英语专业 翻译(精选)

Basic Control Actions and Industrial Automatic Control An automatic controller compares the actual value of the plant output with the desired value, determines the deviation, and produces a control signal which will reduce the deviation to zero or to a small value.The manner in which the automatic conroller produces the control signal is called the control action.Classifications of industrial automatic controllers Induetrial automatic controllers may be classified according to their control action as:·two-position or on-off controllers;·proportional controllers;·integral controllers;·proportional-plus-integral controllers;·proportional-plus-derivative controllers;·proportional-plus-derivative-plus-integral controllers.Most industrial automatic controllers use eletricity or pressurized fluid such as oil or air as power sources. Automatic controllers may also be classified according to the kind of power employed in the operation, such as pneumatic controllers, hydraulic controllers, or electronic controllers.What kind of controller to use must be decided by the nature of the plant and the operating conditions,including such considerations as safety, availability, reliability, accuracy, weight, and size?Elements of industrial automatic controllers An automatic controller must detect the actuating error signal, which is usually at a very low power level, and amplify it to a sufficiently high level. Thus, an amplifier is necessary. The output of an automatic controller is fed to a power device, such as a pneumatic motor or valve, a hydraulic motor, or an electric motor.The controller usually consists of an error detector and amplifier. The measuring element is a device that converts the output variable into another suitable variable, such as a displacement, pressure, or electric signal, which can be used for comparing the output to the reference input signal. This element is in the feedback path of the closed-loop system. The set point of the controller must be converted to a reference input of the same units as the feedback signal from the measuring element. The amplifier amplifies the power of the actuating error signal, which in turn operates the actuator. The actuator is an element which alters the input to the plant according to the control signal so that the feedback signal may be brought into correspondence with the reference input signal.Self-operated controllers In most industrial automatic controllers, separate units are used for the measuring element and for the actuator. In a very simple one, however, such as a self-operated controller, these elements are assembled in one unit. Self-operated controllers utilize power developed by the measuring element and are very simple and inexpensive. The set point is determined by the adjustment of the spring force. The controlled pressure is measured by the diaphragm. The actuating error signal is the net force acting on the diaphragm. Its position determines the valve opening.The operation of self-operated controller is as follows: Suppose that the output pressure is lower than the reference pressure, as determined by the set point. Then the downward spring force is greater than the upward pressure force, resulting in a downward movement of the diaphragm. This increases the flow rate and raises the output pressure.When the upward pressure force equals the downward spring force, the valve plug stays stationary and the flow rate is constant. Comversely, if the output pressure is higher than the reference pressure, the valve opening becomes small and reduces the flow rate through the valve opening. Such a self-operated controller is widely used for water and gas pressure control. In such a controller, the flow rate through the valve opening is approximately proportional to the actuating error signal.Control actions The following six basic control actions are very common among industrial automatic controllers: two-position or on-off, proportional, integral, proportional-plus-integral,proportional-plus-derivative,andproportional-plus-derivative-plus-integral control action. Note that an understanding of the basic charateristics of the various actions is necessary in order for the control engineer to select the one best suited to his particular application.翻译：自动控制器把对象的实际输出与期望值进行比较，确定偏差，并产生一个使误差为零或微小值的控制信号。

Chapter 1Passage 1 Human BodyIn this passage you will learn:1. Classification of organ systems2. Structure and function of each organ system3. Associated medical termsTo understand the human body it is necessary to understand how its parts are put together and how they function. The study of the body's structure is called anatomy; the study of the body's function is known as physiology. Other studies of human body include biology, cytology, embryology, histology, endocrinology, hematology, immunology, psychology etc.了解人体各部分的组成及其功能，对于认识人体是必需的。

研究人体结构的科学叫解剖学；研究人体功能的科学叫生理学。

其他研究人体的科学包括生物学、细胞学、胚胎学、组织学、内分泌学、血液学、遗传学、免疫学、心理学等等。

Anatomists find it useful to divide the human body into ten systems, that is, the skeletal system, the muscular system, the circulatory system, the respiratory system, the digestive system, the urinary system, the endocrine system, the nervous system, the reproductive system and the skin. The principal parts of each of these systems are described in this article.解剖学家发现把整个人体分成骨骼、肌肉、循环、呼吸、消化、泌尿、内分泌、神经、生殖系统以及感觉器官的做法是很有帮助的。

FREEWAY TRAFFIC FLOW MODELING BASED ON RECURRENT NEURAL NETWORK AND WAVELET TRANSFORM基于递归神经网络和小波变换的高速公路交通流建模6 Conclusions 结论The highly nonlinear and dynamic characteristics of the macroscopic traffic flow require a modeling approach, which can deal with the complex nonlinear relationships among the speed, flow and density.宏观交通流的高度非线性和动态特性，需要一个建模方法，它可以处理的速度，流量和密度之间的复杂的非线性关系。

At the same time, effective measures have to be taken to eliminate traffic noise and disturbance. In this paper, a method of wavelet denoising and traffic flow modeling by an Elman recurrent neural network is presented.同时，必须采取有效措施来消除交通噪声和干扰。

在本文中，一种小波去噪和交通流的Elman神经网络建模这工作了。

Simulation results show that the wavelet transform can effectively eliminate the noise signal, and that the Elman network can accurately describe the real behavior of freeway traffic flow.仿真结果表明，小波变换可以有效地消除信号中的噪声，和Elman神经网络能够准确地描述高速公路交通流的真实行为。

