煤矿安全外文翻译文献

英文原文Recent Developments and Practices to Control Fire inUndergound Coal MinesS. K. Ray* and R. P. Singh, Central Mining Research Institute, Barwa Road,Dhanbad, Jharkhand 826 001, IndiaAbstract: Coal mine fires cause serious threat to the property and human lives. Out-break of fire may be dealt with advanced fire suppression techniques like Infusion of inert gases or liquid nitrogen, Dynamic Balancing of pressure, Reversal of under-ground mine ventilation, Application of nitrogen foam, Inertisation of Goaf, Water mist etc. The paper addresses all those control techniques in detail. Success story of controlling fires in coal mines of different parts of the world are reported. Results of a recently completed Science & Technology (S&T) project with regard to various fire suppression techniques like Infusion of liquid nitrogen, Injection of high pressure high stability nitrogen foam, and Water mist on open fire are also discussed.Keywords:coal mine fire, reversal of underground mine ventilation, nitrogen foam, inertisation of goaf & water mist1. Introduction`Since inception, mining is considered as a most hazardous and dangerous of peacetime activities. An outbreak of fire in the underground workings of a mine poses a direct threat from the fire itself. Further, an invisible and immediate threat from carbon monoxide poisoning and an explosion, particularly in gassy coal mines is also there. It affects to both persons working underground at the time of the outbreak and to those involved in the subsequent rescue an d fire fighting. It hampers the coal production and sometimes loss of coal winning machinery.Fires in coal mines may be categorised into two groups viz.,(a) fires resulting from spontaneous combustion of coal(b) open fires, which are accidental in nature,caused as a result of ignition of combustible materials.In coal mines, fires are generally caused due to several reasons viz., sluggish ventilation, high pressure difference across intake and return airways, loose and fallen coal in the goaf area, electricity, mechanical friction, blasting, welding, explosions and illicit distillation of liquor.2. Mine Fire Model GalleryTo understand the complex dynamic phenomenon of open fires (fires that occur in mine airways usually commence from a single point of ignition) and to study the effectiveness of various fire suppression techniques viz., liquid nitrogen, high pressure high stability nitrogen foam and water mist, recently Central Mining Research Institute, Dhanbad, India has designed and constructed a Mine Fire Model Gallery. The model gallery is 65.5 m long; arch in shape with a base of 2.4 m and crown height of 2.7 m. The cross section of the gallery is 5.86 m2. The gallery is divided into firing and non-firing zones. An exhaust type axial flow fan having a capa city to deal with 25 m3/s. of air quantity at 50-mm wg pressure has been installed at its end. The gallery isprovided with two sliding doors for quick sealing of the fire and a rolling shutter for regulation of desired airflow. An isometric view of mine fire model gallery is shown in Figure 1.It is equipped with a state-of-the-art computer aided on-line telemonitoring system. The system consists of 130 sensors (98 temperature, 25 gas, 3 pressure, 2 heat flux, 1 each velocity and Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) concentration sensor) and instruments with data logger, computer, computer peripheral etc. for continuous monitoring of various fire parameters like gas concentration (O2, CO2, CO, CH4 & H2), air velocity, pressure across fire zone and fan pressure, te mperature, heat flux, dust and particulate matter concentration inside the gallery.Figure 1 Isometric view of mine fire model galleryDetails of the construction of the gallery and its instrumentation system have beendescribed elsewhere In the experime nts inner side of the firing zone of the gallery which is 22 m in length (firing zone starts from 10.5 m from the entry of the gallery) was lined with a thin layer of coal slabs, 8–10 cm thick, brought from Dobrana seam of New Kenda Colliery. Fixing of coal slabs were effected with a mixture of air setting cement and liquid binder. In each set of experiments about 18–20 tons of coalswere used.The paper addresses all the above control measures that have been applied all over the world. Results of experimentat ion on open fires in Mine Fire Model Gallery are also discussed.3.Fghting Mine Fires3.1 High Pressure FoamUse of foam plugs has been successful in fighting mine fires in roadways where direct attack with water is not possible. USBM studies reveals that the water content of the foam should not be less than 0.20 kg/m3 otherwise the foam is not capable of controlling the fire. With sufficient ventilating forces (around 8 cm wg) properly generated foam may be transported over 300 m. Foam does not appear to be effective against deep seated, rapidly advancing, buried or dead end fires.In India, suppression of spontaneous heating by high pressure high stability foam is a new and effective method. However, the method has been widely used in Czech mines in controllingspontaneous heating of the mined out areas of longwall panels.The foam is produced by high pressure foam generator under the pressure of 10 foaming gas. The produced foam is transported by pipelines or fire hoses to the fire area. Inert gas (N2, CO2), compressed air or a combination of both is used as foaming gas. The foam generator consists of two independent units namely pumping unit and foam generating unit. The foam is produced from a mixture consisting of water and 5% foaming agent. This mixture is pumped by a pumping unit into a foam-generating unit where the foam is produced . At the same time inert gas (N2) is supplied to the foam-generating unit at a minimum pressure of 0.2 MPa, mixed with foaming mixture sprayed from nozzles and then passes through a fine mesh installed inside the foam generation unit. At the outlet of the foaming unit a fire resistant hosepipe of suitable diameter is attached by which the foam is transported to the place of infusion. A schematic diagram for HPHS nitrogen foam generation system is shown in Figure 3.The foam helps in controlling the spontaneous heating in following manner.Reducing air leakage through mined out areaReducing temperatureReducing the rate of sorption of oxygen by the coal as the foam forms a thinp rotective film over the coal.Pumping Unit400 V, 50 Hz5%mixtureFire Hose Foam to FireAffected Areaof water &foaming agent Foam Generating UnitFigure 3 Set up for injection of high-pressure high stability nitrogenHigh pressure nitrogen foam has recently been used in AW1 longwall panel of 1 & 2 Incline mine of Jhanjra project, ECL with very encouraging results. In this mine foam was injected in the longwall goaf through boreholes. A trolley mounted PSA type nitrogen generator having a capacity of 300 Nm3/h. was used. High pressure high stability nitrogen foam (HPHS) is cheap (one kg of foaming agent capable of producing 2 m3 of foam costing about 2.1 $) and has long self life. The HPHS nitrogen foam at a rate of 200 m3/h has been applied during experimentation in CMRI Mine Fire Model Gallery to control open fire.The following points are worth mentioning. It has been observed from the results that there was substantial reduction in temperature. The average value of this reduction in temperature has been found to be 207°C per hour.After infusion o f foam in open fire condition the concentration of all the Products of Combustion (POC) like CO2, CO, CH4 and H2 has decreased, indicating the retardation of combustion process.On infusion of foam, reduction of generation rate of CO2 and CO is estimated as 80% and 85%, respectively.High-pressure high stability nitrogen foam technology proved to be promising to control open fires. However, 200-m3/h infusion rate was found inadequate to suppress the fire completely.3.2. Water MistWater can be used in mines either in the form of spray or mist. McPherson (1993) mentioned that once a fire has been progressed to a fuel rich condition thereis little chance of extinguishing without sealing off the fire. He does, however, suggest that a means available to gain contro l of the fire by the application of water as a natural scale fog.