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Unit One核心员工的特征大卫·G．詹森1核心员工究竟是什么样子的?几乎每次进行调查时，我都会从雇主们那里听到“核心员工”这个名词。
我请一位客户——一位正参与研究的人事部经理，给我解释一下。
“每家公司都有少数几个这样的员工，在某个专业领域，你可以指望他们把活儿干好。
在我的小组中，有七名化工流程工程师和生物学家，其中有那么两三个人是我赖以生存的，”他说，“他们对我的公司而言不可或缺。
当请你们公司替我们招募新人的时候，我们期待你们会去其他公司找这样的人：其他公司经理不想失去的员工。
我们只招募核心员工。
”2这是一段充满了鼓动性的谈话，目的是把猎头们派往竞争对手的公司去游说经验丰富的员工们做一次职业变更。
他们想从另一家公司招募核心员工。
然而，每家公司也从新人中招人。
他们要寻找的是完全一样的东西。
“我们把他们和公司顶级员工表现出的特质进行对照。
假如他们看起来有同样特征的话，我们就在他们身上赌一把。
”只是这样有点儿冒险。
3“这是一种有根据的猜测，”我的人事经理客户说。
作为未来的一名员工，你的工作是帮助人事部经理降低这种风险，你需要帮助他们认定你有潜力成为一名核心员工。
4特征1：无私的合作者职业顾问和化学家约翰·费策尔最早提出了这个特征。
关于这个特征，人们已经写了大量的文章。
它之所以值得被反复谈及，是因为这一特征是学术界和企业间最明显的差别。
“这里需要合作，”费策尔说，“企业的环境并不需要单打独斗，争强好胜，所以表现出合作和无私精神的员工就脱颖而出了。
在企业环境中，没有这样的思维方式就不可能成功。
”5许多博士后和研究生在进行这种过渡的过程中表现得相当费力。
因为生命中有那么长一段时间他们都在扮演一个独立研究者的角色，并且要表现得比其他年轻的优秀人才更出色。
你可以藉此提高在公司的吸引力：为追求一个共同的目标和来自其他实验室和学科的科学家们合作——并且为你的个人履历上的内容提供事迹证明。
这个方法，加上你在描述业绩时开明地使用代词“我们”，而不是“我”，能使公司对你的看法从“单干户”转变成“合作者”。
UNIT 7 The Rise of Intellectual Property Protection in the American University美国大学中知识产权保护的兴起1 Intellectual property scarcely existed in the vocabularies of U.S. academic researchers and甚至在15年前知识产权在美国学术研究人员和管理人员的词汇中还几乎不存在administrators even 15 years ago. Now it is an ever-present part of discussions on research而现在已成为讨论研究政策和方向时不可缺少的一部policies and directions. This new importance of intellectual property in academia reflects a分。
知识产权在学术界所具有的新的重要性反映了人们对研究性changing view of the relationships of research universities to the surrounding society. Until大学与周围社会的关系的看法正在发生变化。
直到recently, research at universities has been relatively isolated from demands of economic utility,最近，大学的研究还一直是相对脱离经济需求的，and education of graduate students has emphasized a career in academic research as the final研究生的教育一直把学术研究作为最终的目标。
goal. The university’s contentment with this relati ve isolation was affected by two major events 二十世纪80年代后期和90年代初两个重大事件对大学相对脱离社会的自我满足现状of the late 1980s and early 1990s: the fall of the Berlin wall, leading to an expected decrease in产生了影响。
研究生英语阅读综合教程上Reading More翻译Unit1Why Do We Work?Lawyers practice a difficult and demanding profession.They expect to be well compensated.In thinking about what that means,it can help to consider the basic question,“Why do we work?”Samuel Johnson supplied an obvious answer when he famously observed,“No man but a blockhead ever wrote，except for money.”But I am not being paid to write this article,and instead of labeling myself a blockhead,let me refer to the insight of eminent psychologist Theodor Reik:"Work and love—these are the basics.Without them there is neurosis."律师们从事的是一项要求很高又费神的职业。
他们期待优厚的报酬。
在思考这句话的含义时，考虑一下这个基本问题会对我们有所帮助：“我们为什么工作？”塞缪尔·约翰逊在他的著名论断“除了笨蛋没有人会写作，除非为了钱。
”中显然给出了答案。
但我写这篇文章时并没有人付我钱。
，而且我非但不会把自己当作傻瓜，还想引用一下著名的心理学家西奥多·赖克的深刻见解：“工作和爱——这是基本需求。
没有这两样，人就会得神经官能症。
”Why do we work?For money,but also for sanity.We expect and need to be compensated in nonmonetary ways.Noneconomic compensation matters to top-flight lawyers—otherwise,they would have long ago fled to investment w firms that want to recruit and retain the best (and the sanest)must compensate not only in dollars but also in psychic gratification.Accordingly, managers of elite firms need to think consciously about what lawyers are looking for beyond money.Here are some key noneconomic elements of compensation.我们为什么工作？为钱，也为有明智的头脑。