纸业专业英语词汇翻译(S1)sack (kraft) paper （纸）袋纸safety paper 保险纸，防伪造纸safety check paper 支票纸safety cheque paper 支票纸safety coupon paper 票证纸safety-paper base stock 防伪造纸原纸safety ticket paper 票据纸sales book paper 营业帐表纸sampling paper 包样纸sand paper 砂纸sandwich paper 夹心面包包装纸，三明治包装纸sanitary paper 卫生纸sanitary towel paper 妇女卫生纸sanitary wallpaper 卫生墙壁纸satin paper 光泽纸satin cap 单面斜纹蜡光纸satchel handle paper 手提包把用纸saturating paper 浸渍加工纸saturating felts 油毡纸sausage skin base paper 肠衣原纸scale paper 图表纸，坐标纸scholastic paper 文化教育用纸school paper 文教用纸school construction paper 学童绘画纸school drawing paper 小学图画纸school flats 学校用便笺纸school poster paper 学校招贴纸scratted paper 低级大理石纸screening wrapper 筛渣包装纸scribbling paper 便笺纸script 文稿纸scrubbling paper 低级札记纸sealing paper 密封包装纸sealing wrappers 密封包装纸seamless display paper 无接缝展览纸secondary corrugating material 瓦楞纸废纸section paper 坐标纸sectional paper 坐标纸security paper 证券纸，保险纸seed bag paper 种子袋纸seed germination paper 种子发芽纸seed germinating paper 种子发芽纸self-adhesive 自动粘合纸self sealing paper 自动粘合纸semi-kraft paper 半牛皮包装纸semi-mat art paper 半光泽美术纸sensitive paper 感光纸sensitized paper 感光纸sensitizing paper 感光纸separate paper 防粘纸separating tissue 分隔纸seriographic paper 绢布印刷用纸serpentine paper 装饰纸带set-off paper 衬垫纸，夹层纸sheathing paper 建筑用柏油纸sheet paper 平板纸sheeting paper 平板粘合纸shelf(lining) paper 抽屉衬里纸shell paper 弹壳纸shell packing paper 炮弹包装纸shivel paper 亚麻皮纸shoe cover paper 鞋用涂布纸shop paper 商业用包装纸shot-shell tube paper 弹壳纸side-run paper 不合格纸张sign paper 高级招贴纸，广告纸silent paper 无声响纸张silent program paper 无声节目单纸silhouette paper 剪影黑纸，靶纸silicated paper 涂水玻璃纸silicon coated basse paper 有机硅涂布纸silicon release paper 有机硅涂布防粘纸silk paper 绢纸silk protection paper 丝绸包装纸silk thread paper 含丝绒安全纸silkworm egg paper 蚕种纸silo paper 多层沥青粘合纸，防风纸silurian paper 花纹纸silver paper 银箔纸silver coated paper 银粉涂布纸silver nitrate paper 硝酸银纸silver polishing paper 银器擦拭纸silver pyroxylin paper 银色漆面纸single coated paper 一次涂布纸single thick cover 单一封皮纸size press coated paper 表面施胶纸sized paper 施胶纸skin parchment 真羊皮纸skip paper 单面光薄包装纸slack sized 轻施胶纸slat paper 石纹面纸slater paper 屋顶瓦面敷面纸slip-sheet paper 印刷纸页垫层纸slitting paper 带裁切的纸卷slot(insulating) paper 电气导线绝缘纸，线槽绝缘纸slow sheet 粘状浆纸small hands paper 单面光薄包装纸smoking paper 烟熏纸smut paper 衬纸soap wrapper 肥皂用包装纸socket paper 插座用纸soda straw paper 草纸板sodium benzoate cutlery paper 苯甲酸钠防锈纸sodium nitrite antitarnish paper 亚硝酸钠防锈纸sodium nitrite cutlery paper 亚硝酸钠防锈纸soft paper 柔软绒soft plate paper 柔软凹版记录纸solvent coated paper 溶剂涂布纸sound recording paper 声级记录纸sour coated paper 腐臭涂布纸（指胶料变质的涂布纸）sour sized paper 腐臭施胶纸（指胶料变质的纸）spark recording paper 电火花记录纸special book paper 盲人书籍纸special lawbook cover 特种法规封皮纸special impregnating paper 胶膜纸specialty paper 特种纸spinning paper 纸绳纸split color paper 单一颜色纸张sponge paper 海绵状纸spool parchment paper 红羊皮纸spot carbonized paper 局部炭粉涂布纸spot crown paper 饮用麦管用纸square paper 方格纸square rule paper 方格纸stabilization process paper 稳定处理照相纸stabilized paper 调湿纸stained paper 压光机染色的纸张stamp paper 邮票纸stamped paper 印花票用纸standard cover paper 标准封面纸starch paper 淀粉试纸statement ledger 薄记用纸stationery 文具纸stay paper 箱角补强纸stay tape 胶纸steak interleaving paper 肉块间隔纸steel engraver's paper 钢凹版印刷纸steel engtaving paper 钢凹版印刷纸steel plate paper 板压光泽纸stencil paper 誊写蜡纸stencil backing sheet 蜡纸底纸stencil-cushion sheet 蜡纸垫纸stenotype paper 速记打字用纸stenotype backing 铅版间隔纸stereo(type) paper 铅字铸模纸sterilisable paper 杀菌纸sticky fly paper 灭蝇纸stratified paper 层压纸straw paper 草浆纸stretchable paper 伸性纸strip chart paper 刻度记录纸带strip-coated carbon 条纹复写纸strip film paper 醋酸纤维素涂布感光纸styrene paper 聚苯乙烯合成纸suede paper 毛绒纸sugar paper 包糖纸sugar-bag paper 糖袋纸sugar-wrap paper 方糖包装纸sulfate paper 牛皮纸sulfite paper 亚硫酸盐浆纸sulfite bag paper 亚硫酸盐浆袋纸sulphate paper 牛皮纸sulphite paper 亚硫酸盐浆纸sulphite bond 酸法浆证券纸sulphite browns 酸法浆包装纸sulphite manila tag 酸法浆标签纸sulphite parchment manifold 酸法浆羊皮复写纸supercalendered paper 超级压光处理的纸张supplement paper 增刊用纸，附页用纸surface coated paper 表面涂布纸，表面涂料纸surface sized paper 表面施胶纸surfaced paper 光泽纸surgical dressing paper 外科医疗用纸，外科绷带synthetic paper 合成纸synthetic fiber paper 合成纤维纸scratch board 钢笔画用纸板screen printing board 网板印刷纸板screenings board 浆渣纸板semi-hard board 半硬纤维板setup box board 组合箱用纸板shank board 鞋用纸板sheathing board 防水建筑纸板sheet board 平板纸板sheet lined board 挂面纸板shoe board 鞋底用纸板shot shell top board 弹壳盖纸板silk board 提花纸板single face corrugated board 单面瓦楞纸板single kraft lined chip board 单面牛皮浆挂面粗纸板single lined board 单挂面纸板single ply board 单层纸板single white vat-lined board 圆网纸机制单面粗纸板smooth finished board 光滑纸板solid board 单一浆种纸板solid news board 全废报纸纸板solid pulp board 单一浆种浆板special food board 特种食品包装用纸板specialty board 特种纸板spool fiber board 纱管纸板stencil board 誊写字板straw board 草纸板structural building board 建筑纸板structural fiber board 建筑纤维板structural insulating board 建筑隔音纸板suitbox board 衣箱纸板suitcase board 衣箱纸板sulfate board 硫酸盐纸板，牛皮纸板sulfurized board 硫磺浸渍纸板single roll coater 单辊涂布机single roll cast coater 单辊涂铸机size press coater 施胶压榨涂布机smoothing roll coater 平滑辊式涂布机spray coater 喷雾涂布机spread shaft coater 辊刷涂布机squeeze roll coater 挤压辊式涂布机strip coater 剥离式涂布机semi-chemical cooking 半化学浆的制造soda cooking 烧碱法蒸煮，苏打法蒸煮soda anthraqulinone cooking 蒽醌烧碱法蒸煮stage cooking 分级蒸煮stepwise cooking 分级蒸煮sulfate cooking 硫酸盐法蒸煮sulfite cooking 亚硫酸盐法蒸煮sack (kraft) paper （纸）袋纸safety paper 保险纸；防伪造纸safety check paper 支票纸safety cheque paper 支票纸safety coupon paper 票证纸safety ticket paper 票据纸slaes book paper 营业帐薄纸sand paper 砂纸sandwich paper 夹心面包包装纸，三明治包装纸sanitary paper 卫生纸sanitary towel paper 妇女卫生纸satin paper 光泽纸satchel handle paper 手提包把用纸saturating paper 浸渍加工纸sausage skin base paper 肠衣原纸scholastic paper 文化教育用纸school paper 文教用纸school construction paper 学童绘画纸school drawing paper 小学图画纸scratted paper 低级大理石纸scrubbling paper 低级扎记纸sealing paper 高级包装纸section paper 座标纸sectional paper 座标纸security paper 证券纸；保险纸seed bag paper 种子袋纸seed germination paper 种子发芽纸seed germinating paper 种子发芽纸self-adhesive paper 自动粘合纸self germinating paper paper 自动粘合纸semi-kraft paper 半牛皮包装纸semi-matart paper 半光泽美术纸sensitive paper 感光纸sensitized paper 感光纸sensitizing paper 感光纸separate paper 防粘纸seriographic paper 绢布印刷用纸serpentine paper 装饰纸带set-off paper 衬垫纸，夹层纸sheathing paper 建筑用柏油纸sheet paper 平板纸sheeting paper 平板粘合纸shelf (lining) paper 抽屉衬里纸shell paper 弹壳纸shell packing paper 炮弹包装纸shivel paper 亚麻皮纸shoe cover paper 鞋用涂布纸shop paper 商业用包装纸shot-shell tube paper 弹壳纸side-run paper 不合格纸张sign paper 高级招贴纸，广告纸silent paper 无声响纸张silhouette paper 剪影黑纸；靶纸silicon coated base paper 有机硅涂布纸silicon release paper 有机硅涂布防粘纸silk paper 绢纸silk protection paper 丝绸包装纸silk thread paper 含丝绒安全纸silkworm egg paper 蚕种纸silo paper 多层沥青粘合纸；防风纸silurian paper 花纹纸silver paper 银箔纸silver coated paper 银粉涂布纸silver nitrate paper 硝酸银纸silver polishing paper 银器擦拭纸silver pyroxylin paper 银色漆面纸single coated paper 一次涂布纸size press coated paper 表面施胶纸sized paper 施胶纸skip paper 单面光薄包装纸slat paper 石纹面纸slater paper 屋顶瓦面敷用纸slitting paper 待裁切的纸卷slot (insulating) paper 电气导线绝缘纸，线槽绝缘纸small hands paper 单面光薄包装纸smoking paper 烟熏纸smut paper 衬纸soda straw paper 草纸板sodium benzoate cutiery paper 苯甲酸钠防锈纸sodium nitrite antitarnidh paper 亚硝酸钠防锈纸sodium nitrite cutlery paper 亚硝酸钠防锈纸soft paper 柔软纸soft plate paper 柔软凹版印刷纸solvent ceated paper 溶剂涂布纸sound recording paper 声级记录纸sour coated paper 腐臭涂布纸（指涂料变质的涂布纸）sour sized paper 腐臭施胶纸（指胶料变质的纸）。

