-中国社会科学院考试全真模拟全知识点汇编押题第五期（含答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题[A]Less noted but [B]equally significant, the men and women who formed families between 1940 and 1960 [C]also reduced the divorce rate after a postwar peak; their marriages remained intact to a greater extent than [D]did those of couples who married in earlier as well as later decades.问题1选项A.Less notedB.equally significantC.alsoD.did【答案】B【解析】考查上下文语义。
B选项处equally表示前后的一致性，即前后短语或句子的结构应一致，前面是比较级less noted，其后面也应是比较级，在equally和significant中间加上more更合适。
2.翻译题Translate the following sentences into good English.1.我们清楚地认识到，中国人口多，底子薄，城乡、区域发展不平衡，资源环境约束加强，就业压力增加，脱贫任务仍然很艰巨。
中国已经制定了未来五年经济社会发展的蓝图，中国将坚持以科学发展为主题，以加快转变经济发展方式为主线，深化改革开放，保障民生，促进经济长期平稳较快发展和社会和谐稳定。
2.文化并不仅限于语言，它包含了智力、感情和感官。
要知道自己的文化倾向，最准确的指标是我们的直觉反应。
语言是另一种重要指标，因为没有多少人会用第二外语来表达突如其来的痛楚或愉悦；但我们也有明显的非语言指标，如对食物的偏爱。
《人的动机理论》（The theory of human motivation）Error and amendment of Maslow's theory of human motivationMaslow "s theory of motivation" error correction and its author: a remarkable feature of hatred within distinguish man from the lower animal, is relative to the objective needs of animal has more forms and more levels of. However, what caused the difference between humans and animals? How should the level of human needs be objectively divided? What is the logical relationship between the hierarchy of needs? Obviously, the solution of these problems is of great significance for revealing the mystery of human beings, exploring the phenomenon of human value and the law of change of motion. Many scholars (especially Maslow) have made a lot of research, and many different conclusions, but almost all of the conclusions are based on subjective experience and intuitive feeling it, without sufficient theoretical basis, its reasoning logic does not follow the strict procedure, thus unable to determine and verify its correctness. Some scholars even believe that these problems themselves are a purely subjective problem, and there is no objective and unified answer. First, the debate about the hierarchy of human needs is very different about the division of human needs. It is divided into six levels: the food and clothing needs, safety and health needs, and enjoy the aesthetic needs, belongingness and love needs, esteem needs, self-expression needs; is divided into five levels: Food and clothing needs, safety and health needs, and enjoy the aesthetic need, need, love and respect yourself some people realized; divided into four levels: physiological needs, safety and health needs, belongingness and love needs,self-expression needs; and so on, these classification methodsare lack of necessary theoretical basis. At present, people generally accepted the theory of human motivation put forward by American psychologist Maslow in 50s". He divides human needs into five levels: physiological needs, safety needs, love needs, respect needs, and self actualization needs. However, Maslow did not discuss why his division, this division method is not based on logical reasoning, more is based on their perceptual experience, lack of necessary theoretical basis, people cannot use the theory to affirm it or deny it, but according to practical experience and intuitive sense of it. It is not difficult to find, this division is the main method of different external characteristic parameters according to different needs in the process of human survival and development has (such as importance, persistence, extensive and profound) to carry out, and these differences in external characteristic parameters which can not accurately reflect the intrinsic logic relation between the various needs. Obviously, the division level must be in accordance with the need of internal factors that need to objective causes, can correctly reflect the intrinsic logic relation between the various needs, the resulting "needs theory" or "motivation theory" is objective and scientific. The author believes that human needs should be divided and divided into four levels, namely, food and clothing, health and safety, self-esteem and respect, self development and self actualization needs. This conclusion is consistent with Maslow's theory of motivation comparison, the main difference is: love need not classified as a level, to a level, with respect to need, respect need can be divided into works in the opposite direction of the two aspects of the need for self-esteem and respect need. I also think, can not be "aesthetic and enjoy" alone into a hierarchy, and because theaesthetic enjoyment is in need to be generated to meet after the emotional experience, it is not an objective need, but a subjective reflection of all forms and all levels of needs are met in all it will make people produce emotional experience and aesthetic enjoyment. Two, the theoretical basis of the division of human needs hierarchy, to know how to divide the hierarchy of needs, we must first understand the objective nature of needs. According to the theory of unified value, the objective essence of human needs is the value demanded by the human subject for the improvement of its essential force, and for the individual,In order to improve their ability to work, the value of the use of living materials requirements. Generally speaking, people's consumption of various subsistence motive is to meet various subjective desires or their subjective and objective need, is to maintain and develop their own ability to work, the objective is to direct motive potential labor itself accumulate necessary machine. Practice shows that different types of living materials satisfy people's different levels of subjective needs, and form different levels of labor potential, and serve the different levels of labor ability. Therefore, the hierarchical structure of labor ability determines the structure of labor potential, the hierarchical structure of labor potential determines the structure of life information, life information hierarchy determines the hierarchy of human needs. The ability to work can be divided into four basic levels: 1, the bio chemical reaction ability ", is based on energy metabolism rate of the main scale, reflects the ability for the use of food energy and its substitute. 2, the "individual labor ability", which is the physical, mental and physical strength, complexity and proficiency as the main scale, reflects theability of people to the nature of various physical, chemical and biological nature and strength. 3, the "social work", which is the social influence (such as power, prestige, reputation and personality etc.) as the main scale, reflects the people for social law and social power ability. 