7. Human Rights

Student: Aibat AibekID: 20120961Fundamentals to IRDate: 2014.4.23NotesArticle 1. Topic: Definitions of human rightsImportant paragraph: Human rights are moral principles that set out certain standards of human behaviour, and are regularly protected as legal rights in national and international law.They are "commonly understood as inalienable fundamental rights to which a person is inherently entitled simply because she or he is a human being."Human rights are thus conceived as universal (applicable everywhere) and egalitarian (the same for everyone). The doctrine of human rights has been highly influential within international law, global and regional institutions. Policies of states and in the activities of non-governmental organizations and have become a cornerstone of public policy around the world. The idea of human rights suggests, "if the public discourse of peacetime global society can be said to have a common moral language, it is that of human rights." The strong claims made by the doctrine of human rights continue to provoke considerable skepticism and debates about the content, nature and justifications of human rights to this day. Indeed, the question of what is meant by a "right" is itself controversial and the subject of continued philosophical debate.Article 2. Topic: Genocide in historyImportant paragraph: Genocide is the deliberate and systematic destruction, in whole or in part, of an ethnic, racial, religious or national group. The term was coined in 1944 by Raphael Lemkin. It is defined in Article 2 of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (CPPCG) of 1948 as "any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group, as such: killing members of the group; causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group; deliberately inflicting on the groups conditions of life, calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part; imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group; [and] forcibly transferring children of the group to another group."Article 3. Topic: Ethnic cleansingImportant paragraph: Ethnic cleansing is the systematic forced removal of ethnic or religious groups from a given territory with the intent of creating a territory inhabited by people of a homogeneous or pure ethnicity, religion, culture, and history. The forces applied may be various forms of forced migration (deportation, population transfer), as well as mass murder, and intimidation. Ethnic cleansing is usually accompanied with the efforts to remove physical and cultural evidence of the targeted group in the territory through the destruction of homes, social centers, farms, and infrastructure, and by the desecration of monuments, cemeteries, and places of worship. Initially used by the perpetrators during the Yugoslav Wars and cited in this context as a euphemism akin to that of the "final solution", by the 1990s the term gained widespread acceptance in academic discourse in its generic meaning.Article 4. Topic: Crimes against humanityImportant paragraph: Crimes against humanity, as defined by the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court Explanatory Memorandum, "are particularly odious offenses in that they constitute a serious attack on human dignity or grave humiliation or a degradation of human beings."They are not isolated or sporadic events, but are part either of a government policy (although the perpetrators need not identify themselves with this policy) or of a wide practice of atrocities tolerated or condoned by a government or a de facto authority. Murder; extermination; torture; rape; political, racial, or religious persecution; and other inhumane acts reach the threshold of crimes against humanity only if they are part of a widespread or systematic practice. Isolated inhumane acts of this nature may constitute grave infringements of human rights, or—depending on the circumstances—war crimes, but are not classified as crimes against humanity.Article 5. Topic: Humanitarian interventionImportant paragraph: Humanitarian intervention involves the threat and use of military forces as a central feature. It is an intervention in the sense that it entails interfering in the internal affairs of a state by sending military forces into the territory or airspace of a sovereign state that has not committed an act of aggression against another state. The intervention is in response to situations that do not necessarily pose direct threats to states’strategic interests, but instead is motivated by humanitarian objectives. The subject of humanitarian intervention has remained a compelling foreign policy issue, especially since NATO’s intervention in Kosovo in 1999, as it highlights the tension between the principle of state sovereignty –a defining pillar of the UN system and international law –and evolving international norms related to human rights and the use of force. Moreover, it has sparked normative and empirical debates over its legality, the ethics of using military force to respond tohuman rights violations, when it should occur, who should intervene, and whether it is effective. To its proponents, it marks imperative action in the face of human rights abuses, over the rights of state sovereignty, while to its detractors it is often viewed as a pretext for military intervention often devoid of legal sanction, selectively deployed and achieving only ambiguous ends. Its frequent use following the end of the Cold War suggested to many that a new norm of military humanitarian intervention was emerging in international politics, although some now argue that the 9/11 terrorist attacks and the US "war on terror" have brought the era of humanitarian intervention to an end. James Pattison, however, has recently argued that the NATO intervention in Libya has bucked this trend.Article 6. Topic: The Responsibility to ProtectImportant paragraph: The Responsibility to Protect (R2P or RtoP) is an emerging norm that sovereignty is not a right, but that states must protect their populations from mass atrocity crimes—namely genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes and ethnic cleansing. The R2P has three foundation "pillars". A state has a responsibility to protect its population from genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity, and ethnic cleansing. The international community has a responsibility to assist the state to fulfill its primary responsibility. If the state manifestly fails to protect its citizens from the four above mass atrocities and peaceful measures have failed, the international community has the responsibility to intervene through coercive measures such as economic sanctions. Military intervention is considered the last resort. While R2P is a norm and not a law, it is firmly grounded in international law, especially the laws relating to sovereignty, peace and security, human rights and armed conflict.R2P provides a framework for using tools that already exist, i.e. mediation, early warning mechanisms, economic sanctioning, and chapter VII powers, to prevent mass atrocities. Civil society organizations, states, regional organizations, and international institutions all have a role to play in the R2P process. The authority to employ the last resort and intervene militarily rests solely with United Nations Security Council. Criticisms of the R2P include a "moral outrage and hysteria [that] often serve as a pretext for ‘interventions by the civilised world’or 'the international community' and for ‘humanitarian interventions’, which often conceal the true strategic motives, and it thus becomes another name for proxy wars."ReferencesCrimes against humanity.(2013).In Wikipedia. From/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity Definitions of human rights.(2013).In Wikipedia. From/wiki/Human_rightsEthnic cleansing.(2013).In Wikipedia. From/wiki/Ethnic_cleansingGenocide in history.(2013).In Wikipedia. From/wiki/Genocide_in_history Humanitarian intervention.(2013).In Wikipedia. From/wiki/Humanitarian_intervention The Responsibility to Protect.(2013).In Wikipedia. From/wiki/The_Responsibility_to_Protect。

