语言学 期末考试 复习材料

一、选择（20个）二、判断（10~20个）三、填空（5分）四、词语解释（3个，各5分）五、简答（2个，各10分；其中一个是语用学）六、句子分析（4个）IC analysis 是倒着的树形图Chomsky 是有S, NP,VP…与其中的树形图。

1. Phonetics & Language Introduction:1. There is no logical connection between meaning and sounds. A dog might be a pig if only the first person or group of persons had used it for a pig. This is ______one of the design features of language.A. dualityB. arbitrarinessC. productivityD. displacement2. Language is a system of two sets of structures, one of sounds and the other of meaning. This is ______ . It makes people possible to talk everything within his knowledge.A. dualityB. arbitrarinessC. productivityD. displacement3. _____ refers to the ability to construct and understand an indefinitely large number of sentences in one‘s native language, including those that he has never heard before, but that are appropriate to the speaking situation.A. dualityB. arbitrarinessC. productivityD. displacement4. _____ refers to the fact that one can talk about things that are not present, as easily as he does things present. The dog couldn‘t be bow-wowing sorrowfully for some lost love or a bone to be lost.A. dualityB. arbitrarinessC. productivityD. displacement5. ______ means language is not biologically transmitted from generation to generation, but the linguistic system must be learnt anew by each speaker.A. dualityB. ArbitrarinessC. interchangeabilityD. cultural transmission6. ______ means that any human being can be both a producer and a receiver of messages.A. dualityB. ArbitrarinessC. interchangeabilityD. cultural transmission7. To say “How are you. ”“Hi”to your friends is the _______of language.A. directive functionB. informative functionC. phatic function (adj. 交流感情/交际应酬的)D. interrogative function8. “Tell me the result when you finish.”If you want to get your hearer to do something, you should use the _____ function of language.A. directive functionB. informative functionC. phatic functionD. interrogative function9. A linguist regards the changes in language and language use as _____.A. unnaturalB. something to be fearedC. natural C. abnormal10. A linguist is interested in _______.A. speech sounds onlyB. all soundsC. vowels only C. consonants only11. Which of the following sounds is a voiceless bilabial stop?A. [t]B. [m]C. [b]D. [p]12. Which of the following sounds is a voiced affricate?A. [y]B. [t∫]C. [z]D. [dЗ]13. Which of the following sounds is a central vowel?A. [ ə ]B. [ i ]C. [ou]D. [a: ]14. In the following sounds , ______ is a palatal fricative ?A. [ s ]B. [∫]C. [ l ]D. [θ]15. In the following sounds , ______ is a voiceless affricative ?A. [dЗ]B. [ v ]C. [t∫]D. [θ]16. In English if a word begins with a [ l ] or [ r ],then the next sound must be a ____.A. fricativeB. nasal soundC. semi-vowelD. vowel17. Of the “words”listed below, _____ is not an English word ?A. [r∧b ]B. [ læ b ]C. [məsta:∫]D. [lmæp]18. _____ are produced when the obstruction created by the speech organs is total and audibly released.A. Back vowelsB. StopsC. Fricatives C. Glides19. The International Phonetic Association devised the INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET in ______.A. 1965B. 1957C. 1888D. 178820. ____ is a phonological unit , and it is a unit that is of distinctive value.A. PhoneB. PhonemeC. AllophoneD. SoundII. Tell which statements are true or false.1. [ f ] is a dental consonant.2. Phonology studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methodsfor their description, classification and transcription.3. Phoneme is a phonological unit.4. Phone is a phonetic unit.5. When we study the different [ p ]’s in “[ pit ], [tip ], [spit ]”, they are similarphones which belong to phonetics.6. But the three [ p ] belong to the different phoneme / p /.7. The three / p / are allophones.8. ‘peak’is aspirated , phonetically transcribed as [ph]; ‘speak’isunaspirated （不送气的）phonetically[ p=].9. [ph ], [p=] do not belong to the same phoneme / p /.10. [p h] and [ p=] are two different phones, and are variants of the phoneme / p /,which is called ALLOPHONES of the