key terms

第1篇---IntroductionIn today's globalized world, the ability to communicate effectively across languages is a crucial skill for professionals in multinational corporations. This interview question aims to assess the candidate's proficiency in English to Chinese translation, a skill that is essential for roles that involve cross-cultural communication, marketing, and documentation. The question provided below is designed to gauge the candidate's understanding of the source text, their ability to convey the intended meaning accurately, and their attention to detail and cultural appropriateness.---Interview Question:As a marketing manager for a global technology company, you have been tasked with translating a press release about a new software productthat is set to revolutionize the way businesses manage their data. The press release is written in English and contains technical jargon, industry-specific terminology, and references to cultural nuances that are unique to the English-speaking market. Below is the English text of the press release. Your task is to translate it into Chinese, ensuring that the translation is accurate, culturally appropriate, and maintains the original tone and intent.---English Text:---FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASEGlobalTech Announces the Launch of DataXpress, the Ultimate Solution for Data Management[City, Country] – GlobalTech, a leading provider of innovative data management solutions, is proud to announce the launch of DataXpress, the latest addition to its suite of cutting-edge products. DataXpress is designed to transform the way businesses store, analyze, and securetheir data, offering a comprehensive solution that addresses the evolving challenges of the digital age.A Game-Changer for Data ManagementDataXpress is a revolutionary software platform that leverages advanced machine learning algorithms to optimize data storage and retrieval processes. With its intuitive user interface and robust security features, DataXpress empowers businesses to manage their data more efficiently and securely than ever before.“DataXpress is a game-changer for data management,” says John Smith, Chief Technology Officer at GlobalTech. “Our team has poured years of research and development into creating a product that not only meets the demands of today’s data-intensive businesses but also prepares them for the challenges of tomorrow.”Key Features of DataXpress:- Intelligent Data Storage: Utilizes machine learning to analyze and categorize data, ensuring optimal storage solutions.- Advanced Analytics: Offers powerful tools for data analysis, allowing businesses to gain actionable insights from their data.- Enhanced Security: Implements cutting-edge encryption techniques to protect sensitive data from unauthorized access.- Scalable Architecture: Designed to handle large volumes of data and scale with the growth of the business.- Comprehensive Support: Provides 24/7 customer support to ensure smooth implementation and ongoing assistance.GlobalTech’s Commitment to InnovationGlobalTech has a long-standing reputation for innovation and excellence in data management. With DataXpress, the company continues its commitment to providing cutting-edge solutions that empower businesses to thrive in the digital era.“DataXpress is the result of our dedica tion to driving technological advancements in data management,” says Sarah Johnson, President of GlobalTech. “We are confident that this product will become anessential tool for businesses worldwide.”Availability and PricingDataXpress is now available f or purchase through GlobalTech’s official website. Pricing starts at $99 per month for a basic subscription, with discounts available for annual commitments.About GlobalTechGlobalTech is a global leader in data management solutions, offering a wide range of products and services designed to help businesses manage their data effectively. With a focus on innovation and customer satisfaction, GlobalTech has become a trusted partner for businesses around the world.---Instructions for the Candidate:1. Read the entire press release carefully to ensure you understand the context and the intended message.2. Pay close attention to technical jargon, industry-specific terminology, and cultural nuances.3. Translate the press release into Chinese, ensuring that the translation is accurate and maintains the original tone and intent.4. Your translation should be clear, concise, and culturally appropriate.5. Pay attention to grammar, punctuation, and formatting.6. Submit your translation in a separate document.---Evaluation Criteria:- Accuracy: The translation should accurately reflect the original text, including technical terms and industry-specific jargon.- Cultural Appropriateness: The translation should be culturally appropriate, taking into account the target audience and cultural nuances.- Tone and Intent: The translation should maintain the original tone and intent of the press release.- Clarity and Conciseness: The translation should be clear and concise, avoiding unnecessary wordiness or ambiguity.- Grammar and Punctuation: The translation should be grammatically correct and punctuated accurately.---This interview question is designed to test the candidate's proficiency in English to Chinese translation, their attention to detail, and their ability to adapt to the specific requirements of the target language and culture.第2篇IntroductionThe role of a translator is pivotal in the globalized world, where communication across languages is essential for business, culture, and education. This document outlines a comprehensive set of interview questions designed to assess the skills, knowledge, and personality of candidates applying for a translator position. The questions are categorized into different sections to provide a structured approach to evaluating the candidate's suitability for the role.Section 1: Language Proficiency and Translation Skills1. Tell us about your language background. What languages do youfluently speak and write?2. Can you describe a challenging translation project you have worked on and how you overcame the difficulties?3. How do you ensure the accuracy and consistency of your translations?4. What tools and software do you use for translation work? Explain how you utilize them effectively.5. Discuss the importance of context in translation. Give an example of how you handled a contextually challenging translation.6. How do you maintain the tone and style of the original text in your translations?7. Describe a time when you had