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济南2024年09版小学六年级英语第1单元测验卷考试时间：80分钟（总分:120）B卷考试人：_________题号一二三四五总分得分一、综合题(共计100题)1、填空题：The ________ was a famous battle during the American Civil War.2、填空题：I saw a ________ climbing a tree yesterday.3、听力题：A ______ is a positively charged particle in the nucleus of an atom.4、听力题：We have a picnic _____ the park. (at)5、What is the capital of Egypt?A. CairoB. AlexandriaC. LuxorD. Giza6、听力题：The Hubble Space Telescope has provided many stunning images of _______.7、What is the name of the first manned mission to the moon?A. Apollo 11B. GeminiC. VoyagerD. Mercury8、填空题：The ________ (海岸保护) prevents erosion.9、填空题：The _____ (植物组织) is made up of different cells.10、What is the boiling point of water?A. 50 degrees CelsiusB. 100 degrees CelsiusC. 150 degrees CelsiusD. 200 degrees Celsius答案: B11、听力题：__________ are used in the construction industry for insulation.12、填空题：I like to watch the __________ change colors in the fall. (树叶)13、Which animal is the king of the jungle?A. ElephantB. LionC. TigerD. Bear答案：B14、填空题：I saw a _______ (小动物) at the nature reserve.15、What is the name of the famous mountain in Asia?A. Mount EverestB. Mount KilimanjaroC. Mount FujiD. Mount McKinley答案:A16、What is the main ingredient in a salad?A. MeatB. VegetablesC. GrainsD. Fruit答案:B17、听力题：I have a _____ (friend/enemy) at school.18、填空题：I have a toy _______ that can build things.19、听力题：The boy is a good ________.A comet has a nucleus, coma, and ______.21、选择题：What do we call a young wolf?A. PupB. CubC. KitD. Kid22、填空题：I love going to ______ (夏令营) during the summer. It’s a chance to make new friends and try new activities.23、填空题：The ______ (鳄鱼) has a strong jaw for catching prey.24、Which season comes after summer?A. SpringB. FallC. WinterD. Summer答案: B25、填空题：The __________ is known for its diverse plant and animal life. (热带雨林)26、听力题：I like _____ (to swim/to run).27、填空题：I like to watch wildlife documentaries to learn about ________ (动物) in the wild.28、选择题：What do we call the time when flowers bloom?A. FallB. WinterC. SpringD. Summer29、听力题：I see a __ on the window. (raindrop)30、se invented _______ paper during the Han dynasty. (造) 填空题：The ChinThe __________ is known for its beautiful landscapes.32、What is the term for the gradual cooling of the universe after the Big Bang?A. Cosmic CoolingB. Universal ExpansionC. Dark AgesD. Cosmic Microwave Background33、听力题：She is wearing a ________ dress.34、听力题：Chemical bonds hold atoms ______ together.35、听力题：A ______ is a type of animal that can swim very fast.36、听力题：The ant climbs up the ____.37、How do you say "car" in Spanish?A. CocheB. AutoC. WagenD. Voiture38、What is the opposite of 'hot'?A. ColdB. WarmC. CoolD. Spicy答案: A39、填空题：A ________ (园艺技巧) can enhance growth.40、听力题：The flowers are _____ and purple. (pink)41、听力题：The ____ can glide through the air and has a unique shape.42、What is the name of the famous island in Greece?A. SantoriniB. MykonosC. CreteD. Rhodes答案:C43、填空题：My mom enjoys __________ (参加) local events.44、填空题：_____ (花草) can brighten up any space.45、听力题：The ______ teaches us about math.46、填空题：My brother is a __________ (技术开发者).47、听力题：The _____ (flower/tree) is blooming.48、听力题：I can ________ my homework.49、填空题：My brother is our family's __________ (乐趣).50、听力题：A _______ is a pure substance made of only one type of atom.51、听力题：I like to ___ (bake) cookies.52、What is the value of 2 + 2 × 2?A. 4B. 6C. 8D. 10答案:B53、What is the name of the famous American holiday celebrated on the fourth Thursday of November?A. ChristmasB. ThanksgivingC. New Year's DayD. Independence Day答案:B54、填空题：The starling flocks in large _______ (群体).55、填空题：The ______ (熊) hibernates during the winter months.56、填空题：I love to bake ________ (面包) with my grandmother.57、What do we call the imaginary line that runs from the North Pole to the South Pole?A. EquatorB. Prime MeridianC. LatitudeD. Longitude58、听力题：A _______ is often used in cooking and salads.59、填空题：The _______ (小蜻蜓) catches insects in the air.60、听力题：The __________ is a major factor in soil composition.61、Which vegetable is orange and long?A. PotatoB. CarrotC. TomatoD. Cucumber答案:B62、What do you call a place where you learn about history?A. MuseumB. LibraryC. SchoolD. Park答案:A63、What is the term for the scientific study of insects?A. EntomologyB. BiologyC. ZoologyD. Botany答案:A64、How many letters are there in the English alphabet?A. 24B. 25C. 26D. 27答案:C65、填空题：The ancient Egyptians created ________ for religious purposes.66、填空题：In math, we learn how to ________ (加法) and ________ (减法). It’s really ________ (有趣).67、听力题：The cat is ________ the tree.68、填空题：I have a toy _______ that can make me smile.69、What is the name of the popular video game where you can create and design your own world?A. MinecraftB. The SimsC. RobloxD. Second Life答案: A70、What is the term for a plant that grows in dry conditions?A. AquaticB. TerrestrialC. XerophyticD. Epiphytic答案:C71、听力题：Penguins are birds that cannot ______.72、填空题：The _____ (生态系统) relies on plants for food.73、选择题：What do we call the time of year when it gets warmer?A. WinterB. SpringC. AutumnD. Summer74、What do you call the study of the mind?A. PsychologyB. SociologyC. PhilosophyD. Anthropology答案: A75、听力题：The ____ has a beautiful song and sings in the morning.76、填空题：I picked some _____ (野生花) in the field.77、听力题：We have a ______ in our garden. (fountain)78、填空题：My friend has a lovely _______ (动物). 它的性格很 _______ (形容词).79、填空题：My best friend is my loyal _______ who always encourages me.80、听力题：He is playing a video ___. (game)81、听力题：The cake is _______ (decorated) with icing.82、听力题：She likes to eat ______ (cookies).83、What is the main language spoken in Spain?A. FrenchB. ItalianC. SpanishD. Portuguese84、听力题：Most stars are part of a _______ system.85、Listen and match.听录音，连线。
厦门2024年统编版小学4年级英语第2单元测验试卷考试时间：80分钟（总分:110）A卷考试人：_________题号一二三四五总分得分一、综合题(共计100题)1、听力题：A __________ is an area where land is pushed upward.2、What is the term for animals that only eat plants?A. CarnivoresB. OmnivoresC. HerbivoresD. Insectivores答案:C3、填空题：I love to go ______ (露营) in the summer.4、填空题：I saw a _______ in the tree (我在树上看到一只_______).5、听力题：The first space shuttle launch was in _______.6、听力题：The concept of clean energy emphasizes the importance of sustainable energy ______.7、填空题：The _____ (植物细胞) are unique to plants.8、What do you put on a salad?A. Ice creamB. DressingC. BreadD. Cake答案: BThe chemical formula for calcium phosphate is ______.10、What is the season after spring?A. WinterB. SummerC. FallD. Autumn答案:B11、What is the name of the event where you celebrate a child's achievements?A. GraduationB. PromotionC. CeremonyD. Reward答案: A12、填空题：I love to ______ (认识) new friends.13、填空题：A squirrel gathers _______ for the winter.14、听力题：The chemical symbol for fluorine is ______.15、填空题：The _____ (暴雨) can damage delicate plants.16、听力题：I like to ride my ___ (rollerblades).17、填空题：I saw a ______ in the pond.18、填空题：The ________ (旅游业) boosts the economy.19、What do you call the bright light produced by a firefly?A. GlowB. ShineC. SparkleD. Flicker答案：AThe _______ can be very delicate.21、What is the process of water changing into vapor called?A. EvaporationB. CondensationC. PrecipitationD. Sublimation答案:A22、听力题：The monkey is _____ (swinging/sitting) in the tree.23、What is the name of the famous tower in Paris?A. Leaning Tower of PisaB. Big BenC. Eiffel TowerD. Burj Khalifa答案:C. Eiffel Tower24、What is the capital of the USA?A. New YorkB. Washington D.C.C. Los AngelesD. Chicago答案:B25、填空题：The city of Rome is known for its ________ (古代遗址).26、填空题：I love to go _______ in the summer (我喜欢在夏天去_______).27、填空题：Understanding ______ (植被) can aid conservation efforts.28、Listen and tick.听录音，勾出每个人所喜欢的颜色。