abrasive paper 砂纸abrasive base paper 砂纸原纸absorbing paper 吸水纸；吸收性纸account book paper 帐簿纸accounting machine paper 计算机用纸acid-free paper 无酸纸acid-proof paper 耐酸纸acid resistant paper 耐酸纸acoustic paper 隔音纸actinometer paper 溴化银印相纸active paper 吸湿纸adding machine paper 计算机用纸address label paper 地址标签纸adhesive paper 胶粘纸advertising paper 广告纸，招贴纸agate paper 仿大理石纸agate marble paper 仿玛瑙大理五石纹纸age resistant paper 耐老化纸air paper 航空信纸air-dried paper 风干纸air-filtration paper 空气滤纸air-knife coated paper 气刀涂布纸air-mail paper 航空信纸air-proof paper 不透气纸air-tight paper 气密纸alabaster paper 名片纸alabaster paper 薄纸albumenized paper 蛋白胶纸，蛋白纸albumin paper 蛋白胶纸aligning paper 地图纸alkali-proof paper 耐碱纸all rag paper 全棉纤维纸all-wood paper 全木浆纸allogator imitation paper 仿鳄皮纸alpha printing paper 西班牙草浆印刷纸alpha-writing paper 西班牙草浆书写纸aluminum paper 铝纸aluminum-castling paper 铝衬纸aluminum-coated paper 铝涂布纸aluminum-dusted paper 铝粉纸aluminum-foil backing paper 铝箔衬纸aluminum diaphragm paper 石棉隔膜纸aluminum (electrical)insulating paper 石棉(电)绝缘纸aluminum wall paper 石棉壁纸aseptic paper 消毒纸,防腐纸ash less paper 无灰纸ash filter paper 无灰滤纸aluminum laminated paper 铝箔夹层纸amber laid paper 琥柏条纹纸ammunition paper 弹药筒纸amplitude response recording paper 频率感应记录纸analytical filter paper 分析化学用滤纸angle paper 斜面纸angle-cut yarer 斜截面纸angular paper 斜角纸animal tub-sized paper 动物胶表面施胶纸anti-acid paper 耐酸纸，抗酸纸anti-acid manila paper 耐酸马尼拉纸anti-corrosion paper 防蚀纸anti-falsification paper 仿伪造纸anti-fungicide paper 防霉纸anti-fusion paper 服装剪裁用纸anti-tarnish paper 防锈纸anti-rust base paper 防锈原纸anti-tarnish paper 防锈纸antique paper 低光泽纸，仿古纸antique book paper 仿古书籍纸antique-bristol paper 仿古整饰光泽厚纸antique-cover paper 仿古整饰封面纸antique-eggshell paper 粗糙表面仿白纸粗糙表面仿白纸antique-glazed paper 低光泽纸antique-printing paper 仿古印刷纸,低光泽印刷纸anti-rust paper 防锈纸antiseptic paper 杀菌纸antitarnish paper 保光泽纸apricot paper 粉红色水果包装纸aquare(le) paper 水彩图画纸，水彩画纸archival paper 档案纸armature paper 绝缘纸aromatic paper 香料纸arsenical paper 含砷纸art paper 美术纸，铜版纸，涂料纸art-cover paper 美术装饰纸art-drawing paper 水彩例纸art-poster paper 美术广告纸；美工宣传纸articulating paper 牙科用纸artificial leather paper 人造革纸artificial parchment paper 仿羊皮纸asbestos paper 石棉纸asbestos base paper 钡地原纸，照相原纸asphalt paper 防潮纸,沥青纸，柏油纸asphalt base paper 沥青原纸asphalt coated paper 沥青涂布纸asphalt laminated paper 沥青层合纸asphalt saturated paper 防潮纸,沥青纸asphalt moisture proof paper 防潮纸,沥青纸asphalt sheathing paper 涂布防潮纸,沥青涂布纸asphalting paper 防潮纸，沥青纸asthma paper 防喘纸atlas paper 地图纸，绘图纸，印图纸autochion printing paper 彩色印刷纸auto copy paper 压感复写纸autograph paper 纪念册纸autographic register paper 自动(划线)记录纸autographic transfer paper 复印纸automobile-bag paper 汽车袋用纸automobile tire roll paper 轮胎包装纸autotype paper 复制纸，影印纸avenue paper 食品包装纸azure laid(writing) paper 蓝条纹书写纸a printing a级印刷纸（含漂白磨木浆）absolute humidity 绝对湿度absolute temperature 绝对温度absorbency of paper 纸张吸收性能absorbent 吸收性的，吸收剂absorbent paper 吸水纸，易吸墨的印刷纸addition agent 添加剂additional agent 添加剂autotype pigment paper 碳素纸autogtaphic printing paper 转写纸autographic stencil paper 誊写版蜡纸articulating paper 双面复写纸artificial parchment 仿硫酸纸artist's illustration board 绘图用厚纸ash content 灰分纸张ashcroft tester 纸张耐破裂度测试仪ashless filter paper 无灰滤纸art board 涂料板纸art vellum 仿羊皮纸antitarnish paper 防锈纸antiquarian 纸张尺寸antifalsification paper 防伪造纸animal parchment 羊皮纸anopisthographic block book 单面印刷的木版纸a flute a级瓦楞纸波形数abaca(musa texilis) 马尼拉麻，蕉麻abele(populus alba) 银白杨abienol 松香醇abies 冷杉属abietate 松香酸酯abieteae(abietoideae) 冷杉（亚科），松亚科abietene 松香烯abietic acid 松香酸abrader 研磨机abrading machine 研磨机abrasion 磨损，磨蚀abrasion resistance 抗磨性能abrasion test 耐磨试验abrasion t3ester 耐磨试验机abrasive 磨损的，磨蚀的abrasive acrion 磨蚀作用abrasive fiber 砂纸原纸用纤维abrasive grain 磨（料）粒（度）abrasive machine 研磨机abrasive resistance 抗磨性能abrasive tester 耐磨试验机abrasiveness 磨蚀absolute alcohol 无水酒精absolute alcohol dry 绝干absolute alcohol humidity 绝对湿度absolute alcohol temperature 绝对温度absolute unit 绝对单位absorb 吸收absorbability 吸收性能absorbed water 吸收水absorbency 吸收能力；吸收本领absorbent 吸收剂absorbent felt 吸水毛毯absorber 吸收器，吸收剂，减震器absorbing capacity 吸收能力absorbing capacity column 吸收塔absorbing capacity pad 防震垫absorbing capacity power 吸收能力absorbing capacity quality 吸收性能；吸收能力absorbing capacity tower 吸收塔absorption 吸收作用absorption ability 吸收能力absorption band 吸收光带absorption coefficient 吸收系数absorption measurement 吸收测定absorption rate 吸收率absorption spwctrum 吸收光谱absorption tester 吸收试验仪absorption tower 吸收塔absorptive capacity 吸收能力absorptivity 吸收能力，吸收率acacia (acacia) 金合欢（属）acacia false (robinia psendon cacia l.) 刺槐；洋槐acacia gum 金合欢胶accelerant 催速剂，促进剂，加速剂accelerated ageing 加速老化accelerated cement 速凝水泥accelerated oxidation 加速氧化accelerated weathering 人工加速风干accelerating agent 催速剂，促进剂accelerator 加速器，促进剂acceptability 合格率acceptable fiber 合格纤维accepted chips 合格木片accepted chips product 合格产品accepted chips stock 合格浆料acceptance sampling system 合格率抽样系统acceptance sampling system test 合格率检查accepts 合格品；良浆access time 存取时间，选取时间，信息发送时间accessibility 可及度accessory 附件；零件a.c. commutator motor 整流式交流电动机accident prevention 技术保安措施accidental error 偶（然误）差accordion fold 手风琴式折纸法accumulation 累积，蓄积，储积，堆积accumulator 储存槽，回收槽；蓄电池；污热水槽accumulator acid （亚硫酸盐制浆）回收酸accumulator relief 储存槽排气，回收槽排气accumulator tank 储存槽，回收槽，污热水槽accuracy 准确（度，性）；精密（度，性）acer 枫树，槭树<br>acetal 乙缩醛，乙醛缩二乙醇acetaldehyde 乙醛acetate 醋酸盐；醋酸酯；醋酸根（或基）acetate fiber 醋酸纤维acetate film 醋酸盐胶片acetate rayon 醋酸人造丝acetic acid 醋酸acetic acid anhydride 醋（酸水）解acetone 丙酮acetonitrile 乙腈aceto-veratrone 乙酰藜芦酮acetyl 乙酰（基）acetyl cellulose 醋酸纤维素acetyl vanilloyl 乙酰基香草酰acetylate 乙酰化，乙酰化产物acetylation 乙酰化（作用）achromatic 消色的，消色差的acid accumulator （酸液）回收锅（或槽）acid accumulator alizarin dye 茜素染料，1，2-二羟基蒽醌染料acid accumulator alum 酸性明矾acid accumulator bath 酸溶；脱酸槽acid accumulator bleaching 酸性漂白acid accumulator chloride 酸性氯化物acid accumulator circulation 酸液循环acid accumulator composition 酸液组成acid accumulator dye（stuff) 酸性染料acid accumulator extract 酸抽提acid accumulator fastness 耐酸度acid accumulator filter 滤酸器acid accumulator fortitying system 酸液强化系统acid accumulator free 无酸的，脱酸的，不含酸的acid accumulator group 酸根（或基）acid accumulator halide 酸性卤化物acid accumulator insoluble lignin 酸不溶木素acid accumulator lignin 酸木素acid accumulator line 酸液管道acid accumulator liquor 酸液acid accumulator maker 制酸工acid accumulator making 制酸acid accumulator number 酸值acid accumulator penetration 酸液渗透，酸液浸透acid accumulator plant 制酸车间acid accumulator preheater 酸液预热器acid accumulator press （羊皮纸机用）压酸辊acid accumulator proof enamel 防酸搪瓷acid accumulator prmp 酸泵acid accumulator recovery plant 酸液回收车间acid accumulator reduction 酸性还原acid accumulator resistance 耐酸性能，耐酸强度acid accumulator resistant 耐酸合金acid accumulator tesistant brick 耐酸砖acid accumulator tesisting bronze 耐酸铜acid accumulator resisting felt 耐酸毛毯acid accumulator resisting mortar 耐酸灰泥acid accumulator resisting paint 耐酸油漆acid accumulator resisting steel 耐酸铜acid accumulator resisting tile 耐酸砖acid accumulator rosin size 酸性松香胶acid accumulator settling basin 酸液澄清槽acid accumulator salt 酸式盐acid accumulator size 酸性施胶剂acid accumulator soluble 酸溶（性）acid accumulator soluble lignin 酸溶性木素acid accumulator souring 酸处理acid accumulator stable size 酸稳性施胶剂acid accumulator storage 贮酸槽acid accumulator strength 酸液浓度acid accumulator sulfite 酸性亚硫酸盐acid accumulator tank 酸槽acid accumulator tower 制酸塔，酸塔acid accumulator trap 分酸器acid accumulator treatment 酸处理。

