语言学掌握基础知识
第一章language and linguistics
1.名词解释：language（语言）:is a scientific system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.
2.a system of sounds and a system of meanings.
3.名词解释：arbitrariness（任意性）:is the result of the need to express and code a wide range of meanings.
4.判断题：(1) the primary medium of language is sound.
(2) Chidren learn to speak before they learn to read and write.
(3）Writing is based on speech.
(4) People use spoken language more often than writing .
5.填空题（10个10分）七大功能
（1）physiological function生理功能
(2) phatic function 寒暄功能
(3)recording function记录功能
(4) identifying function识别功能
(5) reasoning function推理功能
(6)communicating function交流功能
(7)pleasure function娱乐功能
6.the origin of language语言的起源
(1）Creation创造论
(2) Evolution进化论
(3)Invention发明论
7.判断题：
（1）According to Crystal克里斯多(1987) ,there are at least 29 languages families in the world.
（2）the Indo-European is the largest family .It covers most of europe and north india,predominates in north and south america,and australasia .The Sino-Tibetan family includes Chinese and its numerous dialects, Burmese缅甸的, and some southeast asian language.
8.名词解释：linguistics:（语言学）is the science of language and thus is usually defined as the systematic study of language or , a discipline学科that describes all aspects of language and formulate theories as to how language works.
9.判断题：对比langue（语言）和parole(言语)
langue:(1)The abstract抽象system;(2)A collective 集的体body of knowledge;(3) A kind of 一种common reference manual参考指南;(4)Acquired by all menbers of a community of speakers.
parole:(1)The particular actualities现状of individual utterance;（2）The contingent偶然发生的executive执行者side if things;(3) The relatively superficial表面的behavioral reflexes反应of knowledge；（5）The use of language in utterances.
10.判断题：（1）lingustics is descriptive描述性,not prescriptive规定性。
（2) lingusts regard the spoken language as primary,not the written.
11.语言学的六大分支：
（1）phoneties语音学
(2)phonology音系学
(3)morphology形态学
(4)syntax句法学
(5)semantics语义学
(6)pragmatics语用学
第二章：phonetics语音学and phonology音系学
1.名词解释：phonetics（语音学）:is the scientific study of speech and is concerned with defining定义and classifying分类speech sound. Speech is a purposeful 有目的的human active.
2.manner of articulation发音方式有5种
（1）plosives爆破音6个and nasal stops鼻塞音3个
plosives:b\p,t\d,k\g.
nasal stops: m ,n ,y
(2)fricatives:摩擦音8个——f\v,s\z，_ ——
—-
第四章：santax句法学
1.sntax:
which is the study of the human linguistic system that determines how sentences are put
