英美概况名词解释复习范围兼答案

名词解释：1.Great Britain: shortened as Britain ,it can be a geographical term ,referring to the island onwhich England ,Wales and Scotland are situated ,together with numerous smaller islands .2.The Union Flag :also known as the Union Jack ,it is the national flag of the United Kingdom .3.God Save the King /Queen : the national anthem of the United Kingdom.ke Poets: English poets at the turn of the 19th century who lived in the Lake District ofEngland and were inspired by it to create romantic works .5.Domesday Book(土地财产清册)：The written record of a census and survey of Englishlandowners and their property made by order of William the Conqueror in 1085-1086 .6.Black Death (黑死病)：also known as the Black Plague ,it was a devastating pandemic(流行的) that first struck European in the mid-14th century .7.Gunpowder Plot(火药阴谋)：conspiracy of a group of English Catholics to blow up the Houseof Parliament where King James I was present on 5 November ,1605.The plan was discovered and Guy Frank was caught and burnt alive .In England ,5 November is celebrated with bonfire ,fireworks and the burning of the effigies.(肖像)。

名词解释：1 .The Great Depression2 Industrial Revolution3 Melting Pot4. Black Death5. American Constitution1.On October 24，1929，the American stock market crashed. Billions of dollarsof paper profits were wiped out within a few hours. This led to a long economic depression.2. The Industrial Revolution refers to the mechanization of industry and the consequences in social and economic organization in Britain in the late 18th and e arly 19th centuries. Britain was the first country to industrialize. The Industrial R evolution in Britain first began in the textile industry.3. Since the United States is a nation of many ethnic groups，it is also known as a “melting pot，”　m eaning immigrants from different nations all over the wo rld have mixed to make up the American nation.4. Black Death was the modern name given to the deadly bubonic plague，an epidemic disease spread by rat fleas. It spread through Europe in the 14th cen tury. It swept through England in the summer of 1348 without warning. It killed many people. As a result of the plague，much land was left untended and there was a terrible shortage of labor.5. The Constitution of the United States is the basic instrument of Americangovernment and the supreme law of the land. It is the oldest written constitutionin the world. It was drawn up in 1787 and went into effect in 1789. It founded federalism and introduced checks and balances into government for the first time in history.。