same phoneme.key: BACDD CCACA DDABC DDBCB FFTTT FTTFTI. Choose the best choice(语音)1. Which is a voiced bilabial stop?A. [m]B. [v]C. [p]D. [b]2. Which is a voiceless affricate?A. [w]B. [f]C. [t∫]D. [n]3. Which is monophothong?A. [i]B. [au]C. [ai]D. [ei]4. Which is a voiceless bilabial stop?A. [p]B. [m]C. [b]D. [t]5. Which is a voiced affricate?A. [j]B. [z]C. [t∫]D. [dЗ]6. Which is a central vowel ?A. [i]B. [ə:]C. [ou]D. [a:]7. In English if a word begins with [l] or [r] , then the next sound must be a ____.A. fricativeB. nasal soundC. semi-vowelD. vowel8. Which is a palatal fricative?A. [s]B. [k]C. [∫]D. [l]9. Which is not a English word?A. [r ٨b]B. [læb]C. [sta:∫]D. [ lmæp]10. Which is a unaspirate?A. skyB. killC. likeD. kite2. Semantics 练习1._______ is not included in Leech‘s associative meaning.A. Connotative meaningB. Social meaningC. Collocative meaningD. Thematic meaning2. Among Leech‘s seven types of meaning is concerned with the relationship betweena word and the thing it refers to _______.A. conceptualB. affectiveC. reflectedD. thematic3. According to the referential theory, a word is not directly related to the thing it refers to. They are connected by ______.A. meaningB. referenceC. conceptD. sense4.‖Big‖ and ―Small‖ are a pair of ______ opposites.A. complementaryB. gradableC. completeD. Converse5. The p air of words ―lend‖ and ―borrow‖ are ______.A. gradable opposites B, converse opposites C. co-hyponyms D. synonyms6. A word with several meaning is called ______ word.A. a polysemousB. a synonymousC. an abnormalD. a multiple7. The semantic components of the word ―gentleman‖ can be expressed as ___.A. +animate, +male, +human, -adultB. +animate, +male, +human, +adultA. +animate, -male, +human, -adult D. + animate, -male, +human, +adult8. _____ is a phrase which can only be understood as a unit, not as a summation of themeaning of each constituent word.A. CollocationB. IdiomC. Semantic componentD. Synonym9. In the triangle advanced by Ogden and Richards, ―thought or reference‖ is____A. word, sentenceB. the objectC. conceptD. symbol10. A linguistic is interested in _____.A. What is said.B. What is right both in syntax and in semantics.C. What is grammaticalD. What ought to be said.11. The pair of words ―lend‖ and ―borrow‖ are _____.A. gradable oppositesB. relational oppositesC. synonymsD. co-hyponyms12. Nouns, verbs, and adjectives can be classified as _____.A. Lexical wordsB. grammatical wordsC. function wordsD. form words13. What is the meaning relationship between the two words ―flower/tulip‖ ?A. PolysemyB. HomonymyC. HyponymyD. Antonymy14. The words ―railway‖ and ―railroad‖ are _____.A. synonyms differing in emotive meaningB. dialectal synonymsC. collocationally-restricted synonymsD. synomyms differing in styles15. The pair of words ―wide/narrow‖ are called____.A. gradable oppositesB. complementary antonymsC. co-hyponymsD. relational opposites16. Which of the following two-term sets shows the feature of complementaries?A. single/marriesB. lend/borrowC. hot/coldD. old/youngDACBB _BBBB BACBA AII. Answer the questions with “Yes”or ―No‖ .1.Is reference tied to a particular time and place? Y2.Every word in a language can find at least one referent in the objective world. ?N3.Can different expressions have the same referent? Y4.Can reference be applied to words such as ―and‖ ,‖very‖ in English? NIII.State the following sen tences ―True‖ or ―False‖.1. Sense is regarded as a kind of intra-linguistic relationship. T2. In most cases, ―sense‖ and ―meaning‖ are different terms for the same thing. T3. Every word has its own sense. F4. A word may have several different senses and several words may have the samesense. T5. Extension, like denotation, is a kind of relation between elements and theobjective world. T6. Extension can only be applied to the things at present. F7. The relation between extension and intension is the same as that betweendenotation and sense. T8. People of different cultures may choose different prototype for the same predicate,e.g. ‗bus‘. T9. All the words in a language can be