hrc是什么意思
HRC（TheHumanRightsCampaign），人权运动，是美国最大规模的和很有影响力的同性恋者反歧视和争取平等权益的政治性民间组织。

简介
HRC总计拥有全美各地的成员60万人。

HRC的活动经费来源主要是民间和个人捐款。

HRC的总部位于美国首都华盛顿，并拥有HRC自己的总部建筑大楼。

HRC在美国政府和国会各方面发挥着民间影响力，代表着同性恋者争取平等权益的呼声，积极游说政府和国会制订反歧视和包容平等的政策和法律。

HRC还在美国的各级选举活动中发挥其影响力，支持那些为同性恋者平等权益说话的候选人。

HRC还在有关同性恋者平等权益方面致力于几个方面的工作：同性婚姻合法化、工作环境的性倾向平等、保障同性恋者的平等社会地位等。

HRC每年都提供很有参考价值的美国企业对同性恋者包容程度的评分，以此促进各大公司企业改进其相关政策。

HRC还设立了各种鼓励社会各界推动反歧视和平等理念的奖项，颁发给在这方面做出突出表现的各界人士和机构。

Remarks to the Press on the Release of the 2010 Country Reports on Human Rights PracticesRemarksHillary Rodham ClintonSecretary of StateWashington, DCApril 8, 2011SECRETARY CLINTON:Good morning, everyone. I’m here today to present the 35th annual report to Congress on the state of human rights around the world. The struggle for human rights begins by telling the truth over and over again. And this report represents a year of sustained truth-telling by one of the largest organizations documenting human rights conditions in the world, the United States State Department.I want to thank Assistant Secretary Mike Posner and the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, and our hundreds of colleagues and embassies around the world for working so hard to make this report an honest compendium of global human rights issues. I also want to thank the many people around the world who monitor and fight for human rights in their own societies, and from whose information and recommendations we greatly benefit.In recent months, we have been particularly inspired by the courage and determination of the activists in the Middle East andNorth Africa and in other repressive societies who have demanded peaceful democratic change and respect for their universal human rights. The United States will stand with those who seek to advance the causes of democracy and human rights wherever they may live, and we will stand with those who exercise their fundamental freedoms of expression and assembly in a peaceful way, whether in person, in print, or in pixels on the internet. This report usually generates a great deal of interest among journalists, lawmakers, nongovernmental organizations, and of course, other governments, and I hope it will again this year.As part of our mission to update statecraft for the 21st century, today I’m also pleased to announce the launch of our new website, . This site will offer one-stop shopping for information about global human rights from across the United States Government. It will pull together reports, statements, and current updates from around the world. It will be searchable and it will be safe. You won’t need to register to use it. We hope this will make it easier for citizens, scholars, NGOs, and international organizations to find the information they need to hold governments accountable.Here at the State Department, human rights is a priority 365 days a year. It is part of the mission of each of our ambassadors. It is on my agenda or on Under Secretary Otero’s or anyone else’s who meets with foreign leaders. And it is a core element of the Obama Administration’s foreign policy, because it actually is in line with our values, our interests, and our security. History has shown that governments that respect their people’s rights do tend, over time, to be more stable, more peaceful, and ultimately more prosperous. We were particularly disturbed by three growing trends in 2010. The first is a widespread crackdown on civil society activists. For countries to progress toward truly democratic governance, they need free and vibrant civil societies that can help governments understand and meet the needs of their people. But we’ve seen in Venezuela, for example, the government using the courts to intimidate and persecute civil society activists. The Venezuelan Government imposed new restrictions on the independent media, the internet, political parties, and NGOs. In Russia, we’ve seen crackdowns on civil society groups turn violent with numerous attacks and murders of journalists and activists. In China, we’ve seen negative trends that are appearing to worsen in the first part of 2011.As we have said repeatedly, the United States welcomes the rise of a strong and prosperous China, and we look forward to our upcoming Strategic and Economic Dialogue with Beijing and to our continued cooperation to address common global challenges. However, we remain deeply concerned about reports that, since February, dozens of people, including public interest