《英美概况》名词解释1. backbone of England : It refers to the Pennines in England. The Pennines extend from north to south, from upland to Derbyshire. 2. the act of 1801: In the year of 1801, the parliament passed the act to agree that Ireland joined the kingdom. From then on, Britain got the name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and Britain includes England, Wales, Scotland and Ireland. 3. the Bank of England: It is the center of the British financial system. It was founded in 1694 and nationalized in 1946. 4. Invisible Trade: It refers to a kind of unseen and unobvious trade. It includes the profits, dividend and capital investment. 5. Black country: It refers to the industrial area in the west midland and Birmingham is the center. The area is very rich but is heavily polluted. 6. Hadrian’s Wall Hadrian’s Wall: In 122AD, the Romans built a wall in order to defend Picts and Scots. The wall is very long, : In 122AD, the Romans built a wall in order to defend Picts and Scots. The wall is very long, from Solway to Tyne; we call it Hadrian’s Wall.7. Julius Caesar ：The king of Rome. In 55-54BC, he led his army invaded Britain twice. 8. King Alfred: He is the king of Wessex in Britain. In the 8th century, he led the British people defeated the Danes and Vikings, and he was considered the first national hero. He wrote Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. (盎格鲁-撒克逊编年史) 9. 9. William William William the the the Conqueror: Conqueror: Conqueror: One One One the Christmas the Christmas Day Day of of of 1066, 1066, 1066, French French French man man man William William William defeated defeated defeated the the the British British British King King Harold Harold at at at Hastings. Hastings. Hastings. In In In Westminster Westminster Westminster Abbey, Abbey, Abbey, he he he was was was crowned crowned crowned the the the King King King of of of Britain, Britain, Britain, so so so the the the Norman Norman Norman Conquest Conquest began. He established a strong strong monarchy monarchy monarchy in in in England, England, England, and and and unified unified unified the the the country. country. country. In In In 1086, 1086, he he and and and his his officials made a book about the survey of Britain, which is called Doomsday Book. 10. Battle of Hastings: One the Christmas Day of 1066, at Hastings, French man William defeated the British King Harold, and Harold was killed. The battle was called Battle of Hastings. The battle of Hastings paved a way for the Norman Conquest. 11. 11. Henry Henry Henry II: II: II: In In In the the the year year year of of of 1154, 1154, 1154, Henry Henry Henry II II II built built built the the the Plantagenet Plantagenet Plantagenet and and and when when when he he he was was was a a a king, king, king, he he he made made made the the monarchy stronger than before. He made a set of reformation and in the year of 1181, he issued the Assize of Arms. He died in 1189. 12. the Assize of Arms: In the year of 1181, Henry II issued the Assize of Arms. According to the law, every freeman in England should be provided with arms, and they can only use the arms when they are called to fight for the King. 13.the Great Charter: It is also called Magna Carter. In the year of 1215, King John signed the Great Charter. According to the charter, the king can ’t freely change the law, the king can ’t freely tax, and if the king violates the Charter, the vassals may rebel by the civil war. It is a feudal charter, but it gave the people trade freedom and self government. 14. all estates parliament ：The parliament in 1265 is called all estates parliament, and it is considered the beginning of Parliament. 15. model model parliament parliament parliament :. :. :. In In In 1295, 1295, 1295, in in in order order order to to to collect collect collect more more more money money money on on on the the the war war war again again again Wales, Wales, Wales, King King King Edward Edward opened the “all estates parliament ”. The parliament included more than 400 members and was considered the most successful parliament. In the history, it is called model parliament. 16. Heptarchy : From 7th century to 9th century, England was divided into 7 small kingdoms, they fought each other. Later, the King Wessex, Egbert, united England and he was considered the first King. And this is called Heptarchy. 17. Black Death: It is a kind of plague in 14th century and so many people died from it. The Hundred Year ’s War stopped for some time because of the Black Death. 18 18 the the the Lollards: Lollards: Lollards: It It It refers refers refers to to to John John John Wycliffe Wycliffe and and his his his followers. followers. followers. They They They made made made some some some ideological(ideological(思想上的) preparation for the labour movement and peasant uprising. 19. enclosure movement ：In 15th century, the industry of woolen cloth was the source of wealth and export. So more more wool wool wool was was was needed, and needed, and more more sheep sheep sheep were were were needed. needed. needed. So So So some some some landlords landlords landlords began began began to to to enclose enclose enclose some some some ““common lands lands”” into pasture, and then some nobles and business men do so. As a result, farmers lost land and went to the cities to be the cheap workers. This is called enclosure movement. 20. Francis Drake: He was one of the most famous navigators in England. He set a sail around the world in 1577. 21. the East India Company: It is one of the most famous trade companies in England. It was founded in the year of 1600 and was a tool of exploiting(剥削) Indian people. 22. Henry VII : He became the King in the year of 1485. He did a lot of things to make his crown stronger, for example: he confined Edward in the London Tower, he increased the income of government, he encouraged the education, but he didn ’t deal with the Church problem. 23. Charles I: The second king of Stuart. He quarreled with the Parliament and dismissed the Parliament for a long time. He killed the Puritans. In 1649, he was killed. 24. O ’liver Cromwell: He is a famous man in the British history. During the civil war, he and his “New Model Army Army”” defeated the King’s army. In 1649, he killed Charles I. In 1653, he became Lord Protector and later compressed the Diggers. 25. new model army: It is the new kind of army led by Oliver Cromwell in the civil war. The army includes farmers, craftsman, undermasters (学徒) etc. 26.the Treaty of Paris in 1763: The treaty is between England and France. It includes four points. According to the the treaty, treaty, treaty, France France France gave gave gave up up up many many many colonies, colonies, colonies, for for for example, example, example, it it it gave gave gave up up up the the the controlling controlling controlling on on on India, India, India, and and and Britain Britain became the chief/leading colonial power. 27. the House of Hanover: George began the House of Hanover in the year of 1714, and the Cabinet System was established and monarch was controlled by the Parliament.28. 28. the Treaty of Paris in 1783 : The treaty is between Britain and America. In the treaty the Britain admitted the independence of America. 29. the Corn Laws: It refers to a set of laws to regulate the corn trade, for example: to increase the price of corn imported in 1815. The Corn Laws were cancelled in 1848. 30. the Peterloo Massacre: In August 1819, a organization was founded in Manchester to demand universal suffrage, and yearly Parliament and the cancellation of Corn Laws. The government suppressed it and 11 died with so many people wounded. This is called the Peterloo Massacre. 31. the Reform Bill: The Bill was brought up by Whig in 1832. It made 3 changes in election system. (1) many “rotten boroughs ” are cancelled （2）many new seats (席位) were given to the most populous (人口稠密的) countries. (3) the total electorates increased to 217000. But working class still didn ’t have to right to vote. 32. the Chartist Movement: 1839-1848, the working class in Britain had a movement to realize the “people people’’s charter charter”” , in fact , they wanted to have the universal suffrage. The chartist had two groups : moral force and physical force. At last, the Chartist Movement failed, but the working class entered the history stage for the first as an independent political force. 33. the Opium War: In 1840, the Chinese government issued a law to stop the importing opium from Britain, to the Britain launched a war. The Qing Government surrendered (投降) to the Britain and signed the unequal Treaty :Nanjing Treaty in 1842. 34. 34. the the the Fabian Fabian Fabian Society Society ：It It was was was founded founded in in 1883-1884. 1883-1884. 1883-1884. It It It included included included the the the famous famous famous men men men such such such as as as G.B.Shaw G.B.Shaw G.B.Shaw and and H.G H.G.Wells, who played an important role in 20.Wells, who played an important role in 20th century labour party. 35.the 35.the Statute Statute Statute of of of Westminster: Westminster: Westminster: It It It was was was passed passed passed in in in 1931 1931 1931 and and and it it it gave gave gave the the the legislative legislative legislative recognition recognition recognition to to to the the the relation relation between British Kingdom her dominions. The dominions are independent in all aspects except the name. 36. NATO: It is the acronym for North Atlantic Treaty Organization, it is founded in 1949. 37. 37. Margaret Margaret Margaret Thatcher: Thatcher: Thatcher: She She She was was was the the the first first first woman woman woman Prime Prime Prime Minister Minister Minister in in in British British British history. history. history. She She She was was was in in in power power power from from 1979-1990. She was called “iron lady ”because she controlled Britain ’s money policy tightly. She made Britain prosperous in the 1980s. 38.Downing 38.Downing Street Street Street Declaration: Declaration: Declaration: It It It is is is a a a document document document between between between Britain Britain Britain and and and Ireland Ireland Ireland in in in 1993. 1993. 1993. According According According to to to the the Downing Street Declaration, the future of Northern Ireland shold depend on the wished of majority. 39.BBC: Its full name is British Broadcast Co-operation. It was established in 1922, it has 4 radio channels, and the programs are broadcasted in 39 languages. There is no advertisement in BBC programs, the money is from the people who watch the TV . 40.GCE: Its full name is General Certificate Education. It refers to the exam of the secondary middle school, if the students can pass the exam, he can get the GCE. 41.Reuters: Ruters is one of the 4 news agencies in the West, it was founded in 1851, it has 11000 employees and 1300 photographers and reporters in more than 80 countries. 42. 42. the the the Royal Royal Royal Society: Society: Society: It It It is is is a a a British British British organization organization organization to to to study study study science science science and and and one one one of of of the the the most most most famous famous famous scientific scientific organizations in the world. It was founded in 1660 and Issac Newton was its president for 23 years. 43. Whitehall: It is the most important street in London, some of the government offices are in Whitehall, such as: Home Office, Finance Office, etc. 44. St. Paul ’s Cathedral: the biggest and most well-known church in London , a typical(典型的) building of Renaissance(文艺复兴). 45.Westminster Abbey: It is a national shrine. Many famous literary persons or scientific persons are buried here. In 1066, William the Conqueror crowned himself in the Westminster Abbey. 46.John Bull: the nickname of England or a typical English man. 47.Speaker: the presiding officer(leader) of the House of Commons in British. 48.Hollidays: (1) Christmas Day: It is on 25th , Dec to celebrate the birth of Jesus. On Christmas Day, people will go home from far places, eat Turkey with families, and children will get the present from Christmas Father. (2) (2) Boxing Day: Boxing Day: It It is is is on on on the the the first first first weekday weekday weekday after after after Christmas. Christmas. Christmas. It It It is is is a a public public holiday holiday holiday in in in England, England, England, Wale Wale Wale and and Northern Ireland. On Boxing Day, household employees or other service workers can receive some gifts. (3) Guy Fawkes Day: It is a day to celebrate a event in English history. A man Guy Fawkes wanted to blow up(炸平) the parliament in 5th , Nov and he was caught in the House of Commons. (4) (4) Armistice Armistice Armistice Day: Day: Day: The The The day day day is is is also also also called called called Remembrance Remembrance Remembrance Day. Day. Day. It It It is is is a a a patriotic patriotic patriotic day day day on on on 11th, 11th, 11th, Nov, Nov, Nov, to to remember the British or foreigners who died in World War Two. 49. 49. Protestantism: Protestantism: a main group of Christianity, separated from the Roman Catholic Church by the Reformation in 1534. 50.Salvation Army: one of the main nonconformist denominations, founded in London in 1865,They preach the story of Jesus Christ, and do social work to help the poor and sick. They are almost military. 51. Parliament : It refers to the legislature(立法机构) in Britain. The parliament has 3 parts: the Crown, the House of Lords and the House of Commons. 52. House of of Lords: Lords: Lords: It It It is is is the the the oldest oldest oldest part part part in Parliament in Parliament which which comes comes comes from from from the Great the Great Council. Council. The House of The House of Lords Lords doesn doesn doesn’’t t have have have real real real power. power. power. Normally Normally Normally speaking, speaking, speaking, the the the House House House of of of Lords Lords Lords can can can stop stop stop the the the law law law passing passing passing into into into the the legislation, but after 1949, the House of Lords can not can stop the law passing into the legislation. 53. the House of Commons: The House of Commons has 650 seats. The members of it are not pointed but are elected.. It has the real power. Strong part of the House Commons forms the government, the weak part of the House Commons forms the Opposition. The leader of the House of Commons is called Speaker/President of Chamber. 54. Opposition: The weak part of the House Commons forms the Opposition. They criticize the government or government government’’s policy, and give their new policies. 55.Scotland Yard: It is the headquarters(总部) of Criminal Investigation Department in London. It has a history of 150 years. It does criminal detection, police training etc. 55. the Mississippi River :It is the longest and most important river in the USA, and one of the greatest river in the world. It has two branches: Missouri and Ohio. It is 6262 km long. 56. the five Great Lakes: the five Great Lakes are in the place between America and Canada. They are: Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, and Superior. 57. the Niagara Falls: It refers to the Falls between Erie and Ontario in North America, 1240m wide, and 49m deep. Every year, thousands of visitors come here to enjoy it. 58. Yellow Stone National Park: It is located in the northwest of Wyoming. It is the oldest national park in the world. A great number of wildlife live there. 59. Grand Canyon: Grand Canyon lies in Arizonan, it is the one of the wonders （奇迹）（奇迹） in the world. Its wall has many layers, which tells you the story of the earth formation. 60. Old Faithful: It is the most famous geyser （火山）（火山） in Yellow Stone National Park. It erupts more than 100 feet in the air every 73min. 61. Pearl Harbor: It is the base of the Pacific Fleet of the USA, near the city Honolulu in Hawaii. 62. 62. Microsoft: Microsoft: Microsoft: It It It is is is the the the most most most famous famous famous computer computer computer company company company founded founded founded in in in 1975 1975 1975 by by by Bill Bill Bill Gates. Gates. Gates. Now, Now, Now, it it it plays plays plays an an important role in the world. 63. 63. Christopher Christopher Christopher Columbus: Columbus: Columbus: He He He was was was an an an Italian; Italian; Italian; he he he believed believed believed that that that the the the earth earth earth is is is round. round. round. In In In 1492, 1492, 1492, he he he discovered discovered America and in 1498 he discovered the main land of South America. 64. The Stamp Act: When Britain controlled the America, it issued a law: the stamp paper must be used for legal documents. It was passed in 1765 and stopped in 1766. 65. the Boston Massacre: In 1770, a little boy in Boston threw a small stone to the British soldiers, and British soldiers fired at the people, with 4 died and many wounded. After it, the American people united together to fight against the British army. mittees of Correspondence: In 1772, the Boston town meeting appointed “Committees of Correspondence ” to call people to unite together to fight against the British army. 67. the Boston Tea Act: When Britain controlled America, according to the “Tea Act ”, East Indian Company exported tea to America to make money. In 1773, some Boston men got on the English ship and poured the tea into the sea. The Boston Tea Act showed the fighting spirit of Americans. 68. the First Continental Congress: It was held in 1714 in Philadelphia. The leaders in the Congress agreed that they wouldn ’t buy any goods from England until the objectional law was stopped. 69. the Second Continental Congress: It was held in 1715 in Philadelphia. The leaders in the Congress agreed to sent army around Boston and made George Washington as the commander. 70. the Articles of the Confederation: At the end of the Independent War, the people meet a question. How the United States should be governed? So a constitution （the Articles of the Confederation ）was made. In 1781, it was accepted by all the states. 71. the Sedition Act: It was made by John Adam, any one shouldn ’t stir up the hatred to the government. It was opposed by Republican Party, and was stopped by Jefferson in 1800. 72. 72. Monroe Monroe Monroe Doctrine: Doctrine: Doctrine: It It It was was was made made made by by by President President President Monroe Monroe Monroe in in in 1823. 1823. “America America is is is American American American’’s s America America ”. According to the doctrine, European countries shouldn’t open any colony in North America or South America, and shouldn ’t interfere the everything in America. And America shouldn’t shouldn’t open any colony in open any colony in Europe, and shouldn ’t interfere the everything in Europe. 73. Westward Movement: In the early time of 19th century, more Europeans immigrated to America to find a better life, but in the northeast, they found themselves still poor. So the farmers without land and workers without work went to the west part. Now, the west part is developed and wild land is farmed. 74. Douglas ’ Bill: It is a bill made by Douglas, a person in senate. According to the bill, the slavery is possible in some states, e.g.: Kentucky or Nebraska. 75. 75. Republican Republican Republican Party: Party: Party: The The The Party Party Party was was was founded founded founded in in in 1854; 1854; 1854; the the the members members members of of of this this this party party party were were were against against against the the the slavery. slavery. Lincoln is the famous leader from this party. 76. Abraham Lincoln: In 1860, Lincoln was elected president. He played an important role in the Civil War and and made made made two two two important important important documents: documents: documents: Homestead Homestead Homestead Bill, Bill, Bill, and and and Emancipation Emancipation Emancipation Proclamation. Proclamation. Proclamation. In In In 1864, 1864, 1864, he he he was was elected for the second time. He was killed in 1865. 77. the Confederate Union: After Lincoln was elected as president in 1860, the seven southern states, set up a country “the Confederate Union ”. They wanted to keep the slavery in it. 78. Homestead Bill: It is one of the documents by Lincoln, according to the bill, the farmers and settlers got enough land. So Lincoln got their support and the agriculture in the South developed. 79. “Open Door Policy ”: It is the policy which is made by Theodore Roosevelt in Chinese-American relation. By the policy, American invaded China by force and culture. 80. the American Federation of Labor : the first national union in America . 81. the League of Nations: According to Wilson ’s Fourteen Points, the League of Nations is set up to keep the world peace. But it is controlled by England and France. 82. the Washington Conference : In 1921,China , America and other countries held a meeting in Washington, and this is called the Washington Conference. The Washington Conference strengthened the power of Far East and Pacific Area. 83. the Great Depression: It happened 1929-1933. In 1929, the New York Stock Market failed, many factories closed down, many workers lost jobs, many products found no markets. Many extra goods were destroyed. 84. the New Deal: It was made by Franklin ∙D ∙Roosevelt in 1932. According to the deal, in the country, many public projects were made to increase the employment; at broad, American strengthened the old market and found new market. 85. 85. Franklin·Franklin·Franklin·D·D·D·Roosevelt Roosevelt ：He He was was was a a a member member member of of of Democratic Democratic Democratic Party Party Party and and and was was was the the the 3232nd president president in in in America. America. During 1929-1933, he made a New Deal, and made many contributions in WWII. 86.the Battle of Midway Island: In the Battle of Midway Island, America defeated the Japanese United Fleet. This is the turning point of the Pacific War. 87. NATO: The full name is North Atlantic Treaty Organization. It was set up in 1949. the main purpose was to form a political cooperation to fight against Russia. 88. 88. the the the Warsaw Warsaw Warsaw Pact: Pact: Pact: It It It was was was set set set up up up in in in 1955, 1955, 1955, the the the main main main purpose purpose purpose was was was to to to form form form a a a political political political cooperation cooperation cooperation to to to fight fight against NA TO. 89. 89. the the the United United United Nations: Nations: Nations: In In In 1945, 1945, 1945, 48 48 48 countries countries countries had had had a a a meeting meeting meeting in in in San San San Francisco, Francisco, Francisco, they they they agreed agreed agreed to to to set set set up up up a a organization to keep the world peace. So the United Nations was founded. 90.Trueman Doctrine: The Doctrine was made by President Truman in 1947. The purpose of the Doctrine was : ① expand the influence of America ② suppress the struggle of the different countries. 91.the 91.the Eisenhower Eisenhower Eisenhower Doctrine(Doctrine(重点) ) : : : It It It was was was the the the foreign foreign foreign policy policy policy carried carried carried by by by the the the Eisenhower Eisenhower Eisenhower Government. Government. Government. The The doctrine contains the point of instant and massive retaliation(迅速的大量的复仇), and avoid the frustrating war(阻碍发展的战争)， such as the Korean War. 92. the Marshall Plan (此题去年考过): The plan was suggested by Secretary of State George Marshall in 1947. The plan offered a great deal of money and machines to European countries to help them to recover their economy. 93. the Cold War: It refers to the severe struggle between the America and other opposed political systems. The Cold War is not friendly, but didn ’t use weapon. 94. 94. the the the sit-in(sit-in(静坐): ): It It It is is is the the the way way way which which which is is used used by by by the the the Black Black Black men men men to to to fight fight fight against against against the the racial racial segregation segregation segregation in in 1960s ( 它是1960年代黑人反抗种族隔离而采用的方式) 95. Martin Luther King: He was a famous leader in the Civil Right Movement in America in 1950s-1960s. He was was a a a clergyman. clergyman. clergyman. He He He organized organized organized the the the Montgomery Montgomery Montgomery blacks blacks blacks and and and changed changed changed it it it into into into Montgomery Montgomery Montgomery Improvement Improvement Association. He led the famous Civil Right Movement in 1960s. Under his leading, in 1964 the Civil Right Act was passed, in 1965 the V oting Right Act was passed. In 1968, he was killed. 96. the Civil Right Movement : In 1950s-1960s, the American black men made the Civil Right Movement to fight against segregation. Martin Luther King was a famous leader in the Civil Right Movement in America in in 1950s-1960s. 1950s-1960s. 1950s-1960s. He He He was was was a a a clergyman. clergyman. He He organized organized the the Montgomery Montgomery Montgomery blacks blacks blacks and and and changed changed changed it it it into into Montgomery Montgomery Improvement Improvement Improvement Association. Association. Association. He He He led led led the the the famous famous famous Civil Civil Civil Right Right Right Movement Movement Movement in in in 1960s. 1960s. 1960s. Under Under Under his his leading, in 1964 the Civil Right Act was passed, in 1965 the V oting Right Act was passed. In 1968, he was killed. 97．Desert Storm(沙漠风暴行动) : American military attacked Iraq because Iraq invaded Kuwait in 1991. The air attack lasted for 6 weeks, and Iraq was forced to leave Kuwait. The war costs 61billion dollars. 98. NASA It refers to National Astronautics and Space Administration. 99. double dating : Two young people go out together to have a dance, to see a football game, or to have a picnic before the marriage. 100.drive-in : a kind of informal eating place which is surrounded by the parking lots, by a busy road. 101. a cafeteria : a kind of informal eating place in which you can buy some quick and cheap meal. You can select the food as you are going along. 102. diner: It refers to the little restaurant just like a railway car. The diver is very convenient and the price is very low. Drivers , students and other people like it very much.. 103.Quakers: The other name of this group is Society of Friends. It is a small group with 100000 members. They are not interested in Politics and they often go out to help others without any reward. People respect them very much. 104.The People ’s Temple: It is a small group which was founded by Jones, Jones used superstition to control people people’’s spirit, once people joined this group, he couldn’t couldn’t come out. In 1978, 914people come out. In 1978, 914people （including Jones and his wife ）committed suicide. 105.New 105.New morality: morality: morality: In In In the the the 196019601960’’s-1970s-1970’’s, s, the the the young young young people people people showed showed showed their their their new new new morality. morality. morality. They They They lived lived lived together together before the marriage and had the sexual action. 106. the city of Heroin : it refers to New York, many people take heroin in New York. 107. Chief Justice : the head of the Supreme Court in the USA. 108.white collar workers: it refers to the mental labor workers. They have a higher social position and social fame than blue collar workers , but their pay is lower than blue collar workers. 109. the separation of powers: In USA, the government has 3 branches: Executive, Legislative, and Judicial. 。