Unit7 Human NatureText A A Woman of Rare Beauty Shares Words of Rare GraceJames Stephen Behrens1 It is said that the true nature of being is veiled. The labor of words, the expression of art, and the seemingly ceaseless human thought all have in common the need to get at what really is so. The hope to draw close to and possess the truth of being can be a feverish one. In some cases it can even be fatal, if pleasure is one’s truth a nd its attainment more important than life itself. In other lives, though, the search for what is truthful gives life.2 I used to find notes left in the collection basket, beautiful notes about my homilies and about the writer’s thoughts on the daily sc riptural readings. The person who penned the notes would add reflections to my thoughts and would always include some quotes from poets and mystics he or she had read and [ remembered and loved. The notes fascinated me. Here was someone immersed in a search for truth and beauty. Words had been treasured, words that were beautiful. And I felt as if the words somehow delighted in being discovered, for they were obviously very generous to the as yet anonymous writer of the notes. And now this person in turn learning the secret of sharing them. Beauty so p shineswhen given away. The only truth that exists is, in that sense, free.3 It was a long time before I met the author of the notes. One Sunday morning, I was told that someone was waiting for me in the office. The young person who answered the rectory door said that it was ‘‘ the woman who said she left all the notes. ” When I saw her, I was shocked, since I immediately recognized her from church but had no idea that it was she who wrote the notes. She was sitting in a chair in the office with her hands folded in her lap. Her head was bowed and when she raised it to look at me, she could barely smile without pain. Her face was disfigured, and the skin so tight from surgical procedures that smiling or laughing was very difficult for her. She had suffered terribly from treatment to remove the growths that had so marred her face.4 We chatted for a while that Sunday morning and agreed to meet for lunch later that week. As it turned out we went to lunch for several times, and she always wore a hat during the meal. I think that treatments of some sort had caused a l ot of her hair to fall out. We shared things about our lives. I told her about my schooling and growing up. She told me that she had worked for years for ^ insurance company. She never mentioned family, and I didn’t ask. We spoke of authors we both had read, and it was easy to tell that books are a great love of hers.5 I have thought about her often over the years and how she struggled in a society that places an incredible premium on looks, class, wealth andall the other fineries of life. She suffered from a disfigurement that cannot be made to look attractive. I know that her condition hurt her deeply.6 Would her life have been different had she been pretty? Chances are it would have. And yet there was sensitivity and a beauty to her that had nothing to do with looks. She was one to be listened to, whose words were so easy to take to heart. Her words came from a wounded but loving heart, very much like all hearts, but she had more of a need to be aware of it, to live with it and learn from it. She possessed a fine-tuned sense of beauty. Her only fear in life was the loss of a friend.7 How long does it take most of us to reach that level of human growth, if we ever get there? We get so consumed and diminished, worry about all the things that need improving, we can easily forget to cherish those things that last. Friendship , so rare and so good, just needs our care—maybe even the simple gesture of writing a little note now and then, or the dropping of some beautiful words in a basket, in the hope that such beauty will be shared and taken to heart.8 The truth of her life was a desire to see beyond the surface for a glimpse of what it is that matters. She found beauty and grace and they befriended her, and showed her what is real.(772words)。
