2012年硕士研究生入学考试初试试题(A卷)

昆明理工大学2012年硕士研究生招生入学考试试题(A卷)考试科目代码：818 考试科目名称：电力系统分析试题适用招生专业：080801 电机与电器、080802 电力系统及其自动化、080803 高电压与绝缘技术、080804电力电子与电力传动、080805 电工理论与新技术、085207 电气工程考生答题须知1．所有题目（包括填空、选择、图表等类型题目）答题答案必须做在考点发给的答题纸上，做在本试题册上无效。

请考生务必在答题纸上写清题号。

2．评卷时不评阅本试题册，答题如有做在本试题册上而影响成绩的，后果由考生自己负责。

3．答题时一律使用蓝、黑色墨水笔或圆珠笔作答（画图可用铅笔），用其它笔答题不给分。

4．答题时不准使用涂改液等具有明显标记的涂改用品。

昆明理工大学2013年硕士研究生招生入学考试试题(A 卷)考试科目代码：819 考试科目名称 ：电力系统分析考生答题须知1． 所有题目（包括填空、选择、图表等类型题目）答题答案必须做在考点发给的答题纸上，做在本试题册上无效。

请考生务必在答题纸上写清题号。

2． 评卷时不评阅本试题册，答题如有做在本试题册上而影响成绩的，后果由考生自己负责。

3． 答题时一律使用蓝、黑色墨水笔或圆珠笔作答（画图可用铅笔），用其它笔答题不给分。

4． 答题时不准使用涂改液等具有明显标记的涂改用品。

一、 名词解释 （每小题3分，共15分）1.正序等效定则2.日负荷率3.电磁环网4. 平衡节点5. 热备用 二、 问答题（60分）1.什么是电晕现象？如何避免？（5分）2.输电线路何时作为无功电源、何时作为无功负荷？（5分）3.试以单变量非线性方程为例，结合图示解释牛顿拉夫逊法的一般思路。

（8分）4.请问什么是发电机的一、二次调频？一次调频能使频率保持不变吗？是否所有机组都进行一次调频？二次调频能否使频率保持不变？是否所有机组都担负二次调频？（10分）5.简述双绕组变压器分接头选择的步骤，双绕组升压变压器与降压变压器分接头选择有何区别？（8分）6. 为什么要引入暂态电动势和暂态电抗？它们具有怎样的物理意义？（8分）'q E 'd x 7.如图1所示的简单电力系统在f 点发生三相短路，作图说明快速切除故障提高同步发电机并列运行稳定性的原理。

浙江师范大学2020112年硕士研究生入学考试年硕士研究生入学考试初初试试题试试题(A (A 卷) 科目代码科目代码:: 817817 科目名称科目名称:: 西方政治学说史西方政治学说史
适用专业适用专业:: 03003020202011政治学理论政治学理论
1、请将所有答案写于答题纸上，写在试题上的不给分；
2、请填写准考证号后6位：____________。

一、名词解释名词解释（（共5小题小题，，每小题6分，共30分）
1、城邦的本质
2、孟德斯鸠
3、卢梭
4、托马斯·杰斐逊
5．《利维坦》
二、简答简答题题（共4小题小题，，每小题15分，共60分）
1、古希腊政治理论的主要特点
2、马基雅维利的政策论
3、边沁的“最大幸福原则”
4、伯克的政治观
2、论述托克维尔的民主思想。

提示：三、论述论述题题（共2小题小题，，每小题30分，共60分）
1、谈谈你对亚里士多德关于“人是天生的政治动物”的理解。

植物化学保护试卷（2009年硕士研究生入学复试考卷）姓名：报考方向：成绩：————一、名词解释（每题6分，共 30 分）1、IRM和IPM2、MRL和ADI值3、ＭＩＣ和ＥＣ５０值4、化学保护和化学治疗5、毒力和药效二、双项选择题（每题4分，共40 分，必须同时答对两个才能得分）1、抑制乙酰胆碱酯酶的杀虫剂是（A. 毒死蜱 B. 苯氧威 Ｃ.叶蝉散 D. 噻虫嗪 E、锐劲特）。

