Presented at the Society for Marketing Advances Conference

城市化英语作文篇一：城市化的负面影响(英文演讲稿)The negative effects of urbanizationThere are many advantages of urbanization. However,there are also many disadvantages of urbanization.The negative influence on the environment.Water pollutionUrban water pollution is mainly caused by industrial waste water and domestic sewage.[d??mestik ?su:?d?]生活污水。

Please look at the picture on the top right.From 2006 to 2012the number of domestic sewage becomes bigger and bigger.And the number of industrial waste water remain stable.But the total amount is increasing.Look at the picture on the lower right.We can see that the ability of treating the urban waste water have improved year by year.But,compared with the increase of the number of urban waste water,the ability of treating polluted water haven’t improved.Air pollutionNowadays,haze weather has become a daily one in large part of China.With the development of urbanization,the number of cars inchina are growing rapidly.Besides China is a coal-based energy structure.Vehicle [?vi:h?kl] exhaust and coal firing seriously pollute the air.The negative influence on the society.Noise pollution.In the city,we'll be disturbed [d??st?:rbd] by jet airplanes,car horns ['h?:nz] , oil-powered engines,the noise from building sites and so on.The noise makes us upset and reduce the quality of our life.Traffic jamWith the fast development of our economy and living standard ,the number of vehicles is rising sharply. However, the road condition needs improving. It has seriously influenced people's daily life and economic development.Bad influence on agricultural development.Many farmers go to cities to work,and many of them have abandoned agriculture.It’s bad for agricultural development.Social conflictsIn the process of building a city,many houses will be pulled down.In the process,there are many contradictions[k?ntr?'d?k?nz]矛盾between people and local government.What’s more,there are also lots of conflicts betweenmigrant [?ma?ɡr?nt] workersand developers.For example,the contradiction of wages ['we?d??z].篇二：[英语]城市化的影响The influences of fast urbanizationNowadays, the urbanization is at a fast pace in our country. It is common to see numerous people thronging into big cities and lots of skyscrapers being built every day. The main reason for this phenomenon is the urgent need of a prosperous society by almost all civilians.Undoubtedly, the fast urbanization has brought great influences on people’s daily life. On the one hand, it has provided much convenience to people in the modern society. In recent years, the condition of people’s studying, working and living has been improved rapidly. Therefore, a great number of people have currently lived a relatively comfortable life in big cities. Thanks to the urbanization, it is estimated that the level of welfare and the sense of happiness of citizens has respectively risen by 40% and 50% since the implement of the reform and opening-up policy. However, on the other hand, there are also many negative effects concerning the fast urbanization. Firstly, with more and more people being appealed to throng into big cities, they have to be faced with much more pressure with regard to living and searching jobs thanpreviously.Secondly, the traffic problem has become so severe that the efficiency of people’s working and studying has been lowered dramatically. What’s more, there are millions of cars running on the streets and tons of factories opening every day, which has led to inevitable and damaging pollution to almost everything on earth, ourhuman beings involved.From my point of view, it is reasonable for us to speed up the urbanization in order to keep pace with other developed countries. But it is worth noticing that we cannot ignore the contradiction between the growing desires and the limited resources and the balance between the nature and our human beings. After all, everything has its limits, and it’s not good to go too far. To conclude, we will surely embrace a prosperous and stable society as long as the urbanization is at a proper speed.篇三：0英语作文城镇化Urbanization should be people-orientedThe so-called urbanization is the process that people comes from countryside transforms to the urban people. The essence of urbanization is citizenization of migrant workers. Urbanization has a tremendous and profound impact on economy, society and culture. The rate of china’s urbanization was about 20 percent in thebeginning of reform and open and the official figures indicated that rate of urbanization in china has exceeded 50 percent last year. For a long time, this low- cost urbanization has lead that a large number of migrant workers can’t enjoy the treatment same as citizen. At the same time, they can’t go back to the hometown. The third plenary session of twelve has clearly presented that we must perfect the system of urbanization. It is said the quality of urbanization should be comprehensively improved so that more migrant workers can enjoy equal public service and get more development opportunity.Due to the limitation of objective and subjective reasons, we can find that some issues involved in all aspects of the economy, society, resources and environment have exposed throughout the process of urbanization in china. And we must maintain keen vigilance to them because they may lead that policies of government can’t be enforced. These issues are mainly in three aspects following. Firstly, some areas prefer the urbanization of land to people. Thus peasantries’lands are compulsory acquisition and their interests are occupied. Secondly, urbanization has been kidnapped by real estate in china. Buildings become the leading actor in the urbanization. Thirdly, government pays more attention to build thecity and ignores the management of the city. So in most case, the cities are magnificent and it doesn’t benefits the local people. At the same time, it is unbalance between big and middle cities development. The counties near peasant lost the leading role in the urbanization.The essence of urbanization in reality is real estate now. It seems like the migrant workers have come into the city. The reality is that people not only lost the land and ways to live, but also doesn’t get the welfare which the citizen have yet. They often have enough money to buy commercial residential building. And the education, medical treatment and even minimum living allowance also have nothing with them. When the urbanization sacrifices the benefits of rural regions and peasants, it is opposite to original intention of urbanization.The city is the engine of growth. This engine depends on the hands of marketing and government jointly. Urban development has its own inherent laws. It is proved that we will pay the price if we violate this law.It is essential to have a deep understanding of the long-term, arduous and complex nature of urbanization in developing country whose population has accounted for nearly 1 /5 of world. Therefore, urbanization in china should be people-oriented andaim to deliver equitable benefits to all. Even though there are many issues exited now, the government must pursue urbanization in an innovative way to make sure that people can enjoy modern and civilized way of life and promote social harmony and progress. China should build harmonious and livable modern cities, promote rural migrant population's integration into cities, deliver equal basic public services, including employment, education, medical care and health and social security. To avoid real estate leading the urbanization, government should give priority to building government subsidized housing. All these steps should be taken to ensure that development benefits and urban civilization are enjoyed by all.。

A list of technical references used within FloSystem are presented below; these references also appear in the topics to which they are applicable:Alves, I.N., Alhanati, F.J.S. and Shoham, O.: A Unified Model for Predicting Flowing Temperature Distributions in Wellbores and Pipelines. New Orleans, Sept. 1990: paper SPE 20632.Beal, C.: The Viscosity of Air, Water, Natural Gas, Crude Oil and its Associated Gases at Oilfield Temperatures and Pressures, Trans. AIME, 165, 94-115, 1946.Beggs, H.D.: Production Optimization. Section 3,VII,A. OGCI Publications, Tulsa, 1991.Beggs, H.D. and Robinson J.R.: Estimating the Viscosity of Crude Oil Systems, JPT, 27, 1140-1141, 1975.Brill, J.P. and Beggs, H.D.: Two-Phase Flow in Pipes. University of Tulsa, INTERCOMP Course, The Hague, 1974.Brown, K.E. & Beggs, H.D.: The Technology Of Artificial Lift Methods, Volume 1. Penwell Books 1977.Burton R. and Parker C.: Dubai Petroleum Company Acidizing Manual, 1989.Carr, N.L., Kobayashi, R. and Burrows, D.B.: Viscosity of Hydrocarbon Gases under Pressure. Trans AIME 201 (1954), pp 264-272.Carslaw, H.S. and Jaeger, J.C.: Conduction of Heat in Solids, Oxford University Press, 1st. edition 1950, 2nd. edition 1986.Chew, J. and Connally, C.A.: A Viscosity Correlation for Gas-Saturated Crude Oils, Trans. AIME, 216, 23-25, 1959.Cinco, H; Miller, F.G. and Ramey Jnr., H.J.: Unsteady-State Pressure Distribution Created By a Directionally Drilled Well, SPE 5131, October 1974.Cook and Dotterweich: C. of Arts and Industries, Kingsville, Aug 1946.Coleman, S.B., Clay, H.B., McCurdy, D.G., and Norris III, H.L.: A New Look at Predicting Gas-Well Load-Up. JPT, March 1991. Also available as Understanding Gas-Well Load-Up Behavior, SPE 20281, 1991.Corey, A.T.: The Interrelation Between Gas and Oil Relative Permeabilities. Prod. Mon. 19, 38, 1954.CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 1st Student Edition, 1988.Dranchuk, P.M., Purvis, R.A. and Robinson, D.B.: Computer Calculation of Natural Gas Compressibility Factors Using the Standing and Katz Correlations. Inst. Pet. Tech. (1974), IP-74-008.Dukler, A.E.: Gas-Liquid Flow in Pipelines. American Gas Association, Am. Pet. Inst., Vol. 1: Research Results (May, 1969).Dunbar, C.E.: Determination of Proper Type Gas Separator. Reda Tech. Bulletin.Eaton, B.A. et al: The prediction of Flow patterns, Liquid Holdup and Pressure Losses Occurring During Continuous Two-phase Flow in Horizontal Pipelines. Trans AIME (1966).Egan: MSc Thesis,University College, Cork (1984).Flanigan, O.: Two-Phase Gathering Systems. Oil and Gas Journal (March 1958).Furnival, S.R. and Baillie, J.M.: Successful Prediction of Condensate Wellbore Behaviour Using an EoS Generated From Black Oil Data. Offshore European Conference, Aberdeen, Sept. 1993: Paper SPE 26683.Gas Lift. Book 6 of the Vocational Training Series, from the Production Department, American Petroleum Institute.Glasø, O.: Generalized Pressure-Volume-Temperature Correlations, JPT, 785-795, May 1980.Gnielinski, V.: New Equations for Heat and Mass Transfer in Turbulent Pipe and Channel Flow, Int. Chem. Eng., 16, 359-368, 1976.Goode, P.A. and Thambynayagam, R.K.M.: Pressure Drawdown and Buildup Analysis for Horizontal Wells in Anistotropic Media, SPE Formation Evaluation, pp. 683-697, December 1987.Goode, P.A. and Wilkinson, D.J.: Inflow Performance of Partially Open Horizontal Wells, JPT, (August 1991), pp. 983-987. Also available as SPE 19341, presented at the SPE Eastern Regional Meeting, Morgantown, West Virginia, 24-27 October (1989).Goode, P.A. and Wilkinson, D.J.: SPE 23546, Supplement to SPE 19341, Inflow Performance of a Partially Open Horizontal Well, 1991.Gould, T.L., Tek, M.R. and Katz, D.L.: Two-Phase Flow Through Vertical, Inclined or Curved Pipe. JPT, August 1974.Gray: Appendix B, Vertical Flow Correlation - Gas Wells. API Users' Manual for API 14B, 2nd edition, API, Dallas, June 1977.Hasan, A.R. and Kabir, C.S.: Heat Transfer During Two-Phase Flow in Wellbores: Part 1 - Formation Temperature, SPE ATCE Dallas TX, Oct. 1991: paper SPE 22866.Hasan, A.R. and Kabir, C.S.: Heat Transfer During Two-Phase Flow in Wellbores: Part 2 - Wellbore Fluid Temperature, SPE ATCE Dallas TX, Oct. 1991: paper SPE 22948.Honarpour, M.; Koederitz, L. and Harvey, A.H.: Relative Permeability of Petroleum Reservoirs, CRC Press Inc., Boca Raton, Florida, (1986).Ippen, A.T.: The Influence of Viscosity on Centrifugal Pump Performance; Trans. A.S.M.E., Nov. 1964, pp. 823 - 848. EPS would also like to acknowledge the assistance of Reda Pumps in this implementation.Joshi, S.D.: Augmentation of Well Productivity with Slant and Horizontal Wells, JPT, (June 1988), pp. 729-739. Also available as SPE 15375, presented at the SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, New Orleans, 5-8 October (1986).Kleyweg. D. et al.: Gas-Lift Optimisation - Claymore Field. Offshore European Conference, 1983: Paper SPE 11885.Lasater, J.A.: Bubble-Point Pressure Correlation, Trans. AIME, 213, 379-381, 1958.Lee, A.L., Gonzalez, M.H. and Eakin, B.E.: The Viscosity of Natural Gases. J. Pet. Tech. 18 (1966), pp. 997-1000.Locke, S.: An Advanced Method For Predicting the Productivity Ratio of a Perforated Well, JPT, December 1981 and SPE 8804 , presented at the Fourth Symposium on Formation Damage Control of the Society of Petroleum Engineers of AIME, held in Bakersfield, California, January 28-29, 1980.Macary, S.M., El-Batanoney, M.H.: Derivation of PVT Correlations for the Gulf of Suez Crude Oils. Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute, Jan 1993.McCain, W.D. Jr.: Properties of Petroleum Fluids. 2nd edition, 1990.MacLeod Jr., O.H.: The Effects of Perforating Conditions on Well Performance, JPT, January 1983, pp. 31-39.Muskat, M. and McDowell, J.M.: The Effect on Well Productivity of Formation Penetration Beyond Perforated Casing, Trans. AIME (1950) 189 pp. 309-312.Oliemans, R.V.A., Pots, B.F.M. and Trompe, N.: Modelling of Annular Dispersed Two-Phase Flow in Vertical Pipes, Int. J. Multiphase Flow, 12, (5), 711-732 (1986).Petrosky, G.E. and Farshad, F.F.: Pressure-Volume-Temperature Correlations for Gulf of Mexico Crude Oils. 68th Annual Technical Conference, Houston, Oct. 1993: Paper SPE 26644.Pucknell, J.K. and Mason, J.N.E.: Predicting the Pressure Drop in a Cased-Hole Gravel Pack Completion, SPE 24984, prepared for presentation at the European Petroleum Conference held in Cannes, France 16-18, November 1992.Ramey, H.J.: Wellbore Heat Transmission. JPT, April 1962.Sagar, R., Doty, D.R., Schmdt, Z.: Predicting Temperature Profiles in a Flowing Well. San Antonio, Oct. 1989: paper SPE 19702. Also SPEPE, Nov. 1991.Salama, M.M. and Venkatesh V.S.: Evaluation of API RP14E Erosional Velocity Limitations for Offshore Gas Wells. OTC 4485, Houston, May 1983.Sinai, Y.L.: A Charnock Based Estimate of Interfacial Resistance and Roughness for Internal, Fully-Developed Stratified Two-Phase Horizontal Flow, Int. J. Multiphase Flow, 9, (1), 13-19 (1983).Standing, M.B.: Volumetric and Phase Behaviour of Oil Field Hydrocarbon Systems. SPE Monograph series, 1977.Streltsova-Adams, T.D.: Pressure Drawdown in a Well With Limited Flow Entry, SPE 7486, October 1978.Sutton, R.P. and Farshad, F.F.: Evaluation of Empirically Derived PVT Properties for Gulf of Mexico Crude Oils. 59th annual technical conference, Houston, Sept. 1984: Paper SPE 13172.Sylvester, N.D.: A Mechanistic model for Two-Phase Vertical Slug Flow in Pipes, J. Energy Resources Tech., 109, 206-213 (1987).Taitel, Y., Barnea, D. and Dukler, A.: Modelling Flow Pattern Transitions for Steady Upward Gas-Liquid Flow in Tubes, A.. I. Ch. E. J., 26, 345-354 (1980).Tariq S.M. and Karakas, M.: Semi-Analytical Productivity Models for Perforated Completions, SPEPE February 1991 and SPE 18247.Tjolsen, C.B.; Scheie, A. and Damsleth, E.: A Study of the Correlation between Relative Permeability, Air Permeability and Depositional Environment on the Core-Plug Scale, paper presented at the Second European Core Analysis Symposium, London, May 1991. Published in Advances in Core Evaluation II, Reservoir Appraisal, P.F. Worthington and D. Longeron (eds.), Gordon and Breach, London (1991), 169-183.Turner, R.G.: Analysis and Prediction of Minimum Flow Rate for the Continuous Removal of Liquids from Gas Wells. JPT, Nov. 1969, Trans. AIME 246.Vasquez, M. and Beggs, H.D.: Correlations for Fluid Physical Property Prediction, JPT, 968-970, June 1980.Wallis, G.B.: One Dimensional Two-Phase Flow, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1969.Walsh, D.M. and Leung, K.H.: Post-Fracturing Gas Well Test. Analysis Using Buildup Type Curves, SPEFE, September 1991, pp. 393-400. Also available as paper SPE 19253.Wilkinson, D.J.: New Results for Pressure Transient Behavior of Hydraulically Fractured Wells, SPE 18950, prepared for presentation at the SPE Joint Rocky Mountain Regional/Low Permeability Reservoirs Symposium and Exhibition held in Denver, Colorado, March 6-8, 1989.Willhite, G.P.: Over-all Heat Transfer Coefficients in Steam Hot Water Injection Wells. JPT, May 1967.Yaxley, L.M.: New Stabilized Inflow Equations for Rectangular and Wedge-Shaped Systems, SPE 17082, 1987.。

AAPG Memoir 65 entitled Salt Tectonics: A Global Perspectiveedited by P. A. Jackson, D. G. Roberts, and S. Snelson, published by the American Association of Petroleum Geologists, ISBN 0-89181-344-6, 454 pages, 1995Review by Christopher G. KendallThis is another incredible book from AAPG representing a great epitaph to a declining oil industry, highlighting the tragedy that while this industry declines so our science is improving. Not only that but the quality of the publications of that describe this science is also improving, including the quality of the print, and the reproduction of maps and diagrams.This exuberant book was assembled and edited by Martin Jackson, David Roberts, and Sig Snelson. It compiles the results of the Hedberg International Research Conference held in Bath, in United Kingdom where some 46 papers were presented and 36 posters were displayed.The editors decided to choose 21 papers out of the 80 papers presented at the conference to highlight the key advances in salt tectonics since the publication of AAPG Memoir 8, edited by Braunstein and O'Brien in 1968. The overview chapters by Jackson enthusiastically describe the evolution of salt tectonics from the first description of the salt diapir, Ran El Melh, from the Safarian Atlas Mountains of Algeria, tracing the our understanding of salt diapirism from the effects of buoyancy versus orogeny to the discovery of salt glaciers and concepts of downbuilding and differential loading. Jackson recognizes the fluid era in which the effects of density contrast were expressed by the more dense overburden depressing the less dense fluid salt layer, leading to the discovery of peripheral sinks, internal structures and diapir families, the effect of salt acting as thermal convectors, the recognition of salt rollers and subtle traps, and flow law for damp salt, and mushroom diapirs. He discusses how, in about 1989, it was recognized that diapirs stop rising when a brittle roof becomes too thick. He also explain how rules for balancing sections were developed to include the effects of salt flats, rafts, reactive diapirism responding to tectonic differential loading, cryptic thin skinned extension, the influence of sedimentation rate on geometry of the past diapirs and extrusions, the effect of overburden thickness on active diapirs, fault segmented sheets, counter regional fault systems, subsiding diapirs, extensional turtle structures and anticlines and mock turtle structures. This paper sets the style for the rest of the volume which is subdivided into seven sections. In the first there are 4 chapters on balancing and modeling, with topics ranging from the geometric rules of section balancing for salt structures, evolution of salt-related structures in compressional settings, molding of salt diapirs by stiff overburden, and salt glacier and composite sediment-salt glacier models for the emplacement and early burial of allochthonous salt sheets. All these papers are illustrated by very fine line drawings, some seismic sections and some computerized topographic scanned images. These papers are followed by those which deal with regional distribution of salt and their origins. There are papers on the Gulf of Mexico, the North Sea, the South Atlantic Margin, the Red Sea, southern Spain and the Circum-Arctic (specifically dealing with the Arctic of Canada and the Barents Sea).The intent of the book was to provide as complete a series of classic examples with a wide range of structural styles involving salt.This book will be "the handbook" for salt tectonics for some time to come. It is a professional work, beautifully illustrated with a mixture of seismic lines, drawings and interpretations, and some wonderful computer graphics, many of which are in color. It really is a great book.The editors and the authors have been able to create this comprehensive text because they had access to industrial data in the form of really excellent seismic lines plus the beautiful palenspastic reconstructions drawn by a number of the authors, making this book second tonone. Anybody involved with exploration in an area associated with salt will find this volume helpful to them. Graduate students involved in studying structure will find this text a must in the understanding of salt tectonics, while the general geological reader will also find it an extremely interesting book to dip into, examining diagrams and the illustrations, and just to read. I particularly recommend you to Jackson's introductive retrospection of salt tectonics but all the other papers are of extremely high quality. The illustrations add to make this a really great book and AAPG and the editors of this volume should be congratulated. The book does not cover all the salt basins of the world but has concentrated on regions where high quality geological data is available and has been interpreted on a sophisticated level.From a petroleum perspective it would be nice have something on the salt basins of Algeria, the Arabian Gulf, and the south Caspian area, but this is a minor quibble when one is confronted with the quality of thepapers that were written. The intent of the authors and editors really was to provide an overview of the state of the art of salt tectonics rather than an atlas of salt basins. This latter might be a future objective for this group of salt tectonicists.Copyright © 2009 SEPM (Society for Sedimentary Geology) All Rights Reserved。

2021年六月四级第二套听力原文Part I Listening Comprehension (20 minutes)Section ADirections: In this section, you will hear three news reports. At the end of each news report, you will hear two or three questions. Both the news report and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the center.News Report 1Good morning and welcome to the morning news. Today's headline is about the new security measures at the airport. Recently, the airport has implemented stricter security procedures to ensure the safety of passengers. The new measures include requiring all passengers to remove their shoes, hats, and jackets, and to place them onto a conveyor belt for screening. In addition, all electronic devices, including laptops and tablets, must be taken out of bags and placed in separate containers for scanning. These measuresare expected to cause longer wait times at security checkpoints, so passengers are advised to arrive at least two hours before their flight.Questions 1 and 2 are based on the news report you have just heard.Question 1: What must passengers do with theirelectronic devices at the airport?Question 2: What is the purpose of the new securitymeasures at the airport?News Report 2According to a new study, there is a relationship between the hours we spend working each week and thelikelihood of experiencing symptoms of depression. Researchers found that people who work more than 55 hours per week are at a higher risk of depression than those who work the standard 40 hours. The study also found that people who work irregular shifts or long hours that include night work are more likely to experience depressive symptoms. Employees in high-pressure jobs, such as those requiring constant decision-making, may also be more susceptible to depression. The study's authors suggest that employers should consider implementing policies to reduce work hours and provide better support for employees' mental health.Questions 3 and 4 are based on the news report you have just heard.Question 3: What did the researchers find in their study?Question 4: What does the study's authors suggest employers should do?News Report 3Good evening and welcome to the local news. A new survey shows that more people are choosing to rent their homes instead of buying. The survey found that the number ofrenters has increased by 10% in the last year alone. Renting is becoming more attractive to people due to rising property prices and the difficulties in getting a mortgage. The survey also found that people are choosing to rent because of the flexibility it offers. Renting allows people to move more easily and to avoid the costs associated with buying and owning a property. In addition, many people find that rentingallows them to live in areas they otherwise couldn't afford.Questions 5 and 6 are based on the news report you have just heard.Question 5: Why are more people choosing to rent their homes?Question 6: What is one advantage of renting over buying a home?Section BDirections: In this section, you will hear two long conversations. At the end of each conversation, you will hear four questions. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the center.Conversation 1M: Hi there, can I help you with something today?W: Yes, I'm interested in buying a new laptop.M: Sure thing. What kind of work will you be using it for?W: I'll mainly be using it for work, so I need something reliable and fast.M: OK, well we have a wide selection of laptops here. What's your budget?W: I'd like to spend less than $800.M: Great, well for that price range, I'd recommend this model here. It's got an i5 processor and 8 GB of RAM, so it's fast and runs most programs without any issues. It also has a solid-state drive for quick boot-up times and 256 GB ofstorage which should be enough for most people. And it'swithin your budget at $699.Questions 7 to 10 are based on the conversation you have just heard.Question 7: What is the woman interested in buying?Question 8: What will the woman be mainly using the laptop for?Question 9: What is the model the man recommends?Question 10: How much does the recommended model cost?Conversation 2W: Hey, you went to that conference last week, right?M: Yeah, it was pretty interesting.W: What was the highlight for you?M: I'd say it was the keynote speaker. He spoke about the future of technology and it was really eye-opening.W: What did he say?M: Well, he talked about how technology is advancing so quickly that we're going to see some major changes in the next decade. For example, he said that self-driving cars will become more widespread and that they'll drastically reduce traffic accidents. He also talked about how artificial intelligence will revolutionize the workplace, and that many jobs will be automated in the near future.W: That sounds interesting. Did he say anything about the impact of these changes on society?M: Yeah, he did. He spoke about how we need to prepare for the changes and that it's important to invest in education and training to ensure that people are equipped with the skills they need to succeed in the future. He also talked about how society as a whole needs to think about the ethical implications of new technologies.Questions 11 to 14 are based on the conversation you have just heard.Question 11: What was the highlight of the conferencefor the man?Question 12: What did the keynote speaker say aboutself-driving cars?Question 13: What did the keynote speaker say about the impact of new technologies on society?Question 14: What did the keynote speaker suggest society should invest in?Section CDirections: In this section, you will hear three passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear three or four questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the center.Passage 1Good morning, everyone. Today, I'm going to talk about the benefits of exercise. As we all know, exercise is important for our physical health, but did you know that it can also be beneficial for our mental health? Regular exercise has been shown to reduce symptoms of depression and anxiety and to improve our overall mood. Exercise can also help us manage stress and improve our sleep quality. In addition, it can also improve cognitive function, including our memory and attention span.Questions 15 to 17 are based on the passage you havejust heard.Question 15: What is the speaker's topic?Question 16: What can regular exercise do for our mental health?Question 17: What can exercise help us improve?Passage 2Good evening, everyone. In this talk, I'm going to discuss the ethics of animal testing. Animal testing has been a controversial issue for decades, with many arguing thatit's cruel and unnecessary. While animal testing has led to important medical breakthroughs, such as the development of vaccines, it still raises ethical questions about the treatment of animals. Those against animal testing argue that animals have consciousness and that it's wrong to use them as mere objects for experimentation. Others argue that while animals do have rights, these rights come second to the needs of humans. This is because the benefits of animal testingcan't be ignored. However, as technology advances, there may be alternatives to animal testing, and it's up to society to decide which methods are the most ethical.Questions 18 to 20 are based on the passage you havejust heard.Question 18: What is the issue the speaker is discussing?Question 19: What is one of the arguments against animal testing?Question 20: What is the speaker's suggestion about the future of animal testing?Passage 3Hello, and welcome to today's weather report. A cold front is moving in from the north, bringing with it colder temperatures and some chances of rain. Temperatures are expected to drop to around freezing tonight, so be sure to bundle up if you are going out. Over the weekend, the weather will remain cold, but the chances of rain will decrease. Temperatures will remain around 10 degrees Celsius during theday and around 0 degrees Celsius at night. However, there is a chance of snow next Tuesday, so be sure to keep an eye on the forecast.Questions 21 to 23 are based on the passage you have just heard.Question 21: What is the weather going to be like tonight?Question 22: How will the weather be over the weekend?Question 23: What should we watch out for next Tuesday?。

Good morning/afternoon/evening! It is a great pleasure to be here today at this esteemed conference, surrounded by such a diverse and knowledgeable group of professionals. I am honored to have the opportunity to share my insights and experiences with you all. My topic for today’s discussion is "Embracing Innovation in the Digital Age: Challenges and Opportunities."Firstly, let me express my gratitude to the organizing committee for inviting me to be a part of this distinguished gathering. The theme of this conference, "Navigating the Future: Embracing Change and Innovation," is particularly relevant in today's rapidly evolvingdigital landscape. As we all know, the world is changing at an unprecedented pace, and it is crucial for us to adapt and embrace these changes to stay competitive and relevant.In my presentation, I will address three main points: the challenges of innovation in the digital age, the opportunities that arise from these challenges, and the strategies we can adopt to harness these opportunities effectively.Challenges of Innovation in the Digital AgeThe first challenge we face is the rapid pace of technological advancement. In the past few decades, we have seen an exponential growth in the development of new technologies, such as artificial intelligence, machine learning, blockchain, and the Internet of Things. This pace of change can be overwhelming, and it often leaves businesses and individuals struggling to keep up.Another challenge is the digital divide. While some regions and communities have access to the latest technologies, others are still lagging behind. This creates a significant gap in terms of opportunities and resources, which can exacerbate social and economic inequalities.Furthermore, the digital age has brought about new ethical and security concerns. With the increasing amount of data being collected and shared, ensuring privacy and data security has become a major concern for both individuals and organizations.Opportunities Arising from These ChallengesDespite these challenges, the digital age also presents numerous opportunities. For one, it has democratized access to information and knowledge. With the internet, anyone can learn and access information that was previously only available to a select few. This has the potential to bridge the knowledge gap and empower individuals to improve their lives and communities.The digital age has also facilitated global connectivity. Businesses can now operate on a global scale, reaching customers and partners across the world. This has opened up new markets and opportunities for growth.Moreover, the digital transformation has led to the emergence of new industries and job roles. From digital marketing to cybersecurity, the demand for skilled professionals in the tech sector is skyrocketing. This presents a unique opportunity for individuals to upskill and retrain, ensuring their future employability.Strategies to Harness the OpportunitiesTo fully capitalize on the opportunities presented by the digital age, we need to adopt a proactive approach. Here are some strategies that I believe can help us navigate this new landscape effectively:1. Invest in Education and Training: Continuous learning is key to staying relevant in the digital age. Governments, businesses, and educational institutions should collaborate to provide accessible and affordable training programs that equip individuals with the necessary skills for the future.2. Promote Digital Literacy: Ensuring that everyone has the basicdigital skills is crucial. This includes not only technical skills but also critical thinking and problem-solving abilities. Digital literacy should be integrated into the curriculum from a young age.3. Foster Innovation Ecosystems: Creating an environment that encourages innovation and risk-taking is essential. Governments and private sectororganizations should collaborate to provide funding, mentorship, and support for startups and entrepreneurs.4. Embrace Collaboration: Innovation often thrives in diverse and collaborative environments. Encouraging cross-industry partnerships and international collaborations can lead to groundbreaking ideas and solutions.5. Prioritize Ethical Considerations: As we embrace technology, we must also prioritize ethical considerations. This includes ensuring data privacy, promoting transparency, and addressing the potential negative impacts of technology on society.In conclusion, the digital age presents us with both challenges and opportunities. It is up to us to navigate this landscape wisely and harness the potential of these opportunities for the betterment of society. By investing in education, fostering innovation, andprioritizing ethical considerations, we can ensure that the digital age benefits everyone.Thank you for your attention. I am now open to any questions you may have, and I look forward to engaging in a meaningful discussion with all of you.Thank you.。

The ways in which the sciences are and are not value freeThe paper below is a later version.Presented at the conference, "Value Free Science:Illusion or Ideal?", Center for Ethics and Values in theSciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham,February 23-25, 2001.Impartiality, Neutrality and Autonomy:Three components of the idea that science is value free 1Hugh LaceySwarthmore Collegehlacey1@ABSTRACT:The idea that science is value free is well captured by the thesis: Impartiality, neutrality and autonomy are, and ought to be, constitutive values of scientific practices and institutions. Impartiality affirms that theories should be accepted in the light of criteria that are completely distinct from commitments with respect to social and moral values; neutrality that applications of established theories do not especially favor any particular value perspectives; and autonomy that social and moral values have no place within scientific methodology, and that science should be conducted free from interference derived from value commitments. These three ideas, and their presuppositions, are analyzed in detail - enabling us to explore fruitfully the ways in which the sciences are and are not value free.I identify three distinct ideas: impartiality, neutrality and autonomy, that are in play in discussions of science as value free. Provisionally, (1) science is i mpartial: there is no proper role for moral, social and any other non-cognitive values, alongside the cognitive (or epistemic) values, in the appraisal of the soundness of scientific understanding;2(2) well conceived scientific practices produce a body of understanding that is neutral among contending value-outlooks: neither cognitively nor in practical applications do they favor the claims or interests of any particular value-outlooks; and (3) its research practices are autonomous: their methodologies should be unencumbered by political, religious and other non-cognitive interests. I submit that the view of science as value free, that is integral to the self-understanding of the modern scientific tradition, is well captured by the thesis:Impartiality, neutrality and autonomy are, and ought to be, constitutive values ofscientific practices and institutions.Note that this thesis is consistent with moral and social values playing many roles within science, e.g., in motivating research interests, in setting the direction and determining the legitimation of applied research and applications, even in making judgements about the adequacy of available evidence and assessing the testimony of scientific experts — and in many other ways.3Proponent of science as value free have never denied this. They hold only that at its core — where theories are accepted and research directions of basic research are set —moral and social values (unlike cognitive values) have no proper role, and that no viable value-outlook should be especially favored by the advances of scientific understanding. Too often, science is value free has been dismissed by pointing to the legitimate play of values at the periphery rather than at the core of scientific practices.According to my thesis science as value free represents a value of scientific practices and institutions. A particular account of the nature of values underlies my argument, which unfortunately there