中国-China来历
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中文名
称:
中华人民共和国
英文名称:The People's Republic of China(P.R.C.)
简称:中国(China)
所属洲:亚洲
首都:北京
主要城
市:
北京,上海,深圳,广州,香港国庆日:10月1日
国歌:《义勇军进行曲》
国家代
码:
CHN
官方语
言:
汉语普通话
货币:人民币
时区:东8区
政治体
制:
人民代表大会制度
国家领袖:胡锦涛,吴邦国,温家宝
人口数量:13.45亿人(2009年)
人口密度:
138人/平方公里(2009
年)
主要民族:汉族、壮族、满族
主要宗教:佛教、道教、儒教
国土面积:约960万平方公里
水域率: 2.8%
GDP总计:49093亿美元(2009年)
人均GDP:3603美元(2009年)
国际电话区
号:
+86
国际域名缩
写:
.cn
道路通行:靠右行驶或靠右通行
CN::ISO 3166-2
美誉:
礼仪之邦、瓷器之国、
丝绸之国等
别称:
神州、中华、华夏、禹
域、中域等
目录
编辑本段新中国介绍国体和政体
意识形态,顺序被改为“工、农、士、商”)。
四颗小星环拱于大星之右,并各有一个角尖正对大星的中心点,象征中国共产党领导下的革命人民大团结和人民对党的拥护。
五角星用黄色是为了在红地上显出光明,黄色较白色明亮美丽,四颗小五角星各有一尖正对着大星的中心点,这是表示围绕着一个中心而团结,在形式上也显得紧凑美观。
其高与宽之比为2:3。
介绍中国来历的英文作文英文,The origin of China can be traced back thousands of years, with a rich history and cultural heritage. One of the earliest civilizations in the world, China has a fascinating story of development and evolution.The history of China dates back to ancient times, with evidence of human activity dating back to around 1.7million years ago. The earliest recorded dynasty in Chinese history is the Xia Dynasty, which is said to have ruled from around 2070 to 1600 BC. This was followed by the Shang Dynasty, which lasted from around 1600 to 1046 BC, and the Zhou Dynasty, which ruled from around 1046 to 256 BC. These early dynasties laid the foundation for Chinese civilization, establishing key cultural, political, and philosophical traditions that continue to influence China and the world today.One of the most important periods in Chinese history is the Qin Dynasty, which ruled from 221 to 206 BC. It wasduring this time that China was first unified under a single emperor, Qin Shi Huang, who is known for hisruthless but effective governance. The Qin Dynasty is also famous for the construction of the Great Wall of China, one of the most iconic symbols of China.Following the fall of the Qin Dynasty, China entered a period of disunity known as the Three Kingdoms period, followed by the Jin Dynasty and the Southern and Northern Dynasties. It was not until the Sui Dynasty in the 6th century AD that China was reunified under a single empire.The Tang Dynasty, which ruled from 618 to 907 AD, is often regarded as a golden age in Chinese history. It was a time of great prosperity and cultural flourishing, with advances in art, literature, and technology. The Tang Dynasty is also known for its cosmopolitan nature, with influences from Central Asia, India, and the Middle East shaping Chinese culture.The Song Dynasty, which ruled from 960 to 1279 AD, was another period of great cultural and technologicaladvancement. It was during this time that the Chinese invented printing, gunpowder, and the compass, innovations that would change the course of human history.The Yuan Dynasty, established by the Mongol leader Kublai Khan in 1271, marked the first time that China was ruled by a foreign power. Despite this, the Yuan Dynasty was a time of cultural exchange and development, with the Mongols adopting many aspects of Chinese culture and governance.The Ming Dynasty, which ruled from 1368 to 1644 AD, is known for its isolationist policies and the construction of the Forbidden City in Beijing. It was also a time of great maritime exploration, with Chinese admiral Zheng He leading voyages to Southeast Asia, India, and Africa.The Qing Dynasty, which ruled from 1644 to 1912 AD, was the last imperial dynasty of China. It was a time of great expansion, with the Qing Dynasty reaching its greatest territorial extent under the Qianlong Emperor in the 18th century. However, it was also a time of decline, withinternal strife and external pressures leading to the downfall of the dynasty and the establishment of the Republic of China in 1912.中文,中国的起源可以追溯到数千年前,拥有丰富的历史和文化遗产。
