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definitions of linguistics

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1.Linguistics:

Linguistics is generally a scientific study of language. It is a major branch of

social science. Linguistics studies not just one language of any society, but the

language of all human society, language in general.

nguage:

Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human

communication.

ngue & Parole:

Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of

a speech community, and parole refers to the realization of language in actual

use, or the actual or actualized language.

4.Functionalism & Formalism:

Functionalism: the study of the forms of language in reference ot their social

function in communication.

Formalism: the study of the abstract forms of language and their internal

ralations.

petence & Performance:

Competence: a language user’s underlying knowledge about the system of

rules.

Performance: the actual use of language in concrete situations.

6.Synchronnic Linguistics:

The study of a language at some point of time in history.

7.Diachronic Linguistcis:

The study of a language as it develops through time.

语言学各研究分支的定义:

8.Phonetics:

Phonetics studies speech sounds, including the production of speech, that is

how speech sounds are actually made, transmitted and received the sounds of

speech, the description and classification of speech sound, words and connected

speech etc.(The study of sounds used in linguistic community led to

establishment of a branch of linguistics called phonetics. How speech are

produced and classified.)

9.Phonology:

The study of how speech sounds function in a language.

10.Morphology:

The study of the way in which these symbols are arranged to from words

has constituted the branch of study called morphology. How morphemes are

combined to from words.

11.Syntax:

The study of how words are combined to form sentences.

12.Semantics:

The study of meaning in abstraction.

13.Pragmatics:

The study of meaning is conducted, not in isolation, but in context of use.

14.Psycholinguistics:

The study of language and mind: the mental structures and processes which

are involved in the acquistion, comprehension and production of language.

15.Sociolinguistics:

The study of the relations between language and society.

16.Phoneme:

The smallest phonological units of language.

17.Morpheme:

Morpheme is the smallest unit of language in terms of realationship

between expression and content, a unit that cannot be divided into further

smaller units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether it

is lexical or grammatical.

18.IC Analysis:P75

The approach that linguistic units can be parts of larger constructions and

may themsevles also be constructions composed of smaller parts.

19.Constituent:

A word or a group of words that function as a single unit in a hierarchical structure.

20.TG grammar:

It is a model which consisted of three parts: a set of phrase structure rules,

transformation rules and morphophonemic rules.

21.Sense & Reference:

Sense is to be defined in terms of relationships which hold between the

linguistic elements themselves(mostly words), it is concerned with

intralinguistic relations.

Reference deals with the relationship between the linguistic elements and the

non-linguistic world of experience.

ponential Analysis:

The semantic theory that all lexical items can be analyzed into a set of

semantic features or semantic components which may be universal is called

componential analysis.

23.Naming Theory:

The view that the meaning of an exprssion is what it refers to or names is

often called naming theory.

24.Deixis:

Deixis refers to the phenomenon wherein understanding the meaning of

certain words and phrases in an utterance requires contextual information.

25.Speech Act Theory:

A theory about language used to do things.

26.Cooperative Principle:

Make your contribution such is required at the stage at which it occurs, by

the accepted purpose or direction of the exchange in which you are engaged.

And this principle is known as the cooperative principle.

27.Conversational Implicature:

The extral meaning not contained in the literal utterances, understandable

to the listener only when he shares the speaker’s knowledge or knows why and

how he violat intentionally one of the 4 maxims of the cooperative principle.

28.Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis:

Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis has 2 parts. The first is called linguistic

determinism, and the second part is called linguistic relativity.

29.Linguistic Determinism:

Language determines our way of thingking.

30.Linguistic Relativity:

The resulting cognitive systems are different in speakers of different

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Quiz 6

I. Directions:

Column B provides the explanations of the words in Column

A. Match the words in Column A and the definitions in Column B.

A B

_______1) accumulation A. behaving in an angry, threatening

way

_______2) assert B. probability

_______3) aggressive C. to state firmly that something is true

_______4) conflict D. without thinking about what you are

doing, esp.

because you do it often

_______5) hesitate E. a large number of things which have

been collected

together or acquired over a period of time

_______6) likelihood F. to pause before you do or say

something, often

because you are uncertain or nervous

_______7) absorb G. to take in, esp. gradually

_______8) available H. far away in space or time

_______9) mechanical I. able to be obtained, used or reached

_______10) remote J. fighting or a war

杨忠语言学笔记

杨忠语言学笔记

- 1 - Linguistics

Chapter 1 Introduction: Language and Linguistics

 What is language?

 Different definitions of language

 Language is a system whose parts can and must be considered in their

synchronic solidarity. (de Saussure, 1916)

 [Language is] a set (finite or infinite) of sentences, each finite in length

and constructed out of a finite set of elements. (Chomsky, 1957)

 Language is a purely human and non-instinctive method of

communicating ideas, emotions and desires by means of voluntarily

produced symbols.

 Each of the definitions above has pointed out some aspects of the essence of

language, but all of them have left out something. We must see the

multi-faceted nature of language.

 As is agreed by linguists in broad terms, language can be defined as a

system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.

语言学教程课后习题答案第一章资料(最新整理)

语言学教程课后习题答案第一章资料(最新整理)

Chapter 1 Invitations to Linguistics

1. Define the following terms:

design feature: the distinctive features of human language that essentially make human language

distinguishable from languages of animals.

function: the role language plays in communication (e.g. to express ideas, attitudes) or in

particular social situations (e.g. religious, legal).

synchronic: said of an approach that studies language at a theoretical ‘point’ in time.

diachronic: said of the study of development of language and languages over time.

prescriptive: to make authoritarian statement about the correctness of a particular use of language.

descriptive: to make an objective and systematic account of the patterns and use of a language or

variety.

arbitrariness: the absence of any physical correspondence between linguistic signals and the

Cognitive Approach

Cognitive Approach

An Introduction of Cognitive Approach

1. The Cognitive Approach (or the cognitive-code method / learning) is an approach

to FLT which is based on the belief that language learning is a process which

involves active mental process and not simply the forming of habits.

2. The Cognitive Approach gives important to the learner’s active part in the process

of using and learning a language, particularly in the learning of grammatical

rules. The Cognitive Approach lays emphasis on the conscious acquisition of

language as a meaningful system and it seek a basis in cognitive psychology and

in transformational grammar.

3. As the Audio-lingual Method was on the decline in the 1960s and many shortcomings

were found in it, the Cognitive approach developed as an alternative, in response

to the criticisms leveled against audio-lingualism.