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英语科技文章

英语科技文章
英语科技文章

弹指之间At Your Fingertips

触控荧幕的应用非常广泛,例如游客导览系统、自动柜员机、销售点终端机、工业控制系统等。在2000年,六家专门厂商加上几家大公司的触控产品部门,总产值高达八亿美元。由于这种介面使用方便、经久耐用,而且花费不高,因此市场还在成长之中。

触控荧幕可依其侦测触控点的物理原理,分为三种:电阻式荧幕,用手指或其他触头轻按就会产生电压;电容式荧幕,手指会吸取微小的电流(常用于笔记型电脑的触控板)。至于第三种波动式荧幕,则是用声波或红外线覆盖整个表面,而手指或触头会阻断这些驻波图样。

电阻式荧幕是历史最久、用途最广,也是价格最低的一种,而且任何触头(无论手指或笔尖)都可以使用。电容式荧幕必须使用手指,或是接有地线的触头,以便传导电流。波动式荧幕则是最新且最昂贵的类型。表面声波荧幕必须用手指或软式触头(例如铅笔上的橡皮擦)轻触,以吸收表面能量;红外线触控荧幕则可使用任何触头。在实际应用上,可以同时选用好几种技术,不过基于各技术的优缺点,通常导致以下的组合:工业控制系统和掌上型电脑Palm Pilot使用电阻式,自动贩卖机使用电容式,自动柜员机及室内资讯站使用波动式。但是大多数人并不清楚,自己所使用的荧幕是什么类型。

沈辉斌任职于美国最大的触控荧幕制造商──位于加州夫利蒙市的“易触控系统公司”,他提供了以下的辨别诀窍。你可用指甲(而不是皮肤)轻压荧幕,假如荧幕有反应,就可能是电阻式或红外线式荧幕。果真如此,再同时用两根手指分别轻压荧幕上两点。假如游标移到其中一根手指下方,这装置使用的就是红外线(软体只记录第一个接触点);假如游标移到两根手指之间,荧幕就是电阻式(两个接触点皆有影响力)。假如这个装置对指甲毫无反应,你的下一步还是用两根手指分别轻压荧幕上两点。这时候,如果游标移到其中一根手指下方,We use touch screens everywhere: tourist

kiosks, automatic teller machines, point-of-sale terminals, industrial controls. Half a dozen vendors, plus in-house departments at major manufacturers, produced $800 million worth in 2000. The market is growing because the interfaces are easy-to-use, durable and inexpensive.

Touch screens employ one of three physics principles for detecting the point of touch. Pressing a “resistive” design with a finger or other stylus raises a voltage. In “capacitive” models, a finger draws a minute current (this method is often used for cursor pads on notebook computers). In other designs, a finger or stylus interrupts a standing pattern of acoustic waves or infrared lights that blanket the surface.

Resistive screens are the oldest, most widely used and least expensive, and they work with any stylus (finger, pen). Capacitive screens must be touched by a finger or an electrically grounded stylus to conduct current. Wave screens are the newest and most expensive. Surface acoustic wave screens must be touched by a finger or a soft stylus such as a pencil eraser to absorb energy; infrared screens work with any stylus. The different technologies may be used in the same applications, although pros and cons lead to prevalent combinations: resistive screens for industrial controls and Palm Pilots; capacitive screens for slot machines; wave screens for ATMs and indoor kiosks.

Most people are unaware of the type of screen they are using. But tricks can help you tell, according to Frank Shen of Elo TouchSystems in Fremont, Calif., the largest U.S. maker. Push the

那么这荧幕使用的原理是声波;假如游标移到两根手指中间,它就是电容式触控荧幕。screen lightly with your fingernail (not your skin). If it responds, it could be resistive or infrared. In this case, place two separated fingers against the screen at the same time. If the cursor moves beneath one finger, the unit is infrared (software registers the first touch); if the cursor moves between the fingers, it is resistive (the points are averaged). If the unit does not respond to your fingernail, again place two separated fingers against it. If the cursor moves beneath one finger, the unit is acoustic wave; if the cursor moves between the fingers, it is capacitive.

Science Shows Lying Is Hard Work说真话科学表明说谎不易

A convicted sex offender, released on parole, submits to a polygraph test.

一位因性攻击被定罪的犯人在假释时做测谎试验,

"Have you ever told even one lie?" asks the examiner. "No," says the man - and the needles on the polygraph machine barely shift from their rhythmic movements.

检查人员问:“你曾经说过谎吗?”这个男子说:“没有”。这时,测谎仪的针头仅仅有规则地运动着

You can guess, of course, whether the man was answering truthfully - but today's polygraphs cannot. All they record are pulse, respiration, skin temperature, and other signs that may suggest whether someone seems nervous when asked a damning question.