‘‘Water mist’’ refers to fine water sprays in which 99% of the volume of the spray is in droplets with diameter less than 1,000 l. Water mist fire suppression systems (WMFSSs) are readily available, simple in design and construction, easy to maintain, effectual in suppressing various fires, non-toxic, and cheaper than other familiar fire suppressing system with no harmful environmental impact.While applied in fire areas, it cleans the air by disso lving soluble toxic gases produced during combustion, washing down smoke and suppressing dust, and thus improves visibility as well. Unlike many other fire fighting systems, WMFSSs can be safely used in manned areas and found to be effective in open condition. Furthermore, water consumption in WMFSSs is far less than that in water flushing, spraying or sprinkling systems. On account of these advantages, much study has been carried out in recent years to develop appropriate WMFSSs to control various types and size of fires.A survey carried out in 1996 indicated that nearly 50 agencies around the world were involved in the research and development of WMFSSs, ranging from theoretical investigations into extinguishing mechanisms and computer modeling to the development, patenting and manufacturing of water mist generating equipment . Water mist is being evaluated for the suppression of fires in diesel fuel storage areas in underground mines at National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Pittsburgh. Water mist has shown a positive impact tocontrol a fuel-rich duct fire [30] when a series of experiments on water mist was carried out in a 30 cm square, 9 m long wind tunnel constructed in the Department of Mining & Minerals Engineering, Virginia Polytec hnic Institute & State University. A fire is called fuel-rich when the oxygen concentration falls to below 15%in products of combustion.The concept of water mist to suppress the mine fire is a unique one and for the first time in India it has been tried in t he Mine Fire Model Gallery to work out the strategy to control fire with the water mist in actual mining condition . For the purpose an indigenous system for generation of water mist has been developed.The water mist was infused in the gallery at a rate of 33 l/min. From the study the following points are emerged.After only 20 min of infusion of water mist on the full-fledged fire the temperature along the length of the gallery was reduced to a great extent. The average reduction of temperature was found to be 294°C per hour. It also reduces the backlash to a great extent.It has been found that after application of water mist the oxygen concentration had increased to above 19% whereas the product of combustion gases (no measurable amount of methane) have decreased indicating retardation of combustion process.On application of water mist, reduction of generation rate of CO2 and CO was estimated as 89% and 93%, respectively.In the experiment with water mist hydrogen percent recorded an increase by 0.01–0.26% which is well below the explosive limit. Therefore, there was no formation of water gas (fuel gas containing about 50% CO, 40% H2, and small amounts of CH4, CO2 and N2) terminating the possibility of explosion.On application of water mist the opacity was decreased by 84%. Therefore, it can be inferred that the water mist has the potential to improve the visibility in the mines during open fire condition.4. ConclusionBased on theoretical, experimental and field observations the following points are emerged. 1) Recent successful control of fire with high-pressure high stability nitrogen foam in Indian coal mines and on open fire experimentation in CMRI mine fire model gallery has provided ample evidence that foam technology is a promising one.2) Water mist see ms to have enough potential to control open mine fire as has been observed on experimentation in CMRI mine fire model gallery. It has several advantages. It reduces the temperature as well as Product of Combustion POC) gases particularly CO to a great extent. Further, it reduces the backlash nd SPM concentration thereby improves the visibility. There is no threat of ormation of water gas eliminating the chances of explosion.References[1] R.P. Singh, I. Ahmed, A.K. Singh, S.M. Verma, B.C. Bhowmick ‘‘A Model Experimental Gallery in India to Study Open Fire Dynamics in Mines—Its Design and nstrumentation’’, in Proceedings of the 7th International Mine Ventilation Congress. racow, Poland, 17–22 June, 2001, pp. 885–892.[2] S.K. Ray, A. Zutshi, B.C. Bhowmick, N. Sahay, and R.P. Singh, ‘‘Fighting Mine Fires sing Gases with Particular Reference to Nitrogen’’, Journal of the South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, vol. 100(4), 2000, pp. 265–272.[3] A. Adamus, ‘‘Review of the Use of Nitrogen in Mine Fires’’, Transactions of the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, Section A, Mining Technology, vol. 111, 2002, pp.A89–A98.[4] R. Morris, ‘‘A Review of Experiences on the Use of Inert Gases in Mine Fires’’, Mining Science and Technology, vol. 6(1), 1987, pp. 37–69.[5] T.V. Thomas, ‘‘The Use of Nitrogen in Controlling an Underground Fire at Fernhill olliery’’, The Mining Engineer, vol. 123, 1964, pp. 311–336.[6] J.P.L. Bacharach, A.L. Craven, and D.B. Stewart, ‘‘Underground Mine Fire Control ith Inerting System s’’, CIM Bulletin, vol. 79, 1986, pp. 67–72.[7] S.P. Banerjee, ‘‘Nitrogen Flushing in Coal mines as a Measure against Mine Fires’’, ransactions, Mining Geological and Metallurgical Institute of India, vol. 84(supplemento. 2), 1987, pp. 1–9.[8] E.R. Waste ll and G. Walker, ‘‘The Use of Nitrogen in Fryston Colliery’’, The Mining ngineer, vol. 142, 1983, pp. 27–36.[9] CMRI S&T Report on ‘‘Studies on Simulation of Open Fires in a Mine Gallery under aried Airflow for Suppression of Fire and Explosions in Underground Coal mines’’, GAP/11/97, 116 pp.中文译文煤矿火灾控制的最近发展和实践S . K·雷R . P·辛格中央矿业研究所，印度，丹巴德，恰尔肯德邦，826 001摘要：煤矿火灾严重威胁人们的财产和生命。

关于采煤煤炭方面的外文翻译、中英文翻译、外文文献翻译附录AProfile : Coal is China's main energy in the country's total primary energy accounted for 76% and above. Most coal strata formed and restore the environment, coal mining in the oxidizing environment, Flow iron ore mine with water and exposed to the air, after a series of oxidation and hydrolysis, so that water acidic. formation of acidic mine water. On groundwater and other environmental facilities, and so on have a certain impact on the environment and destruction. In this paper, the acidic mine water hazards, and the formation of acid mine water in the prevention and treatment of simple exposition. Keywords : mining activities acidic mine water prevention and correction of the environmental impact of coal a foreword is China's main energy, China accounted for one-time energy above 76%, will conduct extensive mining. Mining process undermined the seam office environment, the reduction of its original environment into oxidizing environment. Coal generally contain about 0.3% ~ 5% of sulfur, mainly in the form of pyrite, sulfur coal accounts for about 2 / 3. Coal mining in the oxidizing environment, flow and iron ore mine water and exposed to the air, after a series of oxidation, hydrolysis reaction to produce sulfuric acid and iron hydroxide, acidic water showed that the production of acid mine water. PH value lower than the six said acidic mine water mine water. Acid mine water in parts of the country in the South in particular coal mine were more widely. South China coal mine water in general pH 2.5 ~ 5.8, sometimes 2.0. Low pH causes and coal of high sulfur closely related. Acid mine water to the formation of ground water have caused serious pollution, whilealso corrosion pipes, pumps, Underground rail, and other equipment and the concrete wall, but also serious pollution of surface water and soil, river shrimp pictures, soil compaction, crops wither and affect human health. An acidic mine water hazards mine water pH is below 6 is acidic, metal equipment for a certain corrosive; pH is less than 4 has strong corrosive influence on the safety in production and the ecological environment in mining areas serious harm. Specifically, there are the following : a "corrosive underground rail, rope and other coal transport equipment. If rail, rope by the pH value "4 acidic mine water erosion, 10 days to Jishitian its intensity will be greatly reduced, Transport can cause accidents; 2 "prospecting low pH goaf water, Quality Control iron pipes and the gate under the flow erosion corrosion soon.3 "acidic mine water SO42-content high, and cement production of certain components interact water sulfate crystallization. These salts are generated when the expansion. After determination of when SO42-generation CaSO4 ? 