2、作用于GABA受体的杀虫剂有（A.Avermectin类 B.氯化烟碱类 C.苯基吡唑类 D.氨基甲酸酯类 E.拟除虫菊酯类）。

3、具有调节昆虫生长发育作用的药剂有（A.吡虫啉 B. 噻嗪酮 C.敌杀死 D 美螨E.阿维菌素）。

4、属于氯化烟碱类杀虫剂有(A.吡蚜酮 B.噻虫嗪 C.啶虫脒 D.噻嗪酮 E.氯虫苯甲酰胺)。

5、作用于乙酰胆碱受体的杀虫剂有（A.杀虫双 B. 辛硫磷 C.敌杀死 D.吡虫啉 E.氟虫腈）。

6、生物能量形成抑制剂是（A. 富士一号 B. 三唑酮 Ｃ.福美双 D. 甲霜灵E、萎锈灵）。

7、防治小麦锈病和白粉病效果最好的杀菌剂是（Ａ．井冈霉素 Ｂ、黑色素生物合成抑制剂类 Ｃ、苯酰胺类 D、三唑类E、甲氧丙烯酸酯类）化合物。

8、可以用来防治线虫病害的药剂是（A、阿维菌素B、吗啉类C、氨基甲酸酯类D、二苯胺类E、咪唑类）杀线虫剂。

9、只具有保护作用的杀菌剂是（Ａ．烃基二胺类 Ｂ、二烃基胺类 Ｃ、苯酰胺类 Ｄ、二苯醚类E、苯并咪唑类）化合物。

10、ＭＢＣ 是一种广谱性杀菌剂，但它不能被用来防治（Ａ、黄瓜霜霉病 Ｂ、马铃薯晚疫病 Ｃ、稻瘟病 Ｄ、麦类赤霉病E、棉花炭疽病）。

三、填空题（每空1分，共 30 分）1. 我国农药的发展方向为、、。

2. 拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂的发展经历了、及三个阶段，由于基团的引入，杀虫活性大幅度提高，基团的引入，开发的产品增加了对螨类的活性，对鱼类低毒的杀虫剂品种有、等。

3. 可直接使用的农药剂型有、、。

2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试《思想政治理论》试题一、单项选择题：1～16小题，每小题1分，共16分。

下列每题给出的四个选项中，只有一个选项是符合题目要求的。

请在答题卡上将所选项的字母涂黑。

1.恩格斯说：“鹰比人看得远得多，但是人的眼睛识别东西远胜于鹰。

狗比人具有敏锐得多的嗅觉，但是它连被人当做各种物的特定标志的不同气味的百分之一也辨别不出来。

”人的感官的识别能力高于动物，除了人脑及感官发育得更加完善之外，还因为A人不仅有感觉还有思维B人不仅有理性还有非理性C人不仅有知觉还有想象D人不仅有生理机能还有心理活动2.有这样一道数学题：“90%×90%×90%×90%×90%=？其答案是约59%。

90分看似一个非常不错的成绩，然而，在一项环环相扣的连续不断的工作中，如果每个环节都打点折扣，最终得出的成绩就是不及格。

这里蕴含的辩证法道理是（）A肯定中包含否定B量变引起事变C必然性通过偶然性开辟道路D可能和现实是相互转化的3、在资本主义社会里，资本家雇佣工人进行劳动并支付相应的工资。

资本主义工资的本质是（）A.工人所获得的资本家的预付资本B.工人劳动力的价值或价格C.工人所创造的剩余价值的一部分D.工人全部劳动的报酬4、2011年9月以来美国爆发的“占领华尔街”抗议活动中，示威者打出“我们是99%”的标语，向极富阶级表示不满。