当然,你可能猜想这家伙在说假话,但今天所用的测谎仪却不能。它们所能记录的脉搏、呼吸、皮肤温度和其它信号,只能提示某人在回答一个非常不利的问题时似乎有些紧张。

Machines can be fooled, but it may not always be that way.

机器可能被愚弄,但它不会总是那么傻。

"I suspect that it may be much harder to manipulate brain blood flow," says Dr. Daniel Langleben, an assistant professor of psychiatry at the University of Pennsylvania Medical School.

宾夕法尼亚大学医学院的精神病学副教授Daniel Langleben博士说:“我想控制脑血流是非常难的。”

Langleben and his colleagues have been experimenting with computerized brain scans - functional magnetic resonance imaging. This giant machine can show the amount of blood flow to different sections of the brain in precise detail.

Langleben博士和他的同事已经试验了一种计算机脑扫描即功能性磁共振成像。这种巨大的机器能精确显示出流到脑不同部位的血流量。

They wanted to see what changes could be measured inside the brain when people are deceitful. They asked

他们想知道能否测定出说谎者的脑内

变化。他们要求受试者在此机扫描时说谎。

people to lie inside the scanner and lie through their teeth .when answers from many test subjects were combined and averaged by a computer, they clearly showed that when people lie, they use more sections of the brain than when they tell the truth. 用电脑将许多受试者说谎的测试结果加权和平均,结果清楚表明当人们说谎时比说真话时要多用某部份大脑。

"The question it raised for me is whether, in order to tell a lie, you need to inhibit something, and whether that something is the truth," he says. In other words, people may naturally be truth tellers. The brain works harder to lie."

“它提出的问题是,是否为了说谎,你必需抑制某些东西,是否这东西就是真实,”他说。“换言之,人的本性是要说真话的,说谎对大脑并非易事。”

Langleben was never out to make a better lie detector, but his research, along with others', could someday lead to one.

Langleben并未打算制造出一台更好的测谎仪,但他的研究和其它研究成果最终会催生这种机器。

AP美联社

应用科学:冬季奥运的幕后功臣-人造雪

编辑:John C. H. Chen

人造雪已经成为冬季奥运中不可或缺的一部份。但是这种对人造雪的需求却可能会对环境造成损害。

在刚结束的2006年杜林冬季奥运会中,人造雪被广泛应用在许多的竞赛中,例如滑雪及滑雪板。事实上,今年杜林的雪下的比往常要薄,所以为了使比赛能够顺利进行,人造雪也可以说是必然的选择。而人造雪的好处除了制造足够的雪量之外,同时可以做出可以维持的较久而且状况较好的表面。对竞赛选手来说,人造雪可以使他们更容易创造新纪录。这种人造雪的技术在许多的滑雪圣地都已经被广泛的使用,以避免因为天气关系雪量不够而无法营业的情形发生。

制造人造雪主要是将水从一个喷嘴中高速喷出来然后利用高压空气将水滴吹到空中造成起雾般的效果,然后让这些液滴在空气中结成雪花。成功的关键是要让这些液滴在降落到地面之前就凝结起来。

现在因为地球环境暖化,所以找到好的滑雪场地已经越来越困难。举例来说,阿尔卑斯山的雪线已经逐年上升,对滑雪爱好者来说,的确不是个好消息。但是过度依赖人造雪也是会有问题。国际保护阿尔卑斯山组织(International Commission for Protection of the Alps,

CIPRA)的Michel Revaz就表示,制造人造雪要消耗水及能量。而这些人造雪所溶化的水也会对周围的生态系造成影响。

所以Revaz提了一个可能的折衷方案。他表示像冬季奥运这种大活动,不需要为了奥运就每四年建一堆造雪机器。把这些机器回收使用应该是个可以接受的方法。

Skiers take to man-made slopes

As demand grows for manufactured snow, so does environmental impact.

by Helen Pearson

The 2006 winter Olympics is highlighting winter-sport enthusiasts' growing reliance on man-made snow, and the toll that this addiction could take on the environment.

All competitive ski and snowboarding events now take place largely on man-made snow. Unlike its natural counterpart, the machine-made white stuff can be carefully tweaked to make a more durable and consistent surface: one perfect for record-breaking attempts. The Olympic ski resorts outside Turin, Italy, have extensive snow-making facilities and several new reservoirs were built for the games to supply water for snowmakers. In recent weeks they have been piling on man-made snow, as the natural stuff has proven rather thin on the ground in the Turin area this season.

Snow-making equipment is viewed as essential in most ski areas to guarantee coverage throughout the season. Nowadays, "natural snow is a bonus," says Rich Brown of

snow-making technology company York Snow in Victor, New York, whose systems were used in the 2002 winter Olympics in Salt Lake City, Utah, and previous games.

Nature's copycats

The sno

w 'can

nons' or 'guns' that manufacture snow mimic the natural formation of snowflakes. Snow machines typically force pressurized water through a nozzle, breaking it into a mist of tiny droplets, and then use compressed air or fans to blast them into the air. As the droplets cool, the molecules align and crystallize into ice particles.

