英语定语从句的结构和用法
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英语定语从句的结构和用法一.概念(定义、位置、译法)关于定语从句的概念,要掌握其定义、位置和译法等。
㈠定义在复合句中,用来修饰名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。
㈡位置被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。
定语从句一般放于所修饰的先行词之后。
即……。
㈢译法含有定语从句的英语句子,译成汉语时大多把定语从句译为“……的”放于所修饰的名词或代词之前,融汇于整个复合句中;但在一些非正式的说法中也可以把定语从句单独译成一句话,尤其是见于非限制性定语从句。
例如:1)This is the black pen that he likes very much.可译为:这就是他非常喜欢的那支黑色钢笔。
或译为:这就是那支黑色钢笔,他非常喜欢它。
2)My brother, whom you’ve met before, is a policeman.我的兄弟是一个警察,你以前曾经见过他。
二.结构定语从句就像其它曾从句一样,一般都是陈述(句)结构。
即:关系代词或关系副词 + 主语 + 谓语v. + 其它说明:当关系代词作定语从句的主语时,定语从句的结构则变为:关系代词(即主语)+谓语v. + 其它。
三.关系代词关系副词(位置、分类、作用、选择、转换、省略、译法)关于定语从句的关系词,要掌握其位置、分类、作用、选择、转换、省略和译法等。
㈠位置关系词一般是放于定语从句的开头。
见上面例句中的that和who。
㈡分类关系词可分为关系代词和关系副词2大类。
见下表。
㈢作用关系词作用有2个:①引导定语从句连接主句和从句;②代替先行词作定语从句的一个成分。
各关系词的具体用法如下:㈣选择因为关系词实质上就是代替先行词的词,因此关系词的选择依据是先行词,即根据先行词①指人、指物,还是表地点、时间、原因;②逻辑上在定语从句中作何成分。
见下表:①指人、指物,还是表地点、时间、原因先行词关系词②逻辑上在定语从句中作何成分具体例子见第四部分各例句。
㈤转换关于关系词的转换问题见第五部分㈧的规定(主要指关系副词和关系代词的转换)。
㈥省略关于关系词的省略问题见第三部分㈡的规定㈦译法引导定语从句的关系词一般不可按照字面翻译!一般不需要译出!(有时也可结合先行词和定语从句翻译。
)见第四部分各例。
四.各关系代词和关系副词的用法举例1)Who’s the man ( whom/that ) we saw just now?2)The man who/that works in the office is a math teacher?3)Mary is the student whose handwriting is the best in our class.4)The desk whose leg is broken is Jim’s desk.5)This is the student whose bike Tom borrowed.比较:This is the student whom/that Tom borrowed the bike from.6)A bookshop is a shop that/which sells books.比较:A bookshop is a shop where books are sold.7)I’ll never forget the days when I studied there.比较:I’ll never forget the days that/which were exciting.= I’ll never forget the exciting days.8)I want to go to a place where the weather is warm.比较:I want to go to a place that is warm.= I want to go to a warm place. 9)We want to know the reason why he helps us.比较:We want to know the reason that/which is right.= We want to know the right reason.五.值得注意的问题㈠定语从句的时态和主句的时态可以不一致,即定语从句的时态不受主句时态的限制(这与宾语从句不同)。
例如上述第四部分例1)。
又如:The man you sawyesterday will come here again tomorrow.㈡关系代词whom、which、that在定语从句中作宾语时才可省略,作主语时不可省略!其它关系词一般不可省略!见第四部分的例子。
㈢关系代词whom、which作定语从句中介词的宾语时,有时介词可提到whom、which之前。
而关系代词who(代替whom)、that也可作定语从句介词的宾语,但介词却不可提到who、that之前。
例:1)Who’s is the man (whom/who/that) you talked with just now?=Who’s is the man with whom(who×,that×) you talked just now?2)The room (which/that) she lives in is a large one.=The room in which(that×) she lives is a large one.㈣关系代词who、that、which在定语从句中作主语时,定语从句的谓语动词在人称和数上要和先行词一致,而不是和关系代词一致!(因为关系词实质上就是代替先行词的词)例:1)I know the girl who/that is singing.比较:I know the girls who/that are singing.2)In the river, there is a boat that/which look like a goose.比较:In the river, there are some boats that/which look like geese ㈤定语从句中要避免出现与先行词、关系词在意义和作用上重复的成分。
例:1)This is the book ( that ) I like it. ×2)This is the man who/that he helped me.. ×3)This is the man whose his name is Bob. ×也不可说:This is the man that his name is Bob. ×(关系词选错了,不该用that。
)说明:以上三个例子去掉划线的词就正确了。
㈥定语从句一般都是紧挨着先行词之后,但有时在先行词和定语从句之间也会插入其他成分。
这种情况往往在插入的成分和定语从句之间用逗号隔开。
要注意理解。
例:1)There are many thousands of stars in the sky, that are(is×) like the sun.2)比较:There are many nice pictures in the book, that I like.在那本书里有许多我喜欢的漂亮图片。
≠There are many nice pictures in the book that I like.在那本我喜欢的书里有许多漂亮图片。
㈦关系代词that与which指物时的比较指物时两者常可通用,但下列情况不可以换用:1. 先行词为all, something(anything, everything, nothing), few, little,many, much, one of等不定代词时,常只可用that。
例:1)That’s all ( that ) I know.2)Is there anything ( that ) I can do for you?3)This is one of the presents ( that ) my friends gave me on my birthday.2.先行词被only、no、any、few、little、many、much、all、just、very等修饰时,多用that。
例:1)The only thing ( that ) we can do is to wait.2)In the book, there are no stories that are exciting.3.先行词是序数词、adj.最高级时,或者先行词被序数词、adj.最高级修饰时,常只用that。
例:1)The first thing that we should do is to work out a plan.2) This is the most interesting book ( that ) I have read.4.先行词既有人又有物时,只可用that。
例:The writer and his book that you talked about is really well-known. 5.非限制性定语从句不可用that引导,只可用which(指人时,用who或whom)。
见第六部分。
㈧关系副词与关系代词的转换(这实质上是也是属于先行词的选择问题)关系代词和关系代词一般是不能直接转换的,但有时可以间接转换。
例:1)This is the house ( that/which ) he lives in.=This is the house in which he lives .=This is the house where he lives.2)I’ll never forget the day when they came here.=I’ll never forget the day on which they came here.3)This is the reason why he is often late.=This is the reason for which he is often late.㈨定语从句与adj.、分词、短语作定语的转换情况定语从句有时常可与adj.、分词、短语作定语转换。
例:1)Everyone likes books that are interesting.=Everyone likes interesting books.2)The boy who is running is Jim.=The running boy is Jim.3)The boy who is running on the playground is Jim.=The boy running on the playground is Jim.4)The girl who is under the tree is Lucy.= The girl under the tree is Lucy.六.定语从句的分类根据和主句的关系,定语从句可分为两类:限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。