2H2O, the volume increased by 100%; Formation MgSO4.7H2O, v olume increased 430%; Volume increases, the structure of concrete structures.4 "acidic mine water or environmental pollution. Acid mine water is discharged into rivers, the quality of pH less than 4:00, would fish died; Acidic mine water into the soil, damage granular soil structure, soil compaction, arid crop yields fall, affecting workers and peasants; Acid mine water humans can not drink that long-term exposure, people will limbs broken, eyes suffering, enter the body through the food chain. affect human health. 2 acidic mine water and the reasons are mostly coal strata formed in the reduction environment, containing pyrite (FeS2) formed inthe seam-reduction environment. Coal generally contain about 0.3% ~ 5% of sulfur, mainly in the form of pyrite, sulfur coal accounts for about 2 / 3. Coal mining in the oxidizing environment, flow and iron ore mine water and exposed to the air, after a series of oxidation, hydrolysis reaction to produce sulfuric acid and iron hydroxide, acidic water showed that the production of acid mine water. Acidic mine water that is the main reason for forming the main chemical reaction as follows : a "pyrite oxidation and free sulfate ferrous sulfate : 2FeS2 O2 +7 +2 +2 H2O 2H2SO4 FeSO4 2 "ferrous sulfate in the role of oxygen free Under into sulfate : 4FeSO4 +2 Cp'2Fe2 H2SO4 + O2 (SO4) 3 +2 H2O 3 "in the mine water The oxidation of ferrous sulfate, sometimes not necessarily need to sulfate : 12FeS2 O2 +6 +3 H2O 4Fe2 (SO4) 3 +4 Fe (OH) 3 4 "mine water Sulfate is further dissolved sulfide minerals in various roles : Fe2 (SO4) 3 + MS + H2O + / 2 + O2 M SO4 H2SO FeSO4 +5 " ferric sulfate in the water occurred weak acid hydrolysis sulfate produced free : Fe2 (SO4) 3 +6 H2O two Fe (OH) 3 +3 H2SO4 6 "deep in the mine containing H2S high, the reduction of conditions, the ferrous sulfate-rich mine water can produce sulfuric acid free : 2FeSO4 +5 FeS2 H2S 2 +3 +4 S + H2O H2SO4 acidic mine water in addition to the nature and sulfur coal on the other, with the mine water discharge, confined state, ventilation conditions, seam inclination, mining depth and size, water flow channels and other geological conditions and mining methods. Mine Inflow stability, stability of acidic water; Confined poor, good air circulation, the more acidic the water, Fe3 + ion content more; Instead, the acid is weak, the more Fe2 + ion; more deep mining of coal with a sulfur content higher; The larger the area of mining, water flowsthrough the channel longer, oxidation, hydrolysis reactions from the more full, the water more acidic strong, If not weak. 3 acidic mine water prevention and control ? a three acidic mine water under the Prevention of acidic mine water formation conditions and causes from source reduction, reductions, reduced when three aspects to prevent or mitigate damage. 1 "by the source : the seizure election made use of mineral acid, being the case. The main coal-bed mineral create acid when in a mixture of coal pyrite nodules and coal with a sulfur content itself. Coal mining rate is low and residual coal pillars or floating coal lost, abandoned pyrite nodules underground goaf, in which long-term water immersion, Acidic water produced is a major source. Face to reduce the loss of float coal, theuse of positive seized election pyrite nodules, can reduce the production of acidic water substances. Intercept surface water, reduce infiltration. For example, the filling of waste, control of roof to prevent collapse fissures along the surface water immersion goaf. In Underground, particularly old or abandoned wells closed shaft, the mine water discharge appropriate antibacterial agent, kill or inhibit microbial activity, or reduce the microbial mine water quantity. By reducing microbial sulfide on the effective role and to control the generation of acid mine drainage purposes. 2 "reduced discharge : the establishment of specialized drainage system, centralized emission acidic water, and storing up on the surface, it evaporated, condensed, then to be addressed to remove pollution. 3 "to reduce emissions of acid water in time : to reduce the underground mine water in the length of stay, in a certain extent, to reduce the microbial coal oxidation of sulphides, thus helping to reduce acid mine water. Containing pyrite, sulfur, surface water leakage conditions for agood shallow seam, or have formed strong acidic water stagnant water in the old cellar, the pioneering layout to weigh the pros and arrangements, not early in the mine prospecting or mining, leaving the end of mine water treatment avoid long-term emissions acidic water. ? 2 3 acidic mine water treatment in certain geological conditions, Acidic water with calcium sulfate rock or other basic mineral occurrence and the reaction decreases acidity. Neutralizer with caustic soda used for less, less sludge is generated, but the total water hardness is often high, while reducing the acidity of the water. However, an increase in the hardness, and the high cost is no longer. Currently, treatment for a neutralizer to the milk of lime, limestone for the neutralizer and limestone -- lime, microbiological method and wetlands treatment. Neutralizer milk of lime treatment method applicable to the handling of a strong acid, Inflow smaller mine water; Limestone -- lime applied to various acidic mine water. especially when acidic mine water Fe2 + ions more applicable, but also can reduce the amount of lime; microbiological method applied when the basic tenets of iron oxide bacterial oxidation than iron, bacteria from the aquatic environment intake of iron, then to form ferric hydroxide precipitation-iron in their mucus secretions, Acidic water at the low iron into high-iron precipitates out and then reuse limestone and free sulfuric acid, can reduce investment, reduce sediment. Wetlands Act also known as shallow marshes, this method is low cost and easy operation, high efficiency, specific methods not go into details here. Conclusions Most coal strata formed and restore the environment, coal mining in the oxidizing environment, Flow iron ore mine with water and exposed to the air, after a series of oxidation and hydrolysis, so that water acidic. formation of acidicmine water. On groundwater and other environmental facilities, and so on have a certain impact on the environment and destruction, Meanwhile harmful to human health caused some influence. Based on the acidic mine water cause analysis, and to take certain preventive and treatment measures, reduce acid mine water pollution in the groundwater, environmental and other facilities and the damage caused to human health effects. References : [1] Wang Chun compiled, "hydrogeology basis," Geological Press, Beijing. [2] Yuan Ming-shun, the environment and groundwater hydraulics research papers on the topic, the Yangtze River Academy of Sciences reported that 1994,3.[3], Lin Feng, Li Changhui, Tian Chunsheng, "environmental hydrogeology," Beijing, geological Press, 1990,21.附录B简介：煤炭是我国的主要能源，在我国一次性能源中占76％以上。

外文原文：Adopt the crest of the coal work noodles plank managementproblem studyCrest the plank management is the point that adopts a safe management of the coal work noodles.Statistics according to the data, crest the plank trouble has 60% of the coal mine trouble about, adopting the trouble of the coal work noodles and having a crest 70% of the plank trouble above.Therefore, we have to strengthen a plank management, reducing to adopt the coal work noodles crest the occurrence of the plank trouble.1,the definition of the crest,scaleboard and it categorizeEndow with the existence coal seam on of the close by rock strata be called a plank, endow with the existence coal seam under of the close by rock strata be called scaleboard.Crest the rock,strength of the scaleboard and absorb water sex and digging to work the management of the noodles contain direct relation, they is certain crest the plank protect a way and choose to adopt the empty area processing method of main basis.1.1 planks categorizeAccording to rock,thickness and return to adopt process to fall in the 垮of difficult easy degree, crest the plank is divided into the false crest,direct crest and old crest.According to direct crest sport to adopt a field to the influence for press, the direct crest is divided into broken up,unsteady,medium etc. stability,stability,strong and tough crest plank etc. is five.According to old crest the sport Be work mineral inside the noodles press to present degree and to work safe threat of noodles of size, the old crest is is divided in to press very and severely, press mightiness, press to compare obviously, don't obviously press etc. is four.1.2 