中国英文名称china的由来英语作文The English name for China, "China," holds a fascinating tale that intertwines the nation's rich history with its renowned craftsmanship. This unique nomenclature does not stem directly from the country's official name but rather from "Porcelain," a testament to the profound impact Chinese ceramics had on the world.In ancient times, China was known for its exquisite porcelain, a type of ceramic ware distinguished by its fine texture, translucence, and strength. This art form reached its pinnacle during the Tang (618-907 AD) and Song(960-1279 AD) dynasties, with kilns across the land producing pottery of unparalleled beauty. The term "china" or "fine china" was thus coined by Europeans to describe this superior ceramic ware, which they found utterly captivating and unlike anything produced in the West.The journey of porcelain from China to Europe began during the era of the Silk Road, an ancient network of trade routes connecting East and West. As merchants transported these delicate treasures across continents, they sparked awe and fascination wherever they went. European nobility and wealthy merchants eagerly sought after these ceramics, adorning their homes with vases, plates, and figurines from the mysterious Orient.The name "china" is believed to have evolved from the Arabic term "نيصلا"ني" ("Chin"), both referring to China. When Marco ("al-Sīn") or the Persian "چPolo returned from his legendary travels to the East in the late 13th century, he brought back tales of a land rich in culture and its extraordinary porcelain. As a result, the term "china" became synonymous with the country itself, reflecting not just the product but also the source of this prized craftsmanship.Furthermore, the specific type of porcelain highly prized in Europe was known as "celain" or "porcellana," derived from the Italian word for a cowrie shell due to its similar smoothness and sheen. Over time, the term fused with the name for the country, leading to "china" or "fine china" becoming thegeneric term for high-quality porcelain regardless of its origin.Today, the name "China" not only represents the country but also serves as a reminder of its historical contribution to art and global trade. It symbolizes the profound influence Chinese culture has exerted on the world, transcending borders through the delicate beauty of its porcelain. Thus, the English name "China" encapsulates not just geographical identity but also a rich legacy of artistry and cultural exchange, echoing the nation's long history and its enduring impact on human civilization.。
中国为何叫china(Why is China called China)Why is China called China?The western person China China, Chinese called China, this seemingly simple question is not answered, the origin of the name Public opinions are divergent., China and meaning is the more common argument is unable to agree on which is right, because Chinese porcelain is famous, and the porcelain is China, so Chinese is known as China and is this? In addition there are several common interpretation of Qin said, tea, silk, after saying, Miao said, this paper