III. Explain the following terms.1. the Hardian’s Wall:It was one of the two great walls built by the Romans to keep the Picts out of the area they had conquered.2. Alfred the GreatAlfred was a strong king of the wisemen. It was created by the Anglo-Saxons to advise the king. It’s the basis of the Privy Council which still exists today.3. William the ConquerorWilliam was Duke of Normandy. He landed his army in Oct, 1066 and defeated king Harold. Then he was crowned king of England on Christams Day the same year. He established a strong Norman government and the feudal system in England.4. the battle of HastingsIn 1066, King Edward died with no heir, the Witan chose Harold as king. William, Duke of Normandy, invaded England. On October 14, the two armies met near Hasting. After a day’s battle, Harold was killed and his army completely defeated. So this battle was very important on the way of the Roman conquest.5. Domesday BookUnder William, the feudal system was established. William sent officials to compile a property record known as Domesday Book, which completed in 1086. It was the result of a general survey of England made in 1085. It stated the extent, value, the population, state of cultivation, and ownership of the land. It seemed to the English like the Book of doom on Judgement Day.6. the Great CharterKing John’s reign caused much discontent among the barons. In 1215, he was forced to sign a document, known as Mangna Cara, or the Great Charter. It has 63 clauses. Though it has long been regarded as the foundation of English liberities, its spirit was the limitation of the king’s powers, keeping them within the bounds of the feudal law of the land.7. the Hundred Years’ WarIt referred to the intermittent war between France and England that last from 1337 to 1453. The causes were partly territorial and partly economic. When Edward III claimed the French Crown but the French refused to recognize, the war broke out. At first the English were successful, but in the end, they were defeated and lost almost all their possessions in France. The expelling of the English was a blessing for both countries.8. Joan of ArcShe was a national heroine of France during the Hundred Years’ War. She successfully led the French to drive the English out of France.9. the Black DeathIt was the deadly bubonic plague who spread through Europe in the 14th century. It swept through England without warning and any cure, and sparing no victims. It killed between half and one-third of the population of England. Thus, much land was left untended and labour was short. It caused far-reaching economic consequences.10. the Wars of RosesThey referred to the battles between the House of Lancaster and the House of York between 1455 and 1485. The former was symbolized by the red rose, and the latter by the white one. After the wars, feudalism received its death blow and the king’s power became supreme. Thdor monarchs ruled England and Wales for over two hundred years.11. Bloody MaryHenry VIII’s daughter and a devout Catholic. When she became Queen, she persecuted and burnt many Protestants. So she was given the nickname “Bloody Mary”. Mary is also remembered as the monarch who lost the French port of Calais.12. Elizabeth IOne of the greatest monarchs in British history. She reigned England, Wales and Ireland for 45 years and remained single. Her reign was a time of confident English nationalism and of great achievements in literature and other arts, in exploration and in battle.13. Oliver CromwellThe leader during the Civil War who led the New Model Army to defeat the king and condemned him to death. Then he declared England a Commonwealth and made himself Lord of Protector. He ruled England till the restoration of charles II in 1660.14. the Bill of RightsIn 1689, William and Mary accepted the Bill of Rights to be crowned jointly. The bill excluded any Roman Catholic from the succession, confirmed the principle of parliamentary supremacy and guaranteed free speech within both the two Houses. Thus the age of constitutional monarchy began.15. Whigs and ToriesIt referred to the two party names which originated with the Glorious Revolution of 1688. The Whigs were those who opposed absolute monarchy and supported the right to religious freedom for Noncomformists. The Tories were those who supported hereditary monarchy and were reluctant to remove kings. The Whigs formed a coalition with dissident Tories and became the Liberal Party. The Tories were the forerunners of the Conservative Party.16. James WattThe Scottish inventor who produced an efficient steam engine with rotary motion that could be applied to textile and other machinery.17. Winston ChurchillPrime Minister of Britain during the Second World War. He took over Chamberlain in 1940 and received massive popular support. He led his country to final victory in 1945. He was defeated in the general election of 1945, but returned to power in 1951.18. AgribusinessIt refers to the new farming in Britain, because it’s equipped and managed like an industrial business with a set of inputs into the farm of processes which occur on the farm, and outputs or products which leave the farm. The emphasis is upon intensive farming, designes to give the maximum output of crops and animals.19. the British ConstitutionThere is no written constitution in the United Kingdom. The British Constitution is not set out in any single document, but made up of statute law, common law and conventions. The Judiciary determines common law and interpret statues.20. Queen Elizabeth IIThe present Sovereign, born in 1926, came to the throne in 1952 and was crowned in 1953. The Queen is the symbol of the whole nation, the center of many national ceremonies and the leader of society.21. the OppositionIn the General Election, the party which wins the second largest number of seats becomes the offcial Opposition, with its own leader and “shadow cabinet”. The aims of the Opposition are to contribute tothe formulation of policy and legislation, to oppose government proposals, to seek amendments to government bills, and to put forward its own policies in order to win the next general election.22. the Privy CouncilFormerly the chief source of executive power. It gave the Sovereign private (“privy”) advice on the government of the country. Today its role is mainly formal, advising the Sovereign to approve certain government decrees and issuing royal proclamation. Its membership is about 400.23. common lawA written law gathered from numerous decisions of the courts and other sources.24. the juryA legal system established in England since king Henry II. The jury consists of ordinary, independent citizens summoned by the court: 12 persons in England, Wales and Northern Ireland, and 15 persons in Scotland. In criminal trials by jury, the judge passes sentence but the jury decide the issue of guilt or innocence.25. the NHSThe National Health Service was established in the UK in 1948 and based first on Acts of Parliament. This Service provides for every resident a full range of medical services. It is based upon the principle that there should be full range of publicly provided services designed to help the individual stay healthy. It is now a largely free service.26. comprehensive schoolsState secondary schools which take pupils without reference to ability and provide a wide-ranging secondary education for all or most of the children in a district. About 90 per cent of the state secondary school population in GB attend comprehensive school.27. public schoolsFee-paying secondary schools which are longestablished and have gained a reputation for their high academic standards, as well as their exclusiveness and snobbery. The boys’ public schools include such well-known schools as Eton and Harrow, and girls’ famous s chools include Roedean. Most of the members of the British Establishment were educated at a public school.28. the Great LakesThe Great Lakes are the most important lakes in the United States. They are Lake Superior, which is the largest fresh water lake in the world, Lake Michigan —— the only one entirely in the U.S. —— Lake Huron, Lake Erie and Lake Ontario. They are all located between Canada and the United States except Lake Michigan.29. New EnglandNew England is made up of six states of the North-East. They are Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut. It is sometimes called the birthplace of America. 30. baby boom“baby boom” refers to the great increase of birth rate between 1946 and 1964. People born in this period are called baby bammers31. the Chinese Exclusion ActIt was passed by the U.S. Congress in may, 1882. It stopped Chinese immigration for ten years. 32. the Bill of RightsIn 1789, James Madison introduced in the House of Representations a series of amendments which later were drafted into twelve proposed amendments and sent to the states for ratification. Ten of them were ratified in 1791 and became the first ten amendments to the Constitution —— the Bill of Rights.33. the Emancipation ProclamationDuring the Civil war, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation to get more support for the Union at home and abroad. It granted freedom to all slaves.34. the Constitutional ConventionIn 1787, a conference was held in Philadelphia to consider what should be done to make the Articles of Confederation adequate. All the delegates agreed to revise the Articles of Confederation and draw up a new plan of government. After struggle, the Constitution was ratified at last. This conference is called the Constitutional Convertion.35. the Progressive MovementThe Progressive Movement is a movement demanding government regulation of the economy and social conditions. It spread quickly with the support of large numbers of people across the country. It was not an organi*oals.36. the Peace ConferenceThe Peace Conference or the Paris Conference, began on January 18, 1919. The conference was actually a conference of division of colonies of Germany, Austro-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire and the grabbing of as much as possible from the defeated nations. It was dominated by the Big Four (the United States, Britain. France, and Italy)37. the Truman Doctrine:On March 12, 1949, President Truman put forward the Truman Doctrine in a speech to the joint session of Congress. The Truman Doctrine meant to say that the U.S. government would support any country which said it was fighting against Communism.38. the Marshall PlanOn June 5, 1947, the Secretary of State George Marshall announced the Marshall Plan, which meant that in order to protect Western Europe from possible Soviet expansion, the United States decided to offer Western European countries economic aid.39. the New FrontierIt was the President Kennedy’s program which promised civil rights for blacks, federal aid to farmers and to education, medical care for all and the abolition of poverty.40. checks and balances:The government is divided into three branches, the legislative, the executive and the judicial, each has part of the powers but not all the power. And each branch of government can check, or block, the actions of the other branches. The three branches are thus in balance. This called “checks and balances”.1.AmerigoVespucci--a navigator, proved that the land was not India,but a new continent. Therefore, the land was named America after.2.The Puritans----The Puritans were wealthy, well-educated gentlemen. They wanted to purify the Church of England and threatened with religious persecution, the Puritans leaders saw the New world as the a refuge provided by God for those He meant to save.3.The Bill of Rights----In 1789, James Madison introduced in the House of Representatives a series of amendments which later were drafted into twelve proposed amendments and sent to the states for ratification. Ten of them were ratified in 1791 and the first ten amendments to the constitution were called the Bills of Rights because they were to insure individual liberties.4.The Emancipation Proclamation----After the Civil war began, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation to win more support at home and abroad. It granted freedom to all slaves in areas still controlled by the Confederacy.1. What do you know about the Roman invasion of Britain?——In 55 BC and 54 BC, Julius Caesar, a Roman general, invaded Britain twice. In AD 43, the Emperor Claudius invaded Britain successfully. For nearly 400 years Britain was under the Roman occupation, though it was never a total occupation. British recorded history begins with the Roman invasion.2. Why did the William the Conqueror invade England after Edward’s death?——It was said that king Edward had promised the English throne to William but the Witan chose Harold as king. So William led his army to invade England. In October 1066, during the important battle of Hastings, William defeated Harold and killed him. On Christmas Day, William was crowned king of England, thus beginning the Norman Conquest of England.3. What were the consequences of the Norman Conquest?—— The Norman Conquest of 1066 is one of the best known events in English history. It brought about many consequences.William confiscated almost all the land and gave it to his Norman followers. He replaced the weak Saxon rule with a strong Norman government. So the feudal system was completely established in England. Relations with the Continent were opened, and civilization and commerce were extended. Norman-French culture, language, manners, and architecture were been introduced. The church was brought into closer connection with Rome, and the church courts were separated from the civil courts.4. What were the contents and the significance of the Great Charter?——The Great Charter, or the Magna Carta, was document signed in 1215 between the barons and king John. It had altogether 63 clauses, of which the most important contents were these: (1) no tax should be made without the approval of the Grand Council; (2) no freeman should be arrested, imprisoned, or deprived of his property except by the law of the land; (3) the church should possess all its rights and privileges; (4) London and other towns should retain their ancient rights and privileges; (5) there should be the same weights and measures throughout the country.The Great Charter was a statement of the feudal and legal relationship between the Crown and the barons, a guarantee of the freedom of the Church and a limitation of the powers of the king. The spirit of the Great Charter was the limitation of the powers of the king, but it has long been regarded as the foundation of English liberties.5. What do you know about the English Renaissance?——Renaissance was the revival of classical literature and artistic styles in European history. It began in Italy in the early 14th century and spread to England in the late 15th century. The English Renaissance had 5 characteristics: (1) English culture was revitalized not so much directly by the classics as by contemporary Europeans under the influence of the classics; (2) England as an insular country followed a course of social and political history which was to a great extent independent of the course of history else where in Europe; (3) Owning to the great genius of the 14th century poet chaucer, the native literature was vigorous enough and experienced in assimilating foreign influences without being subjected by them; (4) English Renaissance literature is chiefly artistic, rather than philosophical and scholarly; (5) the Renaissance coincided with the Reformation inEngland.The English Renaissance was largely literary, and achieved its finest expression in the so-called Elizabethan drama. Its finest exponents were Christopher Marlowe, Ben Jonson, and William Shakespeare.6. Why did the Restoration take place?——When Oliver Cormwell died in 1658 and was succeeded by his son, Richard, the regime began to collapse. One of Cromwell’s generals occupied London and arranged for new parliamentary elections. The Parliament thus was elected in 1660, and to resolve the crisis, it asked the late king’s son to return from his exile in France as king Charles II. It was called the Restoration.7. How did the “Glorious Revolution” break out? What was the significance of it?——In 1685 Charles II died and was succeeded by his brother James II. James, who was brought up in exile in Europe, was a Catholic, He hoped to rule without giving up his personal religious views. But England was no more tolerant of a Catholic king in 1688 than 40 years. So the English politicians rejected James II, and appealed to a Protestant king, William of Orange, to invade and take the English throne. William landed in England in 1688. The takeover was relatively smooth, with no bloodshed, no any execution of the king. This was known as the Glorious Revolution. William and his wife Mary were both protestants and became co-monarchs. T hey accepted the Bill of Rights. It’s the beginning of the age of constitutional monarchy.8. What is your comment on land enclosures in England?——Agricultural enclosure became frequent in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. It has good as well as bad results: (1) Farms became bigger and bigger units as the great bought up the small; (2) more vegetables, more milk and more dairy produce were consumed, and diet became more varied;(3) enclosure was a disaster for the tenants evicted from their lands by the enclosures. They were forced to look for work in towns, which rapidly became hopelessly over crowded. It also lead to mass emigration, particularly to the New World; (4) a new class hostility was introduced into rural relationships. Concentration of land in fewer hands increased the price of land and dashed the labourers’ hopes of even owning his own land. Many became wage labourers, earning low rates in spite of agriculture’s new prosperity.9. How did the English Industrial Revolution proceed?——T he Industrial Revolution began with the textile industry. It’s characterized by a series of inventions and improvements of machines, such as John Ray’s flying shuttle, James Hargreaves’ spinning Jenny, Richard Arkwright’s waterframe and Samuel Cropton’s mu le. The Scottish inventor James Watt produced a very efficient steam engine in 1765, which could be applied to textile and other machinery. The most important element in speeding industriali* iron with coke instead of charcoal in 1709. Similar developments occurred in the forging side of the iron industry which enabled iron to replace wool and stone in many sectors of the economy. Improved transporation ran parallel with production.As a result of the industrial revolution, Britain was by 1830 the “workshop of the world”; no other country could compete with her in industrial production.10. What do you know about the Chartist Movement and the People’s Charter? What’s your comment on them?——The Chartist Movement was an industrial working class movement that happened in England from 1836 to 1848. In 1836 a group of skilled workers and small shopkeepers formed the London Working Men’s Association. They drew up a charter of political demands (known as the People’s Charter) in 1838, which had six points: (1) the vote for all adult males, (2) voting by secret ballot, (3)equal electoral districts, (4) abolition of property qualifications for members of Parliament, (5) payment of members of Parliament, and (6) annual Parliament, with a General Election every June. Support for these six demands was loudly voiced all over the country. Other working men formed Chartist groups throughout the country to press Parliament to accept the 6 points. But Parliament rejected them for three times. In the end, the Chartist Movement failed.It failed because of its weak and divided leadership, and its lack of coordination with trade-unionism. The working class was still immature. The Chartist Movement, however, the first nation wide working class movement and drew attention to serious problems. The 6 points were achieved very gradually over the period of 1858-1918, although the sixth has never been practical.11. How did the Labour Party come into being?——As the new working class became established in the industrial towns in the late 18th century, they became aware of the power which they could possess if they acted together instead of separately. So various working class organizations were formed which brought about the formation of the Labour Party.The Labour Party had its origins in the Independent Labour Party, which was formed in January, 1893 and Led by Keir Hardie, a Scottish miner. The foundation of an effective party for labour depended on the trade unions. In 1900, representatives of trade unions, the ILP, and a number of small societies set up the Labour Representation Committee (LRC). The LRC changed its name to be Labour Party in time for the general election which was called for 1906. The Labour Party remains one of the two major parties in Britain until today.12. What is a constitutional monarchy? When did it begin in Britain?——A constitutional monarchy is a governmental system in which the head of State is a king or a queen who reigns but does not rule. The country is namely reigned by the Sovereign, but virtually by His or Her Majesty’s Government —— a body of Ministers who are the leading members of whichever political party the electorate has voted into office, and who are responsible to Parliament.The Constitutional Monarchy in Britain began in 1689, when king William and Queen Mary jointly accepted the Bill of Rights, which guaranteed free speech within both the House of Lords and the House of Commons and constitutional monarchy, of a monarchy with power limited by Parliament began.13. What is the role of the Monarchy in the British government?——The sovereign is the symbol of the whole nation. In law, he/she is head of the executive, an integral part of the legislature, head of the judiciary, the commander-in-chief of all the armed forces of the crown and the “supreme governor” of the established church of England.14. What are the main functions of Parliament?——The main functions of Parliament are: (1) to pass laws; (2) to provide the means of carrying on the work of government by voting for taxation; (3) to examine government policy and administration, including proposals for expenditure; (4) to debate the major issues of the day.15. Why do the criminal convicts like to be tried first before the magistrates’ courts?——A Magistrates’ court tries summary offences and “either way” offences. It is open to the public and the media and usually consists of three unpaid “lay” magistrates. A magistrates’ court sits without a jury.The criminal law presumes the innocence of the accused until he has been proved guilty beyond reasonable doubt; every possible step is taken to deny to the prosecution any advantage over the defence. No accused person has to answer the questions of the police before trials; he is not compelled to give evidence or to submit to cross-examination in court.16. What does the civil courts system do?——The civil courts system does the following jurisdiction: (1) actions founded upon contract and tort; (2) trust and mortgages cases; (3) actions for the recovery of land; (4) cases involving disputes between landlords and tenants; (5) admiralty cases and patent cases; and (7) divorce cases and other family matters.17. What is meant by the term “welfare state” in Britain?——The welfare state is a system of government by which the state provides the economic and social security of its citizens through its organization of health services, pensions and other facilities. The system is funded out of national insurance contributions and taxation. In Britain the term applies mainly to National Health Service (NHS), national insurance and social security.18. What is the most important established Church in Britain? How is it related to the Crown and linked with the State?——The most important established Church in Britain is the Church of England.It is uniquely related to the Crown in that the Sovereign must be a member of that church and, as “Defender of the Faith”, must promise on his or her accession to uphold it. Church of England archbishops, bishops and deans of cathedrals are appointed by the Monarch on the advice of the Prime Minister. The Church is also linked with the State through the House of Lords, in which the two archbishops (of Canterbury and York), the bishops of London, Durham and Winchester, and 21 other senior bishops of London, Durham and Winchester, and 21 other senior bishops have seats19. What distinguishes the Open University from all other British Universities?——The Open University is non-residential university which is “open” to all to become students. It offers degree and other courses for adult students of all ages in Britain and other member countries of the EU. It was founded in 1969 and began its first courses in 1970. It was a combination of specially produced printed texts, correspondence tuition, television and radio broadcasts and audio/video cassettes. For some courses, there are residential schools. There is a network of study centers for contact with part-time tutors and counselors, and with fellow students.20.Say something about the three immigration waves.——The first immigration wave began in the mid 1810s, grew steadily during the 1830s and 40s and reached the highest point in 1845. The second wave covered the period between 1860 and 1890. The third wave was the largest of the three. It happeded between 1890 and 1914.21. Why did the early settlers come to America? Who were the Pilgrims? Who were the Puritans? What were the features in the colonial period which had influence on later American development? ——The early settlers came to America either for the opportunity to realize their dreams and better their lives or for the freedom from religious and governmental persecution. The Pilgrims were persons who suffered religious persecution in England and went to Holland and later moved to America in 1620. The Puritans were the members of a Protestant group in England who wanted to purify the Church of England. Dissatisfied and threatened in England, they saw America as a refuge and migrated to America since 1630. There were a number of features in the colonial period which had influence on later American development. They were: representative form of government, rule of law, respect of individual rights, religious tolerance and a strong spirit of individual enterprise.22. What were the causes of the War of Independence?——The economy in the thirteen colonies developed very fast and people wanted more power to detemine their own business. But the policy of the British government was to bring the development under control and to collect more taxes from the colonies. On April 19, 1775, on their way to Concord to seize the military supplies of the militia there, the British soldiers met armed militiamen. The shotswere fired, the War of Independence began.23. What was unusual about the Article of Confederation? What was the struggle at the Constitutional Convention? How was the conflict solved?——The Article of Confederation was unusual in many ways. First, it provided for no king. The drafters blamed the troubles with Britain on king George III. So they decided not to have a king but to have a republic. This was revolutionary. Second, while the Articles created a central government in the form of a Congress, the emphasis was still on state powers. Third, the Articles of Confederation was a written constitution for the United States. No important country in the world at that time, including Britain, had a written constitution. At the Constitution Convertion the delegates all agreed it was impossible to try to patch up the Articles of Confederation, and decided to ignore them and draw up a new plan of government. Here contradictions emerged between the bigger states and smaller states, between the industrial commercial interests and landed interests, etc. In the end, the conflict was resolved by the “Great Compromise” of July 16, giving each state and equal vote in the Senate but making representation in the House reflect the size of each state’s population.24. Why did the Civil War break out? How did the war end?——In the early 1800s, the Northern states turned from farming to manufacturing. Black slavery soon disappeared in the North. But things were different in the South. The South expanded both its agriculture and its slavery. The problem of slavery became a serous political issue. The abolitionists tried to abolish slavery while the South tried to keep it. When Abraham Lincoln was elected President, the Southern states broke away and formed a new nation. Then Lincoln was determined to maintain the Union and the war broke out on April 12, 1861, Lincoln realized that he could win support for the Union at home and abroad by making the war a just war against slavery. So he issued Emancipation Proclamation. Thus England and France stood by the Union’s side. Many black slaves joined the Union Army. After a series of battles, Robert Lee could no longer hold Richmond. He surrendered on April 9, 1865. The Civil War ended.25. What were the contents of the New Deal?——The New Deal included the following contents;(1) establishment and strengthening of government regulation and control of banking, credit and currency systems, overcoming the financial crisis and restriction of certain extreme practices of financial capital;(2) federal government management of relief and establishment of social security system such as the formation of the Civilian Conservation Crops and the setting-up of the Tennessee Valley Authority;(3) stimulation of the recover of industry and agriculture;(4) formulation and implementation of federal labour laws to raise the role of labour in the relations of production;(5) improvement of the situation of minorities and members of certain religious groups.26. What was the impact of the Vietnam War-on American society?——The Vietnam War had a great impact on American society.(1) The United States was weakened as a result of the long war.(2) American society had never been so divided since the Civil War.(3) There was serious disagreement with in the ruling circle.(4) The image of the United States, especially the image of the American armed forces, was discredited.27. Who was McCarthy and what was McCarthyism?——Joseph R. McCarthy was U.S. Senator. He started his campaign by saying on Feb. 9, 1950 that he。