The art to snow-making is adjusting the water and air to ensure that the water drops are small enough and sent far enough that they will freeze before they hit the ground. If the air temperature is quite high, for example, dropping the water content and upping the air would create smaller particles that are more likely to freeze.

Snow-making machines also frequently incorporate nucleating agents in the water: small quantities of materials such as bacterial protein, on to which the water molecules attach and freeze. By triggering freezing, these agents raise the temperature at which snow can be made.

Many resorts now use sophisticated computer systems that automatically adjust the air and water output from snow machines based on air temperature, humidity and wind, says Brown.

「It's not clever to build a new piste every four years.」

Michel Revaz International Commission for Protection of the Alps (CIPRA), Schaan, Liechtenstein.

Skiing on ice

For race courses, experts adjust man-made snow to create a tough, fast and icy course rather than a powdery one. A ski course is also heavily groomed and often intentionally flooded to create patches of ice; these factors generally determine the speed of a race.

There are other reasons for snow manufacturing to be in demand, beyond the benefits of having a snow whose properties can be ordered up. Some predict that the need for snow will rocket with the warming effects of climate change, which are already pushing snow lines up the Alps.

But this comes with environmental costs, says Michel Revaz, of the International Commission for Protection of the Alps (CIPRA), a conservation group in Schaan, Liechtenstein. Making snow chews up energy and water, and can rob rivers and creeks in the surrounding ecosystems.

One way to conserve the mountain environment, Revaz says, would be to reuse winter sports competition facilities rather than building new ones. "It's not clever to build a new piste every four years," he says. "It's time to say stop."

Telepathy--mind to mind contact

Telepathy is the ability to communicate without the use of the five senses(sight, hearing, touch, smell, taste).It is an instinct, and although quite dormant in many of us, we are often capable of tapping into our latent abilities in times of emergency or need.

心灵感应:心与心的交流

心灵感应是不用五官感觉(视觉、听觉、触觉、嗅觉、味觉)来进行交流的一种能力。它是我们许多人体内潜在的一种本能。在紧急关头或是需要的时候, 我们常常都能激发出这种潜能。

Where this instinct lies is uncertain.Some say that it is located in the huge area of our brains that are wholly unused, whereas others argue that instinct existed before the brain evolved and must therefore lie else-where in the body.

When we intuitively know that something is happening, or about to happen, our instinct has kicked in.We are drawing upon resources within the unconscious mind.When the resources of two unconscious minds link together into the same frequency, we call it 这种本能存在于哪里还无法确定。

有人说它存在于我们的大脑中完全未使用过的大片区域;然而也有人说, 在大脑进化前, 它就已经存在, 因此它必定存在于身体的其他部位。

当我们凭直觉知道某些事情正在发生或即将发生时, 我们的本能就已发生作用了。我们正在利用无意识意念中的资源。当两个人的无意识意念资源相互联系而达到同步时, 我们称之为"心灵感应"。

Telepathy.

Telepathy can be either projective or perceptive, we either send or receive.If you know who is calling before you answer the ringing phone, you are probably a good receiver.If you think of a person, and they call you, you are most likely better at sending.

You can easily put your abilities to the test.Think of somebody and will them to contact you.Be patient, the other person may not be a good receiver, but they should contact you much earlier than would normally be expected.Or whenever the phone rings, try "feeling"who's contacting you.Don't guess, try to feel the vibrations.However, if neither of these work for you, that doesn't mean that you are not capable of telepathy.As mentioned earlier, telepathy is most likely to kick in under circumstances of emergency.

心灵感应可以投射或感知, 也就是说我们或者发送或者接收它。如果你在接听一个打来的电话前, 就知道对方是谁, 那么你可能就是一个好的接收者。如果你正在想着某人, 然后他就给你打电话了, 那么你可能更擅长于发送感应。

你可以轻易地测试你的这项能力, 用心想着某人, 用自己的意志使他们和你联络, 因为别人未必是个好的接收者, 所以你要耐心地等待。但他们应该会比平时正常情况下你所预期的时间要来得早。或者你也可以在电话铃响时, 试着"感觉"一下对方是谁, 不要去猜, 试着感觉一下。然而, 即使这两种情况都不成功, 那也不能说明你没有心灵感应能力。正如前面提到的, 心灵感应很可能要在危急关头才会出现。

Telepathic Dreams Dreams often contain telepathic messages.Two people may both dream of the other, and find that their dreams had a distinct connection.These people are probably mutually linking to the unconscious mind.A projection of the mind--a form of astral projection?

Telepathy&Relationships The more people spend time together, the more likely they are to be able to link up to the others mind, especially when separated.There are two reasons for this.One is that they understand the others, mind through time spent together;the other is that there is usually a strong desire to communicate.