4, the "ideal labor ability", which is the force of faith (such as religious belief, outlook on life and world view) as the main scale, reflects the people for social progress and the law of human development and power control ability. According to the four different levels of labor ability, labor potential can be divided into four basic types, means of subsistence is correspondingly divided into four basic types, the subjective need is accordingly divided into four basic levels. Three, the four basic types of labor potential (I) physiological labor potential. The part of labor potential that is used to maintain and develop people's "biochemical reaction ability" is called "physiological labor potential". All human activities are based on the basic biochemical reactions, and only with the basic biochemical reaction ability, people can have more advanced behavior and thinking ability. Biochemical reactions in organisms can exhibit organisms for external energy exchange, is the biological chemical reaction can use total quantity to describe energy metabolism, biochemical reaction ability can be used to describe the energy metabolism rate. The physiological potential of labor is the accumulation of people's consumption of physiological living materials (such as food, air, water, salt, clothes, etc.). The physiological data is based on the life of food energy as the core, all other non food energy in the form of physical life can be replaced by the food energy to a certain extent and compensation, physical labor potential generated can be converted into certain food energy. (two)individual labor potential. The labor potential that is used to maintain and develop the individual labor ability is called the individual labor potential. In the physiological condition of the natural environment and people in general, not all physical labor potential can eventually transformed into individual actual labor potential, this is because human life is limited, any person at any time are possible because of security reasons for health reasons inside and outside and the loss of their labor ability, failure rate is the accumulation of personal physical labor potential there will always be a certain size. The failure rate is called the failure rate of life "(failure rate or physiology), it consists of two parts: the failure rate of internal life, it is made up of individual health state to decide; the failure rate of the external life, it is the safety performance by the individual to determine the natural environment. Therefore, the objective of individual labor ability is to improve the utilization rate of biochemical reaction ability, and the objective of individual labor potential is to improve the utilization rate of physiological labor potential.The living materials used to reduce the rate of human life failure are called health related living materials; the data used to reduce the failure rate of human external life are called safe living materials. For example, nutrients, security facilities, labor protection products, comfortable clothing, aesthetic works, elegant environment can maintain and improve people's health and environmental safety performance to a certain extent. (three) socialized labor potential. The part of labor potential that is used to maintain and develop "socialized labor capacity" is called socialized laborpotential. In the general social environment, not all of the individual labor potential can eventually transformed into the social recognition of the ability to work, this is because any individual will because of some internal and external, the labor positions can not completely match with the ability to work, or can not find the release ability of labor labor post, resulting in individual labor potential part of the failure and the failure rate of the waste, the accumulation of personal individual labor potential always do not match labor jobs have a certain size. The failure rate is referred to as the "social failure rate", it consists of two parts: the internal social failure rate, it is made up of individual preference for society to decide, depends on the size of the love and respect of others or the society; the external social failure rate, it is by choice Society for the individual to decide, depends on the size of the society for love and respect for the individual level. If a person has a higher degree of love and respect for society or others, he will be on every possible occasion actively for the society or others to contribute their strength, consciously put all their individual needs and social labor potential or others combine to achieve his best choice of labor jobs. In order to make the individual labor potential as much as possible into the society or others useful labor; if society has a higher degree of love and respect for the people, will provide jobs for him in all possible conditions, provide favorable conditions for his playing ability and cleverness, combine to make all of his individual labor potential as much as possible needs or the needs of others and the society, the individual labor potential as much as possible into social recognition Work ability. Therefore, the objective purpose of socialized labor ability is to improve the utilization rate of individuallabor capacity, and the objective objective of social labor potential is to improve the utilization rate of individual labor potential. The living materials used to reduce the internal social failure rate of people are called self esteem living materials; the living materials used to reduce the external social failure rate of human beings are called the life data of human dignity. For example, certificates, bonuses, honors, job titles, titles, etc., can reflect and change the respect for the individual to a certain extent, and can meet the needs of people for respect and respect. (four) ideal labor potential. The part of labor potential that is used to maintain and develop "idealized labor capacity" is called idealized labor potential. In the general social and historical conditions, not all of the social labor potential can eventually transformed into useful for the survival and development of human labor ability, really for human progress and social development, this is because any society will exist various social ills in any historical period, such as corruption, rigid thinking, unfair distribution, these social ills will guide social labor potential investment unreasonable production and consumption caused by the loss and waste, the reasons for internal and external social association, part of the social labor potential does not comply with the development of human beings and society really need or want. There is a certain size and the failure rate, the failure rate is called the "ideal failure rate", it is