is no time to develop in this paper. I believe that the discussion of science as value free has too often been marred by uncritical endorsement of non-cognitive accounts of values. I have proposed an account in which values of various kinds (personal, moral, social, etc) are held together in value-outlooks.4These are complex sets of values, rendered coherent, ordered and rationally worthy of being held by certain presuppositions about human nature (and nature) and about what is possible. Since suppositions about human nature and the possibilities of things are open to some measure of empirical investigation, it follows that the outcomes of scientific inquiry may contribute to support or undermine the rational credentials of a value-outlook. I will say that a value-outlook is viable provided that its presuppositions are consistent with soundly accepted scientific knowledge. Viability is a necessary condition for the rational adoption of a value-outlook. Not all value-outlooks that have been entertained are viable, but the advance of science leaves open a range of viable ones. That is why it is coherent to see scientific developments as having played a significant rational role in (e.g.) the demise of the value-outlook of medieval Christendom, while also maintaining that science is impotent to adjudicate the great moral disputes of our age5— and it perhaps explains why normally no incoherence is recognized when the modern scientific tradition endorses both science as value free and the primacy of progress.6* * * * * * *I will now explicate the three component values of science as value free and their respective presuppositions.7ImpartialityImpartiality presupposes that cognitive and other kinds of values can be distinguished.8 It designates the value that:A theory is accepted of a domain of phenomena if and only if it manifests the cognitivevalues to a suitably high degree (according to the highest standards) in the light ofavailable empirical data; and a theory is rejected if and only if a theory inconsistent withit has been soundly accepted.Accordingly there is no proper role for moral and social values (and the practical uses to which theories may be put, and by whom) in the judgments involved in choosing theories; and neither is there a role for religious dogma, political ideology or metaphysical commitments.A theory may be soundly accepted in accord with impartiality and at the same time be an object of social value (e.g., be useful on application for particular social interests). Impartiality forbids a role to social values only in grounding the judgments involved in choosing theories, not in making judgments of their significance for a value-outlook on application, where a theory is significant for a value-outlook if it may be applied so as to further the manifestation of (some) component values of the outlook, without (on balance) undermining the outlook as a whole.9Impartiality is presented as a value of scientific practices and institutions, even though it is well known that in actual fact numerous theories have been accepted in violation of it. Nevertheless, such lapses (of great importance to "anti-science" criticisms) are consistent with impartiality being genuinely held as a value in scientific practices provided that there are plenty of exemplary cases that do manifest it highly, that attempts are made to identify the mechanisms that can cause violations of it and steps are taken to prevent their actual operation,10and that the trajectory of scientific practices points to more and a greater variety of theories being accepted in accord with it.NeutralityNeutrality presupposes first impartiality, second that scientific theories do not entail that any particular values should be adopted, and third that the body of soundly accepted scientific theories leaves open a range of viable value-outlooks.Then, neutrality designates the value that:Each viable value-outlook is such that there are soundly accepted theories that can besignificant to some extent for it;and applications of soundly accepted scientific theories can be made evenhandedly, sothat overall there is no viable value-outlook for which the body of theories should havefavored significance.Neutrality expresses that scientific research provides, as it were, a menu of soundly accepted theories, among the items of which (in principle) each value-outlook may have its tastes for application (good or bad) catered to.11Note that the significance of a theory for a value-outlook cannot be inferred from its being acceptance in accordance with impartiality.Like impartiality, neutrality can be maintained as a value of scientific practices despite actual lapses, provided that conditions parallel to those I listed for impartiality are in place. Within a wide range of mainstream scientific practices the trajectory is indeed in the direction of the higher manifestation of impartiality — and it is easy to point to exemplary cases of theories that are soundly accepted of certain domains. But, in the case of those same practices, a similar trajectory towards higher manifestation of neutrality is not discernible with the same ease; and, within them, I do not think this can be reversed. Rather than being applied in an evenhanded way, the body of soundly accepted theories of modern science tends overwhelmingly (and often unabashedly) to be significant for value-outlooks that nourish technological progress and "modernization" [that contain what I call below "the modern valuation of control"], so that the actual practices of application provide little evidence that the theories of modern science can be significant to a comparable extent for many other viable valueoutlooks that contest modernization, especially in its current form of "globalization".12AutonomyAutonomy presupposes first that there is a reasonably clear distinction between basic and applied scientific research, and second that the practices of basic research aim to bring about higher and more widespread manifestations of impartiality and neutrality.13I express it as the value that:The characteristics of scientific methodology, the adoption of strategies in research, andthe priorities and direction of basic research are set, without "outside" interference, bycognitive interests alone.I think that it is clear that the manifestation of this value to a reasonable extent in scientific practices rests upon a further presupposition that may best be stated as a complementary value:Basic research practices are conducted in autonomous communities, supported byautonomous institutions — i.e., communities and institutions whose priorities are setwithout interference from "outside" interests, powers and values (political, religious,economic, personal); consequently the priorities and directions of basic research are setso that the interest, to heighten the manifestation of the cognitive values in the theoriesof the domains under investigation and to extend research into domains not currentlywithin their compass, is not subordinated to other interests.14* * * * * * *Now I will offer my appraisal of the components of the thesis with which I have expressed science as value free.I begin with autonomy. Can the ideal that basic scientific research effectively be "driven by" thecognitive values alone, play a regulatory role in scientific practice? Autonomy might appear to followfrom accepting that the aim of science is "to gain understanding of the world — (or) to generate andconsolidate theories manifesting the cognitive values highly, and progressively of more and moredomains of phenomena and possibilities".Appealing to the aim of science stated like this, however, can provide no direction to scientific investigation, since it does not — for any domain — point to the relevant kinds of empirical data toprocure and the appropriate descriptive categories to use for making observational reports, and to thekinds of theories to posit so that they can be put them into contact with the data. In order to pursue suchan aim the "right" kinds of data and theories must be brought into contact, so much so that (logically)antecedent to engaging in inquiry (what I call) a strategy must be adopted;15where the key roles of astrategy are to constrain the kinds of theories that may be entertained — and thus to specify the kinds ofpossibilities that may be explored in the course of the inquiry — and to select the kinds of empirical datathat acceptable theories should fit. Without adopting a strategy we cannot address coherently andsystematically: what questions to pose, what puzzles to resolve, what classes of possibilities to attempt toidentify, what kinds of explanations to explore, what phenomena to observe, measure and experimentupon, what procedures to use.My notion of strategy has affinities with Hacking's notion of "form of knowledge." In each case questions can beasked about its adoption as a frame for research (logically) prior to the appraisal of any theories developed within theframe. Hacking says:By a form of a branch of scientific knowledge I mean a structured set of declarative sentences that stand forpossibilities, that is, sentences that can be true or false, together with techniques for finding out which ones a re true and which In my language, a strategy identifies the general features of the range of possibilities that may be explored within aresearch program; and, if its claims become hegemonic in a society, that will set limits to the "thinkable" in thatsociety, so that questions that make sense in one frame may be unintelligible in another.17Hacking's and myemphases are different: he emphasizes how a form of knowledge may be altered by radically new inventions),18Ithat commitment to conflicting value-outlooks may lead to the adoption of different strategies, though Hacking issensitive to the contingency of the adoption of a form of knowledge and the role of social factors in explaining theiradoption.Most of modern science tends to adopt virtually exclusively various forms of (what I call)materialist strategies:19theories are constrained to those that represent phenomena and encapsulatepossibilities (the abstracted possibilities of things) in terms of their being generated (or generable) fromunderlying structure, process, interaction and law, abstracting from any place they may have in relationto social arrangements, human lives and experience, from any link with value, and from whatever social,human and ecological possibilities that may also be open to them.20Reciprocally, empirical data areselected, not only to meet the condition of intersubjectivity, but also so that their descriptive categories aregenerally quantitative, applicable in virtue of measurement, instrumental and experimental operations.What are the rational grounds on which the modern scientific community has adopted materialist strategies almost exclusively? [Why, looking ahead, has it been more interested in exploring the possibilities of agro-biotechnology than of agroecology?] I pose this question because I am assuming that in order to explore important classes of possibilities the use of materialist strategies is indispensable, that there is in general no good reason to think that the possibilities of things are exhausted by their abstracted possibilities, and that there are forms of systematic empirical inquiry in which "non-abstracted" possibilities can be investigated. I will — perhaps contentiously — call any form of systematic empirical inquiry a form of "science."21One common answer to the question draws upon materialist metaphysics:22Science aims to understand the world as it is — the material world — independently of its relations with human beings. Materialist strategies (and only them) provide categories appropriate to this aim. A second answer can be drawn from Kuhn:23Not the nature of "the material world," but the current historically-contingent stage of our research practices, demands the adoption of materialist strategies. Adopted in the first place (rationally) because they helped to solve puzzles that had remained anomalous under old strategies, they have continued to predominate because of their fruitfulness: under them the range of theories that have become soundly accepted is large and variegated and it continues to become more so. That is sufficient for the current privilege of materialist strategies for, according to Kuhn, the historical practice of science proceeds best when the scientific community pursues a strategy single-mindedly until its potential is exhausted.Having criticized these two answers elsewhere.24I will proceed directly to a third, the one I take to be most compelling.25This answer draws (rationally and not just causally) from a mutually reinforcing interaction between research conducted under materialist strategies and commitment to a set of widely held and embodied social values —modern technological and economic values, the values of "modernization"; I have in mind particularly (what I call) the modern valuation of control, the distinctive role played by control of natural objects and the way in which it is valued in modernity: its scope, centrality in daily life, relative insubordination to other social values, and the deep sense that control is the characteristic human stance towards natural objects, so that the expansion of technologies into more and more spheres of life and into becoming the means for the solution of more and more problems is highly valued.