Reference NotesUnit 7 Exploring Human NatureReading FocusOn Human NatureInformation notes1.This passage is adapted from "What is human nature?", a chapter in An EternalCareer, written by Frank and Lydia Hammer, the companion book to their another book Life and Its Mysteries(1945). Published in 1947 by Dorrance Publishing Company in Philadelphia, An Eternal Career was scanned at in June 2007. It is the largest freely available archive of online books about religion, mythology, folklore and the esoteric on the Intemet. The site is dedicated to religious tolerance and scholarship, and has the largest readership of any similar site on the web.This passage follows the typical format of an argumentative with reasoning being the main means of argumentation. The beginning paragraph introduces the main idea: Human nature is the basis of chal'acter, the temperament and disposition; it is that indestructible matrix upon which the character is built, and whose shape it must take and keep throughout life. The body part unfolds the characteristics of human nature. And the ending paragraph concludes the text by echoing the point of the second paragraph: human nature does not and can not change. Further, the author points out that we can only endeavor to understand man as he is.The most striking feature in terms of language style is the frequent use of rhetoric techniques. The parallelism, in particular, appears for eight times within a passage less than 900 words. It is the co-work of such techniques as simile, metaphor, personification, repetition and rhyme that create the effect of being lucid, concise and convincing.2.The exploring and defining of human nature has always been a topic of interestamong philosophers, politicians, and writers across all of the written history. There are a lot of interpretations for us to refer to concerning the characteristics of human nature:Sigmund Freud, founder of psychoanalysis, holds that man is bad, and that all men are innately evil and aggression lies within them as a part of his nature. ThomasHobbes (1588—1679), an English philosopher, believes that humans are bom equal.He identifies three principle causes of quarrel in the nature of man: competition, diffidence (or distrust), and glory. Competition is for gain, diffidence is for safety, and glory is for reputation. It is the competitive human nature that renders people apt to invade and destroy one another. William Shakespeare, in the play Hamle t, shows human nature to be greedy, self-involved and vengeful. In his work The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg, Mark Twain portrays the town of Hadleyburg as greedy, hypocritical, and morally vulnerable with his outstanding tone of humor and satire. Human nature from his viewpoint embraces two significant factors: socially acquired consciousness about morality, and the greedy, instinctive desire for material wealth. Throughout the story of The Strange Case Dr. Jekyll and Mr.Hyde, the author, Robert Louis Stevenson,presents his assumption of a dual human nature--the good side and evil side exist in everyone. He gives the impression that human nature is a constant battle between good and evil.参考译文我对人类的了解越多，对他们的期望就越低。