will reveal the origin of the word China for you, behind this simple name but contains thousands of years of world history and culture, it is used for the mighty name, that is to use blood one with totem, let us try to understand the history of our country image.China formally used the name "China" in 1912, but if it is to trace the origin of the name, it must be spoken more than 2000 years ago.According to research, the etymology of China originated from the tenth Century BC India epic "Mahabharata" and "Ramayana" appeared in Cina, the transliteration of Chinese, in subsequent years, China will continue to appear in a word all kinds of books, has become synonymous with the Chinese. Of course, for the word "China" appears the earliest time, the academic circles controversial, but certainly is not later than the late fifth Century BC, for now we China the name of the origin and meaning of it Public opinions are divergent. several common explanations, unable to agree on which is right, China said, Qin said, tea, silk, said by the way, said Miao said, theseinferences are lack of basis can be found, let us look at the issues one by one, look at the real meaning of the word China, is hidden in the discussion section in the bizarre."First look at porcelain," said the explanation is the most popular, and even in a large number of people have reached a consensus, and its theoretical basis seems reliable. As early as the Eastern Han Dynasty, the ancients built kilns in Jingdezhen and fired ceramics.To the Tang Dynasty, Jingdezhen produces a lot of fine white porcelain spread to overseas, because at that time Jingdezhen also called Changnan, with Chinese Changnan the porcelain and is famous in the world, so China, Changnan became synonymous with the China. The explanation seems logicalLook at Qin said, "according to the American Heritage Dictionary" interpretation, China is derived from the Qin Qin and Qin word, Westerners are known as chin, developed by China, the change of sense, not to mention the history of the Qin Tongyiliuguo component can not be ignored. The two versions of the truth, but from the time carefully, but are unable to explain the first seal, the above mentioned the latest word China also appears in the fifth Century BC, and outside of Jingdezhen porcelain occurred in the Tang Dynasty, the Qin Dynasty in 221 BC, much later than in time in fifth Century BC, and China tea exports also later than this time. Thus, the word "Cina" in Sanskrit in India is not derived from Chinese tea, Jingdezhen porcelain and Qin qin.Next, the silk said that, according to the records, in the fifthCentury BC, the Eastern Silk has become a favorite material of the upper class in greece,Therefore, some scholars believe that the word "China" originated from the silk "silk". As for the Hmong say, some scholars believe that China is likely to be the ancient Miao language. In ancient India called for Chinese Cina, and now, some words spread in Miao in Kyrgyzstan as the son, not only that, and China also has a homonym, meaning in the meaning of paddy township. Therefore, the word "China" probably originated from the ancient Miao language and was introduced into India.And Rice said, some scholars believe that the India Sanskrit China refers to the Chinese South japonica nation, and China is "japonica" transliteration, because in the eastern part of India province in southern Chinese japonica japonica