scaleboards categorizeAccording to the opposite position relation of the rock strata and the coal seam, the scaleboard is divided into direct bottom with the old bottom.Locate coal seam directly under of the rock strata be called direct bottom;locate the direct bottom or coal seam under of the rock strata be called old bottom.The coal seam crest the scaleboard type expects the influence of the geology structure sport after be subjected to the deposition environment and, its growth in different region degree dissimilarity, the coal seam possibility for have isn't whole.2,crest that need to be control plank classification and adopt the processing way of the empty areaAccording to different crest the plank type and property, choose to pay to protect a way and adopt the empty area processing method differently, is a plank management of basic principle.2.1 crest needed to pull to make plank classificationPress a knothole rock strata strength, the crest plank that needs to be control can is divided into: general crest the plank,slowness descend to sink a plank and is whole fall the crest of the cave in the danger plank etc..2.2 work noodles adopt the processing method of the empty areaThe processing method that adopts empty area mainly has: all 垮s fall a method,partial full to fill a method,the coal pillar to prop up a method to alleviate to descend to sink a method slowly etc..3,crest the plank pressure present a characteristic3.1 top the cover rock strata of the sport regulation and the work in front pay to accept pressure to distribute behindDuring the period of mine, adopt empty area above of the rock strata will take place ambulation, according to crest the plank change mind condition, taking the cranny rock strata in up the cover rock strata follow the work noodles to push forward the direction demarcation as three areas: the coal wall prop up the influence area,leave layer area and re- press solid area.The noodles opens to slice an eye to go to push forward forward in the process from the work, break original should the equilibrium of the dint field, cause should the dint re- distribute.Be adopting the coal work noodles to become to pay to accept pressure in front and back, it concretely distributes shape to have something to do with adopting the empty area processing method.3.2 first times to press to press a main manifestation with the periodFirst time to press a main manifestation:BE a plank"by oneself the vield song" range enlargement;the coal wall transform and fall to fall(the slice help);pay to protect to drill bottom etc..First time to press to want to keep on more and suddenly and generally for 2-3 days.Period to press a main manifestation:Main manifestation BE:crest the plank descend to sink nasty play increment of speed, crest the plank descend to sink quantity to become big;pay what pillar be subjected to load widespread increment;adopt empty area to hang a crest;pay pillar to make a noise;cause the coal wall slice to help,pay pillar to damage,crest plank occurrence the step descend to sink etc..If pay the pillar parameter choice to be unsuited to a proper or single body to pay the pillar stability worse, may cause the partial crest or crest plank follow the work noodles to slice to fall etc..4,crest the plank choice for protectThe work noodles the function for protect decelerate a plank to descend to sink, supporting to control a crest to be apart from the knothole integrity inside the crest, assurance work space safety.4.1 choices that protect material and formPay to protect material to mainly there are the metals support and the wood support.Pay to protect a form to mainly have a little the pillar to protect,the cote type protect to press a support with liquid.4.2s protect a specification choiceWhile choosing to pay to protect specification, mainly control the following 2:00:1.Control the work noodles adopt high and its variety.Generally can according to drill a holethe pillar form or have already dug the tunnel data of to make sure to adopt high.From last the movable regulation of the cover rock strata, can the initial assurance crest plank at biggest control a crest to be apart from place of average biggest descend to sink quantity, select to pay a pillar model number suitablely2 control the crest plank of the normal appearance to descend to sink the quantity and support can the draw back pute the biggest and high Hmax and minimum and high Hmin that pays pillar, select specification of pay the prehensive the pillar model number and specification, check related anticipate, assurance the model number of the pillar.5,the work noodles manages everyday of pointEveryday crest the point of plank management is the with accuracy certain protects density and control a method, right arrangement and organize to adopt coal and control a crest to relate to in fixed time, strengthen to pay to protect the quality management before press, the assistance that chooses to use a good necessity protect etc., attain to expel to emit a trouble, assurance the purpose of[with] efficiency.1 choice that protects density and controls a methodAccording to the work noodles crest plank rock,adopt a periodic to press obvious degree, press strength and to press in front and back a crest knothole variety a circumstance etc., the certain protect density and control a method.It adopt coal in 2 production lines with control of the crest to relate to in fixed timePeriod to don't obviously press to adopt a field, emphasize to pay to protect,adopt coal, control a parallel homework, possibly contract to adopt coal,return to pillar to put distance between an operations with speed the work noodles propulsion degree;period to press more and obviously adopt a field, at to press in front and back adopt different of,control the relation organization project, before press should not adopt coal,put a crest in the meantime homework, press after should adopt to adopt coal,put a crest to keep minimum wrong be apart from parallel homework.Field to strengthen to pay to protect the quality management assurance to pay pillar to have to prop up dint,prevent°from paying pillar to drill bottom enough before press,right adoption the assistance protect.Adopt the coal work noodles crest, the plank manages everyday of the key lie in raising the spot management,the operation level, paying to protect and adapt to adopt a field to press and crest the scaleboard variety circumstance, adopt right of the assistance protect measure, well exertivecontrol a result.译文：采煤工作面的顶板管理问题探讨顶板管理是采煤工作面安全管理的重点。

外文原文U.S. coal mine safety production system in our applicationAbstract: China's Coal Mine Safety Production in the legal system is imperfect, backward technology, ineffective supervision, lax enforcement and other issues, and the U.S. coal mine production safety legislation closely, vigorous law enforcement, advanced technology and improve government services. Therefore, China should learn from U.S. coal mine production safety rule of law experience and improve coal mine production safety legal system and strict enforcement of Coal Mine Safety, improve the relevant supporting systems.Key words: coal mine production safety; rule of law, legal systemFirst, the U.S. coal mine production safety analysis of the rule of law(A) improve the mine safety and health regulationsOn coal mine production safety, the United States since 1891 Congress passed the first administration of the mine safety regulations so far has drawn up more than 10 laws, more and more high safety standards, have established a comprehensive system, improve the function of occupational safety and health laws System. In 1969 the U.S. federal government enacted the "Federal Coal Mine Health and Safety Act," than ever before a federal mining industry bound by laws and regulations more comprehensive and stringent. In 1977 the "Federal Mine Safety and Health Law," is the U.S. federal government on national mine safety and health management supervision of the supreme law. In this opening chapter of the National Assembly reaffirmed the beginning of the points:1, coal and other mines it is essential that its most precious resources - the health and safety of miners;2, we must adopt effective means and measures to improve the country's coal mines and other working conditions, to prevent personal accidents and occupational diseases;3, the mine operators to avoid the mine unsafe and harmful to health in the working conditions and operations have the primary responsibility of this law alsoestablished the following basic principles: First, regular