英国部分1.The Thames River2.The High Landers3.The British Commonwealth 英联邦4.Cockney伦敦佬5.Eisteddfodau6.The Maritime Climate 海洋性气候7.The English Channel8.The Chunnel英吉利海峡隧道9.“pea soup”fogs伦敦雾10.British isles11.Stonehenge: 巨石阵12.Thomas becket:托马斯13.Geoffrey Chaucer14.Joan of arc:圣女贞德15.lollards:罗拉德派16.The Puritans清教徒17.Julius Caesar18.The Hardrian's Wall 哈德连长城19.Heptarchy七王国21.Witan 贤人会议22.Alfred the Great 豆瓣23.William the Conqueror 威廉征服24.The battle of Hastings25.The Danelaw 施行丹麦法的地区26.Norman Conquest 诺曼征服27.Domesday Book 英国国王1806年颁的土地调查清册28.The Black Death黑死病29.the divine rights of kings君权神授30.The Wars of Roses玫瑰战争(考过)31.the Spanish Armada:西班牙无敌舰队32.The Glorious Revolution of 1688光荣革命33.The Gunpowder Plot of 1605火药阴谋案34.Blood Mary血腥玛丽35.rotten boroughs衰败选区36.Mrs Pankhurst潘克赫斯特太太是女权的主要倡导者之一。