national, national species named Cina (japonica) Yu Shiyin people in accordance with the japonica national language called them "japonica", namely china.Anyway, we can be sure that the China refers to a country in the east or a social group, but the specific name refers to at the time which is a region, which one group, what is the meaning of the existing theories are not convincing enough.In fact, the ancient Shang and Zhou China territory far today China vast territory, its influence is very limited, and in the east the vast land, in addition to those who are outside the Shang and Zhou, Zhou called Yi, Rong, Beidi and Nanman occupy a more extensive land in East Asia, so we when discuss the wordChina source, it can't take my eyes only China south farming nation, North East Asian nomads also exist the possibility of having the name of China.You know, the name of a country or a social group but there are two kinds of forms, or claiming he said, claiming to have justified, he also said there must be a reason, knowing this, look at the history of the integrated fortuitism section mentioned before, it was not necessary to get rid of the overthrow of fate. In history, the word China and the Diche Rong gradually, our distance is getting closer to the truth.Rong Diwei Chinese ancient northern nomads, the predecessor of the Huns in the Mongolian language, and is the same. Therefore, the ancient Dizheng Rong is a huge social group a group of Mongolian speaking on the grassland. In the vast grassland, the wolf is invincible creatures, they have incomparable wisdom, with firm and indomitable stamina, with perfect the team spirit of cooperation and fierce indomitable fighting groups, Rong Diren to wolf itself, as the wolf is the totem, even with the wolf as flag logo, named as the nation with the wolf. The wolf in Mongolian pronunciation as "the red", and the China are strikingly similar, so Westerners will naturally put these under the flag of the people called "red wolf, in effect, the" plus, Rongdi Western name China was born.Just to the wolf totem, and then to "the Mongolian red", then this is the transliteration of China, the process of reasoning, but instead it left, just reasoning, how is the link and Chinese, that is to say, China is on the Rongdi call, but now why become Westerners call for the whole of the China. Actually, the reasonis very simple,"The red" China is in 2000 years ago by the western world attention, because this nation has great influence on the western society, so that the Western understanding for the Asian countries focus on Rong de one, Rong Diye will become a Chinese external image, which mainly embodies the following three points.It is early Rongdi; only link the eastern and Western culture, the southern plains of Eastern Europe and Central Asia, East Asia steppe prairie without interval into one, forming a transverse stretching 2 thousand kilometers of the Eurasian steppe zone, also constitute a nomadic people as the main body of the ecological chain, and in this area the East is the Mongolia plateau, the Shang and Zhou dynasties in Chinese, living there nomadic Rongdi, the Central Plains of commodity and culture to the Mongolia grassland, and then spread to the west through Central Asia, but also to the goods and culture in the west to the East, and Rongdi so the Mongolia plateau is the only link to the East and the West exchanges, Western perceptions of Oriental is