unit7北师教育硕⼠英语课⽂翻译及课后答案Unit 7Text A Why Marriages FailI. Exploring the Texti. Comprehension of the Text1. Questions on the author’s ideas and techniques1) The essay largely develops in a mixing pattern, consisting of both cause-and-effect pattern andproblem-and-solution pattern. Paragraph 1 to 6 focus on the causes of marriage failure and paragraph 7 to14 focus on the solution for marriage crisis.2) For reference2. True or false questions1) F 2) T 3) T 4) T 5) F 6) Fii. Critical ReadingInvestigating the writing background1) Purpose: explain and persuade2) The pronoun “we” and the expression “All right” (in Par. 13) shorten the distance between the author and the readers, and it seems the author is talking with her readers instead of imposing her opinions. Therefore, the essay will be more readily accepted.3) Source: a magazine of Family Weekly4) Intended readers: adults in general, especially those who are involved in marriage crisis5) Authorities: Dr. Carl A. Whitaker in paragraph 3 and Sigmund Freud in paragraph 4. The purpose is to be persuasive. II. Activating Your Vocabularyi. Matching1) e 2) f 3) a 4) h 5) b 6) c 7) d 8) i 9) j 10) gii. Fill in the blanks1) rang with 2) nibble away 3) addiction 4) trying 5) suffocates6) forge 7) chaos 8) project 9) peril 10) compromises11) turning to 12) gambled away 13) compulsive 14) cling toIII. Enriching Your Word Poweri. Fill in the blanks1) childhood 2) bankruptcy 3) achievement 4) completion 5) accuracy6) argument 7) parenthood 8) suitability 9) election 10) responsibilityii. Connotative meaning1) negative 2) positive 3) positive 4) positive5) negative 6) positive 7) negative 8) positiveIV. Challenging Your GrammarExercise:1)She likes cooking, jogging, and reading.2)Alice ran across the yard, jumped over the fence, and sprinted down the alley.3) The coach told the players that they should get a lot of sleep, that they should not eat toomuch, and that they should do some warm-up exercises before the game.4)The manager was asked to write his report quickly, accurately, and thoroughly.5) The dictionary can be used for these purposes: to find word meanings, pronunciations, correctspellings, and irregular verbs.V. Practicing Your Translation Skillsi. Translate the following into Chinese因此不难发现，沟通对幸福的婚姻何等重要。
研究生英语综合教程(下)系列教材翻译参考译文[unit1-unit6]Unit 1愉悦舒适不能指引你领略人生的全部，与逆境的艰苦搏斗常常会使人生变得丰富而有意义。
幸福隐藏的另一面凯思琳•麦克高恩1飓风、房屋失火、癌症、激流漂筏失事、坠机、昏暗小巷遭歹徒袭击，没人想找上这些事儿。
但出人意料的是，很多人发现遭受这样一次痛苦的磨难最终会使他们向好的方面转变。
他们可能都会这样说:“我希望这事没发生，但因为它我变得更完美了。
”2我们都爱听人们经历苦难后发生转变的故事，可能是因为这些故事证实了一条真正的心理学上的真理，这条真理有时会湮没在无数关于灾难的报道中:在最困难的境况中，人所具有的一种内在的奋发向上的能力会迸发出来。
对那些令人极度恐慌的经历作出积极回应的并不仅限于最坚强或最勇敢的人。
实际上，大约半数与逆境抗争过的人都说他们的生活从此在某方面有了改善。
3诸如此类有关危机改变一生的发现有着可观的研究前景，这正是创伤后成长这一新学科的研究领域。
这一新兴领域已经证实了曾经被视为陈词滥调的一个真理:大难不死，意志弥坚。
创伤后压力绝不是唯一可能的结果。
在遭遇了即使最可怕的经历之后，也只有一小部分成年人会受到长期的心理折磨。
更常见的情况是，人们会恢复过来—甚至最终会成功发达.4那些经受住苦难打击的人是有关幸福悖论的生动例证:为了尽可能地过上最好的生活，我们所需要的不仅仅是愉悦的感受。
我们这个时代的人对幸福的追求已经缩小到只追求福气:一生没有烦恼，没有痛苦和困惑。
5这种对幸福的平淡定义忽略了问题的主要方面——一种富有意义的生活所带来的那种丰富、完整的愉悦。
那就是幸福背后隐藏的那种本质——是我们在明智的男男女女身上所欣赏到并渴望在我们自己生活中培育的那种不可言喻的品质。
事实证明，一些遭受苦难最多的人——他们被迫全力应付他们未曾预料到的打击，并重新思考他们生活的意义——或许对那种深刻的、给人以强烈满足感的人生经历(哲学家们过去称之为对“美好生活”的探寻)最有发言权。
Unit 1 对F的赞美1今年将有好几万的十八岁青年毕业，他们都将被授予毫无意义的文凭。
这些文凭看上去跟颁发给比他们幸运的同班同学的文凭没什么两样.只有当雇主发现这些毕业生是半文盲时，文凭的效力才会被质疑。
2最后，少数幸运者会进入教育维修车间——成人识字课程，我教的一门关于基础语法和写作的课程就属于这种性质。
在教育维修车间里，高中毕业生和高中辍学生将学习他们本该在学校就学好的技能，以获得同等学力毕业证书。
他们还将发现他们被我们的教育体系欺骗了。
3在我教课的过程中，我对我们的学校教育深有了解。
在每学期开始的时候,我会让我的学生写一下他们在学校的不快体验.这种时候学生不会有任何写作障碍！“我希望当时有人能让我停止吸毒，让我学习。
"“我喜欢参加派对，似乎没人在意.”“我是一个好孩子，不会制造任何麻烦，于是他们就让我考试通过，及时我阅读不好,也不会写作。
”很多诸如此类的抱怨。