漫画所显示的美国社会财富占有的两极分化，是资本主义制度下（）A劳资冲突的集中体现B生产社会化的必然产物C资本积累的必然结果D虚拟资本泡沫化的恶果5、毛泽东曾在不同场合多次谈到，调查研究由两种方法，一种是走马看花，一种是下马看花。

走马看花，不深入，还必须用第二种方法，就是下马看花，过细看花，分析一朵花。

毛泽东强调“下马看花”的实际意义在于（）A解决实际问题必须要有先进理论的指导B运用多种综合方法分析调查研究的材料C马克思主义理论必须适合中国革命的具体实际D只有全面深入了解中国的实际，才能找出规律6、改革开放以来，我们党对公有制认识上的一个重大突破，就是明确了公有制和公有制的实现形式是两个不同层次的问题。

2012年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET1.(10points)The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices have become an important issue recently.The court cannot1its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law2justices behave like politicians.Yet,in several instances, justices acted in ways that3the court’s reputation for being independent and impartial.Justice Antonin Scalia,for example,appeared at political events.That kind of activity makes it less likely that the court’s decisions will be4as impartial judgments.Part of the problem is that the justices are not5by an ethics code.At the very least,the court should make itself6to the code of conduct that7to the rest of the federal judiciary.This and other similar cases8the question of whether there is still a9between the court and politics.The framers of the Constitution envisioned law10having authority apart from politics.They gave justices permanent positions11they would be free to12those in power and have no need to13political support.Our legal system was designed to set law apart from politics precisely because they are so closely14.Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted in fundamental social15like liberty and property.When the court deals with social policy decisions,the law it16is inescapably political—whichis why decisions split along ideological lines are so easily17as unjust.The justices must18doubts about the court’s legitimacy by making themselves19to the code of conduct. That would make their rulings more likely to be seen as separate from politics and,20,convincing as law.1.[A]emphasize[B]maintain[C]modify[D]recognize2.[A]when[B]lest[C]before[D]unless3.[A]restored[B]weakened[C]established[D]eliminated4.[A]challenged[B]compromised[C]suspected[D]accepted5.[A]advanced[B]caught[C]bound[D]founded6.[A]resistant[B]subject[C]immune[D]prone7.[A]resorts[B]sticks[C]leads[D]applies8.[A]evade[B]raise[C]deny[D]settle9.[A]line[B]barrier[C]similarity[D]conflict10.[A]by[B]as[C]through[D]towards11.[A]so[B]since[C]provided[D]though12.[A]serve[B]satisfy[C]upset[D]replace13.[A]confirm[B]express[C]cultivate[D]offer14.[A]guarded[B]followed[C]studied[D]tied15.[A]concepts[B]theories[C]divisions[D]conventions16.[A]excludes[B]questions[C]shapes[D]controls17.[A]dismissed[B]released[C]ranked[D]distorted18.[A]suppress[B]exploit[C]address[D]ignore19.[A]accessible[B]amiable[C]agreeable[D]accountable20.[A]by all means[B]at all costs[C]in a word[D]as a resultSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.(40points)Text1Come on—Everybody’s doing it.That whispered message,halfinvitation and half forcing,is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure.It usually leads to no good—drinking,drugs and casual sex. But in her new book Join the Club,Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure,in which organizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the world.Rosenberg,the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize,offers a host of examples of the social cure in action:In South Carolina,a state-sponsored antismoking program called Rage Against the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool.In South Africa,an HIV-prevention initiative known as loveLife recruits young people to promote safe sex among their peers.The idea seems promising，and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer.Her critique of the lameness of many public-health campaigns is spot-on：they fail to mobilize peer pressure for healthy habits,and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding of psychology.“Dare to be different,please don’t smoke!”pleads one billboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagers—teenagers,who desire nothing more than fitting in.Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers,so skilled at applying peer pressure.But on the general effectiveness of the social cure,Rosenberg is less persuasive.Join the Club is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of the social and biological factors that make peer pressure so powerful.The most glaring flaw of the social cure as it’s presented here is that it doesn’t work very well for very long.Rage Against the Haze failed once state funding was cut.Evidence that the loveLife program produces lasting changes is limited and mixed.There’s no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our behavior.An emerging body of research shows that positive health habits—as well as negative ones—spread through networks of friends via social communication.This is a subtle form of peer pressure:we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day.Far less certain,however,is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can select our peer groups and steer their activities in virtuous directions.It’s like the teacher who breaks up the troublemakers inthe back row by pairing them with better-behaved classmates.The tactic never really works.And that’s the problem with a social cure engineered from the outside:in the real world,as in school,we insist on choosing our own friends.21.According to the first paragraph,peer pressure often emerges as__________.[A]a supplement to the social cure[B]a stimulus to group dynamics[C]an obstacle to social progress[D]a cause of undesirable behaviors22.Rosenberg holds that public advocates should_________.[A]recruit professional advertisers[B]learn from advertisers’experience[C]stay away from commercial advertisers[D]recognize the limitations of advertisements23.In the author’s view,Rosenberg’s book fails to__________.[A]adequately probe social and biological factors[B]effectively evade the flaws of the social cure[C]illustrate the functions of state funding[D]produce a long-lasting social effect24.Paragraph5shows that our imitation of behaviors__________.[A]is harmful to our networks of friends[B]will mislead behavioral studies[C]occurs without our realizing it[D]can produce negative health habits25.The author suggests in the last paragraph that the effect ofpeer pressure is__________.