the first from the understanding of Rongdi began, therefore, Westerners know only Rongdi not Shang, Shang and Zhou also is Westerners are generally considered in Shang and Zhou Dynasties Part of it is the particularity of the terrain that makes Rong Di more famous in the west.The famed warrior Diyin; Rong, Rong Dihe in their first people dominate the northern grassland one thousand years or longer, with respect to the the Yellow River Valley farming nation, they are war advanced weapons and tactics of the owner, they havebrought people farming chariots, and with more nimble cavalry swept the Central Plains. National farming had to defend to study again, bring a strong learn from other's merits, in effect to the Yellow River Valley farming nation at the same time, Rongdi will never let go of their neighbors to the West. The Aryans and the descendants of Scythians, Rongdi will bring them the same shock, leaving the same war deeply imprinted, Aryan and the Scythians therefore always remember the Rongdi name, the helper for the "red flag wolf invincible, this is also the" Rongdi culture to the West and penetration of the source Head.Third; butterfly effect Rongdi infestation of the west, led to the unprecedented human migration to Disheng Rong known, around 1900 BC, Rongdi nationality horse suddenly appeared in the east of Shanxi Province, began a brutal expansion, to around 1500 BC, the invasion of Rongdi forced the Aryans migrated south. Contributed to its conquest to the subcontinent of India, to 1400 BC, Aryan arrived in northern India, the local indigenous peoples and conquer, conquer for the history and culture of India has great influence has never been, migrating from Central Asia to the Aryans, and they will know the name "Rongdi red the" to Central Asia outside, so the Aryans ruled India from the epic "Mahabharata" and "Ramayana" from oriental country "China", it can be concluded that Rong di.The Aryans left central Asia, new residents also came here, but for these people, quiet life did not last long, once again the ethnic migration began, the middle of the eighth Century BC, a living area forced Zhou Xuan Wang Rong, Rong people back to the scythians,Thus the Scythians had to go west oppression of southern Russia, the Scythians over the Caucasus and into Assyria north, and as its allies. The Egyptian war eventually destroyed the Assyrian empire. Rongdi forced the Scythians moved to the west, once again to the Central Asian and Eastern Europe brought great social unrest. The social structure and social civilization of the settled peoples have again been damaged by the nomadic people.In summary, Rong Diyi wolf totem, gallop on the grasslands, Central Asian countries inevitably doomed ushered in the name of its Langtou nomadic impact is the impact caused by human migration has brought many turmoil to the world, they were east west of the wolf's war, to cover with MI, they make many countries to perish, civilization was destroyed, the world population re distribution, thus a new nation was born, a new civilization from the beginning, it is the impact of "the red" story to the western world, let the "red the" name throughout the west, people will remember their name "the red" (China).No matter the oriental history in the next 2000 years in the event of a change in how, he is always China country in the western world, like the Russians will Chinese called the Khitan, Khitan people established the Liao, force strong, control of the Mongolia plateau and the surrounding area, and cavalry, to reason. Therefore, the Russians Chinese called Khitan and are still in use. Russians do not smell the East, there is a big song, only the smell of the East Khitan, the same, the West Asians do not know the East and the Shang Dynasty, only know that the East has "red"". In conclusion, it is concluded that China is a transliteration from Mongolian wolf.。