4我基本是一个空想社会改良家，在教这门课之前我将孩子们的学习能力差归咎于毒品、离婚和其他妨碍注意力集中的东西，要想学习好就必须集中注意力。
但是，我每一次走进教室都会再度发现，一个老师在期望学生全神贯注之前,他必须先吸引学生的注意力，无论附近有什么分散注意力的东西。
要做到这点,有很多种办法，它们与教学风格有很大的关系。
然而,单靠风格无法起效，有另一个办法可以显示谁是在教室里掌握胜局的人。
这个办法就是亮出失败的王牌。
5我永远也忘不了一位老师亮出那张王牌以吸引我的一个孩子的注意.我的小儿子是个世界级的万人迷，学习不怎么动脑筋却总能蒙混过关.直到施蒂夫特夫人当了他的老师，这种局面才彻底改变了。
6当她教我儿子英语时，我儿子是一个高中高年级学生。
“他坐在后排和他的朋友说话.”她告诉我。
“你为什么不把他换到前排来？”我恳求道。
我相信令他难堪的做法会让他安心学习。
施蒂夫特夫人从眼睛上方冷冷地看着我.“我不会换高年级学生的座位."她说，“我会给他们不及格的成绩."我大感紧张。
UNIT71. Several leading modern business leaders seem, surprisingly, to downplay the importance of strategy. You can make too much fuss about strategy, they imply--- you have a few clear options; just choose one and get on with it. is it really that simple?2. “Strategy is straightforward---just pick a general direction and implement like hell.”Jack Welch, for example---the chairman and CEO of the USA’s General Electric Company; the man who grow the company from a market capitalization of $27 billion to a $140 billion, making GE the largest and most valuable company in the world. he must know a thing or two about strategy. But here’s what he says: “In real life, strategy is actually very straightforward. You pick a general direction and you implement like hell.”Or Allan leighton, the man who was recruited by Archie Norman to help res cue the UK’s ailing Asda supermarket chain, and went on to build the company into one of Britain’s most successful retailers. “Strategy is important,” says Leighton, “but it is a compass, not a road map. It tells you in which direction you are heading, but the important bit is how you get there.”Or Louis Gerstner, the man who rescued IBM in the 1990’s when the struggling mainframe supplier was about to be driven into extinction by the new, smaller and more agile personal computer manufacturers. “It is extremely difficult to develop a unique strategy for a company; and if the strategy is truly different, it is probably highly risky. Execution really is the critical part of a successful strategy. Getting it done, getting it done right, getting it done better than the next person is far more important than dreaming up new visions of the future.”3. So strategy is simple. And having an ingenious new strategy is less important than carrying it out successfully. In fact it might be dangerous. It that right?Let’s look at one last quote from Mr. Welch. “When I became CEO in 1981, we launched a highly publicized initiative: be number one or number two in every market, and fix, sell or close to get there. This was not our strategy, although I’ve often heard it descri bed that way.It was a galvanising mantra to describe how we were going to do business going forward. Our strategy was much more directional. GE was going to move away from businesses that were being commoditized toward businesses that manufactured high-value technology products or sold services instead of things.”Grand strategy versus strategy4. I would argue that these CEO’s blue chip corporations are taking a slightly Olympian view of the concept of “strategy.” Let’s call what hey are talking about “grand strategy” a strategy, but in the overarching sense, like the American car industry saying that they are going to move out gas-guzzlers and into smaller, more fuel-efficient models. 1.一些领先的现代企业领导人似乎，奇怪的是，淡化战略的重要性。
你可以对策略太过计较，他们暗示---你有几个明确的选择，只需选择一个，并应对它就可以了。
难道真的那么简单吗？2. “策略很简单- 只需选择一个大方向，然后拼命地实施。
”例如- 美国的通用电气公司董事长兼首席执行官杰克·韦尔奇，把市场资本增长从270亿美元升到1400亿美元，使得GE成为世界上的最大和最有价值的公司。
他必须对战略略知一二。
但这是他说的：“在现实生活中，战略其实很直截了当。
你选择一个大方向，然后拼命地实现它。