梦境中的心灵感应梦常常包含着心灵感应的信息。两个人可能互相梦见对方, 而且发现他们的梦有着清晰的联系。这些人的无意识意念很可能是相互联系的。这是不是一种意念的投射--一种存在于有形世界之上的超感觉的投射方式呢?

人与人的关系与心灵感应人们在一起相处的时间越长, 他们的心灵相互间就越有可能产生共鸣, 尤其当他们分开的时候。对此有两种解释, 一是通过一段时间的相处, 人们彼此间获得了心灵的相互理解。二是人们通常存在一种相互联系的强烈愿望。

A mother will often sense that her child is in

danger .This is due to the child desperately wanting his/her mother, knowing that this is the person who would always want to be there for them, and the mothers deep desire to protect

her child from harm . 一位母亲常常能感知她的孩子身处险境。这是因为她的孩子非常想得到母亲的帮助, 他们知道母亲是随时都愿意来到自己身边, 给予帮助的人, 而母亲也有保护她的孩子免受伤害的强烈愿望。英语文摘 By Sharon

Jacobsen (吴华 摘译自Girl Posse )

New Fingerprint Technology Developed

Los Alamos

National Laboratory

scientists are using

a new technique to

see fingerprints on

surfaces that

typically make them

invisible.

The method uses a technology called mini-X-ray fluorescence to detect chemical elements in fingerprints without altering them, said Christopher Worley, a scientist on the project.

"The conventional methods are meant to bring out

fingerprint patterns with regular light and they have

to treat those with powder, which alters them,"

Worley said. "With this you don't have to alter it or

treat it at all. We can determine the elements in a

fingerprint and get a pattern at the same time."

The technology focuses a tight beam of X-rays on

surfaces with fingerprints and creates a computer

picture out of those scans.

New Fingerprint Technology Developed 美国洛斯阿拉莫斯国家实验室的科学家们采用了一种新技术,可以观察到原本很难在物体表面上看见的指纹。 参与该科研项目的科学家克里斯托弗·沃尔利说,该方法使用了一种“微X射线束荧光技术”,可以探测到指纹携带的化学成分,却不会改变指纹的保存状态。

沃尔利说:“传统的方法是通过常

规光线使指纹显示出来,而且要借

助粉末等物质,这会改变指纹保存

状况。有了这种新方法,你根本用

不着改变或处理指纹了,我们可以

测定指纹所含的化学成分,同时获

取指纹图案。” 这项技术将一束密集的X 光对准留有指纹的物体表面,并根据扫描结果创建出计算机图像。 这套设备造价17.5万美元。 该实验室的另一位科学家瓦希德·马吉德表示,对那些大实验室

来说,这是获取用其他方法看不到

The equipment costs about $175,000.

For big labs, the method could be a great way to bring out prints that can't be seen any other way, said Vahid Majidi, another lab scientist.

"The technique fills a unique niche," Majidi said. "These are prints that would otherwise be useless. If you have prints on a dark surface, for example, they really don't develop well using normal techniques. If you have prints from an adolescent or child, the chemicals in the fingertips are different and don't stick around long enough for traditional methods."

The new method might also be able to tell if the person that left them handled certain types of bomb-making materials, said George Havrilla, another lab scientist.

"This is a new approach to fingerprint visualization," Havrilla said. "We're lifting prints, but instead of looking at the finger's natural oils and organic residues we're looking at elemental features left behind."

The technology for scanning the prints is widely available. What's new is the method the lab has created to see them which includes computer software and ways of manipulating the machinery, Worley said.

But the technique isn't for everyone.

"We've already had some negative comments on it," Havrilla said with a laugh. "One reviewer told us it's just not practical. But the goal of our work was to demonstrate that it was feasible to see these things." 的印迹的最好方法。

马吉德说:“这项技术填补了一项空缺。如果没有这项技术,某些印迹就会变得毫无意义。比如说,如果是深色表面上的指纹,普通技术确实无法精确地探测到它们;如果是青少年或小孩的指纹,他们的指尖留下的化学成分(和成人)是不同的,而且这些指纹附着在物体表面的时间并不久,因此不适宜使用传统的分析方法。”

该实验室的另一位科学家乔治·豪夫里洛表示,这种新技术也许还能检测出指纹所有者是否触摸过某些类型的炸弹制造材料。

豪夫里洛说:“这是清晰显示指纹的一种新途径。我们查找印迹时不再只观察手指分泌的油脂和残留有机物,而是专注于其背后隐藏的特殊化学成分。”

沃尔利指出,扫描印迹的技术目前已被广泛采用。该实验室发明的这种新型指纹探测法的创新之处在于它包含了计算机软件技术和机器操作方法。

但是这一技术也并非众人皆宜。

豪夫里洛笑着说:“我们已经收到了一些负面评论。一位批评者对我们说它压根不实用。但我们工作的目标是证明这种技术是切实可行的。”