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蚌埠“PEP”2024年11版小学英语第2单元综合卷[有答案]考试时间：100分钟（总分:120）B卷考试人：_________题号一二三四五总分得分一、综合题(共计100题共100分)1. 选择题：What is the largest planet in our solar system?A. EarthB. MarsC. JupiterD. Saturn2. 听力题：A gas will expand to fill the _______ of its container.3. 填空题：The ______ (种植园) produces coffee beans.4. 听力题：A __________ is a geological feature that impacts agriculture and land use.5. 听力题：Chemical reactions can either absorb or release ______.6. 填空题：The first written language was developed by the ________ (苏美尔人).7. 选择题：What is the name of the famous scientist who discovered the circulation of blood?A. HippocratesB. GalenC. William HarveyD. Andreas Vesalius答案: C__________ (气候变化) can influence chemical processes in the environment.9. 听力题：The __________ is a region known for its educational institutions.10. 填空题：The __________ is a famous mountain located in Japan. (富士山)11. 听力题：The cat is ___ (purring/meowing).12. 填空题：The __________ is a famous canyon in the United States. (大峡谷)13. 听力题：The __________ can affect the availability of resources.14. 选择题：How many states are in the USA?A. 50B. 48C. 51D. 52答案:A15. 填空题：The ancient Greeks created _______ to explain natural phenomena. (神话)16. 听力题：A cave is formed by the erosion of ______ by water over time.17. 听力题：The _______ is the unit of force.18. 填空题：The ancient Greeks are known for their contributions to _____ and science.19. 选择题：What do we call the process of a caterpillar becoming a butterfly?a. Metamorphosisb. Evolutionc. Growthd. Development答案:aHe likes to ______ (play) video games.21. 填空题：I like to plant ________ in spring.22. 听力题：I like to ride my _____ (bike/car) to school.23. 选择题：Which of these is a type of tree?A. RoseB. OakC. DaisyD. Tulip答案: B24. 填空题：The ______ (金鱼) swims around happily in its bowl.25. 填空题:I like to explore new ________ with my friends.26. 填空题：I saw a _____ (兔子) hopping in the garden.27. 听力题：My dad works in an _____ (office).28. 听力题：A __________ is a visual tool for understanding chemical reactions.29. 听力题：The process of breaking down food into simpler substances is called _______.30. 听力题：The process of chromatography separates mixtures based on their ______.31. 选择题：What do we call the act of collaborating with others?A. TeamworkB. PartnershipC. CooperationD. All of the Above答案：DThe bison is very ____.33. 听力题：A __________ is a mixture that can be easily separated.34. 填空题：My favorite season is ______ (春天).35. 听力题：The __________ is a critical area for studying biodiversity.36. 填空题：My brother loves to __________ (游泳).37. 选择题：What do we call the main character in a story?A. ProtagonistB. AntagonistC. Supporting characterD. Narrator38. 听力题：I found a _____ (pencil/book) on the floor.39. 听力题：The beach is _____ (crowded/empty) in summer.40. 填空题：I like to make ______ for my teachers.41. 选择题：What do we call the study of the earth's landforms?A. GeographyB. GeologyC. CartographyD. Topography答案: B. Geology42. 选择题：What is the main gas that plants need to breathe?A. OxygenB. Carbon DioxideC. NitrogenD. Hydrogen答案:BWhat is the name of the place where you go to see movies?A. TheaterB. Concert hallC. StadiumD. Museum答案:A44. 选择题：What do we call the process of turning a caterpillar into a butterfly?A. MetamorphosisB. EvolutionC. TransformationD. Growth答案:A45. 选择题：Where does Santa Claus live?A. North PoleB. South PoleC. AustraliaD. America答案:A46. 听力题：We are going to the ___. (mall)47. 选择题：What is the name of the popular video game where you can create and design your own world?A. MinecraftB. The SimsC. RobloxD. Second Life答案: A48. 填空题：My friend has a ________ that likes to dig.49. 听力题：The _____ (unicorn) is magical.50. 填空题：The country famous for its olive trees is ________ (希腊).51. 听力题：He has a blue ________.52. 填空题：We visit the ______ (农贸市场) for local produce.53. 听力题：The chemical formula for table salt is ______.54. 听力题：__________ are compounds that contain carbon.55. 选择题：What is the name of the famous English playwright?A. Charles DickensB. Mark TwainC. William ShakespeareD. Ernest Hemingway56. 听力题：The chemical formula for ammonia is ______.57. 选择题：What is the name of the famous American national park known for its geysers?A. YellowstoneB. YosemiteC. Grand CanyonD. Zion答案：A58. 填空题：I enjoy playing ________ (棋类) with my friends.59. 听力题：The man is very ________.60. 选择题：What do we call a baby rabbit?A. KittenB. PupC. BunnyD. Leveret61. 选择题：What is the process of changing from a caterpillar to a butterfly called?A. BreedingB. BloomingC. MetamorphosisD. Germination答案:C. Metamorphosis62. 听力题：The chemical process that occurs in our bodies to release energy is called ______.63. 选择题：Which one is a vegetable?A. AppleB. CarrotC. BananaD. Grape64. 填空题：A _____ (植物观察者) enjoys studying flora in nature.65. 选择题：What do we call the area of land that is covered in sand?A. DesertB. BeachC. DuneD. Shore66. 听力题：I like to sing ______ (loudly) in the shower.67. 填空题：My _______ (仓鼠) loves to run on its wheel.68. 填空题：A ___ (小鱼) swims in the water happily.69. 听力题：A metamorphic rock forms from the alteration of existing ______.70. 听力题：The ________ (framework) supports the project.71. 选择题：What is the capital of Finland?A. HelsinkiB. OsloC. StockholmD. Reykjavik答案:A72. 选择题：Which season comes after summer?A. WinterB. SpringC. FallD. Rainy答案: C73. 填空题：The garden is full of _______ that attract butterflies.74. 填空题：The __________ is a major river in China known for its economic significance. (长江)75. 听力题：The main component of vinegar is __________.76. 听力题：The butterfly has beautiful ______.77. 听力题：A _______ can be used to measure the speed of a moving vehicle.78. 填空题：Goldfish swim in ______ water.79. 听力题：The kitten is ___ (sleeping) in my lap.80. 填空题：I enjoy __________ with my family. (旅行)81. 听力题：We are ___ the park. (visiting)82. 选择题：What is the term for the study of the universe beyond the Earth?A. AstronomyB. GeologyC. MeteorologyD. Biology答案:A83. 填空题：Flowers attract _____ (butterfly) and bees.84. 填空题：A ____(networking event) connects professionals in the field.85. 选择题：What is the largest planet in our solar system?A. EarthB. MarsC. JupiterD. Venus答案:C86. 听力题：A whale is a ______ that lives in the ocean.87. 填空题：My sister loves to play with ______ (小猫).88. 听力题：We will go to the ______ for a field trip. (aquarium)89. 选择题：What do you call the person who writes books?A. PainterB. AuthorC. TeacherD. Musician90. 选择题：What is the name of the famous wall in China?A. Great WallB. Berlin WallC. Hadrian's WallD. Walls of Jericho91. 填空题：My sister has a ________ (毛绒玩具), and she takes it everywhere, even to ________ (学校).92. 填空题：The leaves on the _______ turn red in autumn.93. 选择题：What is the term for a young cat?A. KittenB. PupC. CubD. Calf答案:A. Kitten94. 选择题：Which of these animals can fly?A. FishB. RabbitC. BirdD. Dog答案:C95. 选择题：What is the smallest continent?A. AsiaB. EuropeC. AustraliaD. Antarctica96. 听力题：My grandma loves to make ____ (sauces).97. 选择题：What do you call the main character in a story?A. VillainB. ProtagonistC. NarratorD. Supporting character答案:B98. 填空题：The __________ (全球化) has changed how we view history.99. 填空题：I love to ________ (画画) in my sketchbook.100. 听力题：I _____ (study) English every day.。