”或者阿伦.雷特顿，被阿奇诺曼所聘用，以帮助拯救英国疲弱的阿斯达连锁超市，并继续将公司建设成英国最成功的零售商之一的人是这样看待战略的：“战略是非常重要的，”他说，“但它是一个指南针，而不是一个地图。
它会告诉你，你正朝着哪个方向前进，但重要的一点是你如何到达那里。
”或者路易斯.格斯特纳，在1990年的时候挽救IBM，当时这个苦苦挣扎的主机供应商即将被新的，更小的，更灵活的个人电脑制造商所淘汰。
他眼中的战略是：“对一个公司来说发展一个独一无二的战略是极其困难的；如果战略是真的不同，那么它可能是极其危险的.执行确实是一个成功的战略的重要组成部分。
做完它，做对它，做得比别人好远比憧憬未来更重要。
“3.因此策略很简单。
具有独创性的新战略没有成功地实现它重要。
事实上，这可能是危险的。
是这样吗？让我们来看看韦尔奇说过的一句话。
“当我在1981年成为首席执行官[GE]的时候，我们推出了广为宣传的口号：在每一个市场成为头号或排名第二，为达目的不惜整顿，出售或关闭。
这不是我们的战略，虽然我常常听到有人那么说。
这是一个激励人心的口头禅来形容我们的业务应该向什么方向发展。
我们的策略不仅仅是方向性的。
通用电气公司打算从生产商品化产品转向生产高附加值的科技产品或出售服务替代出售产品。
“大战略与策略4. 我认为，这些CEO的蓝筹公司都对战略概念采取了稍微涵盖一切的观点。
让我们把他们所谈论的“大战略”称为一个战略，但这是在总体意义上来说的，就像美国汽车业说，他们会从高耗油车辆转型到更小，更省油的车型。
And perhaps this is where Allan leighton and Louis Gerstner were comingfrom in their earlier quotes. “It was simple,” Leighton might say. “Asda had always been abo ut value.” Or Gerstner might say: “It was simple. We had to get IBM back to thinking about customer service.” Maybe, for a chief executive, that’s strategy---and rightly so. But I can’t agree with Welch when he says that “Be number in every market, and fix, sell or close to get there” was not a strategy.It was, in my humble opinion, a very clear business strategy: one of the many strategies that Welch must have employed in pursuit of his grand strategy, to move out of commodities. And I also don’t believe (as Leighton and Gerstner appear to believe) that “low level” strategy is simple or easily chosen, even once the grand strategy is clear, or that it is difficult to devise a radically new strategy.A battle of wits5. Strategy is about detailed planning; a battle of wits between the leader/manager and whatever forces he or she is pitted against. Even relatively simple business initiatives require “strategic” thinking---the need to act in a way that moves you closer to the final goal, rather than in a way that merely solves the immediate problem.6. Napoleon Bonaparte was, in my opinion, one of the greatest strategic thinkers of history, a brilliant planner and a masterful logistician. In a career studded with brilli ant victories, Napoleon’s most overwhelming strategic victory was perhaps his campaign of 1805, when he made a preemptive strike against the armies of Austria and Russian who were combining forces to invade France.He dispatched 210,000 troops from northern France to the Danube, collecting 25,000 Bavarian allies along the way: an unprecedented number of men travelling more than two hundred miles in the remarkably short time of thirteen days. Napoleon surprised the Austrians with both the speed and direction of his attack, cutting them off in the fortress city of Ulm on the upper reachesof the Danube. The Austrian General Mack was forced to surrender his 30,000 men without any significant battle having been fought.Napoleon’s impetuous commander of cavalry then failed to execute Napoleon’s plan to encircle the Russian army in a similar way, leaving Napoleon in a very exposed position, even though his cavalry commander did achieve the trophy victory of occupying Vienna, the Austrian capital. French troops were tired after eight weeks of campaigning; their lines of communication were very stretched.Napoleon’s impetuous commander of cavalry then failed to execute Napoleon’s plan to encircle the Russian army in a similar way, leaving Napoleon in a very exposed position, even though his cavalry commander did achieve the trophy victory of occupying Vienna, the Austrian capital. French troops were tired after eight weeks of campaigning; their lines of communication were very stretched. 也许这就是阿伦.雷特顿和路易.斯格斯特纳先前所说的。