从哪个朝代开始使用“中国”这个名词
中国古代,“国”字的含义是“城”或“邦”。
“中国”就是“中央之城”或“中央之邦”。
古代文献记载中,“中国”一词有五种不同含义:一指京师,即首都;二指天子直接统治的王国;三指中原地区;四指国内、内地;五指诸夏(华夏)或汉族居住的地区和建立的国家。
从古代的汉朝开始,人们常把汉族建立的中原王朝称为“中国”,兄弟民族建立的中原王朝也自称为“中国”。
南北朝时期,南朝自称为“中国”,把北朝叫做“魏虏”;北朝也自称为“中国”,把南朝叫做“岛夷”。
辽与北宋,金与南宋,彼此都自称“中国”,都不承认对方为中国。
严格地说,古代“中国”是一个形容词,而不是一个专有名词。
中国古代各个王朝都没有把“中国”作为正式国名,各朝代都有自己的国号。
直到辛亥革命以后,才把“中国”作为“中华民国”的简称。
1949年,“中国”作为“中华人民共和国”的简称。
现在,世界上只有一个“中国”,就是中华人民共和国,首都在北京。
“中国”一名词的来历
我国古代,“国”字的含义是“城”或“邦"。
“中国”就是“中央之城”或“中央之邦”。
周代文献中,“中国”一词有五种不同含义: 一指京师,即首都;二指天子直接统治的王国;三指中原地区;四指国内、内地;五指诸夏或汉族居住的地区和建立的国家。
自汉代开始,人们常把汉族建立的中原王朝称为“中国”,兄弟民族建立的中原王朝也自称为“中国”。
南北朝时期,南朝自称为“中国”,把北朝叫做“魏虏”;北朝也自称为“中国”,把南朝叫做“岛夷”。
辽与北朱,金与南宋,彼此都自称“中国”,都不承认对方为中国。
严格地说,古代“中国”是一个形容词,而不是一个专有名词。
当然,历史上的“中国”不等于今天“中国”的范围。
我国古代各个王朝都没有把“中国”作为正式国名。
汉朝的国号是“汉”,唐朝的国号是“唐”,以后建立的王朝国号有宋、辽、金、元、明等,清政府与外国签订的条约。
上签署的国名是“大清”。
他们的国号都不叫“中国”。
直到辛亥革命以后,才把“中国”作为“中华民国”的简称。
全国解放后,我们也把“中国"作为“中华人民共和国”的简称。
现在,世界上只有一个“中国”,就是中华人民共和国,首都在北京。
中国简介——Beautiful China来源:中国旅游海外推广网()中国(China),又称中华,全名中华人民共和国。
地处亚洲东部,太平洋西岸。
北起漠河以北黑龙江主航道,南至南海曾母暗沙,长约5500公里;西起帕米尔高原,东至黑龙江、乌苏里江两江主航道汇合处,宽约5200公里。
领土面积约960万平方公里,仅次于俄罗斯和加拿大,是世界上第三大国。
陆地疆界长达2.28万公里,东邻朝鲜,北邻蒙古,东北邻俄罗斯,西北邻哈萨克斯坦、吉尔吉斯斯坦、塔吉克斯坦,西和西南与阿富汗、巴基斯坦、印度、尼泊尔、不丹等国家接壤,南与缅甸、老挝、越南相连。
东、东南部的大陆海岸线长1.8万余公里,海岸地势平坦,多优良港湾,且大部分为终年不冻港。
渤海(内海)、黄海、东海、南海自北向南环绕大陆边缘,领海宽度为12海里,海域面积473万平方公里。
与韩国、日本、菲律宾、印度尼西亚、马来西亚、文莱等邻国隔海相望。
中国是一个以华夏文明为主体、中华文化为基础,以汉族为主要民族的统一多民族国家,通用汉语。
中国疆域内的各个民族统称为中华民族,龙是中华民族的象征。
历史悠久的国度,迈着现代化的步伐前进。
这里有优美的自然风光和人文景观,有各色美食,还有热情好客的人民。
历史中国是世界四大文明古国之一,中华文明史源远流长,中华文明亦称华夏文明,是世界上最古老的文明之一,也是世界上持续时间最长的文明。
距今约5000年前,以中原地区为中心开始出现聚落组织进而成国家和朝代,后历经多次演变和朝代更迭,持续时间较长的朝代有夏、商、周、汉、晋、唐、宋、元、明、清等。
中国曾是世界上最强大的国家,经济文化科技世界瞩目。
中原王朝历史上不断与北方游牧民族交往、征战,众多民族融合成为中华民族。
19世纪初,清朝治下的中国开始走向衰落。
20世纪初辛亥革命后,中国的君主政体退出历史舞台,共和政体取而代之。
1949年中华人民共和国在北京成立,在中国大陆建立了人民代表大会制度的政体。
何为“中国”——从西方对China的概念建构谈起作者:陈波来源:《文化纵横》 2018年第3期陈波2006年甘阳在评论汪晖的《现代中国思想的兴起》时,认为汪晖是在回应西方汉学近来的后现代范式转向对“中国”的解构,因为它造成“中国本身存不存在这样一个问题”,而在西方后现代学界看来,“中国”只是人们建构的一个“名词”,“很容易被消解掉”。
[1]这是中国学界误读西方汉学中的China和中文概念“中国”之关系的典范。
甘阳在这里说的“中国”,都可以用英文China来置换;他在西方汉学中读出这样的意思,大概也是通过China这个符号工具。
那么,“China”在西方汉学早期发轫的结构性理据何在,所指为何?清末以来,中国学人竞相宣称“中国”即“China”背后的文化理性又是什么?这对我们探讨“如何思考中国”这一议题又有何启示?China与中国中心观的消解在读初中上英文课的时候,我学到一个至今都印象深刻的词叫China;对这个词,我很快就认可它和“中国”是同义的:最起码,我们的国名翻译里就有这个词。
在后来的岁月里,读书凡是遇到China的时候,都默认它所指的是“中国”,与我们所理解的“中国”是一回事。
但稍后在翻译英文著作的过程中,有时却颇费踌躇:它所指的究竟是我们理解的作为整体的中国,还是仅仅指中国的一部分?我并非第一个对此有疑惑的人。
早在1871 年,大清官员张德彝出使巴黎,就对China这个名字颇有不满和疑惑。
他在答法兰西访客问时提出:“中国自古迄今四千余年,从无此名(指China及其变体[2]),不知西人究何所奉而以是名呼之耶?”[3]俄文则把中国称为“契丹”。
有个笑话说:一名俄国人在北京营商多年。
有一天,他在街头溜达的时候遇到一位朋友。
这位朋友神色紧张地告诉他:“China和中国打起仗来了,你害怕吗?”他说:“我住在契丹,安全得很。
有什么可怕的呢?”笑话归笑话,但它却讲了一个深刻的道理:契丹、China和中国,并不是一回事,就如日文中所说的“支那”,我们坚决不认可一样。
china的形容词和简称
China的形容词:Chinese。
Chinese,英语单词,代表中国的,中国人,华人,中国人的,华人的,中国话,汉语,中文等等。
(开头字母要大写)。
扩展资料
Chinese 并不单单代表中国,China则是“中国”的意思。
因为这个单词既代表中国的,又可以代表中华的`。
所以“Chinese Taipei”,在中国大陆被称为中国台北,在台湾,港澳及海外华人地区被称为中华台北。
例句:
1、It is said that Cang Jie created the Chinese writing system.
相传,中国的汉字是仓颉发明的。
2、Chinese businessmen, taxi drivers and students talk with them using English.