Vocabulary:

fluorescence: the emission of electromagnetic radiation, especially of visible light, stimulated in a substance by the absorption of incident radiation and persisting only

as long as the stimulating radiation is continued(荧光,尤指可见光等电磁辐射的散光)niche: a special area of demand for a product or service(适当的位置,产品或服务所

需的特殊领域)

stick around: 逗留

residue: the remainder of something after removal of parts or a part(残留物)

Switches and Fuses开关和保险丝

An electric switch is often on a wall near the door of a room. Two wires lead to the lamp in the room. The switch is fixed in one of them. The switch can cause a break in this wire, and then the light goes. The switch can also join the two parts of the wire again, then we get a light.

Switch can control many different things. Small switches control lamps and radio sets because these do not take a large current, larger switches control electric fires. Other switches can control electric motors.

Good switches move quickly. They have to stop the current suddenly. If they move slowly, an electric spark appears. It jumps across the space between the two ends of the wire. This is unsafe and it heats the switch. Very big switches are sometimes placed in oil, Sparks do not easily jump through oil, and so the oil makes the switch safer.

A large current makes a wire hot. If the wire is very thin, even a small current makes it hot. This happens in an electric lamp.

The electric wires in a house are covered with some kind of insulation. No current can flow through the insulation, so the current can never flow straight from one wire to the other, but the insulation on old wires is often broken, then the copper of the two wires can touch. A large current may flow, and if this happens, the wires will get very hot. Then the house may catch fire.

Fuses can stop this trouble. A fuse is only a thin wire which is easily melted. It is fixed in a fuse-holder(保险盒). The fuse-holder is made of some material which cannot burn. A large current makes the fuse hot and then it melts away. We say that the fuse "blow s(<保险丝>烧断)". The wire is broken and no current can flow. So the house does not catch fire, but all the lights and electric fires go out because there is no current.

When a fuse blows, something is wrong. We must find the fault first. Perhaps two wires are touching. We must cover them with new insulation of some kind. Then we must find the blown fuse and repair it. We put a new piece of fuse- wire in the holder. (Sometimes

we can find the right fuse- holder because it is rather warm, but the others are cold.) If we do not repair the fault first, the new fuse will blow immediately.

Some men get angry when a fuse blow. So they put a thick copper wire in the fuse-holder! Of course this does not easily melt; if the current rises suddenly, nothing stops it. The thick wire easily carries it. Then the wires of the house may get very hot and the house may catch fire. Some of the people in it may not be able to escape. They may lose their lives. So it is always best to use proper fuse-wire. This will keep everyone and everything in the house safe.

The First Airplane Flight

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At Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, on December 17, 1903, Orville Wright made the first successful flight of a piloted, heavier-than-air,

self-propelled craft, called the Flyer. That first flight traveled a distance of about 37 m (120 ft). The distance was less than the wingspan of many modern airliners, but it represented the beginning of a new age in technology and human achievement. Their fourth and final flight of the day lasted 59 seconds and covered only 260 m (852 ft). The third Flyer, which the Wrights constructed in 1905, was the world’s first fully practical airplane. It could bank(倾斜转弯), turn, circle, make figure eights, and remain in the air for as long as the fuel lasted, up to half an hour on occasion.

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科技英语翻译论文精编 W O R D版 IBM system office room 【A0816H-A0912AAAHH-GX8Q8-GNTHHJ8】

浅谈科技英语翻译的忠实性摘要:随着各国科学技术交流的不断深化,科技英语翻译的任务也日益艰巨。由于科技文章文体具有清晰,准确,精炼,严密的特点,忠实性成为科技英语翻译必须遵 守的原则。要确保忠实性的实现,在翻译过程中就应遵循分析,转换和重构的 “三步走战略”,使译文具有可读性。 关键词:翻译重视性原则原文译文 翻译有直译和意译之分,直译比较倾向于保持原文的结构成分和意义的某些隐含成分;而意译则注重意义的准确传达,如果必要,可以不顾及原文的结构成分和意义的某些隐含成分。鉴于科技英语文体的特点,进行翻译时,采用直译方式居多,但并不排除意译的使用。无论是直译还是意译,忠实是必须遵守的原则。 早在18实际末叶,国外的着名翻译理论家泰特勒在《翻译的原则》一书中提出了着名的三原则;A,译文应完整地再现原文的思想内容;B,译文的风格,笔调应与原文的性质相同;C,译文应该像原文一样流畅自然。他强调的是译文与原文在思想,风格,笔调,行文等方面的对等,实质上就是“忠实性”中“一致性”的反映。这是忠实性最初也是最重要的阶段。在进行案例翻译过程中,译者客观地分了原文内容,也谨以科技文体要求。用中文再现了空气三大污染物的来源及危害。 但是在翻译过程中,译者发现根据原文做出的译文有多处不符合汉语使用规范。意识到翻译的忠实性不只停留在对原文的完全对等输出状态。翻译时还应考虑译文读者的接受力,这样译文才有可读性和可接受性。科技英语文章大量使用名词化结构,广泛使用被动语句,常用前置性陈述,但是汉语行文结构中少有这样的语法现象。如果按原文结构翻译,译文将有些句子主语缺失,陈述对象前后不一致等弊病。因此,译者在翻译过程中,补全了原文缺失的主语,宾语,以及意义,对有些句子语序做了调整,使其更符合汉语读者的