[Passage taken from Lacey (forthcoming).]It is often assumed that any value-outlook rationally held today must include certain values connected with the control of natural objects and with technological advance, values that together constitute (what I call) the modern valuation of control. Thus, e.g., those who cite the value of organic farming over that of the agricultural practices spawned by recent innovations of genetic engineering tend to be dismissed on the ground that they run counter to the trajectory being shaped by the modern valuation of control ("globalization"). But that dismissal does not follow from currently soundly accepted scientific knowledge. That avalue-outlook rests uneasily with the current centers of power implies neither that adopting it violates canons of rationality, nor that it is rendered non-viable.Let me dwell a little on the modern valuation of control and, at the same time, illustrate my contention that value-outlooks gain rational acceptability in light of presuppositions that serve to make them coherent. Valuing control of natural objects is, of course, not unique to modernity. The distinctness of the way in which control is valued in modernity lies in the extent of its reach and its mode of relationship with other values. Here is my attempt to identify the central components of the modern valuation of control:• The instrumental value of natural objects is dissociated from other forms of value; then the exercise of control over natural objects tends to become per se a social value not systematically and generally subordinated to other social values.• Expanding, and embodying widely in institutions, human capabilities to control natural objects, and especially creating new scientifically-informed technologies rank high as values.• Cont rol is the characteristic human stance to adopt towards natural objects. Exercising control and, above all, engaging in the research and development projects in which our powers to control are expanded, are essential and primary ways in which we express ourselves as modern human beings, in which are cultivated such personal "virtues" as creativity, inventiveness, initiative, boldness in the face of risks, autonomy, rationality and practicality. Thus, an environment which is shaped so that many and varied possibilities of control may be routinely actualized in the course of daily life, one dominated by technological objects, is highly valued, as is the spread of technology into more and more domains of life and the definition of problems in terms of their having a technological solution.• The values that may be manifested in social arrangements are, to a significant extent, subordinate to the value of implementing novel technologies, which has prima facie legitimacy so that a measure of social disruption may be tolerated for its sake, and whose side-effects may be addressed largely as "second thoughts".The modern valuation of control is highly manifested throughout the world today and endorsed by predominant economic and political institutions. It is capable of much higher manifestation — in more societies, in more domains of life; and we may expect that the trend to its higher manifestation will continue for quite some time. Its expression, then, in the behavior of increasing numbers of people is readily explained. But the rational grounds for adopting the modern valuation of control, as distinct from the factors that explain its widespread adoption, rest (I suggest) in large part on the following diverse set of presuppositions:a) Ongoing technological innovation serves the well-being of human beings in general since it is indispensable for "development", and thus a prerequisite for a just (or free) society.b) Technological solutions can be found for virtually all problems, including those occasioned by the "side-effects" of technological implementations.c) The modern valuation of control represents a set of universal values, part of any rationally legitimated value-outlook today, whose further manifestation is de facto desired by virtually all who come into contact with its products.d) There are no significant possibilities for value-outlooks, that do not contain the modern valuation of control, to be actualized in the foreseeable future.e) Natural objects are not per se objects-of-value, and they only become such in virtue of their places in human practices; per se they can be completely understood in terms of the categories of underlying structure, process, interaction and law abstracted from any value they may derive from their place in human practices. When we exercise control over objects, informed by sound understanding articulated with these categories, we are dealing with objects as they are in themselves as part of "the material world" — and that is why projects shaped by the modern valuation of control have been so spectacularly successful.I cannot make the argument here, but I think it is quite clear that if a number of these presuppositions cannot be sustained, then the rational grounds for endorsing the modern valuation of control dissolve — regardless of its widespread embodiment in contemporary social structures and the support it gains from the current hegemony of "globalization".Why have materialist strategies been granted almost exclusive privilege? — There is a mutually reinforcing interaction between research conducted under materialist strategies and commitment to the modern valuation of control.26Generalizing from the third answer, we get the following picture: When one adopts a strategy, in effect one lays out in the most general terms the kinds of phenomena and possibilities chosen to be investigated; in the case of materialist strategies, the abstracted possibilities of things (which, in certain spaces, may exhaust the possibilities of phenomena). Subject to fruitfulness being a necessary condition for continuing rationally to adopt a strategy, there is nothing logically improper about social values strongly influencing which strategy one adopts. Then, the acceptability of theories generated under the strategies is judged in the light of the data and the cognitive values.27The important thing is to allow no role to social values where only cognitive values have proper play.The different roles of social and cognitive values reflect different (logical) moments in the appraisal of theories. At one moment, when we ask: "What characteristics must theories have to be provisionally considered?", we are asking about what strategy to adopt, and here social values may play a key role. Logically such a role for social values is played out first. Then (logically) at the second moment, when we ask: "Which (if any) of the theories, that fit the strategy's constraints, are to be accepted?", the play of the cognitive values alone, in the light of the empirical data and other accepted theories, should be decisive. Values (non-cognitive) have no legitimate role at the second moment acting alongside the cognitive values; but at the first moment a strategy may be adopted because of mutually reinforcing relations it has with values, for theories developed under it are expected, on application, to have significance.28Whereas a strategy lays out the general features of the possibilities desired to be encapsulated, a soundly accepted theory encapsulates what the genuine possibilities are.Since the grounds for adopting (and continuing to adopt) a strategy must appeal to factors distinct from and additional to the cognitive values, it follows that autonomy cannot (even in principle) be well embodied.On the picture I am offering the success of research conducted under materialist strategies contributes to the social consolidation of the modern valuation of control and to its influence in more and more spheres of life, and this may largely explain why it is relatively little contested. But the picture is consistent with there being a multiplicity of fruitful strategies, each one in interaction with a particular value-outlook, each one exploring a different class of possibilities, and each one generating theories that become soundly accepted; so that each one enables the reliable encapsulation of possibilities of interest for its related value-outlook.Consider agricultural research. Under one strategy — a materialist one — the possibilities for agricultural practice opened up by research on genetically modified organisms are explored; underanother — a non-materialist one — the possibilities of improving organic farming methods bydeveloping "traditional" local agroecological methods — where, quoting one of its foremost exponents:The agroecological approach regards farm systems as the fundamental units of study, and in th maximizing production of a particular system, but rather with optimizing the agroecosystem asa whole. This approach shifts the emphasis in agricultural research … toward complexinteractions among and between people, crops, soil and livestock.29The issues raised here are complex. On the one hand, if both strategies were to turn out to befruitful it would seem to be an unambiguous gain, enabling us to identify additional classes ofpossibilities, thus furthering the aim of gaining understanding of "the natural world." On the other hand, it maynot be possible to actualize together two genuine possibilities: implementing agricultural methods thatuse genetically modified organisms on a large scale tends to undermine the conditions for agroecology,and vice versa.30So, while the picture permits a multiplicity of strategies, it also helps to explain whythere may be pressures against actually multiplying them. These pressures do not negate that theoriesaccepted under the dominant strategies may be accepted in accord with impartiality (as an ever increasingnumber of theories accepted under materialist strategies are), but they put barriers in the path of movementtowards neutrality, and lead to the temptation to treat accord with the dominant strategy as effectively anothercognitive value and (e.g.), in violation of impartiality, to reject claims made by agroecologists simply becausethey arise under competing strategies.The issues become even more complex. It does not seem to be coherent even to aim to explore wholeheartedly (let alone attempt to implement simultaneously)all the possibilities of "the natural world".Since research requires material and social conditions, and the conditions needed for research underdifferent strategies may be mutually incompatible, even to conduct research exploring one class ofpossibilities may preclude probing exploration of another class. Research practices can be deeplyincompatible, so much so that they cannot be conducted together with integrity in the same socialenvironment.31Then, the values highly manifested and embodied in society can be decisive inaccounting for what kinds of systematic empirical understanding actually comes to be gained, and thus tobe available for application.Today there is an imbalance between the resources devoted to research in the genetic engineeringof plants for agricultural use on the one hand and research in agroecology on the other. While this does notundermine the positive discoveries obtained from the former, it makes it less likely that we will come togain adequate knowledge pertaining to agroecological alternatives and to the ecological "side-effects" ofusing genetically modified organisms and especially their social ones (e.g., that seeds become ever morefully turned into commodities)32. Theories that inform successful implementations of genetic engineeringin agriculture may be accepted in accordance with impartiality, and so we may expect that the。

TEXT B Life Stories At the end of the nineteenth century，a rising interest in Native American customs and an increasing desire tounderstand Native American culture prompted ethnologists to begin recording the life stories of Native American.Ethnologistshad a distinct reason for wanting to hear the stories：they were after linguistic or anthropological data that would supplementtheir own field observations，and they believed that the personal stories，even of a single individual，could increase theirunderstanding of the cultures that they had been observing from without.In addition， many ethnologists at the turn of thecentury believed that Native American manners and customs were rapidly disappearing，and that it was important topreserve for posterity as much information as could be adequately recorded before the cultures disappeared forever.