中国的商人,出租司机和学生用英语和他们交流。
china和中国的创意写法-回复题目:中国与China:两种文化视角下的创意表达引言:中括号内的关键词“中国”和“China”或许能给读者带来诸多疑问:这两个词是否代表同一个国家?它们分别在不同的文化背景下有什么不同的含义?本文旨在探讨中国与China的创意写法,深入剖析两种不同文化视角下的创意表达。
第一部分:汇聚中华文化之中国中国,这个汇集着五千年悠久历史的古老国度,以其独特的文化、传统美食和崇高的价值观而著名。
有许多与中国文化相关的词汇和意象能够自然地激发文化创意的发展。
1. 中国传统文化:中国传统文化是指在长期的历史进程中形成的,以儒、释、道为主的思想,中医、中国书法、中国画等为代表的文化形式。
通过对中国传统文化的创意表达,我们能够体会到中华文明的博大精深。
2. 中国美食:中国美食在世界上享有盛誉,其丰富的食材和制作工艺为创意提供了无尽的灵感。
无论是汤面、烤鸭、还是麻辣烫,这些中国美食都可以被巧妙地融入创意之中,使观众享受到独特的美食文化体验。
3. 中国传统节日:中国拥有丰富多样的传统节日,如春节、端午节、中秋节等,每个节日都有其独特的传统、习俗和庆祝方式。
通过描绘和诠释中国传统节日,我们不仅可以展示中国文化的魅力,还能激发创作者的创意和想象。
第二部分:创意的国际视野之ChinaChina,作为“中国”的英文译名,它与中国的文化背景、语境和表达方式均存在差异。
将目光从中国转向China,我们可以以一种全新的视角探索创意的内涵和表达方式。
1. 文字创意:中国文化以其特殊的汉字书写而闻名,而China则以拉丁字母为基础,两种不同的文字系统为创意的产生提供了截然不同的可能性。
文字、字母和符号的创意组合可以打破语言的限制,形成全球范围内的沟通和欣赏。
2. 艺术表达:China作为国际间对中国的一种表达方式,能够通过不同的艺术形式展示中国的文化特色。
例如,中国民乐与西方古典音乐的融合、中式建筑的现代化设计、中国传统戏剧的改编等等,这些跨文化融合的创意使得我们能够以全新的方式欣赏和理解中国的传统文化。
1、你知道祖国有哪些称呼??知道为什么这么叫吗?答:中国、华夏、中华、九州、赤县、神州、海内、炎黄、中华人民共和国★中国(英文译为China,常在国际组织中简写为CHN):其实是我们祖国的一个最常用的半简称或略称。
按中文字面的释义就是“中央之国”,按英文字面的直译就是“瓷器”。
古代中国发祥于黄河流域中游,东夷、南蛮、西戎、北狄环绕于四周,故得来“中央之国”的美名和敬称。
古代中国的精美瓷器早早传名于海外,老外们就干脆将瓷器和中国合为一词了。
★中华:为中华人民共和国或中华民族的略称。
很少单独使用,常用在复合词汇中作前缀,例如中华儿女、中华总工会、中华文明史等等。
★华夏:为中国或中华民族的别称。
中国最早有历史记录的中央政权是夏朝,因地处中原的夏人穿着相对华丽,被周边蛮夷称为华夏。
后世便一直沿用华夏来代指中国。
★九州:为中国的别称。
九州是对中国行政区域的最早的大规模划分,相传夏禹治水后,将天下分为冀州、兖州、青州、荆州、扬州、梁州、雍州、徐州和豫州等九大一级行政区。
后世便常用九州来代指中国。
九州在不同的古籍里,又记为九牧、九区、九域、九囿、九土、九野等等,它们的来源是相同的。
★神州:为中国的别称。
古代中国天子自认为是神的后代,以期巩固统治,故祭祀时均自称所统之土为神州。
自东周时代起,神州就成为天朝疆域的统称。
★赤县:也是古代中国天子对所统疆域的自称,常与神州一前一后并列书之。
神州与赤县的区别在于:前者属恭称,意为神灵赐予的广博土地;后者属谦称,意为在下代为治理的小小封疆。
赤,有真诚和薄小双重含义,用来形容自己。
对神媚赞说您的疆域为“州”,对己谦卑称我的领地为“县”,这一大一小组合在一起,恰好表达出帝王们的心态。
赤县在古籍中也与九州互称,谓之赤县有九州、九州为赤县。
★炎黄:为中国和中华民族的别称。
上古炎帝部落联盟和黄帝部落联盟,为形成华夏的两大基础。
后世就以炎黄或炎黄子孙来代指华夏社稷及其子民。
★海内:为中国的别称。
中国-China来历
说法一:
早在东汉时期,古人就在昌南(现在的景德镇)建造窑坊,烧制陶瓷。
到了唐朝,由于昌南土质好,先人们又吸收了南方青瓷和北方白瓷的优点创制出一种青白瓷。
青白瓷晶莹滋润,有假玉器的美称,因而远近闻名,并大量出口欧洲。
十八世纪以前,欧洲人还不会制造瓷器,因此中国特别是昌南镇的精美瓷器很受欢迎。
在欧洲,昌南镇瓷器是十分受人珍爱的贵重物品,人们以能获得一件昌南镇瓷器为荣。
就这样欧洲人就以“昌南”作为瓷器(china)和生产瓷器的“中国”(China)的代称,久而久之,欧洲人就把昌南的本意忘却了,只记得它是“瓷器”,即“中国”了。
西方瓷器原本是从中国输入的。
明朝的时候,大批的中国瓷器产品就开始输往西方世界。
波斯人称中国的瓷器为chini,欧洲商人在波斯购买中国瓷器也同时把chini一词带回了西方。
后来,他们又把chini改为china,并且把生产china 的中国也一并称为China。
欧美人谈到China的时候,往往联想到China(中国)是china(瓷器)之乡。
说法二:与瓷器无关——中国为什么叫China?