西安2024年08版小学英语第2单元测验卷(有答案)考试时间：80分钟（总分:110）B卷考试人：_________题号一二三四五总分得分一、综合题(共计100题)1、填空题：The ______ (生态恢复) involves planting native species.2、听力题：A __________ is formed through the interaction of wind and water on soil.3、填空题：The ________ (盐水湖) is very salty.4、听力题：The main component of bones is _______.5、听力题：A goldfish swims _______ in its bowl.6、填空题：The first electric light bulb was invented by ________.7、听力题：The chemical formula for sulfur trioxide is _____.8、听力题：A __________ is a body of water that is smaller than an ocean.9、听力题：The flowers are _____ in the sunshine. (smiling)10、听力题：The __________ is a region known for its fishing.11、听力题：__________ are used to measure the amount of a substance.12、听力题：The __________ is a famous geographical feature in South America.13、听力题：A telescope helps us see distant ______.14、What is the name of the famous museum in Paris that houses the Mona Lisa?A. Musée d'OrsayB. Louvre MuseumC. Pompidou CenterD. The Met答案: B. Louvre Museum15、听力题：The boy likes to play ________.16、听力题：The dog is ___ by the fence. (lying)17、What is the name of the sweet treat made from chocolate and nuts?A. FudgeB. BrownieC. CookieD. Cake答案: B18、听力题：Every planet in our solar system orbits the ______.19、What is the main ingredient in pancakes?a. Riceb. Flourc. Sugard. Eggs答案:B20、听力题：The process of hydrolysis involves breaking down compounds using __________.21、填空题：The first successful powered flight was by the _______ brothers. (莱特)22、What is the capital of Libya?A. TripoliB. BenghaziC. MisrataD. Tobruk答案:A. Tripoli23、What do we call a person who studies the relationship between different species?A. BiologistB. EcologistC. ZoologistD. Botanist答案: A24、听力题：She is a great ________.25、What is the capital of Lesotho?A. MaseruB. TeyateyanengC. MafetengD. Mohale's Hoek答案: A26、填空题：My _____ (外公) lives in another city.27、What do we call the process of changing from a caterpillar to a butterfly?A. MetamorphosisB. TransformationC. EvolutionD. Growth答案:A28、填空题：My best friend’s dad, ______ (我好朋友的爸爸), is very funny.29、听力题：A __________ is a way to symbolize a chemical reaction using letters and numbers.30、填空题：My ________ (玩具名称) is a special gift from my family.The ________ was a significant event in the history of civil rights in America.32、填空题：My cousin is __________ (运动员) in school.33、填空题：We visited my _____ (姑姑) last Sunday.34、填空题：The _____ (土壤) should be rich and full of nutrients.35、选择题：What do you call a device used to measure temperature?A. BarometerB. ThermometerC. HydrometerD. Anemometer36、填空题：The first successful abdominal transplant was performed in ________.37、What is the currency used in Japan?A. DollarB. EuroC. YenD. Pound答案:C38、填空题：The rabbit hops around the ______ (草地). It is searching for ______ (食物).39、What is the capital of Tanzania?A. Dar es SalaamB. DodomaC. ZanzibarD. Arusha答案: B. Dodoma40、填空题：Planting native species can support local ______.(种植本地物种可以支持当地生态系统。
小学下册英语第2单元测验试卷英语试题一、综合题(本题有50小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1 The cake is ________ (好吃).2 The poet, ______ (诗人), writes beautiful poems.3 The main role of enzymes in biological reactions is to act as _______.4 The fish swims in the _______ (鱼在_______中游).5 She is eating a ________ sandwich.6 What is the currency used in the UK?A. EuroB. DollarC. PoundD. Yen答案: C7 The _____ (night) is quiet.8 The frog jumps into the ________________ (水).9 Which shape has four equal sides?A. RectangleB. TriangleC. SquareD. Circle10 The chemical symbol for manganese is ______.11 The ant is very _______ (团结) with its colony.12 What do you call the story of a made-up world?A. FictionB. Non-fictionC. BiographyD. Dictionary13 My favorite way to celebrate holidays is ______.14 The process of evaporation occurs when a liquid turns into _______.15 The first country to grant women the right to vote was _______.16 The city of Kathmandu is the capital of _______.17 Which insect makes honey?A. AntB. ButterflyC. BeeD. Fly答案: C18 My favorite drink is ________ (果汁).19 I enjoy writing stories about __________ because it allows my imagination to grow.20 My favorite fruit is a ______ (苹果). It is crunchy and ______ (美味).21 I love to create new __________ (名词) with my __________ (玩具名).22 My _____ (伯父) takes me fishing at the lake during summer. 我伯父在夏天带我去湖边钓鱼。
厦门2024年01版小学五年级上册英语第二单元暑期作业(含答案)考试时间：80分钟（总分:140）A卷考试人：_________题号一二三四五总分得分一、综合题(共计100题)1、填空题：Bamboo is a type of ______ (草).2、听力题：The weather is _____ today. (nice)3、填空题：The __________ (欧洲文艺复兴) began in the 14th century and changed art.4、听力题：A __________ is a creature that can live in extreme conditions.5、听力题：Chemical reactions can produce new substances with different ______.6、What is the name of the famous ancient city in Egypt?A. GizaB. LuxorC. CairoD. Alexandria答案:B. Luxor7、填空题：A rabbit can live in a ______ (洞) underground.8、What is the name of the first spacecraft to land on the Moon?A. Apollo 11B. Voyager 1C. Mars RoverD. Sputnik9、What is the opposite of "fast"?A. QuickB. SlowC. RapidD. Speedy10、听力题：A _______ is a substance that can conduct electricity when dissolved in water.11、填空题：I find ________ (药物) very interesting.12、What is the opposite of "day"?A. NightB. NoonC. MorningD. Evening答案: A. Night13、听力题：The __________ is essential for maintaining balanced ecosystems.14、听力题：I want to be a ___. (teacher)15、听力题：The chemical formula for silver nitrate is ______.16、听力题：I enjoy ______ with my family during vacations. (traveling)17、听力题：His favorite book is about a ________.18、听力题：She likes to paint ___. (pictures)19、听力题：The __________ is a large area of land covered with grass.20、填空题：My sister loves ________ (画画).21、听力题：Acids taste ______.22、填空题：古代的________ (currencies) 促进了商业活动的进行。
小学下册英语第4单元综合卷[含答案]英语试题一、综合题(本题有50小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1 How many hours are in a day?A. 24B. 12C. 36D. 482 The __________ is a large area that is covered by trees.3 What is the capital of Tunisia?A. TunisB. SfaxC. SousseD. Kairouan4 We are going to ___ cookies. (bake)5 The bison is a strong ____.6 The ________ was a major event in the history of technological advancement.7 A ______ (狗) wags its tail when happy.8 The chemical symbol for ytterbium is ______.9 My uncle works as a __________. (工程师)10 What is the term for a baby kangaroo?A. JoeyC. CalfD. Kit答案:A11 The __________ (历史的见证) enriches understanding.12 We enjoy going to the ___. (beach)13 We saw a ________ eating a snack.14 In photosynthesis, plants convert sunlight into _______.15 What is the color of snow?A. BlueB. YellowC. WhiteD. Green答案: C16 A _______ is a chemical method of preserving food.17 We visit our __________ on weekends. (祖父母)18 I enjoy going to the ______ (电影院) to watch the latest ______ (电影).19 The viper is a type of ________________ (蛇).20 A __________ is a common example of a base.21 What is the term for the effect of gravity on time?A. Time DilationB. Gravitational TimeC. Temporal DistortionD. Space-Time Continuum22 What is the name of the famous lion in "The Lion King"?b. Mufasac. Scard. Nala答案:a23 What do we call a person who studies the relationship between biology and culture?A. Biocultural AnthropologistB. SociologistC. AnthropologistD. Historian答案: A24 What do you call a person who writes music?A. ComposerB. LyricistC. ArrangerD. All of the above答案: D25 I put my shoes _____ (on/under) the bed.26 What do we call the light given off by the sun?A. MoonlightB. StarlightC. SunlightD. Firelight答案:C27 My cousin, ______ (我的表妹), enjoys playing video games.28 I want to _____ (travel) around the world.29 The _____ (花) in the garden smells nice.30 Growing plants can be a fun __________ (项目).31 What is the name of the fairy tale character who leaves a glass slipper?A. CinderellaB. Snow WhiteC. Sleeping BeautyD. Red Riding Hood答案:A32 What is the capital of Australia?A. SydneyB. MelbourneC. CanberraD. Brisbane33 My brother is _______ (seven) years old.34 The turtle can live for many _________. (年)35 The library is _______.36 I want to _____ (go/stay) home.37 The stars are ________ at night.38 The ________ was a treaty that established cooperation among nations.39 What do you call a long story about imaginary