safety inspections of each underground coal mines each year must Are four security checks, two opencast mine must accept inspections, followed by the accident accountability system, when there casualties, the report issued by the investigating officers must be specified responsibility and deliberately violate the Bill of those responsible will be liable to a fine or Imprisonment; third is safety inspection "raid" system, any security checks ahead of leaking information, will be punished by a fine or imprisonment; fourth inspection and mining equipment suppliers related responsibility system, the inspection staff Issued by misleading the error report, mining equipment suppliers to provide unsafe equipment, may be punished by a fine or imprisonment. The United States in the 1970s before and after the accident investigation report showed that 85 percent of the accident was due to the staff of "unsafe behavior" caused by, because of this, in the United States "Code of Federal volumes of mineral resources" in the mine staff, including operators of the A detailed training requirement for all staff receive training prior to employment through, miners must be at least a year to receive eight hours of training every 12 months to accept a deal with dangerous training, director, Foreman must, as an organ of the state appraisal , The certificate can be issued to the state coal mine in the office, but after a year job to receive retraining, embodies the concept of corporate training. With this series with the stringent requirements of a good and workable the implementation of the law, U.S. coal production caused by the accident deaths dropped to the lowest in the world, has put an end to a basic killed two people over the incident. September 1995, the U.S. Mine Safety and Health Supervision Bureau formulated the "coal mine safety monitoring procedures," Detailed provisions of the Coal Mine Safety Supervision in the performance of its duties must follow the procedures(B) strict enforcement of Coal Mine Safety SupervisionFirst, tight security monitoring mechanism. In the field of law enforcement, the U.S. coal mine production safety supervision agencies stressed the independence of its success to the vertical structure of coal mine safety supervision and management system, rotation of the personnel system of supervision, Thunder-monitoring law enforcement and monitoring mechanisms to prevent Staff and miners, local government formed alliance of common interests. Under the Mining Safety and Health Bureau of Coal Mine Safety and Health Office is a federalagency, which is below l1 regional offices and 65 Mine Office, the Office of the miners and no interest, and the states, not subordinate to the county government Relations, security around the federal ombudsman must rotate every two years swap. Any coal mine in more than three deaths, the local security Ombudsman shall not take part in the investigation, and from the field by the Federal Office of the Ombudsman for the deployment of security incident investigation. Mine Safety and Health Inspection Service, the mining industry through the implementation of mandatory safety and health performance standards to achieve the elimination of the mining industry fatalities and reduce the severity of non-fatal accident rate, and ultimately achieving improved conditions of the mining operations, the goal of reducing accidents . Coal Mine Safety Supervision Organization is used to enforce mine safety and health standards of legal means, the power to the mine operators to provide a safe and healthy mining technology support and mine safety and health education training programme. Strict management system to investigate and deal with the Ombudsman acts with great care, bribery is very little to ensure the enforcement of Coal Mine Safety Supervision fair, objective, scientific and authoritative. The punishment is severe accidents. The accident cost the United States is very high, the court finds that the responsibility for the accident, the coal enterprises to bear the high fine. Punishment intensity and the amount of fines in accordance with a number of criteria, including:-scale enterprises, operators of the past record of violations, whether the operator is at fault, such as the severity of the violation. For not lead to major casualties of the general violation of the regulations, government inspectors each was fined up to 55,000 U.S. dollars. In case of three people and three people died over the major coal mine accidents, incidents occurred in a coal mine, coal companies, operators and commissioned by the management staff will be held criminal responsibility and administrative responsibility.(C) the timely and effective compensation after theIn order to curb accidents and diseases, the rising trend, the U.S. federal government a mandatory work injury insurance system. Currently, 99 percent of U.S. workers by federal or state workers compensation laws. In view of the industrial injury insurance against harm is a serious risk of labour, industrial injury insurance with a high degree of mandatory, the law must compel employers to employees responsible for the accidents. State "industrial injury insurance law" provides thatpayment for all work-related injuries treated by the employer side burden, workers and the state does not pay for. Miners in the production process in injury, mutilation and deaths, whether the responsibility of employers or workers, employers should be according to the economic compensation to the injured persons, not because of liability issues affecting workers and the families of the normal economic life.Second, China's coal mine production safety issues and the main causes of(1) China's coal mine safety imperfect legal systemSo far, China's coal mine safety legislation has become a "constitution" and "Labor Law" for the foundation, "production safety" and "Mine Safety Law" for the trunk, "Criminal Law" and "Trade Union Law," " Resources Law, "" Enterprise Law "and the relevant provisions of a lot of administrative regulations, local regulations and the Department of I'1 legislative branches for the more complete legal system. "Mine Safety Law" Since May 1, 1993 has been promulgated and implemented to prevent mine accidents and protect the personal safety of mine workers, and promote the healthy development of the mining industry has played an important and positive role. However, due to China's legal system and a late start, the legislature is more backward technology and long-term "legislation to rough it is not appropriate fine, in principle, summed up" as the guiding ideology, making the law formulated by the United States of "Mine Safety and Health Act" Operable poor, there more questions: First, the Act regulations target for state-owned mining enterprises, the law stipulates the principles and system is mainly directed against such enterprises, and now an independent business, contracting, joint ventures and other operations of the non-public emergence of a large number of small mines, To their weak legal regulations.The second is of the supervisory authority despite the terms of reference, but the effect of the protection of law enforcement means and methods have not provided clear, can not guarantee the safety production supervision and management agencies and law enforcement personnel for effective law enforcement.Three of enterprise workers pre education, training provided, but the lack of regular employees in production safety education and training requirements, even if the pre-job education and training requirements have not formed institutionalized, systematic, relevant content, Inadequate procedures and responsibilities.Four of the mine production safety supervision and management of theillegal act to adopt the "administrative punishment" and "criminal" macro and ambiguous description of the specific contents of the administrative punishment and sentencing case without further requirements. And most of the legal responsibility for all mining enterprises, and production-related individuals, such as mine operators, security management, security, technical personnel and miners liability without distinction. This will inevitably lead to the practice of mining-related enterprises tlI the punishment the absence of such rules, the penalty is unfair, unjust and even damaging impact on safety supervision and management effectiveness and enforcement of law enforcement image, undermine the force of law and authority. Fifth, the mine workers on the labor insurance in the "Mine Safety Law" shall not clear, is to take the "pension and compensation" in principle, this is not conducive to the interests of miners and their families to protect.