lawyers, writers, artists, intellectuals, and activists have been arbitrarily detained and arrested. Among them most recently was the prominent artist, Ai Weiwei, who was taken into custody just this past Sunday. Such detention is contrary to the rule of law, and we urge China to release all of those who have been detained for exercising their internationally recognized right to free expression and to respect the fundamental freedoms and human rights of all of the citizens of China.Beyond a widespread crackdown on civil society activists, we saw a second trend in 2010 – countries violating the fundamental freedoms of expression, assembly, and association by curtailing internet freedom. More than 40 governments now restrict the internet through various means. Some censored websites for political reasons. And in a number of countries, democracy and human rights activists and independent bloggers found their emails hacked or their computers infected with spyware that reported backon their every keystroke. Digital activists have been tortured so they would reveal their passwords and implicate their colleagues. In Burma and in Cuba, government policies preempted online dissent by keeping most ordinary people from accessing the internet at all. The third disturbing trend of 2010 was the repression of vulnerable minorities, including racial and ethnic and religious minorities along with lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender people. In Pakistan, for example, blasphemy remains a crime punishable by death. And the blasphemy law has been enforced against Muslims who do not share the beliefs of other Muslims, and also against non-Muslims who worship differently.In the first two months of 2011, two government officials in Pakistan who sought to reform the law, Governor Taseer and Minister Bhatti, were targeted by a fatwa and assassinated. Also, in Iraq, Egypt, and Nigeria, violent attacks by extremists have killed dozens of people who have been peacefully practicing their religions, Christians and Muslims alike. In Iran, we have multiple reports that the government summarily executed more than 300 people in 2010. Many of them were ethnic minorities. For example, in May, four Kurdish men were hanged in Evin Prison. They had been arrested in 2006 for advocating that Iran should respect human rights. Theywere reported to have confessed to terrorism under torture. And because I believe, and our government believes, that gay rights are human rights, we remain extremely concerned aboutstate-sanctioned homophobia. In Uganda, for example, homosexuality remains illegal, and people are being harassed, discriminated against, threatened, and intimidated.But the news is, of course, not all bad. We have seen improvements in the human rights situations in a number ofcou ntries, and we’ve also seen the uprisings of the past months in the Middle East and North Africa, where people are demanding their universal human rights. In Colombia, the government began consulting with human rights defenders. It is supporting efforts to stop violence. It has passed a law to restore land and pay reparations to the victims of the very long civil conflict that occurred in Colombia. Guinea held free and fair elections and inaugurated its first democratically elected president. And Indonesia boasts a vibrant free media and a flourishing civil society at the same time as it faces up to challenges in preventing abuses by its security forces and acting against religious intolerance.Societies flourish when they address human rights problems instead of suppressing them. Freedom from fear makes economiesgrow as citizens invest, innovate, and participate. Where human rights matter, children grow up with the precious belief that they matter, too; that they should be able to live in dignity and shape their own destinies. People everywhere deserve no less. And we hope that this report will give comfort to the activists, will shine a spotlight on the abuses, and convince those in government that there are other and better ways.And we want to see progress. We started doing this report 35 years ago because we believed that progress is possible. And certainly, if you were to do a chart from 35 years ago to today, you would see a lot of progress in a lot of places. But at the same time, we must remain vigilant, and this report is one of the tools that we use to be that way.Thank you all. Now, Assistant Secretary Mike Posner.。

