词汇学讲稿1.12.23.3讲授题目所属章节现代英语词汇学概论之第章计划学时，国防机密通知联邦调查局调查员胜利日，英国语言学家帕特里奇说过词本无义人赋予之，也就是语言符号与客观事物和现实联系的依据。
词汇学讲稿2017-11-25 11:50:44 | #1楼山东协和学院讲稿 Chapter 1 The Basic Concepts of Words and Vocabulary1.1.The definition of a wordWhat is a word?(1) a minimal free form of a language(2) a sound unity(3) a unit of meaning(4) a form that can function alone in a sentenceTo sum up, a word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound, meaning, and syntactic function.1.2.VocabularyWhat is vocabulary?Not only can vocabulary refer to the total number of the words in a language, but it can stand for all words used in a particular historical period. We also use it to refer to all the words of a given dialect, a given book, a given discipline and the words possessed by an individual person.1.3.Sound and meaningWhat is the relationship between sound and meaning?There is no logical relationship between them. This symbolic connection is almost always arbitrary.In different languages, the same concept can be represented by different sounds and different sounds can also denote different things.1.4.Sound and formThe written form of a natural language is the orthographical record of the oral form. However, with the development of the language, more and more differences arose between the two. The reasons are:1) More morphemes than letters (46 morphemes but 26 letters)2) Stabilization of spelling.3) Deliberate change of spelling by early scribes for easier recognition.4) Borrowing of foreign words.1.5.Classification of words1. Basic words stock and non-basic word.The basic word stock is the foundation of the vocabulary and forms the common core of the language. They manifest some obvious characteristics.1) All national character2) Stability3) Productivity4) Polysemy山东协和学院讲稿 Non-basic words include the following:1) Terminology2) Jargon3) Slang4) Argot5) Dialectal words6) Archaisms7) Neologisms2. Content words and functional wordsWhat are the differences between content words and functional words?Content words denote clear notions while functional words do not have notions. Content words constitute the main body of the English vocabulary, are numerous, and the number is ever growing whereas functional words, which make up a very small number of the vocabulary, remain stable.3. Native words and borrowedNative words are not native in fact but words brought to Britain in the fifth century by the German tribes. They are small in number, but they form the mainstream of the basic words stock and stand at the core of the language.What are the features of native words?1) Neutral in style2) Frequent in useWhat are borrowed words?Words taken over from foreign languages are known as borrowed words. The English language is noted for the remarkable complexity and heterogeneity of its vocabulary because of its extensive borrowing.How many classes can the borrowed words be divided into?1) Denizens2) Aliens3) Translation loans4) Semantic loansLecture 6-《英语词汇学》第六章教案讲稿2017-11-25 11:52:15 | #2楼讲授题目：Minor Processes of Word - formation所属章节：《现代英语词汇学概论》之第4章计划学时：2 periods教学方法：传统讲授法参考资料：《英语词汇学教程》、《英语词汇学》教学目的和要求：掌握几种次要的构词方法。
Chapter6: TestI. Multiple choices1.The word “treacle”has the following senses: (1)wild beast; (2)remedy for bites of venomous beasts; (3)antidote for poison or remedy for poison; (4)any effective remedy;(5)(BrE)molasses. What semantic process has“treacle”undergone?A. centralizationB. radiationC. concatenationD. narrowing2. which group of the following are perfect homonyms?A. dear (a loved person)—deer (a kind of animal)B. bow (bending the head as a greeting)—bow(the device used for shooting)C. bank(the edge of the river)—bank (an establishment for money business)D. right (correct)—write (put down on paper with a pen)3. The following are the main sources of homonyms except ____.A. change in meaningB. change in sound C .change in spelling D. borrowing4. “Charm and glamour”are synonyms resulting from____.A. borrowingB. dialects and regional EnglishC. figurative and euphemistic use of wordsD. with idiomatic expressions5.“win” and “gain the upper hand”，“hesitate” and“ be in two minds”are two pairs of synonyms resulting from ____.A. coincidence with idiomatic expressions.B. figurative and euphemistic use of words.C. dialects and regional English.D. borrowing6. “Timid ”and “timorous”, “comprehend”and “understand” are two pairs of synonyms mainly different in_____.A. denotationB. applicationC. connotationD. emotion7. Which group of synonyms of the following has prominent difference in connotation?A. want, wish, desireB.result, consequenceC. answer, replyD. rich, wealth8. Antonyms can be classified into three major groups except______ .A. evaluative termsB. contrary termsC. contradictory termsD. relative terms9.“parent/child,husband/wife, predecessor/succ essor” are ______.A. contrary termsB. contradictory termsC. relative termsplementary termsII. Fill in the blanks. The first letter of eachword is given1. The problem of interrelation of the various meanings of the same word can be dealt with from two different angles: d approach and s approach.2. When a word was created, it was endowed with p meaning. With the advance of time and the development of language it took on more and more d meanings.3. The development of word-meaning from monosemy to polysemy follows two courses, traditionally known as r and c .4. Based on the degree of similarity, homonyms fall into three classes: p ,h , and h .5. Synonyms can be grouped intoa synonyms and r synonyms.6. “Tulip”and “rose”, are h of “flower”.