by the society for the ideal goal of human choice tendency The size of the decision depends on the extent to which the actual operation of the society conforms to the ideal goal of human beings. If a person can establish a correct outlook on life, the correct belief in life,The development of human and society as their mission in life; the development direction according to the correct belief in life to establish their own pursuit of occupation and the ability to work; according to the objective need of social development to release all of their labor ability; "self" melt in the long history of human development, so he caused the society the potential loss and waste will be greatly reduced, thus forming the largest ideal labor ability. If a society can correctly understand its historical mission, to make their own social behavior in line with the objective needs of human progress and social development, is committed to the peaceful coexistence of foreign, security and stability, is committed to the development of economic construction, population control and scientific and cultural undertakings, so it caused the social labor potential loss and waste will be reduced to a minimum; on the contrary, if a wrong understanding of its historical mission, put a lot of manpower, material and financial resources to engage in foreign aggression, to engage in persecution, neglecting the development of economic construction, population control and scientific and cultural undertakings, so it caused social labor the potential loss and waste will be greatly enhanced. Therefore, the objective purpose of the ideal labor ability is to improve the utilization rate of socialized labor capacity, and the objective objective of the ideal labor potential is to improve the utilization rate of social labor potential. For the ideal labor potential means of life is called "ideal type" or "self realization" of life, it can be an external religious culture, knowledge of the humanities, can also be through the personal understanding of thinking inside the brain and the formation of the highest belief and pursuit of life. To sum up, the power of human natureis from low level to high level gradually developed to high level, the objective essential strength is in wider range, more durable, more reliable maintenance and more efficient use of low levels of essential strength. Correspondingly, the labor potential is from low level to high level gradually developed, an objective of high level labor potential is in wider range, more durable, more reliable maintenance and more efficient use of low level labor potential. Four, different hierarchy of needs logic to sum up, there are progressive logic relationship between the four hierarchy of needs: (1) whether it is from the time evolution of the whole human point of view, or from the time order of the individual growth, or from the need to meet the priority order, need is always from low level to high the level gradually developed. (2) the lower needs basis of advanced needs, the need for advanced development and sublimation lower need, is to lower the need for greater range of time and space that can make the senior need lower needs can be more reliable and more lasting satisfaction. Health and safety needs to ensure that people need to eat more reliably and more lasting satisfaction; self-esteem and respect for people to meet the needs of the class can ensure that people need of food, health and safety are more reliable, more lasting satisfaction; self realization class can ensure people to meet the needs of the the food and clothing, health and safety, self esteem and respect people need to need more reliable, more satisfied. (3) to meet the needs of the senior with lower gradually, and with the blocked lower need gradually decline, but the senior need is relatively independent to a certain extent, the specific performance: when the lower needs are fully met when suddenly, senior need not immediately formed and stabilized; when the lower needs the meeting is blocked, seniorneed not immediately disappear; sometimes the need for advanced lower needs is a reaction to a certain extent or negative effects, people tend to be able to meet the needs of the senior one, at the expense of lower need completely. For example, people sometimes sacrifice their own health and safety, even sacrifice their lives for some kind of social honor and some ethical concepts. (4) the growth of low level labor ability is strictly restricted by the physiological limit, and the higher the level of labor ability is, the weaker the physiological limit is,As a result, there is a growing trend of growth, and the growth of people's labor ability is mainly through the growth of high-level labor capacity. Therefore, the development of the minimum level of human needs is very limited, only the highest level of development and change is unlimited, the higher the level of demand, the more free space for its development and change. (5) differences in the physiological structure and function of the people is weak, and the differences in the social role and function is usually huge, so that people in the gap between low level of labor capacity is small, while in the high level of labor ability gap is huge, so it is small in the low level to the gap, and at a high level to the gap is often huge. (6) due to high level of labor capacity growth mainly depend on social forces or other forces, which requires better coordination between people and interests, and consciously with the interests of others together, so the labor ability is stronger, more consciously to become representative of the interests of others and society the interests of the "utilitarian view" will be more extensive, more consciously get rid of the temptation of self-interest, more considerate ofothers to make their own individual needs consciously consistent with social needs or the needs of others. (Chinese value theory research network: ) (next page)CThis information comes from the internet. Personal collection。