地幔中石榴石的残痕元素分布——以Zabargad为例R. Vannncci 1,2, N. Shimizu 3, G.B. Piccardo 4 L. Ottolini 2, and P. Bottazzi 2t Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Universitfi di Pavia, via Bassi 4, 1-27100 Pavia, Italy2 CNR-Centro di Studio per la Cristallochimica e la Cristallografia, via Bassi 4, 1-27100 Pavia, Italy3 Department of Geology and Geophysics, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USADipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Universit/t di Genova, Corso Europa 26, 1-16132 Genova, Italy摘要：在Zabargad的橄榄岩体的辉石矿物形成阶段的Al-Di离子探针显示组成铁镁质层的残斑状的辉石记录了重稀土的异常，Zr,Sc的富集并没有记录在尖晶石二辉岩中。

在斜方辉石和尖晶石的晶簇中的斜方辉石在岩体的内部形成，在层状的辉石中自由生长的单斜辉石带显示出强烈的稀土元素分离模式(HREE N/LREE N>1000;Yb>100×ch)以及非常高的Zr,Sc和Y的丰度(分别高达30,672,600 ppm)。

在外部带，富单斜辉石带的残斑状辉石具有非常高的重稀土异常(HREE N/LREE N~29;Yb~269×ch)，并且显示出Sc、Zr非常高的丰度(分别高达819ppm和164ppm)。

Lesson 16 Basic Concepts of MechanismsA combination of interrelated parts(相关零件的组合体) having definite（确定的）motions and capable of performing useful work may be called machine.具有确定的运动轨迹,并且能做有用的功联接在一起的零件的组合称为机器.A mechanism is a component of a machine consisting of two or more bodies arranged so that the motion of one compels the motion of the others.机构是机器的组成要素.机器由二个及以上的机构组合而成.因此其中一个构件的运动会带动其它的构件的连锁运动.Kinematics is the study of motion in mechanisms without reference to the forces that act on the mechanism运动学仅研究机构的运动而不考虑作用在机构上的力.Dynamics is the study of motion individual bodies and mechanisms under the influence of forces and torques.动力学研究独立构件的运动及力和扭矩作用下对机构的影响.The study of forces and torques in stationary systems (and systems with negligible inertial effects) is called statics研究平衡中的力和扭矩,该系统忽略惯性影响,称之为静力学.Synthesis is the procedure by which a product (a mechanism, for example) is developed to satisfy a set of performance requirements合成是一个程序,通过该程序能够不断改进一个产品(例如一个机构)直到满足一系列的性能要求.If a product configuration is tentatively specified and then examined to determine whether the performance requirements are met, the process is called analysis.如果需要探索性的详细阐述产品的构造结构,然后检验,判断该产品是否满足性能要求,这个过程称为分解.The design of mechanisms involves both synthesis and analysis.机构设计包括合成和分解.The design process begins with the recognition of a need. A set of requirements is then listed设计从对于需求的确认开始,罗列出一系列的要求.Detailed analyses of displacements, velocities, and accelerations are usually required通常需要对位移,速度,加速度进行具体分析.This part of the design process is followed by an analysis of forces and torques. 设计过程中的这个部分是紧跟在对力和扭矩的分析之后.The design process may continue long after（很久以后）the first models have been produced and may include redesigns of components that affect velocities, accelerations, forces, and torques在制造完毕第一个模型之后,该设计过程仍有可能持续很长一段时间. 并且有可能会重新设计这些会影响速度,加速度及所知扭矩的零部件In order to successfully compete from year to year, most manufactures must continuously modify their product and their methods of production为了在年复一年的技术中取得优势,大多数制造商必须不断调整修改他们的产品及加工方式.Increases in the production rate, upgrading of product performance, redesign for cost and weight reduction are frequently required,为了增加出产率,提高产品的性能,经常需要重新设计来降低成本以及减轻重量. Success may hinge on（决定于） the accuracy of the kinematic and dynamic analysis 对问题进行正确的运动学和动力学分析是成功的关键.Many of the basic linkage configurations have been incorporated into（成为……的一部分）machines designed centuries ago, and the terms we use to describe them have changed over the years很久以前,许多基本的连杆构造就已经运用在机器设计中去了,并且我们用来称呼它们的术语在不断的变化,.Thus, definitions and terminology are not consistent throughout thetechnical literature.因此技术供应文献中的定义和说明不是一成不变的In most cases, however, meanings will be clear from the context of the descriptive matter.在大多数的情况下,然而定义,义意可以在的解释性的描述内容中清晰的获得,A few terms of particular interest to the study of kinematics and dynamics of machines are defined below下面定义了在学习,研究机构运动学和动力学中一些特别重要的术语.Link A link is one of the rigid bodies or members joined together to form a kinematic chain.杆件是一个刚体或者连接在一起形成运动链的零部件,因此被称为刚性构件或者是简单构件.The term rigid link, or sometimes simply link, is an idealization used in the study of mechanisms that does not consider small deflections due to strains in machine members刚性构件是在机械装置中的理想化模型.这样就不无需考虑由机器零部件所产生的应力造成的微小偏移量.A perfectly rigid or inextensible link can exist only as a textbook type of model of a real machine member.一个绝对刚性或不可延展的构件只能存在于教科书上的机械零部件的模型.For typical machine parts, the maximum changes in dimension are on the order of only a one-thousandth of the part length.对于典型的零部件,最大的尺寸变化量仅仅是沿着该部件长度方向的千分之一.We are justified（合理的） in neglecting this small motion when considering the much greater motion characteristic of most mechanisms当考虑到大多数的机构相对较为显着的运动特征,忽略这点微量的偏移是合情合理的. The word link is used in a general sense to include cams, gears, and other machine members in addition to cranks, connecting rods and other pin-connected（铰接） components通常意义所说的杆件包括凸轮,齿轮以及它的机器零件的曲柄,连杆机构和其它的销件连接部分.Frame The fixed or stationary link in a mechanism is called the frame机架机械装置中固定或静止不动的构件称为机架.When there is no link that is actually fixed, we may consider one as being fixed and determine the motion of the other links relative to it如果实际中确实没有构件是固定的,我们可以假设其中某个是固定的,这样可以判断出其它与之相连构件的运动.In an automotive engine, for example, the engine block (see Fig.14.1) isconsidered the frame, even though the automobile may be moving例如汽车发动机,我们通常是把发动机气缸视为机架,让它保持静止不动,实际上整部汽车者是运动的.Degree of Freedom The number of degrees of freedom of a linkageis the number of independent parameters required to specify the position of every link relative to the frame or fixed link自由度连杆机构的自由度是给定独立参数的数目，需要自由度来确定某一个与机架或固定杆件相连接的构件的位置，If the instantaneous configuration of a system may be completely defined bespecifying one independent variable, that system has one degree of freedom如果系统的瞬间结构完全可以由一个独立的变量来确定，这样系统就具有一个自由度，An unconstrained rigid body has six degrees of freedom:大多数实际上运用的机构装置只有一个自由度。