events?A. BiographyB. NovelC. PoemD. Article40 The first man on the moon was __________ (尼尔·阿姆斯特朗) in 1969.41 What is the capital of Barbados?A. BridgetownB. SpeightstownC. OistinsD. Bathsheba42 My sister is my best ______ (朋友). We play games together and share our ______ (秘密).43 What do we call the process by which plants make their food?A. DigestionB. PhotosynthesisC. RespirationD. Germination答案: B44 The ________ (地方博物馆) displays artifacts.45 Chemical reactions often produce _______ as a byproduct. (气体)46 The ________ was a significant period in the history of environmental awareness.47 What is the name of the ancient city buried by volcanic ash?A. AthensB. PompeiiC. RomeD. Carthage48 My cat loves to chase after ______ (光点).49 What do we call the science of studying living organisms?A. ChemistryB. PhysicsC. BiologyD. Geology答案:C50 The flower pot is colorful and ______.51 The __________ (历史的反响) can lead to change.52 What do we call the movement of the Earth around its own axis?A. RevolutionB. RotationC. OrbitD. Cycle53 What sound does a dog make?A. MeowB. MooC. BarkD. Quack答案:C54 What do we call the process of water turning into ice?A. MeltingB. FreezingC. EvaporatingD. Condensing55 My dad is very __________ (可靠的).56 What do we call a young goat?A. CalfC. LambD. Foal答案: B57 The __________ (历史的文化遗产) enriches our lives.58 What is the capital of Ghana?A. AccraB. KumasiC. TamaleD. Takoradi59 The capital of Brazil is __________.60 I can ______ (表达) my thoughts in writing.61 What do you call the sweet food made from milk and sugar that is often served as a dessert?A. PuddingB. CustardC. CreamD. Gelato答案: B62 My favorite activity to do on weekends is ______.63 My grandma loves to __________. (编织)64 What is the capital of Argentina?A. Buenos AiresB. SantiagoC. Montevideo65 The __________ (化学稳定性) of a substance refers to its resistance to change.66 The __________ (文化交流) has shaped societies throughout history.67 She is _____ (singing) a lullaby.68 What is the opposite of happy?A. SadB. ExcitedC. AngryD. Joyful答案:A69 I have _____ stickers in my album. (many)70 I want to create a ________ with my favorite things.71 I enjoy playing ______ outside.72 The chemical formula for benzoic acid is _______.73 I love the smell of fresh _____ (香草).74 Every holiday, I get a new ____. (玩具名称)75 The _____ (种植模型) can help visualize plant growth.76 The ______ enjoys hiking and nature.77 What do you call a person who repairs shoes?A. CobblerB. TailorC. MechanicD. Barber答案: A78 The fruit is ___. (fresh)79 The _____ (海马) is a unique fish.80 The ________ was a famous treaty that ended a long-standing conflict.81 In 1776, the Declaration of Independence was signed in _____.82 A garden can be a source of ______ and inspiration for many people. (花园可以成为许多人快乐和灵感的来源。
高二英语科学发现单选题50题1. The ______ of the light bulb by Thomas Edison had a great impact on the world.A. inventionB. discoveryC. explorationD. creation答案：A。
解析：“invention”强调创造出以前不存在的东西，灯泡是爱迪生创造发明出来的，所以选A。
“discovery”侧重于发现原本就存在但不为人知的事物；“exploration”主要指探索、探究；“creation”更侧重于创造抽象的事物或艺术作品等，在表示发明具体物品时不如“invention”合适。
2. Alexander Fleming is famous for his ______ of penicillin.A. inventionB. discoveryC. findD. creation答案：B。
解析：“discovery”指发现原本存在但未被发现的事物，青霉素原本就存在，弗莱明是发现了它，所以选B。
“invention”强调发明新的东西；“find”作名词时没有这种科学发现的含义；“creation”侧重于创造抽象或艺术等方面的东西。
3. Which of the following is the correct English term for “万有引力”that was discovered by Isaac Newton?A. Universal GravityB. General GravityC. Total GravityD. Whole Gravity答案：A。
解析：“Universal Gravity”是“万有引力”的正确英文表达。
“General”通常表示一般的、总体的；“Total”表示总数的、总计的；“Whole”表示整个的，都不能准确表达“万有引力”这个科学概念。
高二英语非虚构文本阅读挑战单选题40题1. A recent news report was about a new scientific discovery. The discovery could potentially change the way we think about energy sources. According to the report, this discovery was made by a group of researchers who had been working on it for years. What was the main purpose of this news report?A. To introduce the researchersB. To explain the history of energy sourcesC. To report on a new scientific discoveryD. To discuss the future of energy research答案：C。
解析：文章开篇明确提到A recent news report was about a new scientific discovery（一则新闻报道是关于一项新的科学发现），这表明报道的主要目的是报道这个新的科学发现，A选项介绍研究人员不是主要目的，文中只是提及是由一组研究人员做出的发现；B选项解释能源的历史，文章未涉及；D选项讨论能源研究的未来，文章没有针对这个进行阐述，所以选C。
2. In a biography of a famous scientist, it was mentioned that he overcame numerous obstacles in his career. One of the most significant was the lack of funds at the start of his research. But he didn't give up. Which word can best replace "numerous" in this context?A. FewB. SeveralC. A great manyD. Just a couple of答案：C。
桂林2024年07版小学三年级上册英语第5单元综合卷[含答案]考试时间：90分钟（总分:110）A卷考试人：_________题号一二三四五总分得分一、综合题(共计100题共100分)1. 选择题：What is the name of the famous river in China?A. YangtzeB. MekongC. GangesD. Indus答案:A2. 听力题：The water is ___. (clear)3. 选择题：What is the name of the famous clock in London?A. Big BenB. Tower of PisaC. Eiffel TowerD. Colosseum答案: A4. 听力题：They _____ (like/likes) to play outside.5. 听力题：In a chemical reaction, substances are transformed into new _____.6. 选择题：What is the name of the famous ship that brought the first settlers to America?A. MayflowerB. Santa MariaC. PintaD. Nina7. 填空题：The ________ (地形) can be very rugged.8. 听力题：The _____ (电影院) is closed today.9. 选择题：What is the name of the famous ancient civilization that built the Great Wall?A. RomansB. GreeksC. ChineseD. Egyptians答案: C10. 听力题：The cake is ________ and delicious.11. 填空题：I think it’s fun to go on ________ (远足) with friends.12. 听力题：I enjoy ______ (playing) card games.13. 选择题：What do you call a baby cow?A. CalfB. FoalC. KidD. Lamb14. 听力题：The chemical formula for glucose is _______.15. 选择题：What do we call the seasonal migration of animals?A. HibernationB. MigrationC. MatingD. Feeding答案: B16. 选择题：Which country is famous for pizza?A. ChinaB. IndiaC. Italy答案: C. Italy17. 听力题：In the periodic table, elements are organized by their ________ properties.18. 听力题：The car is _____ fast. (going)19. 选择题：What do you use to cut paper?A. ScissorsB. GlueC. TapeD. Ruler20. 填空题：The ________ is a tiny animal that makes noise.21. 听力题：A ____ flits from flower to flower gathering nectar.22. 听力题：A __________ is formed by the deposition of sediments over time.23. 听力题：We like to ________ together.24. 听力题：The bison is a strong ____.25. 选择题：What is the chemical symbol for sodium?A. NaB. SC. SoD. Sd答案: A26. 填空题：A dragonfly has beautiful ______ (翅膀).27. 选择题：What do you call a place where you can see art?A. LibraryB. GalleryD. Park28. 听力题：The bus arrives at ___ (seven/eight) o'clock.29. 选择题：Which tree produces acorns?A. MapleB. PineC. OakD. Birch答案:C30. 填空题：A ____(census) collects data about a population.31. 填空题：The __________ (气候) here is warm in summer.32. 听力题：I want to _____ (become/learn) an artist.33. 填空题：The _____ (季节) changes affect how plants grow.34. 填空题：I have a ________ (玩具机器人) that can dance and sing.35. 填空题：I can ______ (游泳) in the lake.36. 听力题：My brother is a ______. He enjoys playing basketball.37. 听力题：Limestone is formed from the remains of ______ and other organic materials.38. 选择题：What do you call the practice of raising animals for food?A. AgricultureB. HorticultureC. AquacultureD. Animal husbandry39. 听力题：The chemical formula for barium hydroxide is _____.40. 填空题：The tortoise is very _______ (耐心).41. 听力题：A strong acid can corrode _______.42. 选择题：What do we call the season when it snows?A. SpringB. SummerC. AutumnD. Winter43. 选择题：What is the capital of Canada?A. TorontoB. VancouverC. OttawaD. Montreal答案:C. Ottawa44. 填空题：My brother has a __________ (幽默感) that makes me laugh.45. 选择题：What color is the sun?A. BlueB. YellowC. GreenD. White答案:B46. 选择题：What gas do plants take in to make food?A. OxygenB. Carbon dioxideC. NitrogenD. Hydrogen答案:B47. 