中国反垄断法最新英文版(Chinese Antimonopoy Law)Chinese Antimonopoly Law(adopted at the 29th session of the Tenth National People's Congress on August 30, 2007)Chapter 1: General ProvisionsChapter 2: Monopoly AgreementChapter 3: Abuse of a Dominant Market PositionChapter 4: Concentration of UndertakingsChapter 5: Abuse of Administrative Power to Eliminate or Restrict CompetitionChapter 6: Investigation of the Suspected Monopoly ConductsChapter 7: Legal LiabilitiesChapter 8: Supplementary ArticlesTranslated by Jia YuanSeptember 1, 2007Chapter 1: General ProvisionsArticle 1:This Law is enacted for the purpose of preventing and restraining monopolistic conducts, protecting fair competition in the market, enhancing economic efficiency, safeguarding the interests of consumers and social public interest, promoting the healthy development of the socialist market economy.Article 2:This Law shall be applicable to monopolistic conducts in economic activities within the People’s Republic of China.This Law shall apply to the conducts outside the territory of the People’s Republic of China if they eliminate or have restrictive effect on competition on the domestic market of the PRC.Article 3:“Monopolistic conduct” is defined in this law as the following activities:(i) monopolistic agreements among undertakings;(ii) abuse of dominant market positions by undertakings;(iii) concentration of undertakings that eliminates or restricts competition or might be eliminating or restricting competition;Article 4:The State formulates and carries out competition rules which in accordance with the socialist market economy, perfects macro-control, and advances a unified, open, competitive and orderly market system.Article 5:Undertakings shall through fair competition, voluntary alliance，concentrate according to law, expand the scope of operation, and enhance competition ability.Article 6:Undertakings of a dominant position shall be prohibited to abuse a dominant position, eliminate, and restrict competition.Article 7:For the undertaking in the state-owned economy controlled industries to which are related to national economic lifeline and state security, and in the industries to which the state grants special or exclusive rights, the state protect their lawful operation. The state also lawfully regulates and controls their operation and the price of their commodities and services, safeguards interests of consumers, promotes technical progresses.Undertakings mentioned above shall lawfully operate, be honest and faithful, be strict self-discipline, accept social supervision, shall not damage interests of consumers using their dominant or exclusive positions.Article 8:Administrative power by government and organisations to which laws and regulations grant rights to administer public issues shall be prohibited to abuse administrative power, to eliminate or restrict competition.Article 9:The State Council establishes the Antimonopoly Commission, which in charge of organizing, coordinating, guiding antimonopoly works, performs the following responsibilities:(i) study and draft related competition policies;(ii) organize research, assess general competition situations in the market, issue assess report; (iii) enact and issue antimonopoly guidelines;(iv) coordinate antimonopoly execution works;(v) other responsibilities stipulated by the State Council.The State Council stipulates composition and working rules of the Antimonopoly Commission.Article 10:Antimonopoly execution authorities are in charge of antimonopoly execution pursuant to this law.Antimonopoly execution authorities shall authorise the corresponded authorities of provincial government or government in an autonomous region or directly municipality to in charge of antimonopoly execution pursuant to this law, when needed.Article 11:Association of undertakings should intensify industrial self-discipline, guide undertakings to lawfully compete, safeguard the competition order in the market.Article 12:An “undertaking” in this law refers to a legal person, other organization or natural person that engages in businesses of commodities (hereinafter “commodities” include services).A “relevant market” in this law refers to the territorial area within which the undertakings compete against each other during a time period for relevant products.Chapter 2: Monopoly AgreementArticle 13:Any following agreements among the undertakings competed with each other shall be prohibited:(i) fix, or change prices of products;(ii) limit the output or sales of the products;(iii) allocate the sales markets or the raw material purchasing markets;(iv) limit the purchase new technology or new facilities, or the development of, new products or new technology;(v) jointly boycott transactions;(vi) other agreements identified by antimonopoly execution authorities.Agreements referred to this law are agreement, decision or concerted action which eliminate or restrict competition.Article 14:Any following agreements among undertaking and counterparty are prohibited:(i) fix the price for resale;(ii) restrict the lowest price for resale;(iii) another monopoly agreement identified by antimonopoly execution authorities.Article 15:Agreements among undertakings with one of the following objectives shall be exempted from application of article 13, 14 if(i) agreements to improve technology, to research and develop new products.(ii) agreements for the purpose of product quality upgrading, cost reduction and efficiency improvement, of unify standards, norms or specialise;(iii) agreements by small and medium-sized enterprises to improve operational efficiency and to enhance their competitiveness;(v) agreements to cope with economic depression, to moderate serious decrease in sales volumes or distinct production surplus;(iv) agreements to achieve public interests, such as save energy, protect environment, relieve the victims of a disaster and so on;(vi) agreements to maintain legitimate interest in the cooperation with foreign economic entities and foreign trade;(vii) other situation stipulated by laws and the State Council.Undertakings pursuant to (i) to (v), and therefore exempted from Article 13, 14, must additionally prove, that the agreements can enable consumers to share impartially the interests derived from the agreements, and will not entirely eliminate the competition in relevant market.Article 16:Association of industry shall be prohibited to organize undertakings to conduct monopoly activities being prohibited by this law.Chapter 3: Abuse of a Dominant Market PositionArticle 17Undertakings of a dominant market position shall not abuse their dominant market positions to conduct following conducts:(i) sell commodities at unfairly high prices or buy commodities at unfairly low prices;(ii) sell commoditiews at prices below cost without legitimate reasons;(iii) refuse to trade with counterparty without legitimate reasons;(iv) require its counterparty to trade exclusively with it or trade exclusively with the appointedundertakings without legitimate reasons;(v) tie products or require as unreasonable conditions for trading without legitimate reasons; (vi) apply dissimilar prices or other transaction terms to equivalent counterparties;(vii) other conducts identified as abuse of a dominant position by antimonopoly execution authoritiesFor the purposes of this law, “dominant market position” refers to the