37.the league of nations国际联盟38.the blitz闪电战39.the beatles甲克虫乐队40.Thatcherism撒切尔主义41.balance of payments收支平衡42.john Maynard Keynes43.visible trade and invisible trade44.European union欧盟45.Monetarist policies(货币主义政策)46.The Trade Union Act of 1871工会法47.Agribusiness农业产业48.British disease英国病49.Constitutional monarchy君主立宪制50.Privy Council枢密院mon law公共法52.the state opening of parliament53.The Civil list 英国王室费(考过)54.the civil service公务员(考过)55.life peer终身贵族56.acquittal无罪裁决57.cross-examination58.The Crown Court刑事法庭59.probation缓刑60.capital punishment死刑61.the metropolitan police force62.The National Health Service英国国民保健制度63.national insurance 社会保险64.general practitioner(GP)65.social worker66.the salvation armyprehensive schools68.Reuters 路透社69.grant-maintained(GM)Schools有公费保证的学校70.eleven-plus(升学考试)71.BBC72.Rupert murdoch73.the british museum74.Pilgrims Thanksgiving DayIreland(爱尔兰)美国部分1.Amerigo Vespucci2.the Mississippi3.Hispanics4.W ASPS5.baby boom6.the great lakes7.Ellis island8."the great compromise"9.the Emancipation Proclamation10.no taxtation without representation11.the Chinese Exclution Act12.Indentured servants13.boston tea party(考过)14.continental divide15.federalists16.the gettysburg address17.the ku klux klan18.muckrakers黑幕揭发者19.intolerant nationalism20.the red scare21.the progressive movement22.overload23.The New Deal24.the truman doctrine25.the marshall plan26.the smith act27.the civil rights act of 196428.the poverty line29.poverty30.monopoly31.oligopoly32 checks and balances33.winner-take-all34. the free enterprise system35. the federal system36.separation of powers37. private school38.school district39. global education40. poor richard's almanac41.transcendentalism42. jazz43.knickerbockers era44. father's day45.mother's day46. congressional medal of honor47.UNICEF48. Great Canyon49. New England50.Hispanic Americans51. Chicanos52.Puerto Ricans53.Federalist Papers54.The First Continental Congress55.Manifest Destiny56.The Black Thursday57.New Frontier58.Port Huron Statement59.NOW60.Counterculture61.American Corn Belt62。