各专业课程英文翻译(精心整理)生物及医学专业课程汉英对照表应用生物学 Applied Biology 医学技术 Medical Technology细胞生物学 Cell Biology 医学 Medicine生物学 Biology 护理麻醉学 Nurse Anesthesia进化生物学 Evolutionary Biology 口腔外科学 Oral Surgery海洋生物学 Marine Biology 口腔/牙科科学 Oral/Dental Sciences微生物学 Microbiology 骨科医学 Osteopathic Medicine分子生物学 Molecular Biology 耳科学 Otology医学微生物学 Medical Microbiology 理疗学 Physical Therapy口腔生物学 Oral Biology 足病医学 Podiatric Medicine寄生物学 Parasutology 眼科学 Ophthalmology植物生物学 Plant Physiology 预防医学 Preventive Medicine心理生物学 Psychobiology 放射学 Radiology放射生物学 Radiation Biology 康复咨询学 Rehabilitation Counseling理论生物学 Theoretical Biology 康复护理学 Rehabilitation Nursing野生生物学 Wildlife Biology 外科护理学 Surgical Nursing环境生物学 Environmental Biology 治疗学 Therapeutics运动生物学 Exercise Physiology 畸形学 Teratology有机体生物学 Organismal Biology 兽医学 V eterinary Sciences生物统计学 Biometrics 牙科卫生学 Dental Sciences生物物理学 Biophysics 牙科科学 Dentistry生物心理学 Biopsychology 皮肤学 Dermatology生物统计学 Biostatistics 内分泌学 Endocrinology生物工艺学 Biotechnology 遗传学 Genetics生物化学 Biological Chemistry 解剖学 Anatomy生物工程学 Biological Engineering 麻醉学 Anesthesia生物数学 Biomathematics 临床科学 Clinical Science生物医学科学 Biomedical Science 临床心理学 Clinical Psychology细胞生物学和分子生物学 Celluar and Molecular Biology精神病护理学 Psychiatric Nursing力学专业数学分析 Mathematical Analysis 高等代数与几何 Advanced Algebra and Geometry 常微分方程 Ordinary Differential Equation 数学物理方法 Methods in Mathematical Physics 计算方法 Numerical Methods 理论力学 Theoretical Mechanics材料力学 Mechanics of Materials 弹性力学 Elasticity流体力学 Fluid Mechanics 力学实验 Experiments in Solid Mechanics机械制图 Machining Drawing 力学概论 Introduction to Mechanics气体力学 Gas Dynamics 计算流体力学 Computational Fluid Mechanics 弹性板理论 Theory of Elastic Plates 粘性流体力学 V iscous Fluid Flow弹性力学变分原理 V ariational Principles inElasticity 有限元法 Finite Element Method 塑性力学 Introduction of Plasticity经典力学中的数学方法 Mathematical Methods of ClassicalMechanics机器人动力学 Dynamics of Robots 自动控制原理 Principles of Automatic Control 优化计算与最化控制 Optimization and OptimalControl计算机图形学 Computer Graphics 概率与统计 Probability and Statistics专业英语 English for Mechanics 振动理论 Theory of V ibration程序设计方法(C和FORTRAN) Programming in C & FORTRAN水动力学 Hydrodynamics 计算机图象处理 Image Processing光测力学 Photo Mechanics 断裂力学 Fracture Mechanics高等动力学 Advanced Dynamics 摄动方法 Perturbation Methods机械设计与Auto CAD Machinery Designing and AutoCAD信息显示(可视化) V isualization微机原理 Principles of Personal Computer 复变函数 Complex Function企业管理专业管理学 Principles of Management 微观经济学 Microeconomics宏观经济学 Macroeconomics 管理信息系统 Systems of Management Information 产业经济学 Industrial Economics 财务管理 Financial Management项目评估 Projects Appraisal 战略管理 Strategic Management管理沟通 Management Negotiation 国际商务谈判 Negotiation on Business Affairs跨国公司专题研究 Special Researchof multinational corporation国际贸易 InternationalTrade 国际营销研究 International Marketing Research公司组织与管理 Organization and Managementof Corporate战略管理 Strategic Management 生产管理研究 Operation Management企业伦理 Enterprise Ethics 组织行为学 Organizational Behavior运筹学 Operational Research 人力资源管理 Human Resource Management信息管理专业高等数学 Higher Mathematics 信息存储与检索 Information Retrieval andStorage数据库系统 Database 信息服务与用户 information Service and UserStudy 信息管理概论 Introduction to InformationManagement信息经济学 Information Economics 企业信息化工程 Enterprise Informationalization社会实践 Practical Work 信息分析与决策Information Analysis andPolicy Making 管理学原理 Principles of Management 信息政策与法规 Information Policy and Law信息组织 Information Organization 计算机网络 Computer Networks管理信息系统 Management Information System 线性代数 Linear Algebra决策分析 Policy Making 离散数学 Discrete Mathematics概率统计 Statistics and ProbabilityTheory 生产与运作管理 Production Management 电子商务 Electronic Commerce 信息系统安全与保密 Information System Security 政府信息化工程 Government Informationalization广告实务 Practice of Advertisement 多媒体技术 Multimedia操作系统 Operating System 信息科学基础 Foundations of InformationScience 经济信息管理 Economic Information Management 专业英语 Specialty English微机基础 Principles of Microcomputers 文献计量学 Bibliometrics电子出版技术 Electronic Publishing 广告概论 Introduction to Advertisement信息环境论 Information Environments 传播学原理 Principles of CommunicationTheory 知识产权法学 Law of Intelligence Property 组织行为学 Studies of Organization货币银行学专业货币银行学 Money and Banking 管理信息系统 System of Management Information 宏观经济学 Macroeconomics 运筹学 Operational Research策略管理 Strategic Management 保险学 Insurance银行会计 Bank Accounting 管理会计 Managerial Accounting运筹学 Operational Research 国际贸易 International Trade财务管理 Financial Management 国际金融 International Finance租赁与信托 Hiring and Affiancing 证券投资学 Security Analysis and Investment商业银行实务 Practice of Business Bank 国际结算 International Balance项目评估 Projects Appraisal 金融市场学 Financial Marketing人力资源管理 Human Resource Management财务报告分析 Analysis of Financial Statement财务案例分析 Case Analysis of FinancialManagement物理专业热学 Thermodynamics 力学 Mechanics光学 Optics 电磁学 Electromagnetism计算概论 Computing Generality 普通物理实验 General Physics Laboratory固体磁性及应用基础 Magnetism of the Solid Stateand its Application衍射物理（固体结构分析） Diffraction Physics (Structureof Solid Analysis)科研实用软件 Utility Software for ScientificResearch计算机模拟方法 Computer Simulation Methods激光原理、技术与应用 The Principle, Techniqueand Application of Laser材料物理 Materials Physics 近代光学和光电子学 Modern Optics and Optoelectronics 现代固体物理 Modern Solid State Physics 粒子物理 Particle Physics物理宇宙学基础 Elements of Cosmology Physics 固体物理 Solid State Physics原子物理 Atomic Physics 量子力学 Quantum Mechanics理论力学 Theoretical Mechanics 电动力学 Electrodynamics普通物理综合实验 Synthetical Experiments ofGeneral Physics市场营销学专业营销管理 Marketing Management 公共关系 Public Relationship国际贸易 International Trade 消费者行为 Consumer Behavior管理信息系统 Systems of Management Information 营销调研 Marketing Research推销学 Sales Strategies 国际金融 International Finance营销预测与规划 Marketing Forecasting andPlanning销售渠道管理 ales Channels Management 管理学 Principles of Management国际市场营销 International Marketing 商业谈判 Business Negotiation广告管理 Advertising Management 营销案例分析 Case Studies of Marketing国际贸易实务 Practice of InternationalTrade 服务业营销 Service Industry Marketing企业伦理 Enterprise Ethics 新产品开发 New Products Development财务学专业货币银行学 Money and Banking 证券投资学 Security Analysis and Investment 财务报告分析 Analysis of Financial Statement 国际金融 International Finance保险学 Insurance 财务案例分析 Case Analysis of FinanceManagement 国际财务管理 International Financial Management 资产评估 Assets Appraisal项目评估 Projects Appraisal 宏观经济学 Macroeconomics财务管理 Financial Management 管理信息系统 Systems of Management Information 运筹学 Operational Research 策略管理 Strategic Management管理会计 Managerial Accounting 微观经济学 Microeconomics管理学 Principles of Management 微积分 Calculus统计学 Principles of Statistics会计专业会计学 Accounting Principles 成本会计 Cost Accounting管理会计 Managerial Accounting 审计学 Auditing Principles会计信息系统 Accounting Information Systems 投资学 Investment Principles财务管理 Financial Management 货币银行学 Money and Banking财务报告分析 Analysis of Financial Statement 国际金融 International Finance国际会计 International Accounting 统计学 Principle of Stat财税法规与税务会计 Laws and Regulations of Financeand Taxes预算会计 Budget Accounting 会计研究方法 Accounting Research Methods 内部审计与政府审计 Internal Auditing and GovernmentAuditing会计审计实务 Accounting and Auditing Practice 经济计量学 Economic Metrology会计职业道德与责任 Accounting Ethics and Responsibilities国际会计专题 International AccountingSpecial Subject 微观经济学 Microeconomics。