以逼为话题的作文英文回答：Coercion, the act of compelling someone to do something against their will, presents a multifaceted challenge to human rights, ethics, and the rule of law. It undermines individual autonomy, violates basic freedoms, and can lead to physical, psychological, and societal harm.From a human rights standpoint, coercion is a clear violation of the right to freedom of choice and bodily integrity. The Universal Declaration of Human Rightsaffirms that "everyone has the right to life, liberty, and security of person." Coercion directly infringes on these fundamental rights by depriving individuals of theirability to make independent decisions and control their own actions.Ethical concerns also arise from the use of coercion. It undermines the principle of informed consent, whichrequires that individuals fully understand and voluntarily agree to any interventions that may affect their well-being. Coercion often involves the exertion of undue influence or pressure, which impairs the individual's capacity for rational decision-making.Furthermore, coercion can have detrimental effects on society as a whole. It fosters a climate of fear, distrust, and resentment, eroding social cohesion and undermining democratic values. Coercion-induced actions often lack legitimacy, reducing their effectiveness and potentially leading to unintended consequences.In sum, coercion poses a grave threat to human rights, ethical principles, and social stability. Its use should be strongly condemned and prevented at all costs.中文回答：逼迫，是强迫他人违背意愿行事的一种行为，对人权、伦理和法治构成多方面的挑战。

尊重人类生命英语作文Respecting Human Life。

Respecting human life is an essential cornerstone of any civilized society. It is a principle that transcends cultural, religious, and political boundaries, serving as the foundation upon which human rights and dignity are upheld. In today's interconnected world, where conflicts arise, and challenges emerge, the importance of valuing and cherishing human life cannot be overstated.At the heart of respecting human life lies the recognition of its inherent worth and sanctity. Regardless of race, ethnicity, gender, or socioeconomic status, every individual possesses an intrinsic value that must be acknowledged and safeguarded. This acknowledgment forms the basis of a just and equitable society where every person is treated with dignity and respect.One of the fundamental ways in which we demonstraterespect for human life is by upholding the right to life itself. This right, enshrined in various international declarations and conventions, asserts that every individual has the fundamental entitlement to live free from arbitrary deprivation or violence. It obliges governments to enact laws and policies that protect individuals from harm and ensure their safety and well-being.Moreover, respecting human life extends beyond mere physical existence to encompass the holistic well-being of individuals. It entails recognizing and addressing the diverse needs and aspirations of people, including their social, economic, and emotional dimensions. This requires fostering environments where individuals can thrive and fulfill their potential, free from discrimination, oppression, or marginalization.Central to the concept of respecting human life is the promotion of peace and conflict resolution. Conflicts, whether local or global, often result in the loss of innocent lives and untold suffering. By fostering dialogue, understanding, and reconciliation, we can mitigate the rootcauses of conflict and build a more harmonious and compassionate world where human life is valued above all else.Furthermore, respecting human life necessitates promoting justice and accountability for violations of human rights and humanitarian law. This requires holding perpetrators of violence and injustice accountable fortheir actions and ensuring that victims receive redress and support. It also entails addressing the underlyingstructural inequalities and injustices that perpetuate cycles of violence and oppression.Education plays a crucial role in cultivating a culture of respect for human life. By instilling values of empathy, compassion, and tolerance in future generations, we can nurture a society where the inherent dignity and worth of every individual are upheld and celebrated. Education empowers individuals to challenge prejudice, discrimination, and injustice, fostering a more inclusive and equitable world for all.In conclusion, respecting human life is not merely an abstract ideal but a moral imperative that lies at the heart of our shared humanity. It requires us to recognize the inherent worth and dignity of every individual, uphold their fundamental rights, and work towards creating a world where peace, justice, and compassion prevail. By embracing this principle, we can build a brighter future where the sanctity of human life is cherished and protected for generations to come.。