英美概况大题知识点总结1. 位置与面积:- 英国位于欧洲大陆的西北部，由英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰四个国家组成，是一个岛国，又称不列颠群岛。

- 美国位于北美洲的中北部，东临大西洋，西濒太平洋，与加拿大和墨西哥为邻。

是全球第三大、北美洲第二大的国家。

2. 地形:- 英国地貌复杂，地势起伏。

苏格兰地区有高山，如本提高地、格兰特群山、高地等，英格兰和威尔士地势较低，北爱尔兰地区以丘陵地形为主。

- 美国地大物博，地貌多样。

东部大西洋沿岸是低洼平原，中部是多河流盆地、大草原和沙漠，西部有洛矶山脉、科罗拉多高原和内华达高原，阿拉斯加地区是冰川遍布的高山地区，夏威夷是火山构成的群岛，加利福尼亚州和华盛顿州有大片的森林。

3. 气候:- 英国气候温和，受海洋性气候和大西洋洋流的影响。

冬季不太寒冷，夏季不太炎热，年降水量较多。

- 美国气候多样，北部地区属于温带大陆性气候，南部地区属于亚热带气候。

阿拉斯加地区气候寒冷，夏威夷地区气候属于热带海洋性气候。

整体上，美国西部偏干燥，东部偏湿润。

4. 主要城市:- 英国主要城市包括伦敦、曼彻斯特、伯明翰、利物浦等。

伦敦是英国首都，也是英国最大的城市，世界上最重要的金融中心之一。

- 美国主要城市包括纽约、洛杉矶、芝加哥、旧金山、华盛顿等。

纽约是美国最大的城市，也是世界金融中心之一，华盛顿是美国首都。

5. 自然资源:- 英国主要矿产资源包括煤炭、天然气、铁矿石和石油。

海洋渔业资源也非常丰富。

- 美国拥有丰富的煤炭、石油、天然气、铁矿石等矿产资源，以及广大的农业土地和丰富的水资源。

6. 语言和宗教:- 英国官方语言是英语，宗教主要是基督教，其中以英国国教会和天主教最为流行。

- 美国官方语言也是英语，宗教信仰多元，基督教、犹太教、伊斯兰教等都有一定的信徒。

英美历史概况:1. 古代历史:- 英国在古代分别由凯尔特人、罗马人、盎格鲁-撒克逊人和维京人等民族统治，1066年诺曼征服后建立了专制统治的王朝。

英美概况名词解释英美概况是指英国和美国的基本情况和特点。

下面是对英美概况中一些重要名词的解释：1. 英国（United Kingdom）：由英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰四个国家组成的岛国。

英国是世界上最古老的民主国家之一，拥有丰富的文化遗产，包括莎士比亚、披头士乐队等。

2. 美国（United States of America）：由50个州组成的联邦共和国，位于北美洲。

美国是世界上最强大的经济体之一，以及军事、科技、文化等各个领域的重要国家。

3. 英语（English）：英国和美国的官方语言，也是世界上被广泛使用的语言之一。

英国英语和美国英语在语音、发音、词汇等方面有一些差异，但是基本互通。

4. 联合国（United Nations）：成立于1945年的国际组织，致力于维护国际和平与安全、促进全球合作与发展。

英国和美国都是联合国的创始成员国，并在联合国中扮演着重要角色。

5. 环境保护（Environmental Protection）：指保护和改善环境，减少对环境的破坏。

英国和美国都高度重视环境保护，推行一系列措施，如减少污染排放、保护自然资源、推动可持续发展等。

6. 市场经济（Market Economy）：一种经济体制，以市场为基础，由供求关系决定资源配置和价格形成。

英国和美国都采用市场经济模式，注重市场竞争和个体自由，以及保护产权和鼓励创新。

7. 民主制度（Democracy）：一种政治制度，主权由人民拥有，通过选举和公民参与来决定国家事务。

英国和美国都是民主国家，实行三权分立和代议制度，保障公民的基本权利与自由。

8. 文化多样性（Cultural Diversity）：指不同文化在一个社会、国家或地区共存，并且相互影响、交流的现象。

由于历史和移民等原因，英国和美国都具有丰富的文化多样性，包括语言、宗教、习俗、饮食等方面。

以上是对英美概况中一些重要名词的简要解释。

这些名词涉及到政治、经济、文化等多个领域，对于了解和认识英美两国有很重要的意义。

邯郸学院2018级函授本科《英美概况》试题姓名学号成绩年级专业（本试卷满分100分，考试时间110分钟）一、选择题（每小题2分，共20分）1. The hugest mountain peak in Britain is called _____.A. Ben Nevis.B. Cross FellC. SnowdownD. Scafell2. In _____, a small group of Puritans sailed from _____ in the Mayflower to be the first settlers in the North America.A. 1620, LondonB. 1620, PlymouthC. 1720, LondonD. 1720, Plymouth3. In the 18th century, there appeared ____ in England, which owed a great deal to the invention of machines.A. the Industrial RevolutionB. the Bourgeois Revolution4. In Britain, children from the age of 5 to 16 can _____ by law.A. receive completely free educationB. receive partly free educationC. receive no free education if their families are richD. receive no free education at all5. The Midwest in America’s most important _____ area.A. agriculturalB. industrialC. manufacturingD. mining industry6. The US Federal Government is composed of the following except _____.A. the legislativeB. the standing committeeC. the judicialD. the executive7. Of all the symbols, _______ , which are considered to represent fertility and new life: are those most frequently associated with Easter.A. the pumpkin and the turkeyB. the lamb and the beefC. the spring peas and the potatoesD. the egg and the rabbit8. The dominant ethnic group in the US is ____.A. the BlacksB. W ASPsC. Asian AmericansD. Hispanics9. The American Industrial Revolution began in 1807 with its ____ industry.A. shipbuildingB. coal-miningC. textileD. machine-making.10. The US imperialism was marked all of the following except ____.A. high developed industryB. high concentration of the capitalC. free business enterpriseD. overseas territorial expansion二、判断题（每小题1分，共10分）____ 1. The longest river in Britain is the Severn river.____ 2. The general election in America is held every 5 years.____ 3. With regard to its size, the USA is the fourth largest country in the world.____ 4. The House of Lord is the upper house of the British Parliament.____ 5. The established church of Britain is the Church of England.____ 6. Today about 90% of Americans are church members in the United States.____ 7. The American War of Independence started in 1775 and ended in 1783.____ 8. British Recorded history began with Roman invasion.____ 9. Under Mrs. Thatcher, British economy in 1980s gradually declined.____ 10. The colonial life can be described as easy.三、填空题（每空2分，共30分）1. Britain is separated from the European Continent by the North ______, the Strait of _________ and the English _________.2. Most of the British social customs are based on the __________ tradition.3. The Hundred Years’ War was between ___________ and ____________.4. __________ is the capital of England and of Great Britain, the political center of the Commonwealth.5. Renaissance was a ___________ movement that arose with the rise of the ____________.6. The United States of America is made up of ________states.7. The period of colonization covered the years from _________to_________, that is, from the first settlement of English colonists to the ____________of America.8. The distinctive feature of the American educational system is its “emphasis on education of the __________rather than on education of the ___________.”四、名词解释（每小题5分，共20分）1.Independent schools2.William the Conqueror3.Checks and balances4.the Bill of Rights五、问答题（每小题10分，共20分）1. What is a constitutional monarchy?2. What are the functions of Parliament?。