(B) of backward technology, security, the outstanding loansAt present, China's coal mines are the overall situation is relatively backward technology, the country's 26,000 coal mines, many, it is about half the high-gas coal mine, there is a township coal mines of the low level of mechanization, mining methods are backward. According to the State Production Safety Supervision and Management Bureau data, China's only state-owned key coal mine safety outstanding loans reached 513 billion yuan, far behind the U.S. security technical inputs.(C) practitioners lack of security and cultural knowledge, technical quality is not highA large number of accident investigation showed that China's casualties occurred in 70 percent of a 80 per cent is due to the unsafe behavior (3 offenders) for this. Including enterprise managers, employees have the existence of production safety standards and technical equipment have enough awareness of the law and have a weak legal concept, the lower the ability of self-security situation.(D) of chaotic management, ineffective supervision, lax enforcement China's current production safety management and the types of laws, regulations have been as many as hundreds, but even in the frequent accidents today, these laws and regulations in some areas are still not given due attention. In practice, both the main failure to abide by the coal mine production there, but also coal mine production safety administration according to law enforcement is not the main casesoccurred, or even the existence of serious local protectionism of the obstruction. Massive violations of coal mine production safety laws and regulations of the phenomenon and should not be held accountable more in the security incidents have led to be held later.(5) small township coal mines, illegal coal mines and official with the existence ofAt present, China's coal mines of about 26,000, of which 23,000 is a township coal mines, and individual coal mines, they point more than a wide distribution throughout the country, and more to contracting, leasing, joint-stock cooperative form of business, such as , In the employment system of rotation to farmers mainly for the mobility of the large and the corresponding lack of training, operational skills and independent security awareness is low. In each of the coal mine accidents, accounting for 70 percent of township coal mines, major or serious accidents accounted for 80 percent. In addition, coal production areas also have the right to the allocation of resources departments or individuals involved, the official combination of coal, officials of taking bribes, equity dividends, also miners, who became the protective umbrella of illegal miners, resulting in a large number of illegal coal mines, no The existence of sequence, and any form of law and discipline violations are likely to be hard work day and night of the miners to death.Third, learn from the U.S. coal mine production safety and the rule of law experience. China's coal mine production safety and the rule of law(A) improve the legal system for coal mine production safetyFirst, we should amend the "Mine Safety Act." As coal mine safety of the Basic Law, "mine safety law" by the shortage can not meet the requirements of the new situation, should be amended: should improve mine safety supervision and management system, clearly at all levels of production safety supervision and management of the Department I, 1 the terms of reference and law enforcement Procedures, clear production safety supervision and management departments in the mine I 'J production safety supervision in the position, corresponding to clarify its mandate and responsibilities. Government should regulate law enforcement conduct, 1 IJ improve mine production safety supervision and management departments of law enforcement procedures, safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of the relative increase provisions to prohibit advance notice before the inspection andsupervision and monitoring of prohibited personnel engaged in or taking part in mine production and operation system, clearly defined law enforcement departments Between the collaborative relationship. Should establish the principle of protection of health of miners, clear provisions to safeguard and protect the health of miners and mining enterprises is the obligation and responsibility to effectively protect the health of mine workers and security interests. Should be mandatory provisions for the miners, mine companies must conduct work-related injuries social insurance to protect the legitimate rights and interests of miners. Second, we must step up development of "safe production of" complementary rules and regulations. "Production Safety Law" is China's first comprehensive standard safety production of special legislation, but relative to the U.S. coal mine production safety laws and regulations are still Cu Xiantiao, supervision of the management of less than legal norms regulating the control measures less than the service Measures, procedures and norms of less than entities norms, treating the symptoms and re-light the root cause, after the heavy and light remedies prior to prevent, so it is necessary to formulate and promulgate "safe production of the Implementation of the Law" to enhance its operability. Third, we must further improve the "Criminal Law" the relevant provisions, the elimination of legal gaps. "-Reporting" acts into the "Criminal Law" adjustment range. Improve the "great responsibility accident crime," and "significant work safety accidents crimes", to increase the maximum sentence.(B) strictly enforce the lawFirst, strictly monitor the safety of law enforcement. Independence from the United States, to monitor the safety of the vertical structure, strictly monitor the enforcement procedures and intensify law enforcement efforts. To strengthen coal mine safety supervision team building, in strict accordance with relevant laws and on coal mine safety supervision system for selecting members of the provisions of selecting members of the Coal Mine Safety Supervision. To strengthen the socialist rule of law education and to ensure coal mine safety supervision work efficient and healthy functioning. Carefully monitor the development of law enforcement plan, organize and plan focused on surveillance, special monitoring and regular monitoring. In monitoring the work of law enforcement, the violation of safety laws and regulations, a major hidden causes of accidents in enterprises, use of stop production, production stoppage and rectification, such as administrative fines andpenalties, and its weight is mainly responsible for serious accidents and those responsible for economic punishment according to law . Treatment of different employers, to take a different approach. For those who conscientiously abide by the law, actively develop health and safety plans of employers, to the establishment of partnership relations of cooperation and to provide special subsidies for those who did not develop an effective security plan, did not take strong measures to ensure the safety of the enterprises, strengthen the monitoring And increase the inspection found the punishment should be imposed, their deliberate unlawful acts to the statutory maximum punishment. Second, punish offenders. Reference to U.S. law, the law cost more than law-abiding costs and improve coal mine accident death compensation standards for coal mine accidents take the initiative to deal with the cost of accident prevention put to effect change from passive to active safety security. According to intensify efforts to crack down illegal coal mines. Crack down on collusion between the officials of coal, by the power of those shares, for the black heart miners to provide protection for government officials, found Yanchengbudai, pursue the administrative responsibility of criminal responsibility. Third, strict mine safety, production, market access, strengthen management at source. Land and resources at all levels, the coal industry safety supervision and management departments should strictly implement the "Law on Administrative Licensing", "Mineral Resources Law," "Coal Law," "Safety Law" and other laws and regulations, establish and improve the responsibility system of administrative examination and approval, according to the law regulating Administrative licensing, not to lower the standard, relaxed conditions. Strict conditions for access to coal mine production safety clearance, strict examination and approval system and the implementation of Bankuang mining license system and eliminate Bankuang out of control, arbitrary cloth, to achieve safe production work from investigation to prevention after the change.