Eleanor Roosevelt: Adoption of the Declaration of Human Rights Mr. President, fellow delegates:The long and meticulous study and debate of which this Universal Declaration of Human Rights is the product means that it reflects the composite views of the many men and governments who have contributed to its formulation. Not every man nor every government can have what he wants in a document of this kind. There are of course particular provisions in the declaration before us with which we are not fully satisfied. I have no doubt this is true of other delegations, and it would still be true if we continued our labors over many years. Taken as a whole the Delegation of the United States believes that this a good document -- even a great document -- and we propose to give it our full support. The position of the United States on the various parts of the declaration is a matter of record in the Third Committee. I shall not burden the Assembly, and particularly my colleagues of the Third Committee, with a restatement of that position here.Certain provisions of the declaration are stated in such broad terms as to be acceptable only because of the limitations in article 29 providing for limitation on the exercise of the rights for the purpose of meeting the requirements of morality, public order, and the general welfare. An example of this is the provision that everyone has the right of equal access to the public service in his country. The basic principle of equality and of nondiscrimination as to public employment is sound, but it cannot be accepted without limitations. My government, for example, would consider that this is unquestionably subject to limitation in the interest of public order and the general welfare. It would not consider that the exclusion from public employment of persons holding subversive political beliefs and not loyal to the basic principles and practices of the constitution and laws of the country would in any way infringe upon this right.Likewise, my Government has made it clear in the course of the development of the declaration that it does not consider that the economic and social and cultural rights stated in the declaration imply an obligation on governmental action. This was made quite clear in the Human Rights Commission text of article 23 which served as a so-called "umbrella" article to the articles on economic and social rights. We consider that the principle has not been affected by the fact that this article no longer contains a reference to the articles which follow it. This in no way affects our whole-hearted support for the basic principles of economic, social, and cultural rights set forth in these articles.In giving our approval to the declaration today it is of primary importance that we keep clearly in mind the basic character of the document. It is not a treaty; it is not an international agreement. It is not and does not purport to be a statement of basic principles of law or legal obligation. It is a declaration of basic principles of humanrights and freedoms, to be stamped with the approval of the General Assembly by formal vote of its members, and to serve as a common standard of achievement for all peoples of all nations.We stand today at the threshold of a great event both in the life of the United Nations and in the life of mankind, that is the approval by the General Assembly of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights recommended by the Third Committee. This declaration may well become the international Magna Carta of all men everywhere. We hope its proclamation by the General Assembly will be an event comparable to the proclamation of the Declaration of the Rights of the Man by the French people in 1789, the adoption of the Bill of Rights by the people of the United States, and the adoption of comparable declarations at different times in other countries.At a time when there are so many issues on which we find it difficult to reach a common basis of agreement, it is a significant fact that 58 states have found such a large measure of agreement in the complex field of human rights. This must be taken as testimony of our common aspiration first voiced in the Charter of the United Nations to lift men everywhere to a higher standard of life and to a greater enjoyment of freedom. Man’s desire for peace lies behind this dec laration. The realization that the fragrant violation of human rights by Nazi and Fascist countries sowed the seeds of the last world war has supplied the impetus for the work which brings us to the moment of achievement here today.In a recent speech in Canada, Gladstone Murray said:"The central fact is that man is fundamentally a moral being, that thelight we have is imperfect does not matter so long as we are alwaystrying to improve it … we are equal in sharing the moral freedom thatd istinguishes us as men. Man’s status makes each individual an end inhimself. No man is by nature simply the servant of the state or ofanother man … the ideal and fact of freedom—and nottechnology—are the true distinguishing marks of our civilization."This declaration is based upon the spiritual fact that man must have freedom in which to develop his full stature and through common effort to raise the level of human dignity. We have much to do to fully achieve and to assure the rights set forth in this declaration. But having them put before us with the moral backing of 58 nations will be a great step forward.As we here bring to fruition our labors on this Declaration of Human Rights, we must at the same time rededicate ourselves to the unfinished task which lies before us. We can now move on with new courage and inspiration to the completion of an international covenant on human rights and of measures for the implementation of human rights.In conclusion I feel that I cannot do better than to repeat the call to action by Secretary Marshall in his opening statement to this Assembly:"Let this third regular session of the General Assembly approve by anoverwhelming majority the Declaration of Human Rights as astatement of conduct for all; and let us, as Members of the UnitedNations, conscious of our own short-comings and imperfections, joinour effort in all faith to live up to this high standard."。