1. What is the full name of the .?----United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland2. Why do tourists from all over the world like to go to Scotland?----They like to enjoy the beautiful Scottish scenery, to drink Scotch whisky and to see Scotsmen wearing kilts and playing bagpipes.3. How many periods can the development of the English language be divided into and what are they?----The development of the English language can be divided into three periods: Old English, Middle English and Modern English.4. Why did English become more important after Black Death?----The laboring and merchant classes grew in economic and social importance after the Black Death, so English also grew in importance compared to French.1. Who are the British People?----The first known inhabitants in Britain were Celts who are the ancestors of the Welsh, Scottish and Irish people. Then came the Anglos, the Saxons and the Jutes who brought with them the English language. Many people from other European countries came later, and in modern times there are a lot of immigrants from many former Commonwealth countries from every part of the world. Britain is a country of mixed cultures, and the Britain people are also composed of people from different ethic and culture backgrounds.2. What is Standard English?----Standard English is based on the speech of the upper class of southeastern England. It is widely used in media and taught at schools. It is preferred by the educated, middle-class people. It has developed and has been promoted as a model for correct Britain English. It is also the norm carried overseas. Today, Standard English is codified to the extent that the grammar and vocabulary are much the same everywhere in the world where English is taught and used.1. What are the two components of the British Parliament?----the House of Commons and the House of Lords.2. What were some of Queen Victoria's major achievement?---- Queen Victoria made tremendous achievements in almost every aspect.She promoted further industrial revolution, the building of railways and the growing of trade and commerce. By the end of her reign, Britain had developed to an empire including a quarter of the global population and nearly a quarter of the world's landmass.3. What were the two camps in Europe in World War 1?----The Central Powers which included Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria and the Allied Powers which were mainly comprised of France, the Russia Empire, the Britain Empire, Italy and the United States.4. Why did Britain cooperate closely with the United States after World War 2?----Because they were allied during the war and shared the same worries about the former Soviet Union.1. What were the results of the Industrial Revolution in Britain?----The Industrial Revolution changed Britain in many ways. First, industrial country increased dramatically. Britain became the most advanced industrial country and also the financial center in the world. Second, urbanization took place. Many new cities sprang up. Third, it caused great changes in the class structure. The old social classes declined, and new ones emerged and developed.2. The Rise and Fall of the British Empire?----Colonization of Newfoundland, the first British colony overseas, in 1583 marked the beginning of the British Empire. By 1837, British had long been an empire which included the colonies in Canada, Australia, New Zealand, India and many small states in the West Indies. By the end of 19th century, the British Empire included a quarter of the global population and nearly a quarter of the world's landmass. During the mid-19th century, the British government consolidated the existing colonies by bringing them under the direct control of the government. Before World War 1, Britain had the largest colonial empire in the world. However, Britain suffered great loss to its manpower in the two World Wars and exhausted its reserves of gold, dollars and overseas investment. Most of Britain's colonies gained independence since the 1940s, which inevitably led to the fall the Empire.1. What are the three functions of the House of Commons?----to draft laws, to scrutinize, criticize and restrain the activities of the government, and to influence future government policy.2. Why is the Conservative Party sometimes called the "Right"?----Because the Conservative Party is supported by landowners and businessmen, who are often from the middle and upper-middle class.3. What kind of public image does Liberal Democrats have in Britain?----The Liberal Democrats is perceived as "middle" between the Conservative and the Labor Party. It is comparatively flexible and pragmatic in its balance of the individual and the social. It emphasizes the need for a change in Britain's constitutional arrangements to make the government more democratic and accountable.4. Why are independent candidates unlikely to win in the general election? ----Because even if they were elected, they would be powerless in Parliament. Therefore, it is not possible for many people to vote for independent candidates.1. What do British electoral campaigns usually involve during the process of a general election?----The electoral campaigns usually involve advertising in newspapers, door-to-door campaigning and leaflets. The main parties are given short periods of time on national television to present their policies to the public. Apart from the parties' own publicity, newspapers and TV programs spend a lot of time discussing the campaign, interviewing politicians, and predicting the results.2. What is the Commonwealth of Nations?----The Commonwealth of Nations is a voluntary association of independent sovereign states, all of which acknowledge the British monarch as the head. The Commonwealth is not a political union of any sort, and its member states have full autonomy to manage their internal and external affairs. It is primarily an organization in which countries with diverse economic backgrounds have an opportunity for close and equal interaction after gaining independence. The major activities of the Commonwealth are designed to advocate democracy, human rights, and to promote economic cooperation and growth within its members.1. What was the negative aspect of Thatcher's reform in the early 1980s? ----Its negative aspect was a rapid increase in unemployment. In 1982, the unemployment rate reached the level of the Great Depression years, with three million people out of work.2. What are the characteristics of Britain's agriculture?----British's agriculture is characterized by a small portion of the population engaged in agricultural activities with a high degree of mechanization. Although it employs a mere 1% of the country's labor force, it meets around 60% of the national demands.3. What happened to Britain's beef industry in the mid-1990s?----British's beef industry was hit badly by BSE, resulting in a ban on beef exports in 1996.4. What are some of the popular tourist attraction in Britain?----The popular tourist attractions in English include: the Dorset and the East Devon Coast, the Lake District, Stonehenge, Windsor Castle, university towns of Oxford and Cambridge, Tower of London, St. Paul's Cathedral and so on.1. What were the major causes of Britain's relative economic decline in the postwar period?----British's economy experienced a relative decline in the postwar period for several reasons. First, British suffered a great losses in the two World Wars and had gone heavily into debt to finance the war. Second, the era of the British Empire was over. India and other British colonies, which provided raw material and large market for British goods, gained their independence. Third, British was forced to maintain an expensive military presence in many overseas locations until the end of 1960s. Fourth, British had to make substantial financial contributions to NATO and UN Security Council. Finally, British failed to invest in industry after World War 2 whereas its competitors like Germany and Japan caught up with British buy investing in the most modern equipment and means of production.2. Why do developed nations like Britain encourage the development of the service industry?----The service industry has played an increasingly important role in economy in the development countries. On the other hand ,it requires a large group of people working in it so that abundant employmentopportunities are provided. On the other hand, the service industry causes little pollution.1. What used to be the major functions of grammar schools and vocational schools in Britain?----The major functions of grammar schools were to train the most academically capable students and prepare them for university, whereas the major functions of vocational schools were to help less successful students to learn a trade.2. What kind of subjects do Britain comprehensive schools provide?----British comprehensive schools provide a general education, offering both academic subjects like literature and science, and practical subjects like cooking and carpentry.3. In what ways do Britain universities enjoy complete academic freedom? ----British universities enjoy complete academic freedom because they can appoint their own staff, decide which students to admit, provide their own courses and award their own degrees.4. How do students in the Open University receive their education?----The students follow university courses through textbooks, TV and radio broadcasts, correspondence, video, and a network of study centers.5. What role does the media play in Britain leisure culture?----The media plays an essential role in British leisure culture since it helps to shape the public's opinion, determine people's moral and political orientation and consolidate or undermine the rule of a government.1. What are the general feature of Britain's independent schools?----British's independent schools require fees from students. Although the National Curriculum is optional in the independent system, most independent schools teach what the curriculum demands. Independent schools get their funding through tuition fees as well as government assistance. Since they are generally better-funded than most state schools, they can recruit the best teachers and provide superior facilities. However, high tuition fees have become an obstacle for many students to enroll.2. The "quality press" and the "tabloids" in Britain?----Among the 10 daily published national newspapers in British, about half of them are regarded as the "quality press" since they carry in-depth articles of particular political and social importance, and reviews and feature articles about "high culture", and they are generally read by well-educated people. The Times, The Guardian and The Daily Telegraph are good cases in point of the quality press. The "tabloids", with color photos and striking headlines, usually cover scandals and gossip about celebrities in politics, sports and entertainment. A typical example is The News of the World.Chapter 81. How is the American population distributed?The distribution of the American population is rather uneven the most densely populated region is the northeastern part of the country. The great plains have a comparatively small population .the south also has a population of almost . the west is not densely populated ,except for some metropolitan centers like los Angeles and san Francisco . it has about 20% of the nation’s population.2. Why was the immigration act of 1942 instituted ?The new immigrants in the united states , being poor and accustomed to poverty , were willing to work for very low wages .this made other workers afraid that the immigrants would ls and take jobs away from them . this opposition led to the immigration act of 1942.1．Why is the United States regarded as a”melting pot” and a ”salad bowl” ?The United States is not merely a nation, but a nation of nations. The immigrants came in waves, including the Europeans, the Africans and the Asians. Therefore, America is described as a "melting pot" where various racial and ethnic groups are assimilate into American culture. Recently, America has been called a "salad bowl" in that people of difference races and ethnic groups mix harmoniously, but at the same time keep their distinct culture and customs.2．What do you think is the best way to help assimilation in a multicultural society?The best possible way to help assimilation in a multicultural society is to be open and tolerant toward different cultures. People from different racial and ethnic backgrounds should respect each other. Society should create opportunities to help immigrants become assimilated. At the same time the immigrants should keep their own language, customs and religion, contributing to the diversity of a multicultural society.Chapter 91. Why did American change its policy and enter world war II?Because of the formation of the axis , the American government feared that the axis countries were wining the war and it might threaten America’s security and interests . it began to provide war equipment to the foreign nations resisting the aggression of the axis power . the Japanese air raid on pearl harbor became the direct cause for America’s entrance into the war.2. What were Nixon’s well-known contributions during his presidency?a) brought the Vietnam war to a closeb)reestablishing . relations with chinac) negotiating the firststrategic arms limitation treaty with the former soviet union .3. What were the contents of Reagan’s economic program?Reagan’s economic program called for reductions in income taxes and business taxes in order to encourage investment , and it also requested that many government regulations be eliminated so as to reduce the federal government’s role in the day-to-day operation of business.1. What was the cause of the American Civil War?The Southern planters of America needed a large number of black African slaves to manage their plantations and they regarded the slaves as their property. In the North, with the development of industry, there was a growing demand for free labor. What’s more, the Northerners demanded a law to protect tariffs and asked the government to finance the building of railways and roads. But the Southerners were against it and advocatedfree trade so as to purchase cheaper goods from foreign countries. The accumulating conflicts led to the division of the North and the South and finally the American Civil War.2. What made the United States a powerful country by the end of World War II?During the two World Wars, America remained neutral in the early stage. However, Americans continued their profitable trade with the warring countries. Therefore, they not only retained their military forces, but also accumulated great wealth. When America entered the wars, it was almost at the end of the wars. By sharing the fruit of victory with other allies, America greatly strengthened its power and became a powerful country by the end of World War II.Chapter 101. What are the two characteristics of the . constitution?One is “checks and balances”, the other is that the power of the central government and the powers of state governments are specified.2. What are the qualifications for a senator and a representative respectively?A senator must be over 30 years old , a . citizen for at least nine years, and a resident in the state which they represent . a representative should be at least 25 years old and a . citizen for no less than seven years.3. What are the major powers of the supreme court?a) to interpret lawsb) to hear appeals from any federal court cases;c) to hear appeals from state court cases that involve the constitution or national laws d) may declare a law unconstitutionale) may declare a presidential act unconstitutional4. What is the difference between the democrats and the republicans in terms of political opinions?The democrats want the government to play an important role in the economy and emphasize full employment as a matter of national concern they favor civil rights laws , a strong social security system which gives enterprises a greater freedom and demand that the government control inflation. They stress the need for law and order, and oppose complete government social programs and free choice of abortion they also favor a strong military posture and assertive stand in international relations.1. How is the American President voted into office? What are your ideas about the American election?Each party holds its national convention every four years to choose a candidate for presidency. To win a presidential election, a candidate has to spend millions of dollars, travel all over the country to make speeches and debate on television with the rival. The general election is technically divided into two stages. During the first stage, presidential electors for each state will be chosen. In the second stage the electors meet and vote a President. Since the second stage is only a kind of formality, everyone knows who will be the next President an soon as the first stage is over.I think the candidates spend too much money on the electoral campaigns. And, the election cannot solve the social and economic problems of the . as some candidates do not keep their word after they become President.2. What was President Eisenhowers foreign policy and what were the consequences ?President Eisenhower made vigorous efforts to wage the Cold War. He placed new emphasis on developing nuclear strength to prevent the outbreak of war. He also frequently authorized the CIA to undertake secret interventions to overthrow unfriendly governments or protect reliable anti-communist leaders whose power was threatened. The CIA helped topple the governments of Iran and Guatemala, but it suffered an embarrassing failure in Indonesia. In addition, Eisenhower used . power and prestige to help create a non-communist government in South Vietnam, which brought disastrous long-term consequences to the United States.Chapter 111. What industry developments took place during the colonial period of America?During the colonial period ,the secondary industries developed as the colonies grew . a variety of specialized sawmills and gristmills appeared. Colonists established shipyards to build fishing fleets and trading vessels . they also built small iron forges . by the 18th century , regional patterns of development in America had become clear.2. How did the civil war affect the American economy?After the civil war , the large southern cotton plantations became much less profitable . northern industries , which had expanded rapidly because of the demands of the war ,surged ahead.3. Why does America try to reduce trade barriers?Because the united states has increasingly realized that open bilateral trade will not only advance its own economic interests, but also enhance domestic stability and its peaceful relationship with other nations.1. How did the constitution lay the groundwork for American’s economic development ?The . Constitution, as an economic charter, established that the entire nation was a unified or "common" market. There were no tariffs or taxes on interstate commerce. It provided that the federal government could regulate commerce with foreign nations and among the states, establish uniform bankruptcy laws, create money and regulate its value, fix standards of weights and measures, establish post office and roads, and fix rules governing patents and copyrights. The last-mentioned clause was an early recognition of the importance of "intellectual property", a matter that began assuming great importance in trade negotiations since the late 20thcentury.2. Cite examples to illustrate the role of government intervention in America's economic development.The government has always played an active and important role in America’s economic development. In the early 1930s,thr United States suffered the worst economic depression in American history. President Roosevelt introduced the New Deal to tackle the financial crisis. Besides, he set up the New York State Emergency Relief Commission to help those in desperate need and tried to relieve the serious problems of the jobless. At the end of 1970s, the American economy again suffered a recession. TheReagan administration combated inflation by controlling government spending deficit, cutting taxes and raising interest rates. Both policies mentioned above helped to set the country’s economic development on its right course, In all, the intervention of the government has ensured that economic opportunities are fair and accessible to the people. It has prevented flagrant abuses of the system, dampened the effects of inflation and stimulated economic growth.Chapter 121. How does an American university choose its applicants?a)their high school records;b) recommendations from their high school teachers;c) the impression they make during interviews at the university;d) their scores on the SAT.2. What functions do American higher education institutions perform?Higher education institutions in the united states have three functions: teaching , research and public service , and each has its own emphasis with regard to its function .3. What similarities do four famous university share?They all have a long history , they all have an excellent faculty , a large number of students and have made extensive academic achievements. Some of their graduates are very successful or influential in some areas such as politics, arts and business.4. What are the origins of thanksgiving day?Thanksgiving is associated with the time when Europeans first came to the new world , in 1620,the mayflower arrived and brought about 150 pilgrims. Life at the beginning was very hard and there was not enough food , so many of them died. During the following summer the native America helped them and then they had a bountiful harvest. So they held a big celebration to thank god and the native Americans.1. What are the ideals that guide the American educational system?The first ideal is that as many people as possible should receive as much education as possible .The second ideal is that of ptoducing a society that is totally literate and of local control . The third ideal is that scholars and students should work to discover new information or conceive new ways to understand what is already known .2. How does America carry out multicultural education?American schools routinely teach the experiences and values of many ethnic cultures. Current textbooks incorporate a variety of ethnic individuals who have achieved success. Struggle for equality are vividly depicted, and past racism is bluntly acknowledged. Cultural pluralism is now generally recognized as the organizing principle of at all levels offer students opportunities to learn about different cultures.。