used to refer , but only some have sense. F10. Two synonymous words must be identical in sense in every dimension. F11. There are very few perfect synonyms in a language. T12. Entailment is more inclusive than paraphrase. T13. Almost every word in a dictionary is polysemic. T14. Dry and wet are a pair of gradable antonyms. T15. Innocent and guilt are a pair of relative antonyms. F Complementary16. The relationship between the Argument and Predicate is Subject to predicate.F17. The meaning of each expression can be defined in terms of its semanticcomponents so as to contrast with the meaning of all the expressions in the same language. T18. The proposition of a sentence may be more simply stated as a verb and aselection of case ---categories. T19. According to case grammar, the part of proposition in a sentence is a tensed setof relationships between a verb and a noun phrase ( or noun phrases).IV. What role does each of the underlined phrases play?1.John hit Fred on the head with a brick.A Ex Loc Ins2.James heard the news from Peter. Ex. O Source3.Mr. Smith made a vase out of this clay. A Resu Source4.These books were given to my sister by John. O Bene A5.Smoke filled the room. Ins LocV. Do the following pairs of sentences synonymous? What is the difference between them.1.He refused her invitation. GeneralHe declined her incitation. polite Y2.The young man had no gust to face the reality. ColloquialThe young man had no courage to face the reality. Y general3. A torrent of rain inundated the basement. literaryA torrent of rain flooded the basement. common4. His proposal was turned down by the committee. colloquial(口语的)His proposal was rejected by the committee intense5.Susan has recently rented a flat in this area. BESusan has recently rented an apartment in this area. AE6.Eric bought a new car for his parents on the day of their 25th anniversary. genEric purchased a new car for his parents on the day of their 25th anniversary.formal7.They came to pay their respect to the deceased. professionalThey came to pay their respect to the dead. General8.This stuff has a bad smell. slangThis material has a bad smell. CommonVI. Write down the logic formulae for the following simple propositions:1.John loves his family. L(j,f)2.Matha is the aunt of Peter. Aunt (m,p)3.Jack is lying in bed. Lie (j, b)4.Ellen is proud of her son. Proud (e, s)5.Jim returned the book to the professor. Return (j,b, p)6.VII. Fill in the blanks in the following passage by choosing the appropriate word.Semantics is the study of ______(1) of language. It is one of the three components of _______(2) . According to Chomsky‘s theory , it is at the _______(3) level of language. Semantics concentrates on the _______(4) between languages, rather than on the _______(5).Most language utterances（话语）depend for their interpretation upon the ________(6) in which they are used, and the vast majority of them have a ________(7) range of meanings than first come to mind. It may seem to you that meaning is so vague, insubstantial, and elusive that it is impossible to come to any clear, concrete, or tangible conclusions about it. Although many kinds of behavior can be described as _______(8), the range, diversity and complexity of meaning expressed in language is unmatched in any other human or non-human communicative behavior. And linguistic________(9) ----the study of meaning in language was neglected very largely in the past because meaning was felt to be inherently ______(10) and at least temporarily beyond the scope of ______(11) investigation. Largely as a result of Chomsky‘s theory of ______ (12) grammar, and the technical advances made in linguistics, in logic and philosophy of _______(13) , linguistic semantics is currently enjoying a very considerable revival of interest.1. A. grammar B. structure C. phonetics D. meaning2. A. linguistics B. grammar C. morphology D. syntax3. A. surface structure B. deep structure C. linguistic D. philosophical4. A. form B. similarity C. differences D. meaning5. A. substance B. difference C. similarities