to translate a technical term or concept. How did you approach it?8. What is your approach to translating idiomatic expressions?9. How do you handle cultural differences in your translations?10. Can you explain the difference between literal translation and free translation? Give an example of each.Section 2: Specialization and Industry Knowledge11. What is your area of specialization in translation (e.g., legal, medical, technical, literary)?12. Can you provide examples of specialized terminology in your fieldand how you handle them?13. How do you stay updated with the latest developments in your specialized field?14. What experience do you have in translating documents related to [specific industry or field]?15. How do you ensure the cultural relevance of your translations withina specific industry?16. Can you describe a situation where you had to adapt your translation style to suit a specific audience within an industry?17. What are the key challenges you face when translating documents from [specific source language] to [specific target language]?18. How do you ensure the confidentiality of sensitive information in your translations?19. What are the legal and ethical considerations you take into account when translating documents?Section 3: Project Management and Work Style20. How do you prioritize and manage multiple translation projects simultaneously?21. Can you describe your workflow for a typical translation project?22. What is your approach to meeting tight deadlines?23. How do you ensure quality control in your translations?24. What feedback mechanisms do you use to improve your translation work?25. How do you handle client queries and revisions?26. What experience do you have with project management tools and software?27. How do you ensure effective communication with clients and colleagues?28. What is your approach to working in a team on translation projects?29. How do you handle pressure and stress in your work environment?30. What are your long-term career goals in the field of translation?Section 4: Professional Development and Learning31. How do you stay motivated in your translation work?32. What professional development opportunities have you pursued in the past year?33. How do you stay current with industry trends and advancements in translation technology?34. What are your preferred methods for learning new languages and terminology?35. How do you keep your language skills sharp and up-to-date?36. What certifications or qualifications do you hold in translation or related fields?37. What professional organizations or networks are you a part of in the translation industry?38. How do you approach continuous learning and improvement in your work?39. What advice would you give to someone starting their career in translation?40. How do you envision your professional growth over the next five years?ConclusionThese interview questions are designed to provide a comprehensive evaluation of a candidate's suitability for a translator position. By asking a wide range of questions, employers can gain insights into the candidate's language proficiency, translation skills, specialization knowledge, project management abilities, work style, and professional development aspirations. It is important to tailor these questions to the specific requirements of the role and the company to ensure the best fit for the position.第3篇Introduction:As a professional Chinese-English interpreter, you are expected to possess not only linguistic proficiency but also cultural understanding, quick thinking, and the ability to adapt to various communication scenarios. This comprehensive set of interview questions is designed to assess your skills, experience, and suitability for a Chinese-English interpreter position.1. Personal Background and Language SkillsQuestion 1: Can you please introduce yourself and tell us about your background in language learning and interpretation?Answer:[Your name] is a dedicated and highly motivated individual with a strong passion for language and cross-cultural communication. I hold a Bachelor’s degree in Translation and Interpretation from [University Name], where I majored in Chinese-English translation and interpretation. Throughout my academic journey, I have consistently achieved top gradesin both language courses and practical interpretation exercises.My interest in languages began at a young age, and I have sincededicated myself to mastering both Chinese and English. I have completed numerous translation and interpretation projects, including conferences, business meetings, and cultural events. My proficiency in both languages is not only linguistic but also cultural, as I have lived and worked in both China and English-speaking countries, providing me with a deep understanding of the nuances of both languages and cultures.Question 2: What are the main differences between Chinese and English in terms of grammar, vocabulary, and usage? How do you handle these differences when interpreting?Answer:The main differences between Chinese and English lie in their grammatical structures, vocabulary, and usage. For example, Chinese has no articles, while English requires articles in certain contexts.Additionally, Chinese tends to use more idiomatic expressions and proverbs, which can be challenging to translate directly into English.To handle these differences, I approach each interpretation task with a keen awareness of the cultural and linguistic nuances involved. I focus on understanding the context of the conversation, identifying the intended meaning behind the words, and then conveying that meaning in a way that is natural and appropriate for the target language. This often involves using synonyms, paraphrasing, or even creating new expressions to ensure the message is accurately and effectively communicated.2. Professional Experience and SkillsQuestion 3: Can you describe your experience in interpreting at conferences and business meetings? What were some of the challenges you faced, and how did you overcome them?Answer:Throughout my career, I have had the opportunity to interpret at numerous conferences and business meetings, including international trade fairs, seminars, and corporate events. One of the challenges I often face is the need to quickly adapt to the specific terminology and industry jargon used by the participants.To overcome this challenge, I spend time researching the relevant subject matter before the event and familiarize myself with the key terms and concepts. I also actively seek feedback from the participants to ensure that my