选择题：What do you call the study of the universe?A. AstronomyB. AstrologyC. PhysicsD. Geography答案: A48. 听力题：The bus arrives at ______ (nine) o'clock.49. 选择题：What is the name of the fairy tale character with long hair?A. Snow WhiteB. RapunzelC. CinderellaD. Belle答案:B50. 听力题：The ______ is a great motivator.51. 听力题：My family goes ________ every summer.52. 填空题：The sky is _______ at sunset.53. 听力题：In chemistry, a reagent is a substance used to cause a _____.54. 听力题：The _______ of sound can be measured in units of frequency.55. 填空题：The _______ (The Gold Rush) brought many settlers to California in the 1840s.56. 听力题：Chemical equations must be ______ to follow the law of conservation of mass.57. 填空题：The parrot has bright ______ (羽毛).58. 填空题：I found a new ____ in my cereal box. (玩具名称)59. 选择题：What is the name of the electronic device used to communicate over long distances?A. TelephoneB. ComputerC. RadioD. Television答案:A60. 听力题：The __________ is a long area of land that is surrounded by water on three sides.61. 听力题：Insects have ______ legs.62. 选择题：What is the opposite of 'hot'?A. WarmB. ColdC. CoolD. Spicy63. 填空题：Recognizing the seasonal changes in plants can enhance your ______.(认识到植物的季节变化可以增强你的观察能力。
First report of chlorinated and brominated hydrocarbon pollutants in marine bird eggs from an oceanic Indian Ocean island$Hindrik Bouwman a,n,Henrik Kylin b,c,Nee Sun Choong Kwet Yive d,Vikash Tatayah e,Katharina Løken f, Janneche Utne Skaare f,Anuschka Polder fa School of Environmental Sciences and Development(Zoology),North-West University,Hoffman Str.,P.Bag X6001,Potchefstroom2520,South Africab Norwegian Institute for Air Research,Fram Centre,NO-9296-Tromsø,Norwayc Department of Water and Environmental Studies,Link¨o ping University,Link¨o ping,Swedend University of Mauritius,Department of Chemistry,Mauritiuse Mauritian Wildlife Foundation,Grannum Road,Vacoas,Mauritiusf The Norwegian School of Veterinary Sciences,Oslo,Norwaya r t i c l e i n f oArticle history:Received20March2012Received in revised form15May2012Accepted18May2012Available online12June2012Keywords:MauritiusRodriguesCommon NoddySooty TernPBDEDDTEggshell thicknessa b s t r a c tWe report for thefirst time levels of persistent organic pollutants in marine bird eggs from an oceanicisland in the Indian Ocean,the world’s third largest ocean.Ten eggs each of the Common Noddy,alsoknown as the Brown Noddy(Anous stolidus),and Sooty Tern(Sterna fuscata)were collected from IleCocos off the coast of the island of Rodrigues,located560km east of the island of Mauritius.S PCBs hadthe highest levels(2.2and2.6ng/g wm,wet mass;20and19ng/g lm,lipid mass)for common Noddyand Sooty Tern,respectively(and following),then S DDT(1.9and3.1ng/g wm;17and23ng/g lm),andmirex(0.96and0.69ng/g wm;8.7and5.0ng/g lm).S Chlordanes(0.094and0.15ng/g wm;0.48and0.73ng/g lm)and S toxaphenes(0.26and0.61ng/g wm;2.4and5.9ng/g lm)are rare data for thesecompounds from this ocean.Brominatedflame retardants were low(0.08and0.07ng/g wm;0.7and0.7ng/g lm).Multivariate analyses indicated different contamination patterns in the prey items asSooty Terns had significantly higher levels of mean S chlordanes and S toxaphenes,as well as CB105,-108and-157.p,p0-DDE had an association with thinner eggshells in the Sooty Tern.Although thecontaminant levels were in all respects low,industrialisation,development on the periphery,commercial exploitation of the marine environment,and pollutants transferred over long distancesby marine debris is likely to add to chemical pressure in this region.Monitoring changes in backgroundlevels of pollutants in remote regions will indicate such trends,and marine bird eggs from Rodrigueswould be an excellent site.&2012Elsevier Inc.All rights reserved.1.IntroductionOne of the major characteristics of persistent organic pollu-tants(POPs,as defined by the Stockholm Convention)is thepotential for long-range transport(LRT).Combined with beingbioaccumulative and toxic,POPs pose a threat in isolated areasworldwide as it is found in many biotic and abiotic media(interalia Bargagli,2008;Braune et al.,2001;Chen and Hale,2010;Savinova et al.,1995;Tanabe et al.,2004).It is therefore surpris-ing that the world’s third largest water body,the Indian Ocean(Costello et al.,2010),is so deficient in information regarding POPresidues in the environment.What is available is about POPs inwater and air(inter alia Chen and Hale,2010;Tanabe et al.,1982;Tanabe et al.,2004;W¨url et al.,2006),coastal sediment(Barasaet al.,2007),plastic pellets(Ogata et al.,2009),dolphins(Mwevura et al.,2010),and pelagicfish(inter alia Ueno et al.,2004;Ueno et al.,2005).PCB residues were reported forfish andsediment from Saint Paul and Amsterdam Islands(Monod et al.,1995),and in plankton south–west of Africa(Joiris and Overloop,1991).Even less is known about brominatedflame retardantresidues in the Indian Ocean(Chen and Hale,2010;Li et al.,2011).Although not a POP,PAHs have been measured in oysters fromMayotte(Thomassin et al.,2011).Much more POP information isavailable from the adjacent Southern Ocean(inter alia Bustneset al.,2007;Court et al.,1997;Guruge et al.,2001;Tanabe et al.,2004;van den Brink et al.,2011).Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirectjournal homepage:/locate/envresEnvironmental Research0013-9351/$-see front matter&2012Elsevier Inc.All rights reserved./10.1016/j.envres.2012.05.009$Funding sources:Funding was provided by the South African RegionalCooperation Fund for Scientific Research and Technological Development andthe South African Norwegian Programme for Research Cooperation,both adminis-tered by the South African National Research Foundation.Permission to collectand transport eggs was obtained from the following:National Parks and Con-servation Service of the Ministry of Agro Industry,Food Production,and Security,Mauritius,and the Commission for Agriculture,Natural Resources,Rehabilitation,and Water Resources,Rodrigues Regional Assembly.n Corresponding author.Fax:þ27182992503.E-mail address:henk.bouwman@nwu.ac.za(H.Bouwman).Environmental Research118(2012)53–64The only information we couldfind on POPs in marine bird eggs from any Indian Ocean island was by De Kock and Randall (1984)reporting on PCBs and organochlorine pesticides in penguin,gannet,and cormorant eggs from a South Africa coastal island at the far western part of the Indian Ocean.De Kock and Boshoff(1987)also reported on POPs in marine bird eggs from mainland colonies along the coast of South Africa,and POPs were reported for marine bird tissue from the coast of India(Kunisue et al.,2003).Given the global importance of POPs,the role of seabirds in marine ecology,and seabirds as indicator of contam-ination(Mallory et al.,2010),the lack of knowledge on POPs in marine bird eggs from any oceanic island in the Indian Ocean needs to be addressed.We report here on levels of POPs,including to our knowledge the veryfirst reports of brominatedflame-retardants,chlordanes,and toxaphenes,in any marine bird egg from the Indian Ocean.2.Methods2.1.Species and sampling siteWe concentrated on colonial breeding species,avoiding those that are rare or endangered.Both species selected for this study are terns(family Sternidae).The Common Noddy,also known as the Brown Noddy(Anous stolidus),weighs about 185g and is40cm long(Gochfeld and Burger,1996).Based on a study from the Seychelles(Catry et al.,2009),Common Noddies forage at intermediate distances from shore(50–300km),and feed its chicks mainly onfish items(90%of induced regurgitated prey items)consisting mainly of Mullidae(40%),Carangidae(10%), Engraulidae(15%),Exocoetidae(3%),andfish