(C) improve the relevant supporting systemsFirst of all, incentives for reporting. Coal mine production safety is related to people's lives and property safety, sustainable development of the national economy and social stability of the overall situation, the masses of the people as the country should enjoy the right to actively participate in them. In order to mobilize the broad masses of members of society, participation and supervision of productionsafety work, "Safety Law" Article 64 stipulates: "Any unit or individual to the hidden causes of accidents or safety violations, have the right to bear responsibility for production safety supervision and management departments Report or reports. "To make the effective exercise of this right, we must strengthen the provisions of the operation. The establishment of an effective incentive mechanism to mobilize all the positive and timely reporting of production in production safety violations, the steering hidden danger of major manufacturing enterprises stop production immediately rectify, deadline for correction, to prevent accidents. From the practice of the United States, coal mine safety supervision department in the inspection of law enforcement, they can absorb mine workers participated. Second, the establishment of coal mine production safety risk mortgage payment system. To avoid accidents after the miners of the legitimate rights and interests are not effective and timely protection to be applied to all coal mine production safety risk mortgage payment, the enterprise dedicated to security incidents and rescue, relief and rehabilitation treatment. If the persons in charge of coal mine enterprises fled after the accident or after the accident occurred in the coal mine enterprises within the stipulated time did not take the initiative to assume responsibility to pay such costs, Anjian financial sector and at the same level that is based on actual needs, the risk mortgage payments to some or all of For the accident and rescue, relief and rehabilitation treatment necessary funds. Coal production and operation of enterprises during the period, when the accident occurred, the risk of collateral natural carry-over, next year no longer store.中文译文美国安全生产体系在我国煤矿的应用[摘要]我国煤矿安全生产存在法律体系不完善、技术落后、监管不力、执法不严等问题，而美国煤矿安全生产立法严密、执法严厉、技术先进、政府服务完善。

毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译文献、资料中文题目：煤矿安全文献、资料英文题目：Mine safety文献、资料来源：文献、资料发表（出版）日期：院（部）：专业：班级：姓名：学号：指导教师：翻译日期： 2017.02.14附录：外文资料与中文翻译外文资料：Mine safetyCoal mining historically has been a hazardous occupation but, in recent years, tremendous progress has been made in reducing accidental coal mine deaths and injuries.the main aspect is as following：⑴ Safety of mine ventilation•Purposes of Mine Ventilation•Properly engineered control of the mine atmosphere is required to: •provide fresh air (oxygen) for men to breathe•provide a source of oxygen for internal combustion engines in machinery •dilute atmospheric contaminants to acceptable levels•maintain temperature and humidity within acceptable limits•remove atmospheric contaminants from the mine.Mine ventilation is twofold in purpose: first, it maintains life, and secondly it carries off dangerous gases. The historic role of ventilation was to provide a flow of fresh air sufficient to replace the oxygen consumed by the miners working underground. Today's mine ventilation primarily deals with noxious gases (mainly generated by trackless equipment underground).Canaries are said to have been used to detect gas in coal mines in the earlystages of coal mining. This sensitive bird would be taken into the workings and, if it perished, the colliers would immediately leave the mine.In the 1920s the hand-turned fans were replaced with air-powered small turbine fans. Large fans of the suction type were placed on the surface and gradually increased in size. Air from surface compressors was piped into the mine to power machinery and to assist in ventilation.Unless the air is properly distributed to the face, the mine ventilation system is not performing its primary function [1]. While it has always been recognized that this last part of ventilation is the most import, it is also the most difficult to achieve.The primary means of producing and controlling the airflow are also illustrated on Figure 1. Main fans, either singly or in combination, handle all of the air that passesthrough the entire system.These are usually, but notnecessarily, located onsurface, either exhaustingair through the system asshown on Figure 1 or,alternatively, connected todowncast shafts or mainintakes and forcing air into and through the system. Because of the additional hazards of gases and dust that may both be explosive, legislation governing the ventilation of coal mines is stricter than for most other underground facilities. In many countries, the main ventilation fans for coal minesare Figure 1. Typical elements of a main ventilation systemrequired, by law, to be placed on surface and may also be subject to other restrictions such as being located out of line with the connected shaft or drift and equipped with "blow-out" panels to help protect the fan in case of a mine explosion.Stoppings and Seals:In developing a mine, connections are necessarily made between intakes and returns. When these are no longer required for access or ventilation, they should be blocked by stoppings in order to prevent short-circuiting of the airflow. Stoppings can be constructed from masonry, concrete blocks or fireproofed timber blocks. Prefabricated steel stoppings may also be employed. Stoppings should be well keyed into the roof, floor and sides, particularly if the strata are weak or in coal mines liable to spontaneous combustion. Leakage can be reduced by coating the high pressure face of the stopping with a sealant material and particular attention paid to the perimeter. Here again, in weak or chemically active strata, such coatings may be extended to the rock surfaces for a few metres back from the stopping. In cases where the airways are liable to convergence, precautions should be taken to protect stoppings against premature failure or cracking. These measures can vary from "crush pads" located at the top of the stopping to sliding or deformable panels on prefabricated stoppings. In all cases, components of stoppings should be fireproof and should not produce toxic fumes when heated.As a short term measure, fire-resistant brattice curtains may be tacked to roof, sides and floor to provide temporary stoppings where pressure differentials are low such as in locations close to the working areas.Where abandoned areas of a mine are to be isolated from the currentventilation infrastructure, seals should be constructed at the entrances of the connecting airways. If required to be explosion-proof, these consist of two or more stoppings, 5 to 10 metres apart, with the intervening space occupied by sand, stone dust, compacted non-flammable rock waste, cement-based fill or other manufactured material. Steel girders, laced between roof and floor add structural strength. Grouting the surrounding strata adds to the integrity of the seal in weak ground. In coal mines, mining law or prudent regard for safety may require seals to be explosion-proof.Doors and airlocks：Where access must remain available between an intake and a return airway, a stopping may be fitted with a ventilation door. In its simplest form, this is merely a wooden or steel door hinged such that it opens towards the higher air pressure. This self-closing feature is supplemented by angling the hinges so that the door lifts slightly when opened and closes under its own weight. It is also advisable to fit doors with latches to prevent their opening in cases of emergency when the direction of pressure differentials may be reversed. Contoured flexible strips attached along the bottom of the door assist in reducing leakage, particularly when the airway is fitted with rail track.Ventilation doors located between main intakes and returns are usually built as a set of two or more to form an airlock. This prevents short-circuiting when one door is opened for passage of vehicles or personnel. The distance between doors should be capable of accommodating the longest train of vehicles required to