[A]harmful[B]desirable[C]profound[D]questionableText2A deal is a deal—except,apparently,when Entergy is involved.The company,a major energy supplier in New England,provoked justified outrage in Vermont last week when it announced it wasreneging on a longstanding commitment to abide by the strict nuclear regulations.Instead,the company has done precisely what it had long promised it would not:challenge the constitutionality of Vermont’s rules in the federal court,as part of a desperate effort to keep its Vermont Yankee nuclear power plant running.It’s a stunning move.The conflict has been surfacing since2002,when the corporation bought Vermont’s only nuclear power plant,an aging reactor in Vernon.As a condition of receiving state approval for the sale,the company agreed to seek permission from state regulators to operate past2012.In2006,the state went a step further,requiring that any extension of the plant’s license be subject to Vermont legislature’s approval.Then,too,the company went along.Either Entergy never really intended to live by those commitments,or it simply didn’t foresee what would happen next.A string of accidents,including the partial collapse of a cooling tower in2007and the discovery of an underground pipe system leakage,raised serious questions about both Vermont Yankee’s safety andEntergy’s management—especially after the company made misleading statements about the pipe.Enraged by Entergy’s behavior,the Vermont Senate voted26to4last year against allowing an extension.Now the company is suddenly claiming that the2002agreement is invalid because of the2006legislation, and that only the federal government has regulatory power over nuclear issues.The legal issues in the case are obscure:whereas the Supreme Court has ruled that states do have some regulatory authority over nuclear power,legalscholars say that Vermont case will offer a precedent-setting test of how far those powers extend. Certainly,there are valid concerns about the patchwork regulations that could result if every state sets its own rules.But had Entergy kept its word,that debate would be beside the point.The company seems to have concluded that its reputation in Vermont is already so damaged that it has nothing left to lose by going to war with the state.But there should be consequences.Permission to run a nuclear plant is a public trust.Entergy runs11other reactors in the United States,including Pilgrim Nuclear station in Plymouth.Pledging to run Pilgrim safely,the company has applied for federal permission to keep it open for another20years.But as the Nuclear Regulatory Commission(NRC)reviews the company’s application,it should keep it mind what promises from Entergy are worth.26.The phrase“reneging on”(Line3.para.1)is closest in meaning to_________.[A]condemning[B]reaffirming[C]dishonoring[D]securing27.By entering into the2002agreement,Entergy intended to__________.[A]obtain protection from Vermont regulators[B]seek favor from the federal legislature[C]acquire an extension of its business license[D]get permission to purchase a power plant28.According to Paragraph4,Entergy seems to have problems with its___________.[A]managerial practices[B]technical innovativeness[C]financial goals[D]business vision29.In the author’s view,the Vermont case will test___________.[A]Entergy’s capacity to fulfill all its promises[B]the mature of states’patchwork regulations[C]the federal authority over nuclear issues[D]the limits of states’power over nuclear issues30.It can be inferred from the last paragraph that__________.[A]Entergy’s business elsewhere might be affected[B]the authority of the NRC will be defied[C]Entergy will withdraw its Plymouth application[D]Vermont’s reputation might be damagedText3In the idealized version of how science is done,facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work.But in the everyday practice of science,discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route.We aim to be objective,but we cannot escape the context of our unique life experiences.Prior knowledge and interests influence what we experience,what we think our experiences mean,and the subsequent actions we take. Opportunities for misinterpretation,error,and self-deception abound.Consequently,discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience.Similar to newly staked mining claims,they are full of potential.But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery.This is the credibility process,through which the individual researcher’s me,here, now becomes the community’s anyone,anywhere,anytime.Objective knowledge is the goal,not the starting point.Once a discovery claim becomes public,the discoverer receives intellectual credit.But,unlikewith mining claims,the community takes control of what happens next.Within the complex social structure of the scientific community,researchers make discoveries;editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publicationprocess;other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes;and finally,the public (including other scientists)receives the new discovery and possibly accompanying technology.As a discovery claim works its way through the community,the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual’s discovery claim into the community’s credible discovery.Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process.First,scientific work tends to focus on some aspect of prevailing knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect.Little reward accompanies duplication and confirmation of what is already known and believed.The goal is new-search,not re-search.Not surprisingly,newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation by future researchers.Second,novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief.Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albert Szent-Györgyi once described discovery as“seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought.”But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not change their views.Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated.In the end,credibility“happens”to a discovery claim—a process that corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of the mind.