interpretations are accurate and clear. Additionally, I maintain a calm and professional demeanor to manage the pressure and ensure a smooth flow of communication.Question 4: What is your approach to consecutive interpretation? Can you give an example of a situation where you used consecutive interpretation effectively?Answer:Consecutive interpretation requires a high level of concentration, memory, and language skills. My approach to consecutive interpretationinvolves listening carefully to the speaker, mentally processing the information, and then conveying the message in the target language in a coherent and concise manner.One example of a situation where I used consecutive interpretation effectively was during a business negotiation between a Chinese company and an international client. The negotiation involved complex technical terms and required a deep understanding of both the business context and the cultural nuances of the conversation. By maintaining a calm demeanor and focusing on the key points, I was able to convey the message accurately and facilitate a successful negotiation.Question 5: How do you prepare for a major interpreting assignment? What are some of the resources you use?Answer:Preparing for a major interpreting assignment involves several steps. First, I research the topic and the participants to understand the context and the key issues at stake. I then familiarize myself with the relevant terminology and industry jargon, using dictionaries, glossaries, and online resources.I also prepare by practicing the interpretation of sample text and role-playing scenarios to improve my timing and delivery. Additionally, I ensure that I am well-rested and hydrated on the day of the event to maintain peak performance.3. Adaptability and Problem-SolvingQuestion 6: Describe a time when you had to interpret in a challengingor unfamiliar environment. How did you handle the situation?Answer:During a recent conference, I was asked to interpret in a venue that was extremely noisy due to construction work. This made it difficult to hear the speakers clearly and to convey the message accurately to the participants.To handle the situation, I asked the organizers to move the interpreter booth closer to the speakers and to provide noise-cancelling headphones.I also increased my focus and concentration, and made a conscious effort to repeat key points and ask for clarifications when necessary. Despite the challenging environment, I was able to maintain the quality of my interpretation and ensure that the event ran smoothly.Question 7: How do you handle situations where there is a cultural misunderstanding or miscommunication during an interpretation?Answer:Cultural misunderstandings can occur at any time during an interpretation, and it is important to address them promptly and effectively. When I encounter a cultural misunderstanding, I take a few moments to pause and reflect on the context and the likely source of the misunderstanding.I then clarify the point with the speaker, ensuring that I have a clear understanding of their intentions. If necessary, I seek additional information from the participants to facilitate a more accurate interpretation. By maintaining open communication and showing empathy, I can often resolve cultural misunderstandings and ensure a successful interpretation.4. Ethics and ProfessionalismQuestion 8: What are your ethical considerations when working as an interpreter? Can you give an example of a situation where you had to adhere to an ethical guideline?Answer:As an interpreter, I am bound by a set of ethical guidelines that emphasize confidentiality, neutrality, and professionalism. These guidelines ensure that I maintain the integrity of the communication process and protect the interests of all parties involved.One example of a situation where I had to adhere to an ethical guideline was during a legal deposition. I was required to remain neutral andimpartial, ensuring that the interpretation accurately reflected the statements of both the plaintiff and the defendant. By adhering to these ethical principles, I was able to maintain the integrity of the legal process and provide a fair and accurate account of the proceedings.Question 9: How do you ensure the confidentiality of sensitive information during an interpretation?Answer:Confidentiality is a crucial aspect of interpretation, and I take it very seriously. To ensure the confidentiality of sensitive information, I follow these steps:1. Understand the context: Before beginning the interpretation, Iclarify the nature of the information being shared and anyconfidentiality requirements.2. Establish trust: I build a strong rapport with the participants, ensuring that they trust me to handle sensitive information with care.3. Maintain confidentiality: I do not discuss the interpretation with anyone outside of the assignment and take steps to secure any physical or digital materials related to the interpretation.4. Legal compliance: I am aware of the legal requirements for confidentiality in my jurisdiction and ensure that I comply with all relevant laws and regulations.5. ConclusionAs a professional Chinese-English interpreter, I am committed to providing high-quality, accurate, and culturally sensitiveinterpretation services. I am confident that my language skills, professional experience, and ethical standards make me a suitable candidate for this position. I am eager to contribute to your team and help facilitate effective communication between Chinese and English-speaking parties. Thank you for considering my application.。

Manegement Key TermsChapter 2.1.Division of labor （or Job specialization）劳动分工The breakdown of jobs into narrow and repetitive tasks.即将工作分解为狭窄的、重复性的任务。

anizational behavior （OB）组织行为A field of study that researches the actions (behavior) of people at work.这个领域的研究涉及工作中人的行为。

.3.Open systems开放系统Systems that interact with their environment.动态地与它所处的环境发生相互作用。

Chapter 3.1.Omnipotent view of management管理万能论The view that managers are directly responsible for an organization’s success or failure.管理者对组织的成败负有直接责任。

2.Symbolic view of management管理象征论The view that much of an s organization’s uccess or failure is due to external forces outside managers’ control.组织成败在很大程度上归因于管理者无法控制的外部力量。

anizational culture组织文化The shared values, principles, and ways of doing things that influence the way organizational members act.他是组织成员共有的价值观、行为准则、传统习俗和做事的方式。