D. grammar6. A. words B. sentences C. structure D. context7. A. wider B. narrower C. more accurate D. clearer8. A. productive B. effective C. informative D. communicative9. A. stylistics B. philosophy C. semantics D. grammar10. A. stable B. unstable C. social D. arbitrary11. A. independent B. philosophical C. linguistic D. human12. A. traditional B. transformational C. structural D. systemic13. A. language B. semantics C. the world D. human mind.DABBB DADCB DBA3. Exercises to Pragmatics1.According to C.Morris and R. Carnap, _____is studies the relationshipbetween symbols and their interpreters.A. SyntaxB. SemanticsC. PragmaticsD. Sociolinguistics2. There are ______deixis in the sentence ― she has sold it here yesterday. ‖.A. 3B. 4C. 5D. 63. We can do things with words ---- this is the main idea of ______.A. the speech Act theoryB. the Co-operative principlesC. the Polite principlesD. pragmatics4. _____refers to the utterance of a sentence with determinate sense and reference.A. Locutionary actB. Illocutionary actC. Perlocutionary actD. Speech act5. _____ may be used as an example of indirect speech act.A. ―I hereby declare Mr. Williams elected.‖B. ―Good morning!‖C. ―could you open the window?‖D. ―I command you to report at 6 in the morning tomorrow. ‖6. In the following conversation:A: Beirut is in Peru, isn’t it?B: And Rome is in Romania, I suppose.B violates the _____.A. Quantity MaximB. Quality MaximC. Relation MaximD. Manner Maxim7. The maxim of _____ requires that a participant‘s contribution be relevantto the conversation.A. quantityB. qualityC. mannerD. relation8. For the following conversation:A: Did you see my book in the classroom this morning?B: I was in the library._____ is the conversation implicature.A.B saw A‘s bookB. B was not in the classroom that morningC. B did not see A‘s bookD. B stole A‘s book.9.Pragmatics differs from traditional semantics in that is studies meaningnot in isolation, but in _____.A. relationshipB. dependenceC. sentenceD. context10. _____ of a sentence depends on the context in which the sentence is uttered.A. Sentence-meaningB. Utterance-meaningC. The referenceD. The meaning11. _____ act expresses the intention of the speaker.A. LocutionaryB. IllocutionaryC. PerlocutionaryD. Speech act12. What cooperative maxim is violated in the following dialogue?A: Can you answer the telephone?B: I‘m in the bath.A. relationB. qualityC. quantityD. manner13. A: Do you know where Mr. Brown is ?B: Somewhere in the suburbs of the city.Speaker B violates the maxim of _______.A. qualityB. quantityC. mannerD. relation14. A: The hostess is an awful bore. Do you think?B: The roses in the garden are beautiful, aren‘t they?Speaker B violates the maxim of _______.A. qualityB. quantityC. mannerD. relation15.. A: This bag is a little bit heavy.B: Let me help you.What is the illocutionary act of speaker A?A: This bag is heavy.B: I don‘t want to carry it away.C.Could you help me with this bag?D.I‘m very happy about it.16. A: The dress she is wearing is beautiful, isn‘t it ?B: The pattern is nice.What cooperative maxim does speaker B observe?A. QualityB. QuantityC. MannerD. Relation17. Speech Act Theory was proposed by _____ in the late 50‘s of the 20thcentury.A. John AustinB. John SearleC. Paul GriceD. Chomsky18. One of the contributions ____ has made is his classification of illocutionaryacts.A. John AustinB. John SearleC. Paul GriceD. Halliday19. Cooperative principle was found by _____.A. Paul GriceB. John SearleC. John AustinD. Levinson20. According to Austin‘s theory of speech act, act is using a _____ sentenceto convey one‘s intention.A. PerlocutionaryB. locutionaryC. illocutionaryD. indirect speech.21. A(n )‖_____‖ means that some sentences, in the utterance and theseeming performance of a speech act, perform a certain illocutionary act indirectly.A. direct speech actB. indirect speech actC. illocutionary actD. utterance22. The _____ provided great philosophical insight into the nature of linguistic communication.A. speech act theoryB. CP theoryC. communicative competenceD. linguistic