“We reason together,challenge,revise,and complete each other’s reasoning and each other’s conceptions of reason.”31.According to the first paragraph,the process of discovery is characterized by its______.[A]uncertainty and complexity[B]misconception and deceptiveness[C]logicality and objectivity[D]systematicness and regularity32.It can be inferred from Paragraph2that credibility process requires_________.[A]strict inspection[B]shared efforts[C]individual wisdom[D]persistent innovation33.Paragraph3shows that a discovery claim becomes credible after it_________.[A]has attracted the attention of the general public[B]has been examined by the scientific community[C]has received recognition from editors and reviewers[D]has been frequently quoted by peer scientists34.Albert Szent-Györgyi would most likely agree that_________.[A]scientific claims will survive challenges[B]discoveries today inspire future research[C]efforts to make discoveries are justified[D]scientific work calls for a critical mind35.Which of the following would be the best title of the text?[A]Novelty as an Engine of Scientific Development[B]Collective Scrutiny in Scientific Discovery[C]Evolution of Credibility in Doing Science[D]Challenge to Credibility at the Gate to ScienceText4If the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa were alive today,he would probably represent civil servants.When Hoffa’s Teamsters were in their prime in1960,only one in ten American government workers belonged to a union; now36%do.In2009the number of unionists in America’s public sector passed that of their fellow members in the private sector.In Britain,more than half of public-sector workers but only about15%of private-sector ones are unionized.There are three reasons for the public-sector unions’thriving.First,they can shut things down without suffering much in the wayof consequences.Second,they are mostly bright and well-educated.A quarter of America’s public-sector workers have a university degree.Third,they now dominate left-of-centre politics. Some of their ties go back a long way.Britain’s Labor Party,as its name implies,has long been associated with trade unionism.Its current leader,Ed Miliband,owes his position to votes from public-sector unions.At the state level their influence can be even more fearsome.Mark Baldassare of the Public Policy Institute of California points out that much of the state’s budget is patrolled by unions.The teachers’unions keep an eye on schools,the CCPOA on prisons and a variety of labor groups on health care.In many rich countries average wages in the state sector are higher than in the private one.But the real gains come in benefits and work practices.Politicians have repeatedly“backloaded”public-sector pay deals, keeping the pay increases modest but adding to holidays and especially pensions that are already generous. Reform has been vigorously opposed,perhaps most egregiously in education,where charter schools,academies and merit pay all faced drawn-out battles.Even though there is plenty of evidence that the quality of the teachers is the most important variable,teachers’unions have fought against getting rid of bad ones and promoting good ones.As the cost to everyone else has become clearer,politicians have begun to clamp down.In Wisconsin the unions have rallied thousands of supporters against Scott Walker,the hardline Republican governor.But many within the public sector suffer under the current system,too.John Donahue at Harvard’s Kennedy School points out that the norms of culture in Western civil services suit those who want to stay put but is bad for high achievers.The only American public-sector workers who earn well above$250,000a year are university sports coaches and the president of the United States.Bankers’fat pay packets have attracted much criticism,but a public-sector system that does not reward high achievers may be a much bigger problem for America.36.It can be learned from the first paragraph that_________.[A]Teamsters still have a large body of members[B]Jimmy Hoffa used to work as a civil servant[C]unions have enlarged their public-sector membership[D]the government has improved its relationship with unionists37.Which of the following is true of Paragraph2?[A]Public-sector unions are prudent in taking actions.[B]Education is required for public-sector union membership.[C]Labor Party has long been fighting against public-sector unions.[D]Public-sector unions seldom get in trouble for their actions.38.It can be learned from Paragraph4that the income in the state sector is_________.[A]illegally secured[B]indirectly augmented[C]excessively increased[D]fairly adjusted39.The example of the unions in Wisconsin shows that unions__________.[A]often run against the current political system[B]can change people’s political attitudes[C]may be a barrier to public-sector reforms[D]are dominant in the government40.John Donahue’s attitude towards the public-sector system is one of_________.[A]disapproval[B]appreciation[C]tolerance[D]indifferencePart BDirections:In the following text,some sentences have been removed.For Questions41-45,choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks.There are two extra choices,which do not fit in any of the blanks.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.（10points）Think of those fleeting moments when you look out of an aeroplane window and realise that you are flying,higher than a bird.Now think of your laptop,thinner than a brown-paper envelope,or your cellphone in the palm of your hand. Take a moment or two to wonder at those marvels.You are the lucky inheritor of a dream come true.The second half of the20th century saw a collection of geniuses,warriors,entrepreneurs and visionaries labour to create a fabulous machine that could function as a typewriter and printing press,studio and theatre,paintbrush and gallery, piano and radio,the mail as well as the mail carrier.(41)___________.The networked computer is an amazing device,the first media machine that serves as the mode of production,means of distribution,site of reception,and place of praise and critique.The computer is the21st century’s culture machine.But for all the reasons there are to celebrate the computer,we must also act with caution.