AUTOMOTIVE WARRANTY MANAGEMENTKEY TERMSAUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY ACTION GROUPINTRODUCTIONThe warranty management project was formed by our members to facilitate a change from a cost-transfer system to a problem prevention system to benefit end users, as well as carmakers and their suppliers. AIAG partnered with OESA to develop a common approach to promote consumer satisfaction and continuous warranty improvement by providing a recommended, robust warranty management program that instills a consumer-centric approach to warranty management.The output of this group is the newly launched 3rd Edition of the Automotive Warranty Management Guideline. These are the key terms you’ll want to be familiar with when taking the CQI-14 Automotive Warranty Assessment Training or Pre-Assessment, or when implementing the CQI-14 processes.TABLE OF CONTENTSA (1)Adaptive Control, Advanced Product Quality Planning (APQP), Aftermarket, Anti-lock Brake System (ABS), Axiomatic DesignB (1)BenchmarkingC (1)Claim Data, Claims per 1,000 vehicles (C/1000), Component,Consumer, Consumer Concern Not Duplicated (CCND), Consumer -Centric Warranty, Control Plans, Corrective Action, Cost Per Unit (CPU) or Cost Per Vehicle (CPV), Critical to Quality (CTQ),Cross- Functional T eam (CFT), CultureD (2)Dealer, Deep Dive, Design Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (DFMEA), Design for Assembly (DFA), Design for Manufacture (DFM), Design for Serviceability, Design for Six Sigma (DFSS), Design Of Experiments (DOE), Design Release Engineer (DRE OR DR), Design Review Based On Failure Mode (DRBFM), Design Review Based On Test Results (DRBTR), Design Validation Plan And Report (DVP&R OR DVP), Detection, Detection-T o-Correction Measure, Diagnostic Trouble Code (DTC), Directed SourceE (4)Early Warning Tracking (EWT), End of Life (EOL), Error DetectionF (4)Failure Mode, Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA), Fault Tree Analysis (FTA), Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS), FrequencyH (4)Hypothesis TestingI (4)Ideal FunctionK (5)Key Performance Indicators (KPI)L (5)Labor Operation Codes (Labor Op), Lessons Learned, Look-AcrossM (5)Mahalanobis-Taguchi System (MTS), Measurement Systems N (5)Noise, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), No Fault Found (NFF), No Trouble Found (NTF)O (6)Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM)P (6)Paynter Chart, Parametric Design, Pareto Chart, Part, Partner Organization, Parts Return Center (Returned Parts Center), Plan, Do, Check, Action (PDCA), Poka-Yoke, Product Service Manual, Production Part Approval Process (PPAP), Production Preparation Process (3P), Production Validation Test (PV), Pugh AnalysisQ (7)Quality Function Deployment (QFD)R (7)Read-Across or Replication, Regression Analysis, Repair Codes, Risk Priority Number (RPN), Road Maps, Robustness, Root CauseS (8)Sub-system, Supplier, Supplier Quality Assurance (SQA), Supplier Quality Engineer (SQE), Supplier Technical Assistance (STA), Supply Chain, Swim Lanes, SystemT (9)Technical Service Bulletin (TSB), Test to Failure, Things-Gone-Right (TGR), Things-Gone-Wrong (TGW) , Tier Supplier, Time-to-Detection, Transportation Recall Enhancement, Accountability and Documentation Act (TREAD), Trend (Run) Chart, TRIZ , Trouble Not Found (TNF)V (10)Value Analysis (VA), Value Engineering (VE), Value StreamMapping, Vehicle Identification Number (VIN), Verbatims, Voice of the Customer (VOC)W (10)Weibull Analysis# (10)8 D, 5 Phase, 5 S [Methodology], 5 Why, 7 StepAADAPTIVE CONTROL: The ability of a system to measure, identify, decide and adjust to changes in the operation or environment to provide the desired output.ADVANCED PRODUCT QUALITY PLANNING (APQP): A structured method of defining and establishing the steps necessary to assure that a product satisfies the customer.AFTERMARKET: The part of the automotive industry concerned with the manufacturing, remanufacturing, distribution, retailing, and installation of all vehicle parts, chemicals, tools, equipment and accessories for light and heavy vehicles after the initial sale of the vehicle.ANTI-LOCK BRAKE SYSTEM (ABS): A braking system that prevents wheels from locking while braking.AXIOMATIC DESIGN: A systems design methodology using matrix methods to systematically analyze the transformation of customer needs into functional requirements, design parameters, and process variables. The method gets its name from the use of design principles or design axioms governing the analysis and decision making process in developing high quality product or system designs.BBENCHMARKING: Systematic approach to identifying standards for comparison. It provides input to the establishment of measurable performance targets, as well as ideas for product design and process design.CCLAIM DATA: Record of data associated with vehicle repairs and claims.CLAIMS PER 1,000 VEHICLES (C/1000): Metric equivalent to 1000 ppm and used in association with exposure to measure quality of vehicles in service.COMPONENT: A constituent element of a system on the vehicle.CONSUMER: The end customer who leases/purchases and uses the vehicle.CONSUMER CONCERN NOT DUPLICATED (CCND): The designation applied to a consumer concern that, when investigated by the dealer service organization, cannot be reproduced. This does not discount the concern; rather, it indicates that the condition(s) that caused the concern was not reproduced and/or no data was captured by the in-vehicle diagnostic system indicating such a concern.CONSUMER-CENTRIC WARRANTY: A claim rate reduction focus that aligns all value chain members to collaboratively and continuously approach warranty improvement through best practices, recommended tools and a root cause culture.CONTROL PLANS: Written descriptions of the systems for controlling parts and processes. Control plans provide a written summary description of the systems used in minimizing process and product variation.CORRECTIVE ACTION: Any action taken by an organization that is designed to permanently prevent the occurrence of the failure mode, detect when the failure mode or effect occurs, and to plan for the failure mode and its risk.COST PER UNIT (CPU) OR COST PER VEHICLE (CPV): The calculated cost of warranty related repairs by totaling the sum of the repair costs divided by the number of vehicles produced to determine a per vehicle cost.CRITICAL TO QUALITY (CTQ): The key measurable characteristics of a product or process whose performance standards or specification limits must be met in order to satisfy the customer.CROSS-FUNCTIONAL TEAM (CFT): A group that contains people with different skill sets all working together toward a common goal. This team