undertaking(s) having the ability to control the price, quantity or other trading conditions of products in relevant market, or to hinder or affect other undertakings to enter the relevant market.Article 18:The following factors will be taken into consideration in finding dominant market position: (i) market share in relevant market, and the competition situation of the relevant market; (ii) ability to control the sales markets or the raw material purchasing markets;(iii) financial status and technical conditions of the undertaking;(iv) the degree of dependence of other undertakings;(v) entry to relevant market by other undertakings;(vi) other factors related to find a dominant market position.Article 19:Undertakings that have any of the following situations can be assumed to be have a dominant market position:(i) the relevant market share of one undertaking accounts for1/2 or above;(ii) the joint relevant market share of two undertakings accounts for 2/3 or above;(iii) the joint relevant market share of three undertakings accounts for 3/4 or above.Undertakings with a market share of less than 1/10 will not be deemed as occupying a dominant market position even if they fall within the scope of second or third item.When the Undertakings assumed to have a dominant market position can prove, that they do not have a dominant market, shall not be assumed to have a dominant market position.Chapter 4: Concentration of UndertakingsArticle 20:A concentration refers to the following situations:(i) the merger of undertakings;(ii) the acquisition by undertakings, whether by purchase of securities or assets, of control of other undertakings;(iii) the acquisition by contact or any other means, of control of other undertakings or of possibility of exercising decisive influence on other undertakings.Article 21:A concentration falls under the notification criteria issued by the State Council, a report must be notify in advance with the antimonopoly execution authorities. Without notification the concentration shall not be implemented.Article 22:A concentration refers to following situations, shall not notify to the antimonopoly execution authorities:(i) one undertaking which is a party to the concentration has the power to exercise more than half the voting rights of every other undertaking, whether of the equity or the asset;(ii) one undertaking which is not a party to the concentration has the power to exercise more than half the voting rights of every undertaking concerned, whether of the equity or the asset;Article 23:Undertakings which notify a concentration in advance with the antimonopoly execution authorities, shall submit following documents or materials:(i) summary of notification;(ii) the effect on competition on the relevant market of the concentration;(iii) agreement of concentration;(iv) the financial reports and accounting reports of the proceeding accounting year of the undertakings concerned;(v) other documents or materials stipulated by antimonopoly execution authorities.The summary of notification shall record, name, residence, scope of business, expected date for concentrating and other items stipulated by antimonopoly execution authorities of the undertakings concerned.Article 24:In case that the documents submitted by the notifying undertakings are not complete, shall submit the rest of the documents and materials with a set period stipulated by antimonopoly execution authorities. It will be taken as not notified, when the added documents and materials are not timely submitted.Article 25:The antimonopoly execution authorities shall preliminarily review the notified concentration and take the decisions whether to precede review and notify the undertakings in written form within 30 days, calculated from the date of receipt of the complete filing documents and materials referred to article 23 submitted by the undertakings.Before a decision taken by the antimonopoly execution authorities, the concentration shall be not implemented.If the antimonopoly execution authorities has taken decision not to precede review or has not decided in case of expiring of the period, the concentration shall be implemented.Article 26:If the antimonopoly execution authorities has decided to precede the review, shall review and decide whether to prohibit the concentration and notify the undertakings in written form within 90 days, calculated form the date of the decision being taken.If the concentration is prohibited, the reasons shall be explained. Within the review period the concentration shall be not implemented.Under the following circumstances, the time limit stipulated in the first paragraph may be extended to add 60 days after notifying the undertakings in written form:(i) the undertakings concerned agree to extend the time limit;(ii) the documents or materials submitted are inaccurate and need verification;(iii) other significant events occurred after notification.If the antimonopoly execution authorities have not decided in case of expiring of the period, the concentration shall be implemented.In the review of a concentration the following factors shall be considered:(i) market share in the relevant market of the undertakings concerned and their ability to control the market;(ii) concentrate degree of the relevant market ;(iii) effect on the market entry and technology improvement;(iv) effect on consumers and other undertakings;(v) effect on national economical improvement(vi) other factors shall affect the competition, be considered by the antimonopoly execution authorities.Article 28:If a concentration has or may have effect of eliminating or restricting competition, the antimonopoly execution authorities shall take decision of prohibition. However, if the undertakings can prove that the concentration bring more positive effect than negative effect on competition, or the concentration pursuant to public interests, the antimonopoly execution authorities shall decide, not to prohibit the concentration.Article 29:The antimonopoly execution authorities shall make a decision of approval with restrictions and conditions where a concentration will reduce the negative effect on competition.Article 30:The antimonopoly execution authorities shall announce the decisions of prohibition or conditional concentration to public.In case the acquisition of domestic enterprises by foreign investors or other manners to concentrate referred to national security, besides being reviewed according to this law, shall be carried out national safety review according to related regulations.Chapter 5: Abuse of Administrative Power to Eliminate or Restrict CompetitionArticle 32:Administrative power by government and organisations to which laws and regulations grant rights to administer public issues shall not abuse administrative power to limit or limit in a different form the organizations or persons to operate, purchase or use the products of any undertakings designated by them.Article 33:Administrative power by government and organisations to which laws and regulations grant rights to administer public issues shall not abuse administrative power to carry out following conducts, to hinder the free flow of the commodities between regions:(i) create discriminated items, carry out discriminated standards, or stipulate discriminated prices to nonlocal commodities.