(42)___________.I call it a secret war for two reasons.First,most people do not realise that there are strong commercial agendas at work to keep them in passive consumption mode.Second,the majority of people who use networked computers to upload are not even aware of the significance of what they are doing.All animals download,but only a few upload.Beavers build dams and birds make nests.Yet for the most part,the animal kingdom moves through the world downloading.Humans are unique in their capacity to not only make tools but then turn around and use them to create superfluous material goods—paintings,sculpture and architecture—and superfluous experiences—music,literature,religion and philosophy.(43)___________.For all the possibilities of our new culture machines,most people are still stuck in download mode.Even after the advent of widespread social media,a pyramid of production remains,with a small number of people uploading material,a slightly larger group commenting on or modifying that content,and a huge percentage remaining content to just consume.(44)___________.Television is a one-way tap flowing into our homes.The hardest task that television asks of anyone is to turn the power off after he has turned it on.(45)___________.What counts as meaningful uploading?My definition revolves around the concept of“stickiness”—creations and experiences to which others adhere.[A]Of course,it is precisely these superfluous things that define human culture and ultimately what it is to be human.Downloading and consuming culture requires great skills,but failing to move beyond downloading is to strip oneself of a defining constituent of humanity.[B]Applications like ,which allow users to combine pictures,words and other media in creative ways and then share them,have the potential to add stickiness by amusing,entertaining and enlightening others.[C]Not only did they develop such a device but by the turn of the millennium they had also managed to embed it in a worldwide system accessed by billions of people every day.[D]This is because the networked computer has sparked a secret war between downloading and uploading—between passive consumption and active creation—whose outcome will shape our collective future in ways we can only begin to imagine.[E]The challenge the computer mounts to television thus bears little similarity to one format being replaced by another in the manner of record players being replaced by CD players.[F]One reason for the persistence of this pyramid of production is that for the past half-century,much of the world’s media culture has been defined by a single medium—television—and television is defined by downloading.[G]The networked computer offers the first chance in50years to reverse the flow,to encourage thoughtful downloading and,even more importantly,meaningful uploading.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be written clearlyon ANSWER SHEET2.(10points)Since the days of Aristotle,a search for universal principles has characterized the scientific enterprise.In some ways,this quest for commonalities defines science.Newton’s laws of motion and Darwinian evolution each bind a host of different phenomena into a single explicatory framework.(46)In physics,one approach takes this impulse for unification to its extreme,and seeks a theory of everything—a single generative equation for all we see.It is becoming less clear,however,that such a theory would be a simplification,given the dimensions and universes that it might entail.Nonetheless,unification of sorts remains a major goal.This tendency in the natural sciences has long been evident in the social sciences too. (47)Here,Darwinism seems to offer justification,for if all humans share common origins, it seems reasonable to suppose that cultural diversity could also be traced to more constrained beginnings.Just as the bewildering variety of human courtship rituals might all be considered forms of sexual selection,perhaps the world’s languages,music,social and religious customs and even history are governed by universal features.(48)To filter out what is unique from what is shared might enable us to understand how complex cultural behavior arose and what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms.That,at least,is the hope.But a comparative study of linguistic traits published online today supplies a reality check.Russell Gray at the University of Auckland and his colleagues consider the evolution of grammars in the light of two previous attempts to find universality in language.The most famous of these efforts was initiated by Noam Chomsky,who suggested that humans are born with an innate language—acquisition capacity that dictates a universal grammar.A few generative rules are then sufficient to unfold the entire fundamental structure of a language,which is why children can learn it so quickly.(49)The second,by Joshua Greenberg,takes a more empirical approach to universality,identifying traits (particularly in word order)shared by many language which are considered to represent biases that result from cognitive constraintsGray and his colleagues have put them to the test by examining four family trees that between them represent more than2,000languages.(50)Chomsky’s grammar should show patterns of language change that are independent of the family tree or the pathway tracked through it,whereas Greenbergian universality predicts strong co-dependencies between particular types of word-order relations.Neither of these patterns is borne out by the analysis,suggesting that the structures of the languages are lineage-specific and not governed by universals.Section III WritingPart A51.Directions:Some international students are coming to your university.Write them an email in the name of the Students’Union to1)extend your welcome and2)provide some suggestio ns for their campus life here.You should write about100words on ANSWER SHEET2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the e“Li Ming”instead.Do not write the address.(10points)Part B52.Directions:Write an essay of160-200words based on the following drawing.In your essay,you should1)describe the drawing briefly,2)explain its intended meaning,and3)give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET2.(20points)2012年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）答案详解Section I Use of English一、文章题材结构分析本文摘自The New York Times（《纽约时报》）2011年6月30日一篇题为Ethics,Politics and the law(道德，政治与法律)的文章。