competence23. According to Searle, speech acts fall into ______ general categories.A. fourB. fiveC. sixD. seven24. There are ____ maxims under the cooperative principle.A. FiveB. fourC. twoD. three25. _____ resulted mainly from the expansion of the study of linguistics, especially that of semantics.A. PragmaticsB. pragmatismC. phonologyD. Practicalism26. Once the notion of _______ was taken into consideration, semantics spilled into pragmatics.A. meaningB. contextC. formD. content27. ____ act theory is an important in the pragmatic study of language.A. SpeakingB. SpokenC. SoundD. Speech28. All the utterances that can be made to serve the same purpose may vary in their _____ form.A. syntacticB. semanticC. grammaticalD. pragmatic29. Linguistics found that it would be impossible to give an adequate description of meaning if the ______ of language use was left unconsidered.A. brevityB. contextC. accuracyD. none of the above30. Of the three acts, linguists are most interested in the _______.A. locutionary actB. perlocutionary actC. illocutionary actD. none of the above31. The maxim of quality requires, do not say what you believe to be _____.A. falseB. trueC. briefD. orderly32. Most of the violations of the maxims of the CP give rise to _____.A. utterance meaningB. speech act theoryC. conversational implicaturesD. all of the above33. Pragmatics is a study ofA. language learningB. language acquisitionC. language planningD. language in useCBAAC CDCDB BABDC DABAC BABBA BDABB ACDII. True or false questions1.Speech act theory was proposed by Austin and has been developed by Grice. F2.Searle suggests 5 basic categories of illocutionary acts as follows: assertives,commissives, expressives, directive and declaratives. T 表述句，受约句，表情句，指令句，陈述句3.―We can do things with words‖ ----this is the main idea of the Speech Act Theory.T4.―I hereby declare war ‖ is the typical utterance of ―speech act theory‖. T5.At first , Austin classifies utterances into two types: constatives and performatives.T6.―Locution‖ means the speaker‘s intention. F7.―Perlocution‖ is used to bring effects on the audience. T8.―Can you pass me the salt, please? ‖ is a questi on, but it is a direct speech act. F9.In a certain sense pragmatics studies how words influence the interpretation ofutterances. F not words but contextual features F10.―Pragmatics ― is the study of meaning that is not accounted for in semantics. T11.―In Semantics‖ the sentence meaning should be studied. T X表达什么意义x12.― In pragmatics ‖ the utterance meaning should be studied. T X想表达什么13.The CP Principle, put forward by P. Grice, has four maxims, for writing as wellas speaking. F14.Deixis is a technical term for one of the most basic things we do with utterances.T15.―What‘s that?‖ that is a location deixis. F person dPragmatics is concerned with the study of _16____ as communicated by a speaker and interpreted by a listener. It has consequently __17___ to do with the analysis of what people mean by their utterances than what the words or phrases in those utterances might mean by __18__. __19___ is the study of speaker meaning.16. A. speech B. meaning C. utterance D. communication B17. A. less B. impossible C. possible D. more D18. A. itself B. himself C. themselves D. yourself C19. A. Semantics B. Context C. Syntax D. Pragmatics D4. Exercises to Chapter 4 SyntaxI. General view of syntax1. Syntax: studies the rules governing the way words are combined to form sentences.2. gender: as masculine, feminine, neuter, or animate, and inanimate.3. case: the syntaxtic relationship between words. Teacher‘s , kiss him宾格，主格，与格，芬兰语有15种格4．Concord: agreement: a syntactic relationship agree with each other.5. Government : A word determines the form of others.支配关系6. langue and paroleLangue: abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community. StabilityParole: actual speech7. signified (concept) and signifier (sound image)1. 所指 2 能指之间的关系是任意的8. syntagmatic and paradigmatic relationsSyntagmatic: what precedes or follows9. synchronic and diachronic linguistics10. ―Rheme‖ ―Theme‖负载交际能力最小的是主位。