(ii) stipulate different technical requisition, test standards to nonlocal an local commodities, or conduct repeat testing, repeat certification and so on, in order to limit nonlocal commodities to enter local market;(iii) specially require administrative permit to counter nonlocal commodities, in order to limit nonlocal commodities to enter local market;(iv) create burdens or other methods to limit nonlocal commodities enter or local commodities exit;(v) other conducts which hinder commodities free flow between regions.Administrative power by government and organisations to which laws and regulations grant rights to administer public issues shall not abuse administrative power to exclude or restrict nonlocal undertakings to participate local bids activities through the manners that they create discriminated quality requisitions, judge standards or not announce information according to law.Article 35:Administrative power by government and organisations to which laws and regulations grant rights to administer public issues shall not abuse administrative power to exclude or restrict nonlocal undertakings to set up branches through that they give unfair treatment to nonlocal undertakings.Article 36:Administrative power by government and organisations to which laws and regulations grant rights to administer public issues shall not abuse administrative power to force the undertakings to carry out monopoly conducts according to this law.Article 37:Administrative power shall not abuse administrative power to stipulate regulations including contents to eliminate or restrict competition.Chapter 6: Investigation of the Suspected Monopoly ConductsArticle 38:The antimonopoly execution authorities investigate monopoly conducts according to law.Refers to antimonopoly conduct, any organization or person has the right to report to the antimonopoly execution authorities. The antimonopoly execution authorities shall keep the secret for the reporter.If the report is submitted in written form and supplies related facts and proofs, the antimonopoly execution authorities shall conduct necessary investigation.Article 39:When conducting investigations, the antimonopoly execution authorities can take the following measures:(i) enter the premise or other related places of the undertakings being investigated;(ii) request the undertaking concerned, interested parties and other relevant organizations or persons being investigated to explain related circumstances;(iii) exam, copy related documents and materials of the undertakings, interested parties and other relevant organizations or persons being investigated, such as certificates, agreements, accounting books, letters and telegraphs of business, electronic data and so on.(iv) seal up or detain related proofs;(v) inquire about the bank account information of the undertakings concerned.Taking the measures stipulated above, shall be reported in written form to the chef person in charge of the antimonopoly execution authorities, and be approved.Article 40:Investigating the suspected monopoly conducts by the antimonopoly execution authorities, the executors shall be not less than two persons, and shall show the papers of execution.The executor conduct inquiring and investigating, shall fabricate written notes which are signature by the inquired or investigated person.Article 41:The antimonopoly execution authorities and their staffs shall be obliged to keep the secret which known in the execution.Article 42:Undertakings concerned, interested parties or other related organizations or persons being investigated shall cooperate with the antimonopoly execution authorities by performing responsibility, shall not refuse or hinder the antimonopoly execution authorities to investigate.Article 43:Undertakings concerned, interested parties being investigated have the right to state opinions. The antimonopoly execution authorities shall verify the facts, reasons and proofs being given by undertakings concerned, interested parties being investigated.Article 44:After investigating and verifying the suspected monopoly conducts, if the antimonopoly execution authorities believe that monopoly conduct was done, shall take decisions according to law and publish it.Article 45:In case of a suspected monopoly conduct being investigated by the antimonopoly execution authorities, if the undertakings being investigated promise that they will conduct concrete measures to eliminate the negative effect of the monopoly conducts within a time limit being acknowledged by the antimonopoly execution authorities, the antimonopoly execution authorities shall decide to suspend the investigation. The decision to suspend the investigation shall note what concrete was promised by the undertakings being investigated.If the antimonopoly execution authorities decide to suspend investigation, shall supervision the circumstances in which undertakings perform their promises. If the undertakings have performed the promises, the antimonopoly execution authorities shall decide to stop the investigation.Under the following circumstances, the antimonopoly execution authorities shall regain theinvestigation:(i) undertakings have not performed the promises;(ii) the fact being applied to suspend the investigation has significant changed.