目　录2011年南京航空航天大学817工程热力学考研真题2012年南京航空航天大学817工程热力学考研真题2013年南京航空航天大学817工程热力学考研真题2014年南京航空航天大学817工程热力学考研真题2015年南京航空航天大学817工程热力学考研真题2018年南京航空航天大学817工程热力学考研真题2011年南京航空航天大学817工程热力学考研真题南京航空航天大学2011年硕士研究生入学考试初试试题（A卷）科目代码：W满分：150分科目名称：工程热力学，主意：①认真阅读答题纸上的注意事项；②所有答案必酒写在查通上.写在本试题纸或草稿纸上均无效；③本试瞰须随瓠起建入试题袋中交回！二^简答「（共35分）1、〈5分〉某闭口系统细i呵逆过程f是奔能用温度的上升取下降来判断过程热缺文换为正、为负？若用靖参数的变化能否判断？2、<5分）绝热15流后流体烙估不变,所以黄流过程井不造演能咕品政下降，这种说法是杏正确，如何理解？3、｛8分）若空气比热容取定值，间在定压加热过程中，夺气对外做功吊:和热力学能改变ht分别占加给空％热试的比例？空气觇为理想H体“4、〈7分）一个门锐打升的房间.若度内空气温度上升而斥力不变.取房间为开口热力系，村房内空'（的总热力学能At/如何变化<空气现为理慰'〔伸，比然容按定值计L5、（5分）可逆循坏的靖变为0,不可逆循环中而不可逆性的燃增.是否的以队为不叮逆循环的炳变大于0?简单解移城因，6、〈5分）燃气轮机定用加热理想循环中，当循环增温比t…定时，随循r环增压:比TT的捷*‘4循环热效率不断增大，口单位质量「.应在循环中辎出的仔功w倾也不断增大-判断这种说法是否正础.并简要解样.二、作图分析题（共20分｝h（12分｝某理想气体从同-初态分别纾过可逆绝热压缩1-2和不可逆绝热依缩1-2’过程，达到相同终压。