larvae(17%).Cephalopods made up 11%of the items.The Sooty Tern(Sterna fuscata)weighs about180g and is42cm long,and usually forages more than300km offshore(Gochfeld and Burger,1996). The Sooty Tern is also the most abundant tropical marine species,with6million pairs estimated to breed in the southwest Indian Ocean(Feare et al.,2007; Jaquemet et al.,2008).Its chicks regurgitated very much the same prey items as the Common Noddy;82%of thefish items were made up of Mullidae(35%), Carangidae(10%),Engraulidae(9%),Exocoetidae(19%),andfish larvae(1%)(Catry et al.,2009).Cephalopods contributed18%of prey items.Mean prey lengths were almost the same;70.0mm and70.7mm for Common Noddy and Sooty Tern, respectively.The Morisita–Horn overlap index of dietary composition indicated a significant overlap of0.851between the two species(Catry et al.,2009).Another study on regurgitated prey items of Sooty Tern chicks from four different islands in the Mozambique Channel and Seychelles by the same team found that they were fed significantly different proportions of types of food,reflecting changes in prey availability and seasonality of breeding(Jaquemet et al.,2008).The foraging and breeding ecology of the Sooty Tern was concluded to be adaptive to season and prey availability.Sooty Terns breed exclusively on the ground in large colonies,and Common Noddies breed on the ground and on branches in some-what looser aggregations(personal observations,Vikash Tatayah,and Mauritian Wildlife Foundation).The island of Rodrigues(Fig.1),560km east of Mauritius,is an autonomous region of the Republic of Mauritius,has a land area of110km2,40,000inhabitants, and no industrial plants.Handicraft industry,agriculture,tourism,andfishing are the major economic activities.There are an estimated5000–10,000and 5000–6500annual breeding pairs of Common Noddy and Sooty Tern,respectively, on Ile Cocos and Ile aux Sable,an‘Open Nature Reserve’of Rodrigues(Fig.1)(Jones et al.,2010).After an absence of almost a century,Sooty Terns re-colonised Ile Cocos and Ile aux Sable in the mid1980s.The closest colony is on St Brandon’s Rock(Cargados Carajos Shoals)550km to the northeast(estimated300,000pairs, unpublished data),and Ile aux Serpents offshore of Mauritius and575km away, with about200,000–250,000pairs(Feare et al.,2007).It is presumed that the colony on Ile Cocos and Ile aux Sable was re-established by birds from Bird Island in the Seychelles(1950km away)as birds ringed in the Seychelles in the1990s were sighted on Ile Cocos in2009and2012(personal observations by Mauritian Wildlife Foundation personnel).2.2.Egg collection and preparationPermission to collect eggs from Ile Cocos was obtained from two authorities: the National Parks and Conservation Service of the Ministry of Agro Industry,FoodFig.1.Location of Rodrigues and Ile Cocos in the Indian Ocean.H.Bouwman et al./Environmental Research118(2012)53–6454Production and Security,Mauritius,and the Commission for Agriculture,Natural Resources Rehabilitation and Water Resources,Rodrigues Regional Assembly.On 10December2008,ten eggs from ground nests of each species were collected from the breeding colonies on Ile Cocos,wrapped in foil,and frozen on the same day.Collections were done in partnership with local authorities and conserva-tionists from the Mauritian Wildlife Foundation.Both species lay single eggs (Ricklefs and White,1981),and Sooty Terns may lay a second egg when an egg is removed(Feare,1976).In Mauritius,the eggs were thawed and the egg contents homogenised with an ultrasonic homogeniser.The probe was thoroughly cleaned between samples by wiping with tissue paper,rinsing with soapy water,double distilled water, followed by pesticide grade acetone and hexane.Samples were individually stored frozen in HDPE containers and shipped to Norway where they arrived frozen. Membranes attached to the eggshells were removed with careful rinsing,placed in labelled individual foil containers,and dried in a desiccator for three months. Eggshell thickness at the equator was measured with an electronic calliper (Kroeplin B2R20S)accurate to1m m.2.3.Extraction and analysesThe chemical analyses were performed in the accredited Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology at the Norwegian School of Veterinary Science (NS–EN ISO/IEC17025(TEST137)).Because we expected low concentrations and to save costs,a pool of each species was analysed to determine target compounds for individual sample analyses.The levels of brominatedflame retardants were so low that they were excluded from individual sample analyses, but levels obtained for pooled samples were included in Table1.The extraction and clean-up procedures were based on Brevik(1978),modified as described elsewhere(Bouwman et al.,2008;Helgason et al.,2008;Polder et al.,2008b). Briefly,2–3g of the homogenised sample was weighed and the internal standards CB29,À112andÀ207(Ultra Scientific,RI,USA)added to all samples,as well as 10ml grade1water,HPLC grade cyclohexane and glass-distilled acetone(3:2) (Rathburn Chemicals Ltd.,Walkerburn,UK),and NaCl(6%;Merck KGaA,Darm-stadt,Germany).Additional internal standards BDE77,À119and13C-209 (Cambridge Isotope Laboratories,Inc.,Andover,MA,USA)were added only to the pooled samples.Liquid–liquid extraction was performed.The extracts were centrifuged(2095g),the supernatant removed,concentrated and adjusted to5ml. Lipid determination was done gravimetrically;a1ml aliquot of the extract was placed in tared glass containers and evaporated to dryness in a sand bath (401C)until the mass stabilised.Extracts were treated twice with concentrated sulphuric acid(Fluca Analitical,Sigma Aldrich,USA)to remove lipids.The lipid-free extract was then concentrated(evaporated)under a gentleflow of nitrogen gas(99.6%)to0.4ml on a sand bath at401C,and transferred to amber GC-vials.A complete description of the GC analysis is provided elsewhere (Polder et al.,2008a).Integration and calculation was done using MSD Chemstation(G1701version D.01.00;Agilent Technologies,Avondale,PA).The target ions for PBDEs and HBCD were m/z79/81,for BDE209m/z485and487,and for13C-BDE209at m/z495and497.Limits of detection(LOD)were defined as three times the noise level.For all components,five-to eight-point linear calibration curves were used and calculations were done within the linear range for the component.The method’s quality control included three blanks per series of15,a blind chicken egg sample,spiked recovery samples(also chicken egg)and an in-house reference sample.The results of the quality parameters were within acceptable ranges.The recoveries ranged between75–146%(median101%)for OCs and 91–139%(median108%)for BFRs.The laboratory’s accredited analytical quality has been approved by several international intercalibration tests.Acceptable results were obtained in2008–2011in EURL EUPT-AO06;FAPAS test no.0580; MOE for NCP III phase4and5;AMAP;CRL EUPT-AO03,04,05,as well as the Interlaboratory Comparison on HBCD in Biological Samples by the Norwegian Institute of Public Health,Oslo,Norway.2.4.Data treatmentData were analysed using GraphPad Prism version5.04for Windows,Graph-Pad Software,San Diego California USA().Most of the data were log-transformed,using only positive quantifications.T-tests were unpaired and two-tailed,and significance in all cases is p o0.05.Multivariate analysis using MjM Software PC-ORD version6.07()was conducted to investi-gate patterns of associations between the species and pollutants,and influence of pollutants on eggshell thickness.We used Nonmetric Multidimensional Scaling (NMS)as it avoids the assumption of linear relationships among variables by using