(iii) the decision to suspend the investigation is based on uncompleted or untruthful information being supplied by the undertakings.Chapter 7: Legal LiabilitiesArticle 46:In case there exists monopoly agreement and is implemented by the undertakings in violation of this law, the antimonopoly execution authorities shall order the undertakings to cease such act, the illegal gains shall be confiscated, and a fine between 1% and 10% of the turnover in the preceding year shall be imposed; If the monopoly agreement is not implemented, a fine below 500,000 Yuan shall be imposed.If the undertakings actively report the circumstance of the monopoly agreement to the antimonopoly execution authorities and supply important proofs, the antimonopoly execution authorities shall reduce or remit the fines according to own judgement.If the association of undertakings organise undertakings of the branch to reach monopoly agreement in violation of this law, the antimonopoly execution authorities shall impose a fine below 500,000 Yuan; and if the circumstances are serious, the social organization register administrative department shall dissolve the register.Article 47:In case there exists an act abusing dominant market position by the undertakings in violation of this law, the antimonopoly execution authorities shall order the undertakings to cease such act, the illegal gains shall be confiscated, and a fine between 1% and 10% of the turnover in the preceding year shall be imposed.Article 48:In case the undertakings concentrate in violation of this law, the antimonopoly execution authorities shall order the undertakings to cease concentration, dispose securities or assets in limited time, transfer the operation and conduct other necessary measures to regain the status before the concentration, a fine below 500,000 shall be imposed.Article 49:Referred to the fines of article 46, 47, 48 of this law, the antimonopoly execution authorities shall consider the nature, degree and time of duration of the violation, to decide concrete amount of fine.Article 50:If undertakings carry out monopoly conduct, and cause losses to others, shall bear civil liability according to law.Article 51:If administrative power by government and organisations to which laws and regulations grant rights to administer public issues abuse administrative power, to eliminate or restrict competition, shall be ordered by superior authorities to correct themselves; people in direct charge and people directly involved shall be imposed administrative punishment. The antimonopoly execution authorities shall supply suggestion to related superior authorities to handle according to law.If administrative power by government and organisations to which laws and regulations grant rights to administer public issues abuse administrative power, to eliminate or restrict competition will be handled by another regulation, shall be applied to another regulation.Article 52:In reviewing and investigating by the antimonopoly execution authorities, if they refuse to supply related materials, information, or supply incorrect materials, information, or remove, hide or destroy proofs, or other conducts to refuse or hinder investigation, the antimonopoly execution authorities shall order the undertakings to cease such act, A fine not to exceed20,000 Yuan to individuals and 200,000 Yuan to organization may be assessed. If the circumstances are serious, a fine not to between 20,000 Yuan and 100,000 Yuan to individuals and between 200,000 Yuan and 1000,000 Yuan to organization may be assessed; if the said act constitutes a criminal offence, prosecution will be launched according to law.Article 53:If the undertaking does not accept the decision made by the antimonopoly execution authorities according to article 28, 29 of this law, he/she shall in the first place apply for administrative review; and if the undertaking still disagree with the decision of the administrative review, he/she may file a administrative lawsuit according to law.If the undertaking does not accept the decision made by the antimonopoly execution authorities besides the decisions stipulated by first paragraph, he/she shall apply for administrative review according to law or file administrative lawsuit.Article 54:Any employee of the antimonopoly execution authorities who abuse his official power, neglect his duties, engage in malpractices or irregularities, or disclose any trade secret, constitute a criminal offence, prosecution will be launched according to law. Where the act is not so serious as to be prosecuted for criminal liability, he shall be imposed the administrative penalty according to law.Chapter 8: Supplementary ArticlesArticle 55:Undertakings exercise intellectual property rights according to laws , administrative regulations related intellectual property rights, shall not be applied to this law; however, undertakings abuse the intellectual property rights to eliminate or restrict competition, shall be applied to this law.Article 56:Agricultural producers and rural economic organizations alliance or concerted act in the producing, processing, selling, transporting or reserving agricultural products shall be not applied to this law.Article 57:This law is effective as of August 1, 2008译者：袁嘉译者对本翻译稿具有著作权,如有转载,请说明出处.。
高三英语国际政治分析单选题40题1.The international community is making efforts to promote _____.A.peaceB.warC.conflictD.destruction答案：A。
“peace”表示和平，国际社会努力促进的是和平。
“war”战争、“conflict”冲突、“destruction”破坏都与国际社会的努力方向不符。
2.International cooperation is crucial for addressing global _____.A.problemsB.successesC.advantagesD.failures答案：A。
“problems”问题，国际合作对于解决全球问题至关重要。
“successes”成功、“advantages”优势、“failures”失败都不符合语境。
3.The United Nations plays an important role in maintaining world _____.A.chaosB.orderC.disorderD.confusion答案：B。
“order”秩序，联合国在维护世界秩序方面发挥重要作用。
“chaos”混乱、“disorder”无序、“confusion”困惑都与联合国的作用相悖。
4.Diplomatic efforts are aimed at resolving international _____.A.disputesB.agreementsC.celebrationsD.ignorance答案：A。
“disputes”争端，外交努力旨在解决国际争端。
“agreements”协议、“celebrations”庆祝、“ignorance”无知都不符合题意。
5.Globalization has brought about closer international _____.A.separationB.connectionC.isolationD.divorce答案：B。
联合国的原则英语作文The Principles of the United Nations。
The United Nations (UN) is an international organization founded on the principles of peace, security, and cooperation among nations. These principles serve as the foundation for the UN's work in promoting global development, human rights, and international law. In this essay, we will explore the principles of the United Nations and their significance in today's world.The first principle of the United Nations is the maintenance of international peace and security. The UN aims to prevent conflicts and resolve disputes through peaceful means, such as negotiation, mediation, and diplomacy. It also has the authority to take collective action, including the use of force, to maintain or restore peace when necessary. This principle is crucial in a world where conflicts and tensions persist, and where the consequences of war can be devastating.The second principle is the promotion of human rights. The United Nations is committed to upholding and protecting the rights and dignity of every individual. It has adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which sets out the fundamental rights and freedoms that should be enjoyed by all people. The UN works to ensure that these rights are respected, protected, and fulfilled by governments and societies around the world. This principle is particularly