华北电力大学科技英语翻译汇总题库

2018<科技英汉互译教程>上篇期末考试范围 P.23例2 This type of spring is extensively used in electrical instruments, and deserves special consideration. 这种弹簧广泛应用于电工仪表中,因此值得专门考虑一下。 P.24 例3 If the reaction took hours, and not seconds, the fuel costs would be prohibitive. 如果这一反应要花费数小时,而不是几秒钟,燃料费就太高了。 例7 Keep the batteries in dry places, and electricity may not be made to leak away. (如果)把蓄电池放在干燥的地方,就不会漏电。 这种句式中,祈使句表示条件,and后面的句子表示结果,可译为“如果……,就……”,或者“……就”。 P.25例12 In other words mineral substances which are found on earth must be extracted by digging, boring holes, artificial explosions, or similar operations which make them available to us. 换言之,矿物就是存在于地球上,但须经过挖握、钻孔、人工爆破或类似作业才能获得的物质。 例14 The solar wind grossly distorts the earth's magnetic field, dragging it out to a long tail. 太阳风使地球磁场的形状发生很大的变化,将它向外拉牵,扯出一条长尾。 译文中将分词短语译成了动词并列式分句(或后续分句),即在一个主语下使用两个或两个以上的并列动词,用逗号隔开。 P.26 例17 The substitution of some rolling friction for sliding friction results in a very considerable reduction in friction. 用滚动摩擦代替滑动摩擦,会大幅度减少摩擦力。 例20 An understanding of the essential character of scientific investigation is best acquired from the study of a representative particular science. 要了解科学研究最本质的特点,最好是对特定的典型学科进行研究。 P.27 例23 The moon is a world that is completely and utterly dead, a sterile mountainous waste on which during the heat of the day the sun blazed down with relentless fury, but where during the long night the cold is so intense that it far surpasses anything ever experienced on the earth. 月球完全是一个毫无生气的世界,是一片多山的不毛之地。在酷热的白昼,太阳向它倾泻着无情的烈焰,而浸长的严寒却远远不是我们在地球上所能体验到的。 原句中含有4个分句:由关系代词that引导的定语从句,修饰a world;介词on+关系代词which引导的定语从句,修饰a world的同位语a sterile mountainous waste;关系副词where 引导的定语从句,也修饰a sterile mountainous waste;so…that引导的结果状语从句。 例24 Computing machines are essentially machines for recording numbers, operating with numbers, and giving the result in numerical form. 计算机本质上是一种记录数字、运算数字并给出数字结果的机器。