“Flower”is the superordinate term and “tulip”,“rose”are the s term.7. A semantic field is a m area where words share the same c .III. Define the following terms.Radiation:a semantic process in which the primary meaning stands at the center and the secondary meanings proceed out of it in every direction like rays.Concatenation: a semantic process in which the meaning of a word moves gradually away from its first sense by successive shifts until, in many cases, there is not a sign of connection between the sense that is finally developed and that which the term had at the beginning.Homonyms: words different in meaning but either identical both in sound and spelling or identical only in sound or spelling.Homographs: words identical only in spelling but different in sound and meaning.Homophones: words identical only in sound but different in spelling and meaning.Perfect homonyms: words identical both in sound and spelling, but different in meaning.Polysemy: a phenomenon that one form having morethan one meaning.Synonyms: words different in sound and spelling but most nearly alike or exactly the same in meaning. Antonyms: words opposite in meaning. Hyponymy: the relationship of semantic inclusion. Semantic field: a meaning area where words share the same concept.VI. Answer the following questions .1. What is the difference between homonyms and polysemants? How to differentiate them? Homonyms refer to different words which happen to share the same form and polysemants refer to the fact that the same word has several distinguishable meanings. By seeing their etymology, we can distinguish them, i. e. homonyms are from different sources while a polysemant is from the same source which has acquired different meanings in the course of development. The second principal consideration is semantic relatedness. The various meaning of apolysemant are correlated and connected to do with one another. Additionally, in dictionary, a polysemant has its meanings all listed under one headword whereas homonyms are listed as separate entries.2. Discuss some of the characteristics of antonyms.1. Antonyms are classified on the basis of semantic opposition.2 A word which has more than one meaning can have more than one antonym3 Antonyms differ in semantic inclusion. Pairs of antonyms are seen as marked and unmarked terms respectively.4 Contrary terms are gradable antonyms, differing in degree of intensity, so each has its own corresponding opposite.。
Cultural Connotations of wordsThe relations between language and culture have long been clearly observed and thoroughly understood. The American linguistic professor Sapier who have kicked the bucket said:"There are things behind language. And language can not depart from culture." Baimo also said:"The history of language and the history of culture are in cooperation with each other. They not only offer help to each other, but also enlighten each other." Language is the carrier of culture. Any language can not solely exist without culture. The intricate interaction between the two originates from human beings attempt to create language in an effort to bridge the outside reality with their inner psychological world in that people are not able to live in a world which is neither perceptible nor comprehensible. The invention and use of linguistic symbols, in its broad sense, is a meaning-making practice because it always involves human cognition and comprehension. Hence, its true nature is cultural practice. It is at this point that language natively interweaves with culture. Varying levels of life experiences of people lead to various sorts of understandings and evaluations of the physical reality confronting them. Those ideas and thoughts are manifested in forms of their customs, traditions, religious beliefs, and works of art, which help to gradually shape distinctive cultural modes or cultural orientations. Most important of all, such cultural messages are most likely to be codified in, transmitted through, and further reinforced by language. Thus, language is not merely a system of purely linguistic signs but a symbolic representation of culture. While boiling down to an individual word, regarded as the activest element of language, it is safe to say that the meaning of a word goes far beyond what it refers to in some objective world, but it includes a good understanding and interpretation of cultural and social world. Language is, to a certain degree, just like the air people breathe. Without air, people can't live any more. But, it's always difficult for people to perceive the existence of air. Likewise, people's life is bound up with language. Very often people take it for granted and are hardly conscious of its cultural implications or values which constitute a potential shaping force for the minds. Language is intimately associated with culture and the two can not be divided. Words in language are the most outstanding reflection of culture and embody the social cultural features of a nation to the full. Therefore, a large number of words possess specific cultural messages. As far as language learners are concerned, if they don't have a good knowledge of the specific cultural connotation of words, they may fail to have a thorough understanding of and make the correct use of those words, not to mention how to make the appropriate use of language. Any language has profound cultural connotation. Each language as a cultural carrier corresponds to certain specific culture. But, words in language are said to be the most striking reflection of culture in that the meaning of words are arbitrary. It depends on some social groups who have the same viewpoints on their values. It can easily be affected by the permeation of culture. Consequently, swarms of words are abundant in cultural connotation. For lack of a good knowledge of culture of the language they are learning, or influenced by cultural customs and cultural modes in their own nation, in the process of reading, many language learners fail to have a completely correct understanding of words of the language they have learned, which affect the effectiveness of their reading. From this to that, language learners who make the wrong use of words in writing and daily communication, cultural misunderstanding and cultural conflicts can also be interpreted by this reason.词汇的文化内涵Cultural connotations of words语言与文化的联系早已为人们所洞悉。