其说china由来,文云:“民间历来有几种说法。
一种说法是china系根据秦字读音转化而来。
但在景德镇最为流行的说法是china是汉语昌南(原景德镇名)的音译。
随着景德镇精白瓷大量流传到海外,才使得瓷(china)成为中国的代名词。
”
说china最初是昌南地名译音,我觉得很新鲜。
景德镇原名昌南镇,在宋真宗景德年间(1004年起)改名景德镇。
此时所制瓷器已负盛名,特供御用。
按照“景德镇最为流行的说法”推论,其后本镇瓷器外销朝鲜、日本、越南,又其后经阿拉伯远销到欧洲,皆以产地昌南作为商品名称。
昌南两音,口碑远播,写成法文便是chine,写成英文便是china。
china又回译成汉文瓷器。
瓷器名声响遍全球,欧洲人就把中国也叫作瓷器,而大写其字头,成了China。
这个推论亦能自圆其说。
然有极大障碍,景德镇人难以克服。
就是至今无人能够否认英文China起源于印度古梵文“支那”。
这个支那又作脂那、至那,三千年前就出现了。
想想三千年前是什么意思吧。
那就是说,什么昌南,什么瓷器,还得在娘胎里静待两千多年,方能一朝分娩出世。
资格太嫩了,昌南瓷器争什么。
三千年前,不但焚书坑儒的秦朝,就连春秋五霸的秦国,都还不存在,China怎么能是秦的译音呢?论资格,支那之名比周朝还要老,怎轮得上替暴秦争面子呢?
请容详说支那由来。
唐代义净法师《南海寄归内法传》云:“西国名大唐为支那者,直是其名,更无别义。
”他显然不同意China与昌南瓷器或与秦朝挂钩。
隋代慧苑法师《华严经音义》云:“支那,翻为思维。
以其国人多所思虑,多所制作,故以为名。
”他则直探古梵文“支那”的原义。
两位僧人生在隋唐,那时
昌南尚名新平,所制瓷器亦未颖出。
二十世纪之初,China一词起源问题,学界曾经讨论,众说纷纭,未定一是。
文僧苏曼殊(1884-1918)通英、法、日、梵诸文,曾撰有《梵文典》。
他认为China 起源于古梵文“支那”,初作Cina,用来指我华夏。
他研读三千年前的古印度史诗《摩诃婆罗多》和《罗摩衍那》,发现支那一词最早见于这两部著作,其原义为“智巧”。
他认为,这是三千四百年前印度婆罗多王朝时彼邦人士对黄河流域商朝所治国度的美称。
“智巧”与慧苑所说之“思维”内涵略有不同,想系词义因时代而演变所致。
外邦对我华夏称呼,最早曰支那Cina,其后曰拓跋Tabac,最后曰契丹Kitai。
今之China即支那,先是国名。
明代中期葡萄牙人贩瓷器到欧洲,称其商品名曰Chinaware,若汉译应该是“支那瓦”。
陶瓷产品,古称瓦器。
此处ware应是瓦之译音。
支那瓦者,中国瓷也。
China放在ware之前,可知China国名,初无瓷器一义。
后来省掉ware,简称为China,才小写其字头,获得瓷器之义。
这已经是晚近的事了。