科技英语翻译课程论文1

东大学外国语学院2013-2014学年第二学期 《科技英语翻译》课程论文 课程号:1400622-100 任课教师于德英成绩

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科技英语翻译论文

科技英语翻译论文 Prepared on 22 November 2020

浅谈科技英语翻译的忠实性 摘要:随着各国科学技术交流的不断深化,科技英语翻译的任务也日益艰巨。由于科技文章文体具有清晰,准确,精炼,严密的特点,忠实性成为科技英语翻译必 须遵守的原则。要确保忠实性的实现,在翻译过程中就应遵循分析,转换和重 构的“三步走战略”,使译文具有可读性。 关键词:翻译重视性原则原文译文 翻译有直译和意译之分,直译比较倾向于保持原文的结构成分和意义的某些隐含成分;而意译则注重意义的准确传达,如果必要,可以不顾及原文的结构成分和意义的某些隐含成分。鉴于科技英语文体的特点,进行翻译时,采用直译方式居多,但并不排除意译的使用。无论是直译还是意译,忠实是必须遵守的原则。 早在18实际末叶,国外的着名翻译理论家泰特勒在《翻译的原则》一书中提出了着名的三原则;A,译文应完整地再现原文的思想内容;B,译文的风格,笔调应与原文的性质相同;C,译文应该像原文一样流畅自然。他强调的是译文与原文在思想,风格,笔调,行文等方面的对等,实质上就是“忠实性”中“一致性”的反映。这是忠实性最初也是最重要的阶段。在进行案例翻译过程中,译者客观地分了原文内容,也谨以科技文体要求。用中文再现了空气三大污染物的来源及危害。 但是在翻译过程中,译者发现根据原文做出的译文有多处不符合汉语使用规范。意识到翻译的忠实性不只停留在对原文的完全对等输出状态。翻译时还应考虑译文读者的接受力,这样译文才有可读性和可接受性。科技英语文章大量使用名词化结构,广泛使用被动语句,常用前置性陈述,但是汉语行文结构中少有这样的语法现象。如果按原文结构翻译,译文将有些句子主语缺失,陈述对象前后不一致等弊病。因此,译者在翻译过程中,补全了原文缺失的主语,宾语,以及意义,对有些句子语序做了调整,使其更符合汉语读者的习惯。这样的改动是对原文更加充分的翻译,在表达清楚原文的基础上,又满足了读者的需求,使忠实性原则更加切合实际地体现了出来。 既考虑岛原文,原作者,又顾及到译文及读者,忠实性发展到这一阶段已经基本能满足一般的翻译需求了。但不同的语言归属不同的语言,不同的文化背景,因此,翻译作为一种跨语言,跨文化,跨社会的交际活动,具有丰富多彩的内容。它既是一种技巧,又是一种艺术,是一种具有创造性和科学性的艺术。成功的翻译作品必须与译文所属文化范畴相吻合,这尤其体现在文学翻译作品中。但做科技英语翻译时,同样需要考虑这点。尽管案例的文化色彩不是很重,但译者查阅了汉语中关于空气污染物的相关文章,翻译中采纳了其中的一些定义,便于读者接受。 综上所述,通过思考科技英语翻译中的忠实性原则,在做案例翻译时,结合“三步走战略“和”忠实性“的三个层面,使译文能更好地展现原文,更放心地呈现给读者。 参考文献:韩其顺《科技英语的特点和翻译》

科技英语中专业术语的翻译

科技英语中专业术语的翻译 1.意译:根据科技术语的含义,将其翻译成汉语里和它完全对等的名词就叫意译。对单 个词语来说,意译也就是直译。意译法时最常用的翻译方法,它能使读者直接了解术语的含义。例如: ①firewall 防火墙 ②data mining 数据挖掘 ③automatic program control 自动程序控制 2. 音译:根据英语的发音翻译成汉语里相应的词。科技英语中某些由专有名词构成的术 语、单位名称、新型材料的名称等,在翻译时都可采用音译法。例如: ·gene 基因;quark 夸克;Pentium 奔腾 ·celluloid 赛璐璐;nylon 尼龙、 ·Hertz (Hz) 赫兹(频率单位);lumen 流明(光通量单位) 3.形译:英语中有些科技术语的前半部分是表示该术语形象的字母或单词,翻译成汉语时可把这一部分翻译成表示具体形象的词,或保留原来的字母,这就叫形译。例如: I-bar 工字钢,工字条;O-ring 环形圈;twist-drill 麻花钻;X-ray X光;α-brass α黄铜 4.缩写词:英语首字母缩写词在科技新词中占有很大的比重,这类词如译成汉语,就显得拖沓冗长,因此很多情况下干脆不翻译。例如: ◎CPU:Centeral Processing Unit (中央处理器) ◎ASCII:American Standard Code for Information Interchange (美国信息交换标准码) ◎A TM:Asynchronous Transfer Mode (异步传输模式) 一些国际组织的缩写也常采用这种方法。例如: WTO (世界贸易组织);UNESCO (联合国教科文组织);WHO (世界卫生组织);IOC(国际奥委会) 注[1]:指含锌量≦35℅的铜铝合金。