谓在T-$坐标图上分颓出两个过程的过程践，并在图中用面积表示出两过程的技术功以及不再逆过程的蛹损失，（环境温度为7；.K7；>7；）2、（8分）己钮房间内湿空I的露点温度q、湿球温度上，试在h-d|^t定性地确定湿空气的状态点”三、E5分｝从七在初参数p,=600^a、勺=21V状态下秘定流入无运动部件的绝热容器.假定其中半依T〔在p Y=100通、2三愈，另外半氟'〔在p§=100打由、t r=-40。

科目代码：851科目名称：机械原理 第1页 共3页 C B A 1 题一图 2 3 4 南京航空航天大学
2018年硕士研究生入学考试初试试题（
A 卷 ） 科目代码:
851 满分: 150 分 科目名称: 机械原理 注意: ①认真阅读答题纸上的注意事项；②所有答案必须写在答题纸上，写在本试题纸或草稿纸上均无
效；③本试题纸须随答题纸一起装入试题袋中交回！
一、简要回答下列各题（共50分）
1．机构具有确定运动的条件是什么？什么是约束，机构中各构件的约束是如何产生的？（8分）
2．何谓斜齿圆柱齿轮的当量齿轮？对于螺旋角为β、齿数为z 的斜齿圆柱齿轮，试写出其当量齿数的表达式。

（8分）
3．机械平衡的目的是什么？（8分）
4．简述飞轮调速原理。

（8分）
5．行星齿轮传动中各齿轮的齿数及行星轮个数须满足哪4个基本条件？（8分）
6．机构压力角是如何定义的？画出题一图示位置机构的压力角 。

（10分）
二、已知题二图所示的机构，要求：
（1）计算图示机构的自由度；(8分)
（2）画出其高副低代后的机构运动简图；
(6分)
（3）选择适当的原动件，画出组成机构
的杆组，并判断机构的级别。

(10分)
A B C D D E F
G H I 题二图。