could include operations, finance, quality, design engineering, process engineering, supply chain management, commercial, legal, warranty, etc.CULTURE: Refers to norms of behavior and shared values among a group of people. Culture is behavioral change over time.DDEALER: The retail organization that sells the vehicle to the consumer; also can be referred to as Retailer.DEEP DIVE: A technique used to rapidly and deeply immerse a team into a situation for problem-solving or idea creation.DESIGN FAILURE MODE AND EFFECTS ANALYSIS (DFMEA): An analytical methodology used to ensure that potential problems have been considered and addressed throughout the product design and development phase.DESIGN FOR ASSEMBLY (DFA): The process of considering how the product will be assembled, potential problems that could occur and simplifying by revising the design and assembly procedure to reduce the risk of these problems, lowering costs and making it easier to assemble.DESIGN FOR MANUFACTURE (DFM): The process of considering how the product will be manufactured and potential problems that could occur and then optimizing the design to be easier to produce, have higher throughput and improved quality.DESIGN FOR SERVICEABILITY: Engineering process used to optimize the serviceability of a design.DESIGN FOR SIX SIGMA (DFSS): A design philosophy of systematic methodology, tools, and techniques which enables the ability to design products and processes that meet customer expectations and can be produced at a six sigma quality level.DESIGN OF EXPERIMENTS (DOE): A test or sequence of tests where potentially influential process variables are systematically changed according to a prescribed design matrix.DESIGN RELEASE ENGINEER (DRE OR DR): The engineer that approves and releases a component, sub-system or system design for use.DESIGN REVIEW BASED ON FAILURE MODE (DRBFM): A philosophy of reviewing the potential impactof a design change based on 1) how can an unintended function occur as a result of the change, 2) cross-functional discussion regarding the details of the design change, controls to mitigate an unintended function and 3) design review to determine additional improvement actions that would prevent the change from causing an unintended function.DESIGN REVIEW BASED ON TEST RESULTS (DRBTR): A formal process for conducting proactive design reviews when tests results are available or with field returns. The review assesses performance on various tests or field conditions, review of actual end of test or field return component conditions, potential cause(s) of resultant conditions and improvements that can be made as well as tracking implementation and verificationof these improvements. The intent is to uncover all hidden problems and can work either independently or in conjunction with Design Review Based on Failure Modes (DRBFM).DESIGN VALIDATION PLAN AND REPORT (DVP&R OR DVP): A method to plan and document testing activity through each phase of product/process development from inception to ongoing refinement.DETECTION: An assessment of how well the product or process controls detect the cause of the failure or failure mode.DETECTION-TO-CORRECTION MEASURE: The time it takes to correct an unintended condition after it has been detected.DIAGNOSTIC TROUBLE CODE (DTC): A code number generated by a vehicle’s onboard computer that corresponds to a specific fault. Most computerized engine control systems have a certain amount of self-diagnostic capability. When the engine is running and the computer detects a problem in one of its sensor or output circuits, or even within itself, it triggers a trouble code. In some systems, the code number is retainedin memory. In others, the code is not stored but is regenerated when a mechanic runs the system through a special self-diagnostic test. The only indication of trouble is when the “Check Engine” light on the instrument panel lights up.DIRECTED SOURCE: A supplier in a supply chain that is identified by a vehicle manufacturer (or higher tier supplier, e.g., Tier 1 supplier) as an essential member of the supply chain for a particular part or component. Generally, when a supplier is awarded business, it is able to select its own lower tier suppliers. However, in this case, the inclusion of a “directed source” supplier is dictated by the vehicle manufacturer or higher tier supplier.EEARLY WARNING TRACKING (EWT): FCA US LLC’s process for tracking early field returns for new vehicle launches.END OF LIFE (EOL): Condition or state of the product system at the end of the vehicle service life.ERROR DETECTION: Refers to any devices and practices that prevent a failure mode from being passed along in the process once it has occurred.FFAILURE MODE: The way or manner in which a product or process could fail to meet design intent or process requirements.FAILURE MODES AND EFFECTS ANALYSIS (FMEA): An analytical methodology used to ensure that potential problems have been considered and addressed throughout the product and process development process.FAULT TREE ANALYSIS (FTA): Technique for system analysis where system faults are analyzed from a single potential failure to identify all possible causes.FEDERAL MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY STANDARD (FMVSS): Federal mandate defined by the U.S. Department of Transportation’s National Highway Traffic Safety Administration that motor vehicle manufactures and equipment manufacturers must comply.FREQUENCY: The rate at which a problem is occurring or is being experienced by the customer.HHYPOTHESIS TESTING: An evaluation of two mutually exclusive statements about a population to determine which statement is best supported by the sample data.IIDEAL FUNCTION: The information or energy transformation that occurs to the input signal to achieve the desired output response.KKEY PERFORMANCE INDICATORS (KPI): Financial and non-financial metrics used to help an organization define and measure progress toward organizational goals.LLABOR OPERATION CODES (LABOR OP) : Code used to describe a specific repair, alignment, adjustment, replacement, or reinstallation done on a vehicle to a specific part or assembly.LESSONS LEARNED: The collection of knowledge for an organization based on past successes, failures, and experiences. The form of this knowledge can take many forms; databases, paper records, suggestion programs, etc.LOOK-ACROSS: The process of applying lesson’s learned across similar processes, products or systems in the organization as a preventive measure to reduce risk and improve performance and customer