humanlity翻译"Humanity"的中文翻译是"人性"或"人类"。

下面是一些关于"humanity"的用法和中英文对照例句：1. 名词用法：- Humanity (n.): 人性、人类- The study of humanity helps us understand the complexities of human behavior. (人性研究帮助我们理解人类行为的复杂性。

)- The plight of humanity is often reflected in literature and art. (人类的困境常常在文学和艺术中得到反映。

)- Humanitarianism (n.): 人道主义- Humanitarianism is about promoting the well-being and rights of all people. (人道主义的目标是促进所有人的福祉和权利。

)- The organization is dedicated to providing humanitarian aid to victims of natural disasters. (该组织致力于向自然灾害的受害者提供人道援助。

)2. 形容词用法：- Human (adj.): 人类的、人的- It is a basic human instinct to seek companionship. (寻求伴侣是一种基本的人类本能。

)- Human rights are fundamental to a just and equal society. (人权对于一个公正和平等的社会是基础性的。

)- Humane (adj.): 人道的、仁慈的- The organization's humane treatment of animals sets a good example for others. (该组织对待动物的人道行为为他人树立了榜样。

第二单元梗概500字作文英文回答：In the second unit of our course, we embarked on an exhilarating expedition into the realm of human rights. Through a captivating and transformative series of lectures, discussions, and readings, we delved into the fundamental principles that underpin the protection and preservation of human dignity.We explored the historical origins of human rights, tracing their evolution from the Magna Carta to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. We examined the philosophical foundations of human rights, grappling with the concepts of natural law, social contract theory, and utilitarianism.Beyond the theoretical framework, we also delved into specific case studies, analyzing real-world examples of human rights violations and exploring the complexchallenges and dilemmas that arise in their implementation and enforcement. We examined the horrors of the Holocaust and the ongoing struggle against human trafficking, among other pressing issues.Through group discussions and presentations, weactively engaged with these topics, sharing our diverse perspectives and fostering a deep understanding of the complexities involved in protecting human rights. We also explored the role of international organizations, such as the United Nations, in promoting and upholding human rights globally.By the end of the unit, we had gained a comprehensive understanding of the principles, history, and challenges of human rights. We emerged with a profound appreciation for the importance of these fundamental freedoms and a commitment to advocating for their realization for all individuals, regardless of their background or circumstances.中文回答：在第二单元的课程中，我们踏上了激动人心的探索人权领域的征程。