ranked distances to linearise the relationships between measured distances in ordination space.NMS deals much better with0for o LOQ than other ordination methods(McCune and Grace,2002).The distance measure was relative Sørensen. Pollutant data were relativised for each egg to investigate pollution profiles using relative proportions of the pollutants.Random starting configurations were used with250runs of real data.Monte Carlo tests were done with250runs of randomised data.Final stress can be interpreted as follows:o5excellent,5–10good,10–20general picture good,but not in detail,420not good(McCune and Grace,2002).To investigate possible linear relationships between compounds and eggshell thickness,a PCA(principle component analysis)on untransformed data was conducted(999runs)using variance/co-variance for the cross-product matrix.PC-Ord was also used to conduct non-hierarchical indicator analysis for compounds between the two species to derive indicator values(IV),using the method of Dufrˆe ne and Legendre(1997),with a Monte Carlo test of significance of the observed maximum indicator values with4999permutations.This test as used here combines the relative concentrations of31compounds(excluding the BDEs and CHB44)with it relative frequency of occurrence in the eggs of each species.3.Results3.1.AnalysesAnalytical data are presented in Table1based on wet mass (wm)and lipid mass(lm).Wet mass was used for statistical analyses and most of the discussion because embryonic metabo-lism in the egg affects lipid content(Herzke et al.,2002;Speake et al.,1998).Lipid-mass based data are included for comparisons with other sources.The compounds quantified are shown in pounds that were not detected were CB28(LOQ 0.014ng/g wm),BDEsÀ99,À153,À154,À183,À206,À207,À208,(LOQs0.01–0.16ng/g wm),PBT(pentabromotoluene), PBEB(pentabromoethylbenzene),DPTE(2,3-dibromopropyl-2,4,6-tribromophenyl ether),HBB(hexabromobenzene),and BTBPE(1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane)(LOQs0.005–0.025ng/g wm).The toxaphene CHB-40was present but could not be quantified.BDE209,although detected,was present in concentrations lower than the highest detected level in the procedural blanks and therefore not reported in Table1.HBCD could not be quantified due to technical issues.3.2.Measurements and concentrationsSooty Tern eggs(mean26.5g)were significantly(p¼0.00002; t-test)lighter than Common Noddy eggs(mean30.8g).Fig.2A shows the eggshell thickness and lipid content of the eggs.The Common Noddy had significantly thicker shells(p¼0.0095) and marginally lower lipid content(p¼0.0507;t-tests).Fig.2B and C illustrates the levels and distribution of chlorinated com-pounds in the two tern species.Sooty Terns had significantly higher mean S chlordane and S toxaphene,but lower mirex (Fig.2B;t-tests).Although mean S DDT and S PCB were higher in Sooty Tern eggs(Fig.2C),the differences were not significant. For the individual PCB congeners,Sooty Terns had significantly higher CB105,À118,andÀ157(Fig.2D).Although data for PBDEs were only available for pooled samples,S PBDE was slightly higher in Common Noddy(Table1).Table2presents comparative data from other sources.Fig.3shows the NMS ordination of the pollutant profiles of the individual eggs,in a bi-plot with the compounds indicated by vectors.Final stress was6.46for a two-dimensional solution.Axis 1explained86.4%of the ordination,and Axis210.8%,for a cumulative of97.2%.All Common Noddy eggs except CN9had positive loadings on axis two,and all Sooty Tern eggs were negatively loaded.The two longest compound vectors were for p,p0-DDE and CHB26.p,p0-DDE(the longest vector)oriented parallel to Axis1.Sooty Tern eggs are spread along Axis1(the first dimension),indicating a wider range of concentrations in Sooty Tern eggs(also shown in the wide spread in Fig.2C).Sooty Tern eggs in the direction of the p,p0-DDE vector(to the left of the origin)have higher levels,and lower in the opposite direction.The vector for CHB26(the2nd longest vector)is oriented almost perpendicular to p,p0-DDE,indicating that the sources of theseH.Bouwman et al./Environmental Research118(2012)53–6455two compounds are unrelated,as well as CHB26having higher levels in Common Noddy eggs.3.3.Eggshell thicknessEggshell thickness for the two species cannot be plotted as a descriptive variable on the same bi-plot (Fig.3)as this variable differed significantly between the two species (Fig.2A).PCA plots of the individual species with eggshell thickness as a descriptive variable showed no pattern for Common Noddy,but the eggshell thickness and p,p 0-DDE vectors for Sooty Tern (Fig.4)were in opposing directions;increasing thickness is directly opposite increasing p,p 0-DDE levels in dimensions 1and 3.Axis 1explained 98.9%of the variance and the plot was rotated 501.This means that thinner eggshells were associated with higher levels of p,p 0-DDE.All other compound vectors were perpendicular to the thickness and p,p 0-DDE vectors and therefore had no influence on eggshell thickness.ST37,the thinnest eggshell at 0.258mm was 8.3%thinner than the median thickness of 0.283mm.3.4.Indicator analysisThe indicator values are presented in Table 1.Mirex was the only significant indicator for the Common Noddy.For Sooty Tern eggs,g -HCH,cis -nonachlor,CB-66,À105,À118,À157,and all toxaphenes were significant indicators.These compounds are therefore more likely to have higher levels in their respective species than the other.4.Discussion4.1.Species comparisonsThe Sooty Tern and Common Noddy are of comparable size and mass and share many types of food (Catry et al.,2009),but the eggs differ in terms of eggshell thickness and lipid%(Table 1,Fig.2A).The shells of Sooty Tern eggs were 13%thinner than the shells of Common Noddy eggs (Fig.2A).The Sooty Tern eggs were also 14%lighter (see Section 3.2)but contained 17%more lipid than the Common Noddy eggs (Table 1,Fig.2A).This suggests that Sooty Terns provide proportionally more lipids to their embryos and chicks than Common Noddies.This might be to accommodate for longer absences from the nests during incuba-tion and chick development as Sooty Terns forage further from shore than Common Noddies.Incubation of the Sooty Tern and Common Noddy are 26–33days and 28–37days,respectively,and fledging periods are 56–70and 40–56days,respectively,followed by post-fledging dependency (Gochfeld and Burger,1996).Such comparisons,and how pollutants may interact with incubation,fledging and post-fledging dependency,needs further investigation.In one of the few studies on pollutants in marine birds from the western Indian Ocean,Catry et al.(2008)detected no differences in trophic feeding ecology based on stable isotopes in feathers or blood,nor any differences in mercury levels between the Sooty Tern and Common Noddy,despite the differ-ences (though overlapping)in prey items and foraging ecology.On the other hand,Ramos and Tavares (2010)found that lower levels of mercury in feathers of inshore foraging species fromtheFig.2.Box and whisker plots (horizontal lines are medians,25and 75%confidence intervals,and minima and maxima)of:(A)Eggshell thickness (left axis)and egg lipid content (right axis)for Common Noddy (C Noddy)and Sooty Tern (S Tern).(B)of log concentrations of S chlordanes,S HCHs,S toxaphenes (S CHB),and HCB and pounds with a þprefix indicate significant differences between species.(C)Log concentrations of S DDT and S PCBs.