satisfaction.MMAHALANOBIS-TAGUCHI SYSTEM (MTS) : A measuring or evaluating tool used to recognize a pattern from multidimensional data by applying the Mahalanobis Distance, a process of distinguishing one group from another, into a process of defining a reference group and measuring individual subsets. MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS ANALYSIS (MSA): A collection of tools which seek to identify the components of variation in measurement devices.MONTHS-IN-SERVICE (MIS): Measurement of the time interval in which a vehicle is exposed to consumption. Approximately 30 days = 1.0 MIS, also commonly referred to as Time-In-Service (TIS).NNOISE: A consistent level of reported failure performance that cannot be attributed to one single cause or defect.NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION (NHTSA): The agency within the Department of Transportation that is responsible for establishing and enforcing safety standards for passenger vehicles.NO FAULT FOUND (NFF): See “No Trouble Found”.NO TROUBLE FOUND (NTF): The designation applied to a part (component, system or module), replaced during a service event that, when analyzed by the vehicle or parts manufacturer, meets all requirements ofa “good part.” This does not discount the concern; rather, it indicates that the condition(s) that caused the concern was not reproduced or identified in the statement of requirements, qualification tests did not challenge the component sufficiently and/or no data was captured by the in-vehicle diagnostic system or part intelligence system indicating such a concern. (Also see “No Fault Found” or “Trouble Not Found.”)OORIGINAL EQUIPMENT MANUFACTURER (OEM): Typically a company that uses a component made by a second company in its own product, or sells the product of the second company under its own brand. The specific meaning of the term varies in different contexts. In the automotive industry, OEMs are the industry’s brand name auto manufacturers, such as General Motors, Ford and Toyota.PPAYNTER CHART: A long-term validation tool that displays the history of a problem. It is used to monitor and track multiple problems and occurrences of failure and validate the impact of containment and corrective actions over an extended period of time.PARAMETRIC DESIGN: A technique based on Design of Experiments that provides a low cost way of achieving product robustness i.e., making the product insensitive to the effect of noise. P-Diagrams are a means of reducing complex systems to understandable elements in order to capture potential internal and external influences on system, sub-system, assembly or component functionality. Parametric design is applied to reduce the impact of these influences.PARETO CHART: Shows the frequency of occurrence of items and arranges them from the most frequent to the least frequent. Pareto Charts are a visually effective means of displaying the relative importance of causes, problems, or other conditions.PART: An individual automobile component; an essential element or constituent that can be separated from or attached to a system; a detachable piece which can be replaced.PARTNER ORGANIZATIONS: Includes all members of a specific supply chain plus the dealers orother organizations involved in the sale or servicing as well as manufacturing of a vehicle manufacturer’s automobiles. (Also see “Supply Chain” and “Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEM).”)PARTS RETURN CENTER (RETURNED PARTS CENTER): Area where warranty parts are returned to. Here they are evaluated and/or tested and made available or sent out to the supplying party for investigation.PLAN, DO, CHECK, ACTION (PDCA): Deming continuous four step quality problem-solving process cycle of plan, doing the planned activity, checking/verifying the results met expectations and the action of implementing the improvement.POKA-YOKE: The practice of designing products or processes in a manner that prevents or minimizes the probability of human or mechanical error. This is also called Error-Proofing or Mistake-Proofing and prevents defects by detecting and correcting the errors that cause them before they occur.PRODUCT SERVICE MANUAL: A set of instructions that defines the components in the sub-system or system of the vehicle, diagnostic steps, disassembly and assembly steps of the component when it needs tobe serviced or replaced.PRODUCTION PART APPROVAL PROCESS (PPAP): A generic requirement for production part approval, including production and bulk material. PPAP’s purpose is to provide the evidence that all customer engineering design record and specification requirements are properly understood by the organization and that the manufacturing process has the potential to produce product consistently meeting these requirements during an actual production run at the quoted production rate.PRODUCTION PREPARATION PROCESS (3P): A clean sheet tool for designing production processes that facilitates a lean culture, eliminating waste.PRODUCTION VALIDATION TEST (PV): Engineering tests that validate that products made from production tools and processes meet customer engineering standards including appearance requirements.PUGH ANALYSIS: Charts similar to pros vs. cons lists. These are used for evaluating multiple options against each other, in relation to a baseline option.QQUALITY FUNCTION DEPLOYMENT (QFD): A systematic tool for translating customer requirements into appropriate company requirements at each phase from concept to engineering development to manufacturing to sales and distribution.RREAD-ACROSS OR REPLICATION: Reproducing the improvements in other areas of the organization and updating the corporate knowledge base. (Also see “Look-Across.”)REGRESSION ANALYSIS: A correlation measure of the strength of the relationship or association between variables.REPAIR CODES: Trouble codes used to classify repairs in the warranty data system and / or trouble codes stored in the cars computer system, when tripped a service light often comes on letting the driver know the vehicle needs to be taken in for repair.RISK PRIORITY NUMBER (RPN): The product of the severity (S), occurrence (O), and detection (D) rankings. (S) x (O) x (D) = RPN. Within the scope of the individual FMEA, this value (between 1 and 1000) can be used to assist the team in ranking the concerns in the design of the product and process.ROAD MAPS: The defining and documentation of activities in sequential process steps, typically through diagrams, that helps the understanding of how an objective or end result is to be achieved.ROBUSTNESS: The quality of being able to withstand stresses, pressures, or changes in the procedure, environment or circumstances. A system or design may be said to be “robust” if it is capable of coping well with variations (sometimes unpredictable or unplanned variations) in its operating environment with minimal damage, alteration or loss of functionality.ROOT CAUSE: The underlying cause(s) of the problem. Root cause is what is happening that results in the failure mode and effect on the product.SSUB-SYSTEM: Any system that is part of a larger system; component system on the vehicle.SUPPLIER: A Company engaged primarily in the manufacture of components, systems or modules for use in light duty (passenger car and light truck) automobiles.SUPPLIER QUALITY ASSURANCE (SQA): Organization to assist supply partners with quality and launch performance as well as problem-solving activity.SUPPLIER QUALITY ENGINEER (SQE): The functional position within the Supplier Quality Assurance organization that interfaces with the supply chain.SUPPLIER TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE (STA): This is another term used for the functional position within the Supplier Quality Assurance organization.SUPPLY CHAIN: All suppliers and the vehicle manufacturer that represent the flow of raw materials and finished products that go into the vehicles sold by the vehicle manufacturers.SWIM LANES: Method of displaying a process flow with the responsibilities organized into vertical organizational/functional lanes.SYSTEM: A set or arrangement of things so related or connected as to form a unity or whole. Typically, an integration of a number of components on the vehicle to perform the desired function such as braking, steering, fuel delivery as examples.TTECHNICAL SERVICE BULLETIN (TSB): Recommended repair procedure issued to dealers for specific problems. These are issued when there are several occurrences of the same issue.TEST TO FAILURE: A test in which the system being assessed is subjected to sufficient stress for a long enough time or large enough number of cycles to cause it to fail.THINGS-GONE-RIGHT (TGR): Product attributes or characteristics that produce a positive reaction from customers. Usually expressed as a rate: TGR/100.THINGS-GONE-WRONG (TGW): Product attributes or characteristics that produce a negative reaction from customers. Includes both component malfunctions and “correct” component functions that don’t meet customer expectations.TIER SUPPLIER: Suppliers are, at times, referred to as Tier n suppliers, where n is a number from 1 to 3 and represents the closeness of the supplier to the vehicle manufacturer when tracking the supply of parts. For example, a Tier 2 supplier supplies parts to a Tier 1 supplier, which in turn adds value and suppliers the parts to the OEM. (Also see “Supplier.”)TIME-TO-DETECTION: The time between the occurrence of an undesirable condition until the detection of that undesirable condition.TRANSPORTATION RECALL ENHANCEMENT, ACCOUNTABILITY AND DOCUMENTATION ACT (TREAD): The TREAD Act was enacted on November 1, 2000, as a direct consequence of hearings before the Committee on Energy and Commerce on the safety of tires and related matters. The TREAD Act contains provisions requiring vehicle and equipment manufacturers to report periodically to NHTSA on a wide variety of information that could indicate the existence of a potential safety defect and to advise NHTSA of foreign safety recalls and other safety campaigns.TREND (RUN) CHART: A simple graphic representation of a characteristic of a process. A Trend Chart combines the information on a Run Chart with a calculated “best fit” line to track the magnitude of change in a characteristic (whether it is improving, remaining stable, or deteriorating over time).TRIZ: A Russian acronym for the “Theory of Inventive Problem-Solving.” A methodology, tool set, knowledgebase, and model-based technology for generating innovative ideas and solutions for problem-solving. TRIZ provides tools and methods for use in problem formulation, system analysis, failure analysis, and patterns of system evolution (both “as-is” and “could be”).TROUBLE NOT FOUND (TNF) : See “No Trouble Found.”VVALUE ANALYSIS (VA): A systematic, cross-functional team approach to maximize product/process value by identifying functions and their related costs.VALUE ENGINEERING (VE): See “Vaule Analysis”VALUE STREAM MAPPING: Data resulting from the measurement of a parameter or a variable.VEHICLE IDENTIFICATION NUMBER (VIN): A unique serial number used by the motor vehicle industry to identify individual motor vehicles.VERBATIMS: A text associated with a claim detailing a consumer’s concern or the technician’s diagnosis and repair process.VOICE OF THE CUSTOMER (VOC): Customer feedback both positive and negative including likes, dislikes, problems and suggestions.WWEIBULL ANALYSIS: A probability plot of failures versus time measured (in time to failure, cycles to failure, miles to failure, etc.).#8 D: 8D is a problem-solving methodology for product and process correction and improvement that is structured into eight disciplines (D1–D8), plus one preparation step (D0).5 PHASE: The name of a General Motors problem-solving tool.5 S [METHODOLOGY]: A lean philosophy method for creating and maintaining an organized, clean, safe and standardized work place. The English terminology is roughly taken from the Japanese five steps of: Seiri (separate), Seiton (straighten or simplify), Seiso (sanitize or shine), Seiketsu (standardize), Shitsuke (sustain).5 WHY: The name of a problem-solving tool.7 STEP: T he name of a FCA US LLC problem-solving tool.AUTOMOTIVE WARRANTY MANAGEMENT KEY TERMS。