浅析科技英语翻译

2018年4月 西部皮革文化与探索 浅析科技英语翻译 孙梦圆 (山东科技大学,山东青岛266000) 摘要:科技英语是英语文体中的一种,具有自身鮮明的特点。科技英语分为专门科技和通俗科技两类,涉及多个领域,如 政治、经济、科学技术等。科技英语注重语言的逻辑性、准确性、和严密性。因此,科技英语在词汇、句法、语篇上都有自己的特点。 关键词:科技英语;翻译中图分类号:H 059 文献标志码:A 文章编号% 1671 - 1602 (2018) 08 -0145 -011 词汇特点 科技英语中专业术语使用较多,且多为复合词和缩略语。专业 术语在翻译科技英语文体中,是一大难点,需要翻译的准确性。随 着世界变化日益加快,日新月异的科技发展导致新事物更迭频繁, 复合词为了表达一些新的含义的词汇应运而生。 例如复合词‘ country-specific information ’翻译成“国家相关 信息”,由名词加形容词加名词构成;复合词‘ peer - to-peer con - nection ’ 是由名词加介词加名词构成,翻译成“对等连接”; 例如 ‘plug-in connections ’是由动词加介词加名词构成的复合词,翻译 成“插入式连接件”。 由于科技英语文本的语言要求准确、简练,因此缩略语的应用 在此类文本中较为普遍。例如-VI (数字可视界面)是Digital visual interface 这三个单词首字母的缩写;LED (发光二极管)是Light e -mitting diode 三个单词首字母的缩写;VMA 是Video graphics array 三 个单词首字母的缩写。缩略语的使用,让科技英语文本的语言更加 简明和准确,但是在翻译中要注意翻译的严谨性,大部分缩略语有 固定翻译,不能擅自修改。 2句法特点 科技英语文体多用长句及被动句,重要信息和主语多前置。在 翻译成汉语时,要注意调整句子结构,顺序和语态。例如,“The user manual and other documentation enclosed with the IOLMaster 700 should be kept accessible to users at all times to ensure that the informa -tion required for use of the IOLMaster 700 is readily available . ” 这是个被动句,翻译成汉语是“用户手册和IOLMaster 700配套的其他文 档应当存放在用户随时可以获取的地方,以保证随时查阅IOLMaster 700使用时所需的信息。”翻译此句子时,为了突出重要信息,向读 者传达客观事实,在科技英语文本中通常采用被动语态,以强调主 题,使表达更正式,信息传递更准确。然而,根据目的论,翻译文 本应遵循汉语的语言习惯,其中主动语态更常用。因此,在翻译上 述句子时,译者将被动语态“被保留”转变为主动的“主动性”, 使汉语读者更好地理解句子所传递的信息。例如翻译“Formeasure -ment of wearers of soft lenses using IOLMaster 700 a rest period of at least two weeks should thus be obsered from the time the contact lens is re - moved to the time of measurement . ”这个句子时,考虑到这类文本的 特点和目标读者的阅读习惯,作者运用分句法的翻译技巧来完成英 汉的 目 。 一 , 长句 词义和语 结构分为 个部分,可以用这种方式表达得更清楚、更准确。因此,笔者将上述例 句分为三个简短的汉语句子,更符合中国人的语言习惯和思维方 式。翻译出来的汉语句子为% “如果使用IOLMaster 700对佩戴软性 隐形眼镜的眼睛进行测量,应当摘掉眼镜,至少休息两周后才能 测量。” 祈使句在科技英语中经常使用,主要表现为请求、命令、警告 和禁止。这种句式结构简练,句子中的动词能引起读者的注意。例如 “Indicates a hazardous situation which may result in death or serious injury i the appropriate safety precautions are no 示如果没有遵守正确的安全预防措施,可能会导致死亡或严重伤害 身体的危险情况。”在这句话中,用户被警告说,如果他们不注意 安全预防措施,他们可能会受到严重的伤害,甚至可能会因此而死 亡。使用祈使句来强调警告的重要性,并成功地吸引了用户的注意 力,这正是产品手册想要传递给读者的信息。例如“Do not perform any contact measurements or examinations in which th 这个句子翻译为“请勿进行任何会接触患者眼睛的接触式测量或检 查。”这个句子也是祈使句,但它用否定形式。该句采用“do + not ” 的结构来唤起读者的注意,强调和强化禁止和警示的效果。根据这 句话的目的和中国人的习惯,“不”被翻译成“动词”。考虑到汉语 语法,定语从句在“测量或检查”之前被翻译。 3 语篇布局程式化 在科技英语文本中,以说明书类文本的语篇布局特点较为明 显。一般来说,用户手册包括七个部分:介绍、仪器的描述、安 装、功能和使用、故障排除、维护和附录。第一部分主要介绍了产 品的特点,特别是为什么它优于同行和部件的升级。第二部分包括 产品各部分和附件的具体信息。通过图片、图表、符号以及文字描 述生动地说明了这一点。为了便于运输,许多设备分为很多小包装 部分。因此,仪器的安装对于用户来说尤其重要,尤其是一些复杂 仪器的安装。功能和使用也是重要的组成部分。它提供了设备的详 细功能,以便用户知道如何使用它。在故障排除部分,手册中列出 了可能出现的各种问题,分析原因并指导用户解决,使仪器能正常 工作,给患者带来效益。维修部分告诉用户如何避免因粗心造成的 潜在损坏,并安全正确地使用仪表,并指出维修中应注意的事项。 最后一部分是一个附录,它提供用户需要的信息,并为用户提供一 些专业词汇,有时还包括必要的联系信息,如公司地址、电话号 码、电子邮件地址、传真等。科技英语文本这一领域,在科技发展日新月异的今天地位越来 越重要。就科技英语的用途和特点而言,译者在翻译此类文本时, 应遵循;“准确规范,通顺易懂,简洁明晰的”的标准。根据翻译 的具体需求,结合目的论和功能对等论等翻译理论,灵活运用各种 翻译技巧,在大量实践中,总结经验,提升科技英语翻译水平,与 。 作者简介:孙梦圆(1993 -),女,汉族,山东滨州人,翻译硕士,研究方向:英语笔译。 145

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