纸业专业英语词汇翻译(D4)drop leg 大气水腿drop marks 水痕，水滴印痕（纸病）drop number 耐摔度drop-off 水滴痕（纸病）drop test 摔袋试验，跌落试验drop tester 耐摔度测定仪drubber 脱墨装置drug (bond) wrapping 药品包装纸drum 辊筒drum barker 圆鼓剥皮机drum chipper 鼓式削片机drum coating 辊式涂布drum cutter 辊式切料机drum dryer 圆筒干燥器，烘缸drum filter 转鼓过滤机drum press 立式圆筒挤浆机drum reel 卷筒式卷取机drum slaker 石灰消化鼓drum storage 磁鼓存储器drum strainer 鼓式过滤器drum tender 剥皮工drum washer 鼓式洗浆机drum winder 鼓式复卷机dry broke 干损纸dry calender stack 干压罗纹纸dry cleaning 干洗净化dry coating 干法涂布dry cook 干煮；不完全蒸煮dry crepe 干法起皱dry creping 干法起皱dry defibrator 干浆离解机dry distillation 干馏dry embossed 干压罗纹dry end 干部，干燥部dry felt 干毛毯dry felt roll 干燥毛毯辊dry finish 干燥光泽dry forming 干法成型，干法造纸dry indicator method 干指示剂测定法（施胶度测定用）dry line 水线dry linting 掉粉，掉抟dry mat 干式这型纸板原纸dry method of depithing 干法除髓dry method of papermaking 干法造纸dry picking 烘缸湿斑痕，汽斑（纸病）dry pickup 干涂层量dry powder bonding 干粉沫粘着dry printings 速干性印刷用纸dry rosin size 干松香胶dry rot fungus( merulius lacrymans) 干腐菌dry rub resistance 抗干擦性能dry screen 干式筛dry soft 缓慢干燥dry solids conlent 绝干固体含量dry steam 干蒸汽dry strength 干强度dry strength agent 干强度剂dry treatment 干处理dry vat (former) 干式网槽成形器dry waxing 干法上蜡dry weight 干重dry wood 干材dryer 干燥器，烘缸dryer can 烘缸dryer drainage system 烘缸排水系统dryer fabrics 干燥部合成网dryer felt 干燥毛毯，干毯dryer felt marks 毛毯痕，帆由印（纸病）dryer hood 烘缸罩dryer part 干燥部dryer pick marks 烘缸粘纸痕（纸病）dryer pocket 干燥部袋区，干燥部处山区dryer section 干燥部dryer spear （干燥部）损纸剔除长棒dryer surface 烘缸表面drying 干燥，烘干drying agent 干燥剂drying apperatus 干燥器drying capacity 干燥能力drying chamber 干燥室drying cracks （涂布纸）干燥裂纹；龟裂（纸病）drying cylinder 烘缸drying efficiency 干燥效率drying fabric 干燥部合成网drying loft 干燥室drying machine 干燥机drying nest 干燥部drying oil 干性油drying oven 烘箱drying part 干燥部drying rate 干燥速度drying room 干燥室，烘房drying section 干燥部drying temperature curve 干燥温度曲线dryjector 热风干燥器dryness 干度dual press 双压榨dualite mg second sheet dualite 单面光二联单用纸duct 导管；风管duct thermostat 温度调节器ductor 领纸刮刀；诱导板duke 英国帐薄纸标准尺寸dull 黯；钝dull-deged 钝边dull fiber 深色纤维dull finish 无光泽整饰dull stone 钝磨石dull tackle 钝刀dulling of stone 磨石表面的钝化dummy 样本，代用品dummy receiver 备用贮槽dump 排放，卸料dump car 卸料小车dump chest 卸料池dump rags 杂破布dump tank 排渣槽；排污槽dump valve 放料阀；放浆阀dumping 排泄dumping device 卸料装置dumping hole 卸料孔dumping pit 卸料孔dumping valve 放料阀；放浆阀dunlop test dunlop （石蜡松香胶中）石蜡椴验法dunnage 支撑板；卡纸板duoformer duo式夹网成形器（西德voith制）duostress kraft 各向同性年皮纸duotojne finish 调色加工，光泽加工duotrol control 磨盘间距自动控制duplex 双；双重；加倍；复式duplex arcu former 复arcu式成形器（芬兰tampella制）duplex beater 双鼓打浆机duplex bristol 双面涂布厚纸duplex cutter 复刀切纸机duplex enamel book 双面涂布书籍用纸duplex felt 双层毛毯duplex super 两面各异光泽纸duplex varnishing litho 双面洋漆平版印刷纸duplicable test 平行试验duplicator 复印机durability 耐久性，耐用年限duracomb duracomb 双层网基针刺毛毯（美国albany产品）duraflo duraflo 单层网基针刺毛毯（美国albany产品）duraflo durasorb 毛基针刺毛毯（美国albany产品）duramen 心材durite 合成酚醛树脂durometer 橡胶硬度计dust 尘屑；矿尘dust chamber 除尘室；集尘室dust collecting cyclone 旋风集尘器dust collector 集尘器dust control 飞尘捕集dust exhauster 除尘器dust exhausting 除尘dust fan 除尘器；屑料吹送机dust filter 尘土过滤器dust filtration 滤尘（作用）dust sucking 吸尘（作用）dust washer 湿法除尘器duster 除尘机，除尘器duster screen 除尘机筛网duslting 除尘；掉粉duslting machine 除尘机dwarf oak(quercus prinus l.) 矮栎，岩栎dwell time 停留时间dye 染料dye aluminium lakes 铝淀染料dye spot 色斑（纸病）dyed white 显白；调白颜料dy(e)ing 染色dyestuff 染料，颜料dyestuff test paper (sheet) 染色试纸dynamic bleaching 动态漂白dynamic characteristics 动态特性dynamic mechanical properties 动态机械性能dynamic retention/drainage jar 过滤留着动态测定仪dynamic test 动态试验dynel 聚丙烯腈合成纤维（美国产品，商业名称）dynofiner dyno磨浆机dynomizing （经dyno磨浆机）精磨dynopeller dyno式干浆板撕碎机dyewood （热带）染料木daily paper 新闻纸；日报damask paper 锦缎花纹书写纸dampening paper 吸湿纸debenture paper 证券纸decalcomania paper 印刷模写纸；转印纸；（陶瓷）印花装璜纸deckle-edged paper 毛边纸deckled stained paper 染边纸decorated building paper 建筑装饰用纸decorated cover paper 装饰封面纸cecorated sheathoing paper 建筑装饰用纸decorative paper 装饰纸decorative paper(for plastic laminate) 塑料层压板装饰纸deed paper 证券纸delicatessen paper 耐脂食品包装纸dental headrest paper 牙科椅枕垫纸design paper 制图纸detail paper 誊写纸detail drawing paper 绘画草图纸detail tracing paper 铅笔描图纸developing out paper 显相纸diagram paper 图表纸dial paper 标度记录纸dialyzing paper 渗析纸diaphonic paper （贴玻璃用）薄彩色纸diaphragm paper 石棉隔膜纸diazo paper 重氮感光纸；晒图纸dickinson paper 丝绒纸dielectric paper 介电纸die-wiping paper （凹版印刷用）擦墨纸dip coated paper 浸渍涂布纸dipped paper 浸渍纸direct process paper 重氮感光纸directory paper 名簿用纸；电话簿用纸dish rag paper 抹布代用纸disinfectant paper 消毒纸disinfecting paper 消毒纸distinctive paper 特殊专用纸document paper 公文纸doily paper 桌布纸domino paper 壁纸double faced paper 双面纸double thick cover paper 双面特厚封皮纸doughnut bag paper 面包圈袋纸draft paper 绘图纸drafting paper 绘图纸drapery paper 包纱纸draughting paper 绘图纸drawer-lining paper 抽屉衬纸drawing paper 制图纸；图画纸drinking paper 吸水纸drinking straw paper 饮用麦管纸drygum paper 干胶纸drygum proofing paper 快干油墨印刷校样纸drygum silver paper 干法银盐感光纸drygum waxed paper 干式蜡纸dull art paper 暗美术纸dull coated paper 暗涂布纸dull glazed paper 暗色蜡光纸dunnage paper 工业包装纸duplex paper 双色纸duplex asphalt paper 双面沥青纸duplex blotting paper 双色吸水纸duplex creped paper 双层彩色皱纸duplex wall paper 双层壁纸duplicating paper 复写纸duplicating stencil paper 誊写复印纸duplicating note paper 复写便笺纸duplicating tissue paper 复写薄页纸duplicator paper 誊写纸dust filtration paper 滤尘纸dusting paper 家具清洁用纸，拂拭纸dutch paper 荷兰纸dutch marble paper 荷兰大理石纹纸dye line paper 感光纸，照相纸dyeling paper 感光纸，照相纸dynamite shell paper 火药包装纸day-kesting process d.k.盐酸法制备二氧化氯defibrator process 管式连续蒸煮热磨法defibrator thermofiner process 常压汽蒸木片麻磨木浆制造，dtf法direct sulfitation process （nscc废液）直接亚硫酸涨法回收doddel process 溶解氧置换脱木素法dry process 干法dtf process 常压汽蒸木片磨木浆制造，dtf法decalcomania pulp 吸水性纸张defibrated pulp 离解浆deinked pulp 脱墨废纸浆digested pulp 粗浆dissolving pulp 熔解浆dry pulp 干浆decker type saveall 圆网白水回收机disc saveall 盘式纤维回收机drum type vacuum saveall 真空圆网白水回收机drip mat tissue 滴铸铅版纸型用纸duplicating tissue 复写薄纸d dioxide二氧化物的缩写daf dissolved air floatation（溶）气浮的缩写dcs dissolved and colloidal substances溶解与胶态物的缩写dcs distributed control system集散控制系统的缩写dels doppler electrophoretic light scattering多普勒电泳光扫描的缩写dip deinked pulp脱墨纸浆的缩写dkp deinked kraft pulp脱墨牛皮纸浆的缩写dlk double-line clippings双线限位的缩写dms dynamic mechanical spectroscopy动力谱学的缩写dmso dimethyl sulfoxide二甲亚砜的缩写dmt dimethyl terephthalate对邻苯二甲酸二甲酯的缩写do dissolved oxygen溶解氧的缩写dp degree of polymerizstry聚合度的缩写dsc differential scanning calorimetry微分扫描量热法的缩写dvc digital valve controller数字伐控制器的缩写daewoo 大宇制纸有限公司。