CHAPTER THIRTEENE-MARKETING COMMUNICAITON: PAID MEDIAMultiple Choice1.Regarding paid media, which of the following is most true?a.The term is synonymous with advertising.b.The line between physical and digital platforms is blurring.c.The medium is not the appliance.d.All of the above are true.(d; Moderate; LO1; Analytic Skills)2.Which media do global consumers trust the most?a.Earned media, followed by owned media, then paid mediab.Paid media, followed by owned media, then earned mediac.Owned media, followed by earned media, then paid mediad.Consumers trust all media equally(a; Easy; LO1; Analytic Skills)3.Examples of paid media online could include all of the following except _______.a.positive blog mentionsb.videoc.hyperlinksd.an animated car driving through a page(a; Moderate; LO2; Analytic Skills)4.Considering rich media ads, what is one downside of highly interactive display ads?a.They do not always fully engage usersb.Click-through to the advertiser’s website can be a complex processc.The used.They require more bandwidth(a; Easy; LO1; Analytic Skills)5.Online gaming creates special opportunities for ________.a.classified adsb.contextual advertisingc.product placementd.sponsored content(c; Moderate; LO2; Analytic Skills)6.Which of the following is true regarding advertising on the internet?a.Many of the best ideas have already been developed.b.Anything goes, and novelty gains attention.c.Owned media claims the lion’s share of revenue.d.Consumer trust levels have never been lower.(a; Easy; LO1; Analytic Skills)7.Paid social media advertising is used for ________.a.building awarenessb.creating positive brand attributesc.collecting valuable customer informationd.All of the above.(d; Moderate; LO3; Use of Information Technology)8.Social networks contain all of the following unique aspects except ________.a.e-mail recordsb.personal profilec.data graphd.interpersonal interaction data(a; Difficult; LO3; Analytic Skills)9.If an advertiser wants to narrowly target their well-defined markets through Facebook,what information do they need?a.Social performance metricsb.Paid media recordspetitor profilesd.Member profiles(d; Moderate; LO5; Analytic Skills)10.Considering social ads, a “social graph” is synonymous with _______.a.business connectionsb.friend connectionsc.online popularityd.number of “likes.”(b; Easy; LO4; Analytic Skills)11.How does a promoted tweet differ from a promoted trend?a.Promoted tweets are ads that appear as content at the top of a Twitter search page.b.Promoted trends are ads placed on hot topics in Twitter that are presented near auser’s timeline.c.Both a and b.d.There is no difference.(c; Moderate; LO4; Use of Information Technology)12.The best target audience for LinkedIn advertising is ________.a.widely dispersed millennialsb.narrowly targeted business professionalsc.Retirees over age 50d.High-achieving teenagers(b; Easy; LO4; Analytic Skills)13.When considering mobile advertising, how do marketers view the mobile phone?a.As marketing’s dilemma to be solvedb.As advertising’s wastelandc.As advertising’s promised landd.As marketing’s ultimate search tool(c; Moderate; LO5; Use of Information Technology)14.Mobile advertising can be viewed as an evolving area with ______.a.great promiseb.many unanswered questionsc.Both a and b.d.None of the above.(c; Easy; LO5; Analytic Skills)15.How does paid inclusion occur?a.Text or display ads appear on the SERP.b.An organization pays to be included in a searchable directory.c.Sites receive guaranteed indexing in a search engine.d.Google AdWords creates a customized, searchable ad.(c; Difficult; LO5; Use of Information Technology)16.When considering which media to buy, marketers consider all of the following except________ .a.Media investmentb.Media characteristicsc.Media effectivenessd.Media efficiency(a; Easy; LO7; Analytic Skills)17.In making an internet buy, what is the formula for calculating CPM?a.Ad cost multiplied by audience size, divided by 1,000b.Audience size divided by ad cost, multiplied by 1,000c.Ad cost divided by audience size, multiplied by 1,000d.Ad cost multiplied by audience size, multiplied by 1,000(c; Moderate; LO7; Analytic Skills)18.________ refers to reaching and gaining the attention of a target market at the lowest costpossible.a.Elicitingb.Effectivenessc.Efficiencyd.None of the above(c; Easy; LO5; Analytic Skills)20.To measure efficiency before buying advertising space, media buyers sometimes considera metric known as ________ to determine the most efficient buy.a.SERPb.SEOc.CPMd.AOL(c; Moderate; LO7; Analytic Skills)True/False21.The terms paid media and advertising should not be used interchangeably because they arenot the same thing.a.Trueb.False(b; Easy; LO1; Analytic Skills)munications media are tools used for disseminating information, such as onlinevideo, e-mail, or newspaper.a.Trueb.False(a; Easy; LO1; Analytic Skills)23.Globally, consumers trust paid media the most, followed by owned media.a.Trueb.False(b; Moderate; LO1; Analytic Skills)24.Considering formats for paid media, it is fair to say that anything goes.a.Trueb.False(a; Moderate; LO1; Analytic Skills)25.Sponsored content is now illegal, due to the required separation of editorial andadvertising content.a.Trueb.False(b; Moderate; LO2; Analytic Skills)26.Reviewing the statistics for social media advertising, one can conclude that it is apromising and fast-growing media channel.a.Trueb.False(a; Easy; LO3; Analytic Skills)27.Although smartphones and tablets have high penetration, mobile internet usage isunlikely to ever surpass computer usage.a.Trueb.False(b; moderate; LO5;Use of Information Technology)28.Keyword advertising prompts text or display ads to appear on the SERP.a.Trueb.False(a; Easy; LO5; Use of Internet Technology)29.When deciding which media to buy, consumers’ level of trust in each medium is relativelyunimportant; it is more about effectiveness.a.Trueb.False(b; Moderate; LO2; Analytic Skills)30.It is possible for an internet buy to be effective, but not efficient.a.Trueb.False(a; Easy; LO7)31.The best paid media performance metrics closely match the campaign’s objectives.a.Trueb.False(a; Moderate; LO7; Analytic Skills)32.When viewed as a direct-response medium, display ads are relatively ineffective.c.Trued.False(a; Easy; LO7; Analytic Skills)Essay Questions33.Describe the history and development of internet advertising.•Began in the United States with the first series of banner ads on on October 27, 1994•Early AT&T ads received an amazing 30 percent click-through rate•U.S. online advertising reached $1 billion in 1998, grew quickly to $8.2 billion in 2000, and continued to grow to $31 billion in 2011. In 2016, that number hadclimbed to $73 billion.•Most advertisers realize that the internet is an important medium for reaching their target markets, especially retailers(Moderate; LO1; Use of Information Technology)34.Discuss the level of trust consumers place in media, and how that trust helps or hinders e-marketers.•Globally, consumers trust earned media the most, followed by owned media, and then paid media•The most trusted digital media include branded websites, opt-in e-mails, coupons (owned media), and recommendations from like-minded people and socialnetwork contacts (earned media)•Several studies place most paid media at the bottom of the trust scale•Even though a majority of consumers love to hate advertising, they usually recognize that someone has to pay for free content in the media(Difficult; LO1; Analytic Skills)35.List and describe several paid media formats advertisers can use in a campaign.•Display ads•Rich media ads•Contextual advertising•E-mail advertising•Text link ads•Sponsored content•Classified ads•Product placement•Paid media on Facebook•LinkedIn advertising•Advertising in Second Life•Paid media in online videos(Moderate; LO2; Use of Information Technology)36.Describe the differences between paid search, keyword advertising, and paid inclusion.•Paid search occurs when an advertiser pays a search engine a fee for directory submission, inclusion in a search engine index, or to display its ad when users typein particular keywords•Keyword advertising at search engine sites prompts sponsored text or display ads to appear on the SERP•Paid inclusion occurs when sites receive guaranteed indexing in a search engine(Moderate; LO5; Analytic Skills)37.When consider online advertising efficiency, marketers often evaluate vendor optionsusing a metric called cost per thousand (CPM). How is the metric calculated?•Cost per thousand = (Cost / Audience Size) x 1000.(Moderate; LO5; Analytic Skills)38.How can advertisers know whether they have made an effective advertising buy?They can utilize the following paid media performance metrics:•Website page views and registrations measure the number viewing the pages and number registering at the site•Click-Through Rate (CTR) measures the number of clicks as percent of total impressions•Volume and origin of site traffic measures the number of visitors coming from different sources, such as Google or referring sites•Lead generation measures the number of people who are potential buyers•New account acquisition or opportunities measures the number of new accounts or likely accounts•Search prominence and site preference measures ranking on search engine results pages based on keyword searches•Incremental sales measures the number of additional sales•Return on investment (ROI) measures tactic profit/investment•Incidence of content downloads measures number of users downloading white papers, and other content•Transactions and/or subscriptions measures number of users purchasing or subscribing•Brand awareness or reputation as measured by survey or blog sentiment analysis•Requests for information measures number requesting•Engagement with Web content utilizes various measures, such as incoming e-mail or content download/upload•Increased knowledge of customers as measured by database information increase•Media impressions measures number of users exposed to a medium where ad or other communication is presented•Redemption rates measures number redeeming coupons or other offers (Moderate; LO5; Analytic Skills)。

高中英语真题:2015高考英语信息匹配类、阅读理解四月自练（6）答案【由安徽省合肥市2014高考模拟题改编】阅读下列短文, 从给的四个选项 (A、B、C和D) 中, 选出最佳选项。

When I decided to quit my job as a wedding photographer, I w as in my late twenties, fresh from my divorce from Bob who h ad left me empty and confused. I decided to leave the and tra vel. I had no savings, plus more than $5,000 in debt. What I di d have were two sponsored tasks as a travel photographer- a nd with that along, I thought, it would be easy.My first experience was a road trip from Toronto to , paid for b y a car delivery service. Other trips followed and then I started a travel blog (博客). It was intended to be my calling card for assignment trave l photography. Yet even with my blog and past experience, e mail after email I sent to publications, trying to get work, went unanswered. When they did get in touch, editors told me that I had no chance of making a career with travel photography. While I struggled to get on the path that I wanted, and as I ex panded my blog to help get me there, I found myself wearing the hat of a full-time blogger.Luckily, I got in at the right time. It was 2010，and the travel industry was just starting to turn its attention to bloggers. As I never could have predicted, my blogging-not my photography-did take me around the world successfully. At first，I thought it was for personal reasons, but I realized later that it was for free marketing for my blogging.Within two years, I was being asked to speak at travel bloggin g conferences, which helped me to raise a network of friends around the world. Even more meaningful, however, was when I saw that my travels were also helping other people. My blog and social media followers saw that I chased my dreams and told me over and over again how they needed that kind of ex ample, which was absent in their lives elsewhere.51 After the author quit her job, she decided to ______.A. divorce her husbandB. be a wedding photographerC. pay off all her debtD. go travelling abroad2. What can we learn about the author from the 2nd paragrap h?A. She paid money to a car delivery agency for a road trip.B. She realised his dream of becoming a travel photographer.C. She got a job as an editor in a publishing house.D. She finally became a professional blogger unintentionally.3. The author believed her success mainly resulted from ____ __.A. her personal reasonsB. her photographing skillsC. free marketing for bloggingD. booming of travel industry4. What did the author think of her two years' work?A. Inspiring.B. Appealing.C. Interesting.D. Challenging.