Major TermsThe United States of America1.The Mississippi -----It is the most important and longest reiver in the US. It flows about 6400km from its northwestern source in the Rockies to the Gulf of Mexico. The Mississippi and its tributariies drain one of the richest farm areas in the world.2.The melting pot-----It means that the US is composed of immigrants from different nations allover the world.3.W ASPs-----It stands for White Anglo-Saxon Protestants. They are the mainstream ofAmericans who are the descentdents of the early English settlers.4.Jamestown-----The first permanent colony established by the English in 1607.5.Declaration of Independence-----The United States Declaration of Independence is astatement adopted by the Continental Congress on July 4, 1776, which announced that the thirteen American colonies should be free and independent states. It was drafted by Thomas Jefferson.6.Bill of Rights-----The Bill of Rights is the collective name for the first ten amendments tothe United States Constitution. The Bill of Rights is a series of limitations on the power of the United States federal government, protecting the natural rights of liberty and property including freedom of religion, freedom of speech, a free press, free assembly, and free association, as well as the right to keep and bear arms. In federal criminal cases, it requires indictment by a grand jury for any capital or "infamous crime", guarantees a speedy, public trial with an impartial jury composed of members of the state or judicial district in which the crime occurred, and prohibits double jeopardy. In addition, the Bill of Rights reserves for the people any rights not specifically mentioned in the Constitution and reserves all powers not specifically granted to the federal government to the people or the States.7.The Louisiana Purchase-----The acquisition by the United States of America of 2,147,000km2France's claim to the territory of Louisiana in 1803. The U.S. paid $11,250,000 plus cancellation of debts worth $3,750,000, for a total sum of 15 million dollars for the Louisiana territory ($219 million in 2010 dollars).8.Gettysburg Address-----A speech by Lincoln on Nov. 19,1863 after the northern victory atGettysburg. The speech was considered unimportant at the time, but has come to be viewed by the Americans as one of the most significant expressions of American democracy.9.Emancipation Proclamation-----An executive order issued by United States PresidentAbraham Lincoln on January 1, 1863, during the American Civil War under his war powers.It proclaimed the freedom of 3.1 million of the nation's 4 million slaves, and immediately freed 50,000 of them, with the rest freed as Union armies advanced.10.Ku Klux Klan-----Racist terrorist organization in the U.S. organized by veterans of theConfederate army, first as a social club and then as a secret means of resisting Reconstruction and restoring white domination over newly enfranchised blacks.11.The Gilded Age-----A term refering to substantial growth in population in the United Statesand extravagant displays of wealth and excess of America's upper-class during the post-CivilWar and post-Reconstruction era, in the late 19th century (1865-1901). Modern America’s formative period, when an agrarian society of small producers was transformed into an urban society dominated by industrial corporations.12.Open door policy-----It is a statement of U.S. foreign policy toward China. Issued by U.S.secretary of state John Hay (1899), the statement reaffirmed the principle that all imperialist powers should have equal access to any Chinese port open to trade.13.Big Stick Policy-----A form of hegemony and was the slogan describing U.S. PresidentTheodore Roosevelt’s corollary推论to the Monroe Doctrine. The term originated from the African proverb "Speak softly and carry a big stick; you will go far." The idea of negotiating peacefully, simultaneously threatening with the "big stick", or the military.14.V eto power-----The power of the US President to unilaterally stop an official action,especially enactment of a piece of legislation.15.Party platform-----A party platform, also known as a manifesto, is a list of the actions whicha political party supports in order to appeal to the general public for the purpose of havingsaid party's candidates voted into office. This often takes the form of a list of support for, or opposition to, controversial topics. Individual topics are often called planks of the platform. 16.Federalism-----Federalism means the division of powers by a constitution between the centralgovernment and state government. It operates only on two levels, the national and the state.Units of government within a state enjoy no independent existence.17.The black death-----It was a disease or plague spread by rat fleas in 14th century. It spreadthrough Europe in the middle of the 14th century and reached England in the summer of 1348.Many people died and the population of England shrank. It caused labor shortage and other social problems.18.The Hundred Years’ War-----It refers to the war between France and England that lasted formore than 100 years (1337-1467). The causes were partly territorial and partly economic.After three stages of the war, the English were driven out of France with only Calais in hand.The ending of war is regarded as a blessing for both countries.19.Thanksgiving Day-----it is an annul one-day holiday to give thanks at the conclusion of theharvest season. The United States celebrates Thanksgiving on the fourth Thursday of November.20.Townshend Acts of 1767-----The Townshend Acts were a series of acts passed beginning in1767 by the Parliament of Great Britain relating to the British colonies in North America. The acts are named for Charles Townshend, the Chancellor of the Exchequer, who proposed the program.The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland21.The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle-----The first official history of England started by Alfred theGreat.22.The Domesday Book-----A detailed record (1086) of all the wealth of England including allland and property, every mill and cottage, every cow and pig. It also records the rights and duties of every landowner and every court.23.The Westminster Abby-----An abby built by Edward the Confessor and later most of theBritish kings and queens have been crown here and many of them have been buries here.There is also a poets’ corner where many British men of letters are buried.mon Law-----(also known as case law or precedent), is law developed by judgesthrough decisions of courts and similar tribunals rather than through legislative statutes or executive branch action. A "common law system" is a legal system that gives great precedential weight to common law, on the principle that it is unfair to treat similar facts differently on different occasions.25.Magna Carta-----A feudal charter of liberties issued at Runnymede by King John underthe coercion of the barons and a group of church men under Langton. The charter attempted to protect the rights of the barony against encroachment by the royal prerogative.26.Utopia-----A political and philosophical treatise by Sir Thomas More, in the form of anaccount of an imaginary, newly discovered country.27.Renaissance-----The word was first used by Italian scholars in mid-16th C to express therediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek culture, which was now studied for its own sake and not used merely to enhance the authority of the Church.28.Puritan-----A member of a Protestant Movement in England in 16th and 17thCenturies, which sought to purify worship in the Church of England by excluding everything for which authority could not be found in the Bible.29.Glorious Revolution------also called the Revolution of 1688, was the overthrow of KingJames II of England by a union of Parliamentarians with an invading army led by William of Orange who, as a result, ascended the English throne as William III of England. The resultant Bill of Right (1689) marked the ascendancy of parliamentary authority over the divine right that had been claimed by the Stuarts. This marked the real beginning of the constitutional monarchy in England.30.Renaissance-----cultural movement that spanned roughly the 14th to the 17th century,beginning in Florence in the Late Middle Ages and later spreading to the rest of Europe. As a cultural movement, it encompassed a resurgence of learning based on classical sources, the development of linear perspective in painting, and gradual but widespread educational reform.Traditionally, this intellectual transformation has resulted in the Renaissance being viewed asa bridge between the Middle Ages and the Modern era.。