About car engineOf all automobile components,an automobile engie is the most complicated assembly with dominant effects on the function of an autombile.So, the engine is generally called the"heat"of an automobile.在汽车的所有部件中，汽车发动机是最复杂的组件，其对整车性能有着决定性的作用。

因而发动机往往被称作发动机的“心脏”。

There are actually various types of engines such as electric motors,stream engines,andinternal combustion engines.The internal combustion engines seem to have almost complete dominance of the automotive field.The internal combustion engine,as its name indicates,burns fuel within the cylinders and converts the expanding force of the combustion into rotary force used to propel the vehicle.事实上，按动力来源分发动机有很多种，如电动机、蒸汽机、外燃机等。

然而内燃机似乎在发动机领域有着绝对的统治地位。

就像其字面意思一样，内燃机的染料在气缸内燃烧，通过将燃烧产生气体的膨胀力转换成转动力来驱动发动机前进。

Engine is the power source of the automobile.Power is produced by the linear motion of a piston in a cylinder.However,this linear motion must be changed into rotary motion to turn the wheels of cars or trucks.The puston attached to the top of a connecting rod by a pin,called a piston pin or wrist pin.The bottom of the connecting rod is attached to the crankshaft.The connecting rod transmits the up-and-down motion of the piston to the crankshaft,which changes it into rotary motion.The connecting rod is mounted on the crankshaft with large bearings called rod bearing.Similar bearings, called main bearings,are used to mount the crankshaft in the block.发动机是整部车的动力来源。

Unit 10 水污染与治理1854年英国伦敦爆发了大规模的流行性霍乱。

此事明确地证实了污水和疾病之间的关系。

当初以公共健康为目的所采取的污染控制，依然是许多地区的主要目的。

然而，水资源的保持，产鱼区的防护，以及娱乐活动用水的维持在今天也成为关注的焦点。

紧随第二次世界大战之后所产生的城市人口密度突增和工业化进程的加剧，都使得水污染问题越见明显。

致使对于水污染的关注程度在70年代中期达到了顶峰。

水污染是一个不准确的术语，它并未指出污染物的种类和来源。

而我们处理废水问题的方式往往取决于以下几个方面：污染物是否需要氧气，是否助长藻类，是否有传染性，是否有毒，或者仅仅是否好看。

水源的污染可能直接来自生活污水的排放或工厂污水排放（点源），也可能间接地由空气污染、农业排水或城市排水（非点源）所引发。

化学上所谓的纯水仅仅是水分子的集合。

无论在野外的河流或湖泊、云层或雨水中，还是在下雪期间，极地的冰帽地区，这种物质在自然界均不能找到。

然而在实验室中可以制备非常纯净的水，但是存在一定的困难。

因为水极易接受和容纳外来物质。

城市污水，也被称作生活污水，是一种复杂的混合物。

它包含水（通常超过99％）以及悬浮或溶解的有机和无机污染物。

这些污染物的浓度通常很低并且以mg/L来表示，也就是说，每升混合物含有多少毫克污染物。

重量与体积比也常用来表示在水、废水、工业废水和其它稀释溶液中的污染物浓度。

微生物任何地方只要存在适合的食物，充足的湿度和适当的温度，微生物即可大量繁殖。

而生活污水为各种各样的微生物提供了一个理想的环境。

这些微生物主要是细菌，某些病毒和原生动物。

废水中的大多数微生物是无害的，并且可借助生化过程，将有机物转化为稳定的最终产物。

但是当一些人患有可通过有毒废水传播的传染性疾病时，其排泄物所携带的致病病原体，极有可能成为污水的组成部分。

虽然在发达国家，类似于水传播的细菌性疾病，例如霍乱、伤寒和肺结核，病毒性疾病例如传染性的肝炎和原生虫引起的痢疾，已经不再是问题，但是在那些经过适当处理过的污水不能被公共利用的地区仍然存在着很大威胁。

■Lesson1■Beginning in the late seventeenth century with the work of Robert Bayle, who proposed the presently acceptable concept of an element, numerous investigations produced a considerable knowledge of the properties of elements and their compounds.早在17世纪末期，RB就开始了这项工作，他提出了现在公认的元素概念，大量的研究使我们对元素及其化合物的性质有了相当的了解。

■Thus it is possible to arrange the list of elements in tabular form with elements having simliliar properties placed in vertical columes.于是，将具有类似性质的元素排成纵列，从而把元素排成表格形式是可能的。

■However, as is characteristic of most transtion elements, they form ions having other charges as well.然而，像许多过度元素所具有的特点一样，它们也形成了具有其它电荷的离子。

■They from such a wide varity of compounds that it is not practical at this point to present any examples as being typical of the behavior of the respective groups.它们形成了各种不同的化合物，在这一点上我们甚至不能举出任何能表现各族元素典型变化的例子。