【参考答案】1—4、DDCA[由上海高考卷改编]Phil White has just returned from an 18,000mile, aroundthew orld bicycle trip. White had two reasons for making this epic jo urney. First of all, he wanted to use the trip to raise money forcharity, which he did. He raised ￡70,000 for the British charit y, Oxfam. White's second reason for making the trip was to br eak the world record and become the fastest person to cycle around the world. He is still waiting to find out if he has broken the record or not.White set off from , in , on 19th June 2004 and was back 29 9 days later. He spent more than 1,300 hours in the saddle (车座) and destroyed four sets of tyres and three bike chains. He had the adventure of his life crossing Europe, the Middle Eas t, India, Asia, Australia, New Zealand and the . Amazingly, he did all of this with absolutely no support team. No jeep carryin g food, water and medicine. No doctor. Nothing! Just a bike a nd a very, very long road.The journey was lonely and desperate at times. He also ha d to fight his way across deserts, through jungles and over mo untains. He cycled through heavy rains and temperatures of u p to 45 degrees, all to help people in need. There were other dangers along the road. In , he was chased by armed robbers and was lucky to escape with his life and the little money he had. The worst thing that happened to him was having to cycl e into a headwind on a road that crosses the south of . For 1, 000 kilometres he battled against the wind that was constantlypushing him. This part of the trip was slow, hard work and de pressing, but he made it in the end. Now Mr. White is back and intends to write a book about his adventures.1. When Phil White returned from his trip, he ________.A. broke the world recordB. collected money for Oxf amC. destroyed several bikesD. travelled about 1,300 hours2. What does the word “epic” in Paragraph 1 most probably m ean?A. Very slow but exciting.B. Very long and difficult.C. Very smooth but tiring.D. Very lonely and depres sing.3. During his journey around the world, Phil White ________.A. fought heroically against robbers inB. experienced the extremes of heat and coldC. managed to ride against the wind inD. had a team of people who travelled with him4. Which of the following words can best describe Phil White?A. Imaginative.B. Patriotic.C. Modest.D. Determined.【要点综述】本文讲述了Phil White进行环球自行车旅行的原因及艰难历程。

vocabulary work11.objections2.accuracy3.wrote up4.duplicate5.guidelines6.As such7.hypothesis8.eliminate9.Overall 10.ensure 11.visual 12.investigate 13.intended 14.obstacle 15.thorough 16.relevence21.significance2.precise3.a variety of4.date5.approved6.enhances7.preferable8.on the job9.taken on 10.tendency 11.emphasis 12.investigate 13.makes up 14.regulation31.The bids for the bridge construction have all been offered and they are now under the consideration of a special committee under the city government.2.This research is thought to be very important in that it confirms the relationship between cancer and smoking3.Ancient Greek astronomer Ptolemy believed that the earth was the center of the universe.This hypothesis was proved untrue by copernicus about 1400 years later.4.Country life is preferable to Michael.5.People are sometimes wrongfully put in prison.It is suggested that necessary measures should be taken to ensure that it won't happen again.41.lives up to2.live on3.has lived through4.live by5.live for6.will live out7.has been living on8.live with9.got over 10.got down 11.got round 12.got across 13.is getting along 14.get by 15.haven't got round 16.get round 17.getting down to 18.get through 19.get along 20.was getting at 21.get by 22.get throug 23.get over­Cloze1.order2.contained3.on4.presented5.easy6.conclusion7.with8.idea9.section 10.main 11.deal 12.one 13.rather 14.sutdy 15.reached 16.relevant 17.dislikes 18.convincing 19.in 20.it 21 need 22.on 23.piece 24.requires 25.instance 26.out 27.appropriate 28.such 29.throughout­Error correction1.serve--serve as2.prove--disprove3.for--/4.elect--select5.them--it6.demand--need7.arrive--arrive at8.enlightening--enlightened9.just--just as 10.that--ifTranslation1.When the task you are facing seems too great，it may be helpful to break it down into certain smaller and easier tasks.2.If you don't object.I want to duplicate the data related to our experiment.3.Miss Smith has just returned from Boston after a conference, and the boss immediately made her write up a report to him.4.John is unwilling to give up his medical ethics. As such, he will lose a lot of money.5.The marketing investigation team spent a whole day evaluating its guidelines every 6 months. Reading Practice1.a2.d3.d4.a5.b6.a7.cvocabulary work11.ratio2.franklye to his way4.polishing5.gracious6.cheered up7.index8.knows his way round9.germ 10.is preoccupied 11.sink in 12.outlet 13.anyhow panions 15.broaden 16.chaos21.senior2.insame3.at present4.assimilate5.perspectives6.has set his sight for7.soar8.actual9.get over 10.chaos 11.cheer her up 12.made the best of it 13.a coward e to my way31.what with the rain and with the bad hotel,we didn't enjoy our holidays very much.2.that is a great loss to her ,but i don't think it has sunk in to her.3.the duke lost the battle ;to top it off,nearly all his followers ,including those who were thought to be most loyal,left him.4.we may be behind now,but no doubt we will win in the end.5.as for us ,we hace no objection to the convening of the conference ,but we suggest it be put off ot a later date.41.being picked on2.had picked up3.picked at4.pick at5.pick out6.pick up7.pick out8.be picked up9.pick out 10.put away 11.was put forward 12.put up 13.be put down 14.has put out 15.put out 16.put up wotth 17.put up 18.put aside 19.puts up 20.put on 21.put across 22.put down 23.put out 24.put up 25.were put apart­Cloze1.of2.who3.honor4.on5.had6.people7.school8.right9.wonder 10.about 11.out 12.see 13.right 14.give 15.but 16.couble 17.love 18.not 19.question 20.and 21. where 22.through 23.from 24.I 25.second 26.one 27.time 28.for 29.specialize 30.prepare 31.going­Error correction1.resulting--bearing2.on--in3.than--/4.but--than5.which--by which6.although--while7.situation--realms8.have--having9.old--older 10.with --ofTranslationThat year, kate's life is awful. She was stuck in a meaningless job with no friends around her. To top it off, word came that the ship on which John had been working met a storm and foundered. For a while, she cheered up when she heard that there were some survivors on the beach. But soon it was proved that John had died. At this news, she was appalled, and would not get over the fact that such a thing would come John's way. In spite of everything, she still tried to take an a ctive attitude toward life even though she had to face these adversities. it's no wonder that she achieved success in her later life.Reading practice1.d2.c3.b4.a5.c6.b7.b8.dvocabulary work11.assurance2.exquisite3.pondered4.dedicated5.if any6.to date7.quest8.likelihood9.assigned 10.quantity 11.premature 12.candidates 13.peer 14.mission 15.Adolescent 16.in a position21.pondered2.assurance3.is crying out for4.quest5.to date6.not in a positon to7.an extraordinary8.dedicated 9.remote tely 11.detected 12.appropriate 13.probability 14.so as to31.What do you think of the likelhood that he will agree to your terms?2.His appearance has changed so much that you minght well not recongnize him.3.Because of the premature birth,their twins had to stay in the hospital for a month before they could go home.4.When completely built,the extensive palace and its grounds are larger than the city itself.5.I always keep fruit in the fridge so as to prevent the insects from getting at it.41.carried off2.carried ..back3.be carried out4.carried on5.carried on6.carried away7.was carried off8.carrying ...through9.have been carried down 10.carried ..through 11.carry forward 12.work out 13.work ..in 14.worked up 15.'ve been working away 16.worked out 17.works at 18.is working up 19.are...working on 20.had worked out 21.work off 22.worked inCloze1.in2.discoveries3.already4.like5.because6.ignore7.not8.for9.message 10.which 11.instead 12.both 13.such 14.maturity 15.from 16.likely 17.other 18.that 19.but 20.likelihood 21.solutions 22.growth 23.possible 24.depends.Error corrention1.from--between2.implication--implies3.nearest--the nearest4.more--less5.Upon--At6.they--whether they7.it--them8.alike--similar9.create--creating 10.from--/Translation1.His optimistic attitude toward life often infects his team fellows and creates a positive atmosphere in the team.2.The company is crying out for a large sum of money in equipment renovations and is not in a position to expand at present.3.His wife told him about their difficult condition and wanted him to ponder how many choices were left for them.(or...ponder on the probabilities left for them).4.The food, music and decorations that she has picked out for the reception imply her noble5.In the future, you may well have just fen chances of travelling abroad, if any, so thought you should strive for this chance.Reading practice1.c2.c3.b4.d5.a6.d7.a8.d4Vocabulary Work11.doubtful2.out of the question3.forging4.frowns5.beyond the reach of6.surged up7.scorn8.supervising 9.reality 10.crude 11.mood 12.vivid 13.Aside from 14.on errands15.clear of16.nothing less than21.ignorance2.denounced3.revied her4.conviction5.supervise6.posed7.furious8.referred to9.mocked 10.sufficient 11.Aside from 12.on earth 13.fit into 14.doubtful31.The lady from an aristocratic family felt contempt for anyone who was of lower social status.2.The boys had no money,so the idea of going to the movies was out of the question.3.I am doubtful about her sincerity this time because of her lack of loyalty in the past.4.Abraham Lincoln was in the full conviction that the Union must be preserved,even at the cost of civil war.5.I can't figure out why my college-age son has no hunger for knowledge.41.call in2.call up3.call on4.call off5.called on6.called forth7.call for8.called down9.lie up 10.lies over 11.lies behind 12.lie ahead of 13.lying downcloze1.behaviour2.But3.that4.said5.answered6.like7.wayugh9.of 10.within 11.on12.killing13.doubted 14.of 15.thought 16.were 17.any 18.in 19.would 20.for 21.that 22.forge 23.read 24.wonderError correction1.shameless--ashamed2.possible--as possible3.That--it5.even--even though6.lonely--alone7.improving--improved8.old--old enough9.and--but10.mere--merelyReading practice1.b2.a3.b4.d5.b6.c7.a8.b5Vocabulary Work11.incidence2.contemporary3.when it comes to4.paradox5.gradual6.for that matter7.in terms of8.can't help but9.mobilize 10.were overcomeponents 12.reform 13.resist 14.mass media 15.arrangement 16.seemingly21.was brought about2.liability3.plot4.environment5.can't help but6.asset7.incidenceponent9.passive 10.took great pains 11.popular12.assessed 13.the other way round 14.overcome31.In terms of exposing children to American history,Washinton,D.C. is a good choice for a family vacation.2.Despite the fact that the Internet is very popular recently,the daily newspaper is still society's most important medium.3.professor Major made students take pains to find a solution to a problem themselves rather than told thme how to solve it.4.The Johnsons were seemingly unaware why the Democratic Party resisted the reform.5.She is working full time training parents ti raise their children while hiring a babysitter to care for her own two-year0old son,but she fails to see this paradox.41.talked to2.talk to3.be talk out of4.talk over5.talking round6.Talking of7.talked of 8.being talked down to 9.talk me into 10.talk of11.heard about 12.hear out 13.heard from 14.been heard of 15.hear ofcloze1.having2.on3.by4.wiht5.live6.increase7.whether8.for9.shortages 10.for11.for 12.enough 13.for 14.something 15.that 16.who 17.satified18.Not 19.are 20.while 21.parts 