important in a time when human rights violations are still prevalent in many parts of the world.The third principle is the pursuit of social progress and better standards of life. The UN seeks to promote economic development, social inclusion, and environmental sustainability. It aims to eradicate poverty, reduce inequality, and ensure access to education, healthcare, and clean water for all. The UN also addresses global challenges such as climate change, deforestation, and pollution, recognizing that sustainable development is essential for the well-being of present and future generations. This principle is crucial in a world wheredisparities in wealth and access to basic services still exist.The fourth principle is the respect for the sovereignty of nations. The United Nations recognizes the equality and independence of all countries, regardless of their size or power. It promotes respect for national sovereignty andnon-interference in the internal affairs of states. However, it also emphasizes the responsibility of states to protect their populations from atrocities and to upholdinternational law. This principle is essential in a world where the actions of one country can have far-reaching consequences for others.The fifth principle is the promotion of international cooperation. The United Nations encourages countries towork together to address global challenges and achieve common goals. It provides a platform for dialogue, negotiation, and collaboration among nations. Through its specialized agencies, such as the World Health Organization and the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, the UN promotes cooperation in various fields,including health, education, culture, and science. This principle is crucial in a world where no country can tackle global issues alone.In conclusion, the principles of the United Nations serve as a guide for its work in promoting peace, human rights, development, sovereignty, and cooperation. These principles are more important than ever in today's interconnected and complex world. The United Nations plays a vital role in addressing global challenges and fostering a more just, peaceful, and sustainable world for all.。
2022年考研考博-考博英语-中国传媒大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析B卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题It is a（）_truth that man is the only animal that has the power to speak and reason.问题1选项A.corporateB.virtualC.universalD.indefinite【答案】C【解析】考查形容词辨析。
A选项corporate“法人的，共同的”。
B选项virtual“虚拟的”。
C选项universal“普遍的，全世界的”。
D选项indefinite“不确定的，无限的”。
句意：人类是唯一具有说话和推理能力的动物，这是一个公认的事实。
本句表示“人类是仅有的具有说话和推理能力的动物，这是一个普遍公认的事实。
”因此C选项符合题意。
2.单选题When you study in the United States, usually you have to buy your own health（）.问题1选项A.insuranceB.expenseC.evidenceD.assurance【答案】A【解析】考查名词辨析。
A选项insurance “保险，保险费”。
B选项expense “损失，代价”。
C选项evidence “证据，证明”。
D选项assurance “保证，担保”。
句意：当你在美国学习时，通常你必须自己购买健康保险。
因此A选项符合题意。
3.单选题A dynamic economy is founded on the（）of entrepreneurs, which is rewarded by profit.问题1选项A.perspirationB.desperationC.respirationD.aspiration【答案】D【解析】考查名词辨析。
perspiration“汗水，努力”；desperation“绝望的境地，不顾一切拼命”；respiration“呼吸”；aspiration“渴望，抱负”。
高中英语国际关系基础练习题40题1.The leaders of different countries held a summit to discuss global issues. The word "summit" here means_____.A.meetingB.agreementC.debateD.decision答案：A。
“summit”在这个语境中是“峰会”的意思，也就是“meeting”（会议）。
选项B“agreement”是“协议”；选项C“debate”是“辩论”；选项D“decision”是“决定”。
2.International cooperation is crucial for addressing climate change. The phrase "crucial for" is closest in meaning to_____.A.necessary foreful forC.helpful forD.important for答案：D。
“crucial for”表示“对……至关重要”，与“important for”意思最接近。
选项A“necessary for”是“对……有必要”；选项B“useful for”是“对……有用”；选项C“helpful for”是“对……有帮助”。
3.The United Nations plays an important role in promoting world peace. The word "promoting" can be replaced by_____.A.encouragingB.preventingC.stoppingD.discouraging答案：A。
“promoting”是“促进”的意思，“encouraging”也有“鼓励、促进”之意。
2022年考研考博-考博英语-中国财政科学研究院考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析B卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.翻译题41.人类社会中的战争大体源于两方面的缺乏。
第一是资源的缺乏：争夺对国家安全和经济发展至关重要的稀缺战略资源往往是一国发动战争的重要动因。
第二是信任的缺乏：这种缺乏常常导致国家在宗教、文化、意识形态等方面的持续对抗，并由此引发军事冲突。
42.一方面，投资的滞后牵制了经济的增长，而另一方面，持续的消费热在一定程度上缓解了经济的衰退。
43.大学里学到的知识还相当粗浅，研究生阶段才开始研究学问，但在这个时期也只能算是初涉学术，更加注重的应是领悟研究的方法。
【答案】41. Wars in human society arise largely from two deficiencies. The first is the lack of resources: the scramble for scarce strategic resources, which are vital to national security and economic development, is often an important motivation for a country to launch a war. The second is a lack of trust: this lack has often led to ongoing rivalries between countries over religion, culture, ideology, etc., which leads to military conflicts.42. On the one hand, the lag of investment has held back economic growth, while on the other, the sustained consumption boom has alleviated the economic recession to a certain extent.43. What you are imparted during university is something quite superficial, and the research institutes of universities are just the places where knowledge is primarily studied. But even there you get only the first taste of learning where emphasis is on research methodology and practice.2.单选题______ divorce ourselves from the masses of the people.问题1选项A.In no time we shouldB.In no time should weC.At no time we shouldD.At no time should we【答案】D【解析】考查部分倒装和固定搭配。
语言文学英语翻译基础模拟题2020年(71)(总分100, 做题时间60分钟)翻译题1.中国将坚定不移地奉行独立自主的和平外交政策，继续加强同发展中国家的团结合作，同它们一道维护发展中国家正当合理的权益。
同时，我们要进一步致力于稳定周边、巩固睦邻友好。
我们还将不断地充实与各个大国已经建立或正在建立的未来关系框架的内涵。
我们将更积极地参与国际事务和各种多边外交活动，坚决反对霸权主义、强权政治，推动在世界上建立公平合理、平等互利的国际政治、经济新秩序。
SSS_TEXT_QUSTI该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 10答案:China will unswervingly observe the independent and peaceful foreign policy. It will continue to reinforce its solidarity and cooperation with the developing countries in the world and, together with them, to safeguard the just and reasonable rights of the developing countries. At the same time, we will be **mitted to stabilizing our peripheral areas and to consolidating the harmonious friendship with our neighboring countries. We will also make continued efforts to enrich the implications of the framework of the future relations that have been established or that are being established with all the major countries of the world. We will take more positive steps to participate in international affairs and in various kinds of multilateral diplomatic activities. China will remain firm in its opposition to hegemonism, power politics and will endeavor to promote the establishment of a new international political and economic order that is fair, reasonable, equal and reciprocally beneficial.2.大陆和台湾同属一个中国。