纸业专业英语词汇翻译（B3）bleed 排放，析抽；纸边裁切bleed trim 书本切边bleeder 排气阀；排放支管bleeder hole 抽气孔bleeder rurbine 抽气透平机bleeding 放气，放空；脱色，褪色；表面处理成效bleeding of waste liquor 黑液排除bleeding resistance （沥青纸的）抗流性bleeding test （沥青纸的）流胶性试验blemish 沾污blend 混合；配浆，配料blender 混合器blending chest 混合浆池blending chest tank 混合槽blind 盲板blind press 盲孔压榨辊blip 尖峰显示blister 泡；起泡；气泡；水泡blister cut 椭圆形裂口（纸病）blister pick 鼓包（纸病）blistering 起泡block 木段；阻塞；粘合block compression test 耐湿粘压试验block diagram 方块（流程）图block resistance 抗阻塞性能；粘合阻力block up 堵住blocking 粘合blocking resistance 粘合阻力thermocouple pyrometer 热电偶高温计blood resistance 抗血性能blood rdsistancity paper test 吸墨纸试验blood rdsistancity test 吸墨试验blow 吹；放浆，放料，放锅blow bin 喷放槽blow box 毛毯真空箱blow down 放浆，放料，放锅blow down heat recovery system （放浆的）热回收系统blow down steam 喷放过程中的蒸汽blow line 喷放管道blow line refining 喷放系统磨浆blow liquir 黑液，废液blow mark （气）泡痕（纸病）blow moulding 吹气成形blow off valve 喷放阀blow pipe 喷放管blow pit 喷放池blow pit gases 喷放池排气blow roll 引纸辊，领纸辊blow stack 排气管blow tank 喷放锅blow test （瓦楞纸的）戮穿试验blow-through steam 蒸汽吹净blow valve 喷放阀blower 鼓风机blowing 放浆，放料，放锅；纸板分层；气泡的构成blowing down pressure 喷放压力blowing floor 放浆操作楼面blowing of chips 风送木片blowing out 喷放blown film 气吹薄膜blown film sap 多汁木材blown film up 爆破；吹满，吹胀blue glass method 蓝玻璃试验法blue glass method glass test 蓝玻璃试验blue glass method line 标准线，蓝线blue glass method lumber 蓝变材，青变材blue glass method oak (Quercus Pinus L.) 岩栎，矮栎blue glass method print 蓝图blue glass method reflectance factor 蓝光反射系数（即亮度）blue glass method rot 青斑；蓝色腐朽（树病）blue glass method stripe 标准线，蓝线blue glass method vitriol 胆矾，蓝矾blu(e)ing 上蓝blush coating 红染涂布board 纸板backing board 裱糊纸板barrier board 防护纸板battery board 干电池用纸板beaver board 硬建筑纸板beer mat 啤酒瓶盖垫纸板binder's board 书皮纸板bitumen food board 沥青纸板bituminous board 沥青纸板bleached food board 食品包装漂白纸板blook board 台纸板boltting board 吸墨纸板body board 汽车车身用纸板bogus board 仿制纸板book(binder) board 书皮纸板boot board 靴用纸板bottlle cap board 瓶盖纸板board packing board 瓶用包装纸板box board 纸盒用纸板bristol board 光泽纸板British board （英国）草纸板brown wood (pulp) board 褐色木浆纸板buckskin board 鹿皮纸板building board 建筑纸板bulking board 松厚纸板button board 钮扣用纸板board finishing board 无光泽纸板board and box lining 纸板和纸箱衬里board and box lining cutter 纸板裁切机board and box lining felt 纸板机用毛毯board and box lining filler 纸板芯层board and box lining formation 纸板的成形board and box lining forming machine 圆网纸板机board and box lining glazing 纸板磨光board and box lining liner 纸板衬里board and box lining lining machine 裱糊纸板机board and box lining machine 纸板机board and box lining mill 纸板厂board and box lining mould 纸板机的圆网board and box lining press 制纸板用压榨机board and box lining stock 纸板用浆料bobbin 盘纸bobbin cutter 盘纸分切机body stock 原纸bogus 仿造纸；伪造纸bogus back lining 仿封面衬bogus bristol 仿光泽纸bogus corrugating medium 仿瓦楞原纸bogus duplex 仿双层纸bogus kraft 仿牛皮纸bogus manila 仿马尼拉纸板bogus mill wrap 仿书皮包装纸bogus sereenings 用浆渣制成的纸板bogus tag 仿标签纸bogus wrapper 仿包装纸bogus wrapping 仿包装纸boiler 锅炉；蒸煮boiler feed water 锅炉用水boiler house 锅炉房boiler room 锅炉房boiler scale 锅炉结垢，锅炉水垢boiling curve 蒸煮曲线boiling curve point 沸点bole 茎，主干bolter 筛，栓bolting 筛选；栓接bolting machine 筛选机bombax wool (Bombax heptaphyllum) 木棉树bond 结合键；证券；粘合bonded area 结合面积bonding 粘合；结合bonding agent 粘合剂bonding strength 粘合强度；结合强度bone dry 绝干bone dry dry weight 绝干重量bone dry glue 骨胶bonnet valve 帽状阀book back liner （书本）封面衬里bood back liner basis 书本标准规格bood back liner bulk 书本松厚度bood back liner jacket 书本封面套bood back liner lining （书本）封面衬里bood back liner shavings 书籍纸切边bood back liner stock 书籍纸用浆bood back liner wrapper 包书纸bookkeeping machine 簿记计算机boom 吊杆；梁boom crane 吊杆起重机boom stick 悬挂杆boony fiber 木质纤维boot 防护罩borate 硼酸盐borax 硼砂bordered pit (pair) 具缘纹孔（对）bore 内径；孔，膛；穿孔，钻孔boric acid 硼酸boring 钻孔；钻取boring method (of pulp sampling) （纸浆取样）钻孔法borohydride 硼氢化物Borol system 液态亚硫酸氢钠制备系统boron 硼boss 轮毂；凸起部位boss machine tender 抄纸工长bottle cap 纸瓶盖bottle cap wrapper 包瓶用纸bottle cap wraps 包瓶用纸bottom couch (roll) 下伏辊bootom couch (roll) cutter shaft （切纸机）底刀轴bootom couch (roll) felt press 下毛毯，下毛布bootom couch (roll) felt press （包毯）下压榨辊bootom couch (roll)liner （纸板的）底面bootom couch (roll) lip (of slice) 下唇板bootom couch (roll) press (roll) 下压榨（辊）bootom couch (roll) product （分馏）残馏产物bootom couch (roll) roll 底辊bootom couch (roll) slitter （碗状）下刀bootom couch (roll)squeeze roll 下挤水辊bootom couch (roll) wire 下网，底网bound moisture 结合水分bound moisture surface 结合表面bound moisture water 结合水bow 弧形杆；舒展杆bow wave 涡流bowed roll 弓形辊，弧形辊bowl （超级压光机）纸粕辊bowl glazing 旋光泽box 盒box board container 纸箱box clippings 箱纸板下脚料box compression 纸箱耐压性能box covering machine 纸盒糊面机box enamel 纸盒糊面瓷釉纸box liner 纸盒衬里用纸box machine 制盒机box partition 纸箱间层用纸板box unit 集装箱bracket 托架；座架bracket trimmer 闸刀切纸机brake 制动器，刹车brake drum 制动圆鼓brakd shoe 闸瓦，刹车摩擦片braking 制动；刹车branch knot 枝节branch knot wood 枝桠材branched structure 支链结构brand mark 商标brander 烫烙机brashness 脆性brass 黄铜Braun's lignin 溶解天然木素，Braun木素Brazil wood (Caesalpinia brasiliensis) 胡核木BRDA former BRDA圆网成形器（流浆箱带有扩散室）bread wrapper 面包包装纸break 断纸；断头break even point 均等极限点break point 极限点；转效点break resistance 抗断裂性能breakage 裂断breakage voltage 击穿电压breaker 破碎机；碎纸机breaker bar 破碎机刀片；碎纸机刀片breaker beater 半浆机breaker drum 鼓式碎纸机breaker engine 碎纸机breaker roll （纸板用）切割辊breaker stack 半干压光机breaker trap 碎纸机捕砂槽breaker vat 碎纸机槽breaking factor 断裂因子breaking factor length 裂断长breaking factor length tester 裂断长测定仪breaking factor load 裂断负荷breaking factor roll （纸板用）切割辊breaking factor strain 裂断应变breaking factor strength 裂断强度breaking factor test 裂断试验breaking factor weight 裂断重量breast board 胸板breast board box 网前箱breast board roll 胸辊breathe 换气brick lining 砖衬bridge crane 桥式吊车bridge crane tree （磨木机的）紧木箍；楦头bridging (of chips) 搭桥brightener 增白剂thermocouple pyrometer 热电偶高温计brightening 显白，显亮brightening agent 增白剂brightness 亮度brightness reversion 回色，返色brightness tester 亮度测定仪brilliance 光泽；明度brilliant red 亮红brimstone 硫磺（石）Brinnell's hardness 布氏硬度Brinnell's hardness tester 布氏硬度计briquetting 压块；压制成块bristle mark 毛刷痕（纸病）fbristol 光泽纸British gum 糊精British Thermal Unit 英国热量单位brittle 发脆brittle heart 心材brittleness 脆性broad-leaf wood 阔叶木broad-leaved wood 阔叶木broke 损纸broke beater 损纸打浆机broke bundle 损纸捆broke disposal 损纸处理broke pulper 损纸碎浆机broke reclamation 损纸回收broke storage chest 损纸浆池broke storage tank 损纸浆槽broken edge 破硕纸边broken fiber 破碎纤维broken room 破损纸broken twlll weave 破斜纹broken-up stock 分散的浆料brominated lignin 溴化木素bromine number 溴值bromine test 溴试验bronze crepe 金色皱纹纸bronze speck 铜斑（点），铜尘埃（纸病）bronze spot 铜斑（点），铜尘埃（纸病）Brookfield viscometer Brookfield粘度计broom corn 高梁broomed end 帚化brown groundwood 褐色磨木浆brown rot 褐斑，褐色腐朽（树病）brown size 褐色胶，褐色松香胶brown slivers 褐色木条。

RESEARCH ON DEVELOPMENT OF SOLAR ENERGY AND ECOLOGY BUILDING关于太阳能和生态建设的研究ABSTRACT摘要Our country’s solar energy resources are extremely rich.我国的太阳能资源极其丰富。

This paper mainly introduces the research on development of solar energy and ecological building.本文主要介绍了关于发展太阳能和生态建筑的研究。

Based on the literature analysis at home and abroad, this paper has studied the development and 基于国内外的文献分析，本文研究了太阳能在建筑领域的发展和应the application process of the solar energy in construction domain.用过程。

Through studying the reference from the predecessor researches in foundation and the architecture example,通过研究前人的研究成果和建筑实例的基础上，this paper proposes a new plan for the union of solar energy and ecological building.本文提出了太阳能与生态建筑联合的新方案。

The union of solar energy and ecological building will provide a wide market for the use of solar energy.太阳能和生态建筑的联合将为太阳能的使用提供一个广阔的市场。