22.toError correction1.maintain--maintaining2.cut--cut for3.symbolic--symbol4.how--however5.total--totally6.too--/7.a satisfactory--an unsatisfactory8.pay--paid9.to--for10.and--butTranslation1.At first, I planned to prepare for the biology examination first and then did my thesis, but later I decided to do them the other way round.2.In terms of the prediction of earthquakes, what scientists can do is very little while the city-plotting designer can do something when it comes to reducing the loss brought about by the earthquake.3.The whole national forces him to be mobilized for the salvage during the flood last summer.4.Regarding her passive attitude toward lift, she couldn't give any support for the reform of the administrative department.5.With her creative ideas and organizational ability, I don't think she is our burden but an asset to our committee.6Vocabulary Work11.hint2.selfish3.was summoned4.under obligation5.trivial6.at the expense ofy his hands onpromise9.ran up 10.good for 11.agony 12.scratch 13.offended 14.masterpiece 15.miracle16.genius21.prospective2.lofty3.In the eyes of4.forgive5.out of sorts6.had run up7.be good for8.In relation to9.was summoned 10.offended 11.endless 12.has ranked 13.lessened promise31.Needless to say that Mr.and Mrs. Marcus are overjoyed to learn that they will become grod parents in Mary.2.What if she doesn't forgive us for the error we committed?3.Though our finances are tight right now,we are under obligation to help out our orphaned niece.4.What a thrill it would be no visit the New York Metropolitan Museum of Art where masterpieces are in every room.5.It never occurs to Kevin that in his campaigh for mayor several local business leaders would run an ad in support of his rival.41.was cast out2.cast back3.cast over4.cast off5.cast up6.cast about round for7.cast off8.be cast down 9.thinking up 10.was thinking aloud 11.be thought of as 12.thought back 13.thought better of 14.think ahead 15.think about 16.thought about 17.thought outCloze1.never2.but3.him4.the5.himself6.when7.wrong8.sent9.what's 10.was 11.that 12.along 13.up 14.rudder 15.temper 16.for 17.instead 18.party 19.for 20.friends 21.his 22.swimming 23.all24.yet 25.light 26.punish 27.when 28.waited 29.where 30.wouldError Correction1.for --as2.as--as if3.how--that4.mose--/5.discovery--invention6.glories--honours7.his--its8.him--himself9.turn on--turn off10.have creaqted--would have createdTranslationOne night, an attempted murder took place in the community where Rogers lived. Nobody knew who had committed it, but the police suspected Rogers, because his history of violating the law and committing crimes could be checked in the country court. Besides, in the police's eyes, Rogers ranked as one of the most dangerous figures in the country, and must be carefully dealt with. So he was summoned to appear in court the next Friday. He had been out of employment for several months. Needless to say, he could not afford to ask for a lawyer, but he hoped that someone was willing to provide him with free legal consulting service through telephone, so that he could defend himself in court.7Vocabulary work11.die down2.licked3.shrewd4.choked5.In Brief6.for one7.a dispatch8.facilities9.publicity 10.earn a living 11.enterprise 12.agent 13.accusation 14.transport15.as far as16.rumor21.bound up with2.proportion3.elapsed4.first and last5.going through6.rescued7.substantialarre9.illegal 10.scheme 11.foresee 12.expand 13.slips 14.be caught in31.The sudden disappearance of their guide puzzled the tourists.2.He was a lively and interesting speaker,but his last remarks apparenty had no connection with the begining of his speech.3.The accusation against the candidate was that he broke his promises even before he was in office.4.She had intended to spend only one year studying in Germany,but four years elapsed before she returned home.5.The young entrepreneur was too shrewd to get involved in that risky business venture.41.played up2.played upon3.played off4.played down5.played at6.playing around7.played with8.play back 9.played out 10.was dying for 11.way dying off 12.died out 13.died down14.died away15.from diedCLoze1.residing2.uncle3.enough4.waste5.money6.as7.answer8.deep-freeze9.undertook10.until 11.defrost 12.when 13.which 14.his 15.in 16.left 17.more 18.rest19.paying20.to 21.but 22.next 23.only.Error Correction1.intentions --whose intentions2.himself--herself3.entitling--entitled4.only--only to5.Any--Every6.down--/7.was--were8.As--If9.Of--Upon10.baffling--baffledTranslation1.In brief, these lab facilities are too expensive. What's more, they may have been old-fashioned.2.When I got to know that the developing scheme that we had suggested did not go through, I was really disappointed.3.One they got the notification that the small plane disappeared, several rescue teams began to search the ground for wreckage.4.It is illegal to drive after becoming drunk, and a substantial fine and sentence can be given in many countries.5.Although the criticism that coach received after he declared to quit was quite severe at first,it died down several days later.8Vocabulary work11.controversial2.exterior3.think out4.tucked away5. bit by bit6.forecast7.sorrow8.decisive 9.Tragedy 10.formula 11.mode 12.headline 13.sober14.preaching15.minority 16.site21.came out2.clas h3.backed up4.is tucked away5.endeavor6.inevitable7.on the grounds that8.feel for 9.joint 10.exterior 11.slice 12.celebrates 13.fruitful 14.leaned heavily on31.The Federal Reserve Bank has forecasted that the economy is likely to grow by 3% this year.2.It is probable that Electronic books will start to replace paper ones in the near future.3.Rescue workers rushed to the site where the plane crashed.4.Unless I receive a satisfactory response from you within a month.I shall leave this matter in the hans fo my solicitor.5.It seen inevitable for them to discover the error when they check the account.41.feel like2.feel towards3.feel for4.feels like5.feel out6.feel for7.feel up to8.leaned over 9.leaned to 10.leans towards 11.leaning on 12.lean over 13.have leaned to14.lean onCLoze1.story2.on3.tryingst5.himself6.because7.which8.faced9.own 10.to 11.advance12. fate 13.back 14.one 15.takes 16.either 17.therefor es 19.Yet 20.like 21 underlyingError Correction1.make -take2.at -with3.inflexible -flexible4.effect -affect5.in dealing with -/dealing with6.accelerated -accelerating7.easy -difficult8.insofar-insofar as9.their -his10.which -in whichTranslationMany scientists believe that Mankind's greatest disaster - the destruction of the earth - will be inevitable if we don't change our mode of running our planet. But if we take some decisive action in this aspect, the prospect that we long for will appear before us. In other words, our future is in our own hand's to a great extent; our future is in fact the product of the joint decisions we make today. Needless to say, our present action will make certain prospect more likely to come true compared with some other prospects.Some scholars noticed that science fiction writers devoted their lives to showing what kind of future world would result from certain actions of human genius. They studied the excellent science fictions published in recent years, and got the conclusion that science fiction could reveal to us what would happen in the future and help us from a future world that we long for,What's interesting is that science fiction courses are offered in many colleges and universities on the grounds that science fiction is the bridge between science and art.9Vocabulary work11.submerged2.eased off3. enlarged4. burnt out5.make room for6.spit7.suck8.overdue9.at hand10.wreck11.vogue 12.rust 13.terror 14.digest 15.flash 16.turn back21.gets through2.but then3.transient4.at hand5.surrender6.pedestrian7. looked up to8.riddled with9.played a part 10.run out of time11.enlarge 12.vogue 13.optimist or a paragon 14.terror31.Overwork left him a wrech and his doctor ordered him to take a vacation.2.Ruth has every reason to think that her promotion is overdue.3.The heavy fog kept the plane from langding and it was how running out of fuel.4.Lst year's bad weather played a great part in the food prices which were pushed higher.5.Why don't you wait until traffic eases off.41.run out2.were run down3.running through4.is running out5.ran across6.run after7.run down8.are running out of9.ran away 10.be run away11.ran into 12.ran 13.run for 14.falling apart 15.fell away 16.fall back on17.am falling behind 18.falls for 19.falling in 20.fell off21.have fallen out22.fell out 23.has fallen throughCloze1.about2.going3.how4.what5.nothing6.Yet7.else8.spending9.too 10.off 11.on 12.do 13.More 14.less 15.like 16.thoughts 17.says 18.in19.if 20.failing 21.down 22.vision 23.claiming 24.sounds 25.far e 27.which 28.health 29.who 30 soError Corrention1.as -/2.attracting -distracting3.task-task in4.when-before5.them-it6.processions-processes7.nevertheless-instead8.and - yet9.Other -Another10.quick-quicklyTranslation1.James removed the books on the small stable to make room for the TV set.2.It is reported that the fire had burned out before firemen arrived there.3.Bob sat down and get ready to write. But twenty minutes later he had to give up the idea, for he could not find any inspiration.4.Plants in the desert don't need much rain because they can suck all the moisture they need from the earth.5.The company is seeking new ways of enlarging its market while its rival is trying to enlarge its market share.10Vocabulary Work11.explain away2.features3.in possession of4.resultant5.on the part of6.has it7.packaged8.introduction9.debate 10.feedback 11.imaginative 12.entities 13.glimpse 14.dispute 15.generous 16.evolve21.at close quarters2.nonetheless3.exhibited4.stirring up5.explain awayapitalize on7.fashion8.pereived9.readily 10.engross 11.think over 12.genuine 13.resemble ... so much erning31.It was a mistake on the part of Bruce to sign the agreement without reading it.2.We find it impossible to explain the mystery that the massive stones were brought here from hundreds of miles away.3.It is a common notion that people with red have a quich temper.4.The other boys were kept from being punished because if Fred's admission that he was to blame.5.In virtually every sport,possibly with the exception of women's gymnastics,the players are now bigger and stronger than before.41.move in2.were moving in on3.moving up4.are moving ahead5.move about6.be moved down7.had moved out8.move over9.has grown up 10.grew 11.grows up 12.grew from 13.growing away from 14.was grown over 15.has grown on 16.grew from 17.has grownn in 18.grow on 19.has grown upcloze1.doors2.but3.backgrounds4.waycation6.another7.As8.longer9.addition 10.ability 11.important 12.thus 13.get 14.as 15.for 16.student 17.with 18.knowing 19.yet 20.admission 21.alone 22.for 23.do 24.considered 25.taught 26.impossibleError Correction1.that -one2.now-then3.like -as4.that -when5.that -/6.having -being7.to -to be8.off- away9.was -were 10 specialized-reservedTranslationSome scientists believe that it is advisable to allow students to have contact with the important issues being debated in the field of science at the outset. But in fact teachers seldom mention the main controversial issues in the contemporary academic field even though they will teach them some scientific controversies in the past. This is concerned with the science teachers who are unwilling to introduce the current debates to students, for fear that students can't readily grasp the significance of the current academic debates if they don't first master the "fundamental knowledge."However things are different.College students are able to think over these controversies and understand what they are about by capitalizing on the knowledge they have acquired. Then what can college students learn from the current controversies concerned with the unknown world?First, it can stimulate their interest and attract their attention to watch those wise and imaginative scientists debating about the future world.Second, they will come to know that many important questions concerning our knowledge on nature are still a mystery. This will lead to the recognition of ignorance which will, in turn, urge them to make greater efforts in the scientific research.。