职场英语教材参考答案Unit 1: Greetings and Introductions1. Question 1: What is the most common way to greet someonein a business setting?Answer: The most common way to greet someone in a business setting is with a firm handshake, accompanied by a polite "Hello" or "Good morning."2. Question 2: How would you introduce yourself to a new colleague?Answer: You would introduce yourself by saying, "Hello, my name is [Your Name], and I am [Your Position] in the [Your Department]. It's a pleasure to meet you."3. Question 3: What should you do when you meet someone witha higher position than yours?Answer: When meeting someone with a higher position, it is appropriate to address them by their title and surname, such as "Mr. Smith" or "Dr. Johnson," and to wait for them to extend their hand for a handshake.4. Question 4: How can you express your interest in someone’s background or expe rience?Answer: You can express interest by saying, "I've heard a lot about your work in [specific area]. Could you tell me more about your experience?"5. Question 5: What is a polite way to end a conversation?Answer: A polite way to end a conversation is to say, "It was great talking to you. I hope we can continue this conversation soon."Unit 2: Meetings and Conferences1. Question 1: What is the purpose of an agenda in a meeting? Answer: The purpose of an agenda is to outline the topics to be discussed, the order in which they will be addressed, and the time allocated for each item.2. Question 2: How can you prepare for a meeting effectively? Answer: To prepare effectively for a meeting, review the agenda beforehand, gather relevant materials, and come prepared with notes or questions to contribute to the discussion.3. Question 3: What does it mean to "take minutes" during a meeting?Answer: To "take minutes" during a meeting means to record the main points discussed, decisions made, and actions agreed upon.4. Question 4: How can you contribute to a meeting without dominating the conversation?Answer: You can contribute by listening actively, waiting for appropriate moments to speak, and offering concise and relevant comments or questions.5. Question 5: What is the best way to handle disagreementsin a meeting?Answer: The best way to handle disagreements is to remain respectful, focus on the issue rather than personal attacks, and seek to find common ground or compromise.Unit 3: Business Correspondence1. Question 1: What are the key elements of a formal business email?Answer: Key elements of a formal business email includethe sender's and recipient's contact information, a subject line, a greeting, the body of the message, a closing, and a signature.2. Question 2: How can you write a polite request in an email? Answer: To write a polite request, start with a courteous greeting, clearly state the request, provide any necessary details, express gratitude, and end with a polite closing.3. Question 3: What is the purpose of a subject line in an email?Answer: The purpose of a subject line is to briefly summarize the content of the email, allowing the recipient to prioritize and understand the importance of the message.4. Question 4: How can you write a professional closing for a business email?Answer: A professional closing should be courteous and appropriate for the context, such as "Best regards," "Sincerely," or "Kind regards," followed by your name and contact information.5. Question 5: What should you do if you need to write an email to someone you do not know?Answer: If writing to someone you do not know, research their name and position, address them appropriately, and ensure your email is professional, concise, and respectful.Unit 4: Negotiations and Agreements1. Question 1: What is the primary goal of a negotiation?Answer: The primary goal of a negotiation is to reach a mutually beneficial agreement that satisfies the interests of all parties involved.2. Question 2: How can you prepare for a negotiation?Answer: To prepare for a negotiation, research the other party's interests and priorities, set clear objectives, and develop strategies for presenting your case and responding to counterarguments.3. Question 3: What is an effective way to handle a counteroffer?Answer: An effective way。

barter trade 易货贸易commodity inspection 商品检验comparative advantage 比较优势credit reference 资信证明customs clearance 清关direct trade 直接贸易direct transit trade 直接过境贸易documentation 单据domestic trade 国内贸易economies of scale 规模经济entrepot trade 转口贸易export license 出口许可证export procedures 出口程序export trade 出口贸易free--liquidation trade 自由结算贸易general trade 一般贸易import license 进口许可证import procedures 进口程序import trade 进口贸易indirect trade 进阶贸易indirect transit trade 间接过境贸易international trade 国际贸易invisible trade 无形贸易payment 支付special trade 特殊贸易transit trade 过境贸易visible trade 有形贸易第二章actual delivery实际交易customs formalities 海关手续obligation 责任，义务appropriation 划拨delivery交易shipment contract 装运合同arrival contract 到达合同inspection检查，检验shipment notice 装货通知customary practice 惯例means of transport 运输工具symbolic delivery 象征性交易mode of transport运输方式transfer of risk风险转运第三章acceptance 接受firm offer 实盘offer 报盘commission佣金fixed price 固定价格offeree 受盘人Counter---offer 还盘initial price 原价offeror 报盘人discount 折扣irrevocable offer 不可撤销price adjustment clause 价格调整条款enquiry / inquiry 询盘material price index 材价指数price including 含价export cost for foreign exchange 外汇出口成本money of account 计价货币money of payment支付货币quotation 报价export price margin 出口利润率net price 净价rebate 出口退税final price最终价格non--firm offer 虚盘total price 总价unit price单价wage index工资指数unfixed price 非固定价格validity period 有效期withdrawal of an offer/ revocation of an offer撤回报盘第四章bar code 条形码quality tolerance品质公差sale by sample 凭样品买卖conditioned weight公量quality latitude 品质机动幅度sale by specification凭规格买卖confirming sample 确认样品reference sample参比试样sale by standard凭标买卖counter sample回样regain 回潮率sale by trade mark or brand name凭商标或品牌买卖gross for net以毛作净sale by actual commodity凭实际货物买卖gross weight毛重sale by actual quality凭实际品质买卖shipping mark运输标志indicative mark 指示性标志sale by description or illustrations凭说明书或图样买卖shipping package运输包装more or less clause溢短装条款sale by grade 凭等级买卖shipping sample装船样net weight 净重sale by origin凭产地名称买卖tare皮重neutral packing 中性包装sea transportation海运containerization集装箱化surcharge additional额外附加费air transportation 航空运输liner transportation班轮运输rail(way) transportation铁路运输charter transport租船运输basic freight基本运费road transportation公路运输freight rates运费率weight ton重量吨measurement ton尺码吨lay day装卸天数sea waybill海运单freight ton运费吨demurrage滞期费air waybill空运单ad valorem 从价运费liner B/L班轮提单partial shipments分批装运charter (tramp)租船straight B/L记名提单transshipment 转运charter party租船契约order B/L指示提单time of delivery交货时间voyage charter程租船stale B/L过期提单port of shipment 装运港time charter期租船ante---dated B/L 倒签提单port of destination目的港liner/gross terms 班轮条件advanced B/L预签提单optional port 选择港第六章actual total loss实际全险fortuitous accidents意外事故insurance cover(age)险别claimant受损方franchise免赔率insurance policy保险单combined certificate 联合凭证general average共同海损insurance premium 保险费constructive total loss推定全损general risks一般风险insurance rate保险率contribution分担indemnity 损害赔偿natural calamity 自然灾害exclusions免责insurable interest 可保利益open policy预约保险单external risks 外部风险insurance certificate保险凭证partial loss部分损失extraneous risks外来风险insurance claim保险索赔particular average单独海损peril of sea 海上风险subrogation代位追赔total loss全部损失proximate cause近因special risks 特殊风险the insured/ insurant 投保人unexpected accidents意外事故subject matter标的物t he insurer保险公司the insurer保险公司utmost good faith 诚信至高原则underwriter 承保人sum insured保险金额。