(D)Log concentrations of individual PCB congeners.Congeners with a þprefix indicate significant differences between species.H.Bouwman et al./Environmental Research 118(2012)53–6458Seychelles compared with offshore feeding species such as the Sooty Tern.Unfortunately,Common Noddy was not sampled.Offshore feeding species,Ramos and Tavares (2010)explained,feed at higher trophic levels.It must also be kept in mind that levels of pollutants in eggs reflect pre-breeding food intake by the female,while chick feathers reflect carry-over from the egg as well as prey items provided by both parents during fledging.Sooty Terns also start laying eggs from 6years upwards,the longest juvenile (non-breeding)stage of any of the terns (Gochfeld and Burger,1996).The longer period before breeding may result in higher levels of accumulation of pollutants in the female Sooty Tern.Whatever the case may be,even if the lipid-based concentrations would be the same between species,a higher lipid content in the egg would result in more hydrophobic compounds in the egg reflected in wet-mass based concentrations.4.2.Brominated compoundsThe two species had comparable levels of the quantifiable BDE47and BDE100(near LOQs;Table 1).Compared with marine bird data from other regions,the tern eggs from Rodrigues had levels of S PBDE an order of magnitude less (Tables 1and 2).The absence of detectable levels of almost all brominated compounds analysed for,especially PBT,PBEB,DPTE,HBB,and BTBPE is notable as these compounds have been detected in remoteregions such as in Arctic air (M ¨oller et al.,2011).No results werelisted in the global review on PBDEs in birds from the Indian Ocean (Chen and Hale,2010).We could trace only two articles reporting brominated compounds from the Indian Ocean.A single sample of Skipjack Tuna muscle from Seychelles had no detect-able PBDEs (LOQs 0.02–5ng/g lm;Ueno et al.,2004).High con-centrations of brominated compounds of biogenic origin were detected in the blubber of dolphins (up to 210,000ng/g lm in mature males)caught as by-catch between Zanzibar and main-land Tanzania (Mwevura et al.,2010),but anthropogenic bromi-nated compounds were masked by organochlorine compounds and could not be determined.anochlorinesThe organochlorine levels in the two tern species are provided in Table 1,Fig.2B–D,and are compared with other data in Table 2.Although both species had low levels in all respects,Sooty Tern eggs had significantly higher S chlordanes and S toxaphenes,with mirex significantly higher in Common Noddy eggs (Fig.2B).For S HCH,HCB,S DDT and S PCB,there were no differences (Fig.2B and C),suggesting differences in their food and foraging beha-viours.Mean levels of CB74,À99,105,À118,À138,À153,À156,À157,À170,À180,À183,and À194were higher in Sooty terns than in Common Noddy,but only CB-105,À118and 157were significantly higher.Offshore feeding species,Ramos and Tavares (2010)explain,feed at higher trophic levels,probably accounting for the generally higher levels of pollutants we found in Sooty Tern eggs.Because the egg reflects accumulated and metabolised pollu-tants in food foraged by the female prior to egg laying,species-related differences in pollutants of prey items,foraging ecology,and breeding cycles is more likely to be reflected in egg contents during this period than in chick feathers during fledging.During fledging,adult foraging patterns change (Young et al.,2010),but changes in prey abundance might also be in effect (Catry et al.,2009).Mcleay et al.(2009)found that Crested Tern chicks were fed with smaller prey items than normally consumed by the adults,and Morrissey et al.(2010)found that female passerines utilised higher trophic level food prior to egg laying.The sig-nificant differences in organochlorine content (Table 1and Fig.2B–D),although not large in absolute terms,probably reflect these differences and changes.Sooty Tern females therefore,probably consume prey with a slightly higher organochlorine content (except for mirex)before egg laying than Common Noddy females.4.4.Multivariate analysesFig.3shows the results of an NMS analysis of the eggs and compound profile.Axis 1was oriented in the directions of p,p 0-DDE and p,p 0-DDT (opposing),and Axis 2in the directionofFig.3.NMS biplot of relativised compounds and individual eggs.Final stress was 6.46for a two-dimensional solution.Axis 1explained 86.4%of the ordination,and Axis 210.8%,for a cumulative of 97.2%.H.Bouwman et al./Environmental Research 118(2012)53–6460mon Noddy eggs were mostly associated with HCHs,PCBs,mirex,and some of the chlordanes,while Sooty Tern was more associated with CHB-26and p,p 0-DDD.Interestingly,the two species separated distinctly,again indicating females of the two species utilising food with different compound profiles.Multivariate indicator analyses (Table 1)showed that mirex was significantly more likely to have higher levels in Common Noddy than in Sooty Tern eggs,while most all of the toxaphenes,as well as the pesticides g -HCH and cis -nonachlor were more likely to be significantly higher in Sooty Tern eggs.Again,this analysis shows differences in pollutants in the prey of the female tern species.Sooty Terns had higher mean and median p,p-DDE than Common Noddy (Table 1),but the difference was not significant (p ¼0.2132;t-test).Sooty Tern eggs also had a larger variation in compound profile,mainly in the direction of p,p 0-DDE (Figs.3and 4).investigated this association with eggshell thickness.Although weak,a maximum of 8%thinner shells (compared with the median)was associated with higher p,p 0-DDE levels.Although p,p 0-DDE is associated with eggshell thinning in many species (Bowerman et al.,1995;Fry,1995),the low levels detected (max 9.3ng/g wm in Sooty Tern egg ST37)is far below levels expected to induce such effects.However,the perpendicularity of all other compound vectors on the thickness (Fig.4)variable is remarkable as it shows no association whatsoever with eggshell thickness and p,p 0-DDE.Levels of DDE in other species and colonies in association with eggshell thickness need more attention before firmer conclusions can be drawn.4.5.Possible sourcesMeasured in air from the Indian Ocean,BDE47,À49,À99,and À100were the most prominent,with BDE47contributing more than 60%(BDE209was not measured)(Li et al.,2011).The pattern was ascribed to air sourced from the Indian sub-continent and presumed to originate from e-waste recovery activities from the West and South coasts of India.In the absence of any other data from the region and the very low levels of BDE in the eggs,aerial long-range transport seems a contributing source.However,a single Kelp Gull egg from the Atlantic coast of South Africa (Velddrif,near the city of Cape Town)contained 55%BDE47out of a S PBDE of 0.9ng/g wm (Table 2,and Polder et al.,2008b ),suggesting other possible sources or processes.Temporal air data of organochlorines over the Indian Oceanwas interpreted by W ¨urlet al.(2006)for surveys done in 1976,1989,1990,2004/5.The sampling cluster closest to Mauritius was about 1500km away to the north,near the Chagos Atoll and Maldives.From 1976to 2005,S DDT and S HCH decreased by up to two orders of magnitude.PCBs in air were not measured prior to 2005,but further to the east near Sri Lanka,a similar reduction was found.However,back trajectories showed different source areas for the air;in 1976,it was from the Bay of Bengal,in 2005itwas mainly oceanic from the east.W ¨urlet al.(2006)attributed the main sources of PCBs as from open burning and military activities on some islands.The only HCH isomer with insecticidal effect is g -HCH,which when purified is marketed as lindane,while theenvironmentallyFig.4.PCA biplot of untransformed compounds in Sooty Tern eggs and eggshell thickness.Axis 1explained 98.9%of the variance and the plot was rotated 501.H.Bouwman et al./Environmental Research 118(2012)53–6461。