pass through the airlock. For higher pressure differentials, multiple doors also allow the pressure break to be shared between doors. Mechanized doors, opened by pneumatic or electrical means are particularlyconvenient for the passage of vehicular traffic or where the size of the door or air pressure would make manual operation difficult. Mechanically operated doors may, again, be side-hinged or take the form of rollup or concertina devices. They may be activated manually by a pull-rope or automatic sensing of an approaching vehicle or person. Large doors may be fitted with smaller hinged openings for access by personnel. Man-doors exposed to the higher pressure differentials may be difficult to open manually. In such cases, a sliding panel may be fitted in order to reduce that pressure differential temporarily while the door is opened. Interlock devices can also be employed on an airlock to prevent all doors from being opened simultaneously.Cfd applied to ventilation sys tems：Due to recent advances in computer processing power CFD has been used to solve a wide range of large and complex flow problems across many branches of engineering (Moloney et. al. 1997/98/99). The increase in processor speed has also enabled the development of improved post processing and graphical techniques with which to visualize the results produced by these models. Recent research work has employed CFD models, validated by scale and full-scale experiments, to represent the ventilation flows and pollutant dispersion patterns within underground mine networks. In particular, studies by Moloney (1997) demonstrated that validated CFD models were able to successfully replicate the ventilation flows and gaseous pollutant dispersion patterns observed within auxiliary ventilated rapid development drivages. CFD has proven a capable method by which to identify detailed characteristics of the flow within critical areas such as the cutting face. The results produced by the CFD models were able to demonstrate the relativeefficiency of the different auxiliary ventilation configurations in the dilution, dispersion and transport of the methane and dust from the development face. Further recent studies by Moloney et. al. (1999) have demonstrated that such validated CFD models may be used to simulate the airflow and pollutant dispersion data for a wide range of mining and ventilation configurations. Each simulation exercise produces large sets of velocity, pressure and pollutant concentration data.⑵ Fires Methods of ControlFires that occur in mine airways usually commence from a single point of ignition. The initial fire is often quite small and, indeed, most fires are extinguished rapidly by prompt local action. Speed is of the essence. An energetic ignition that remains undetected, even for only a few minutes, can develop into a conflagration that becomes difficult or impossible to deal with. Sealing off the district or mine may then become inevitable.The majority of fires can be extinguished quickly if prompt action is taken. This underlines the importance of fire detection systems, training, a well-designed firefighting system and the ready availability of fully operational firefighting equipment. Fire extinguishers of an appropriate type should be available on vehicles and on the upstream side of all zones of increased fire hazard. These include storage areas and fixed locations of equipment such as electrical or compressor stations and conveyor gearheads. Neither water nor foam should be used where electricity is involved until it is certain that the power has been switched off. Fire extinguishers that employ carbon dioxide or dry powders are suitable for electrical fires or those involving flammable liquids.Deluge and sprinkler systems can be very effective in areas of fixed equipment, stores and over conveyors. These should be activated by thermal sensors rather than smoke or gas detectors in order to ensure that they are operated only when open combustion occurs in the near vicinity.Except where electricity or flammable liquids are involved, water is the most common medium of firefighting. When applied to a burning surface, water helps to remove two sides of the fire triangle. The latent heat of the water as it vapourises and the subsequent thermal capacity of the water vapour assist in removing heat from the burning material. Furthermore, the displacement of air by water vapour and the liquid coating on cooler surfaces help to isolate oxygen from the fire.⑶ Methods of Dust ControlThe three major control methods used to reduce airborne dust in tunnels and underground mines: ventilation, water, and dust collectors.Ventilation air reduces dust through both dilution and displacement. The dilution mechanism operates when workers are surrounded by a dust cloud and additional air serves to reduce the dust concentration by diluting the cloud. The displacement mechanism operates when workers are upwind of dust sources and the air velocity is high enough to reliably keep the dust downwind.① Dilution Ventilation. The basic principle behind dilution ventilation is to provide more air and dilute the dust. Most of the time the dust is reduced roughly in proportion to the increase in airflow, but not always. The cost of and technical barriers to increased airflow can be substantial, particularly where air already moves through ventilation ductwork or shafts at velocitiesof 3,000 ft/min or more.②Displacement Ventilation. The basic principle behind displacement ventilation is to use the airflow in a way that confines the dust source and keeps it away from workers by putting dust downwind of the workers. Every tunnel or mine passage with an airflow direction that puts dust downwind of workers uses displacement ventilation. In mines, continuous miner faces or tunnel boring machines on exhaust ventilation use displacement ventilation. Enclosure of a dust source, such as a conveyor belt transfer point, along with extraction of dusty air from the enclosure, is another example of displacement ventilation. Displacement ventilation can be hard to implement. However, if done well, it is the most effective dust control technique available, and it is worth considerable effort to get it right. The difficulty is that when workers are near a dust source, say, 10 to 20 ft from the source, keeping them upwind requires a substantial air velocity, typically between 60 and 150 ft/min. There is not always enough air available to achieve these velocities.③ Water sprays. The role of water sprays in mining is a dual one: wetting of the broken material being transported and,airborne capture. Of the two, wetting of the broken material is far more effective.Adequate wetting is extremely important for dust control. The vast majority of dust particles created during breakage are not released into the air, but stay attached to the surface of the broken material. Wetting this broken material ensures that the dust particles stay attached. As a result, adding more water can usually (but not always) be counted on to reduce dust. For example, coal mine operators have been able to reduce the dust from higher longwallproduction levels by raising the shearer water flow rate to an average of 100gpm. Compared to the amount of coal mined, on a weight basis, this 100gpm is equivalent to 1.9% added moisture from the shearer alone. Unfortunately, excessive moisture levels can also result in a host of materials handling problems, operational headaches, and product quality issues, so an upper limit on water use is sometimes reached rather quickly. As a result, an alternative to simply adding more water is to ensure that the broken material is being wetted uniformly.⑷ Mine DrainageWater invades almost every mine in the form of ：direct precipitation (rain and snow), surface runoff, underground percolation. Flows of water have an important effect on the cost and progress of many mining operations and present life and property hazards in some cases.Means of Mine-water Control（Mine Drainage）:As shafts and other mine openings extend below the water table, water is likely to be encountered and to seep into the openings to an extent depending upon the area of rock surface exposed, the hydrostatic pressure, and other factors. In order to continue mining operations, it is therefore necessary to lower the ground water level in the vicinity of the mine by artificial means to keep the workings free of water as well as preventing the flow of surface water into the (surface or underground) mine. This operation is known as mine drainage.Means of mine drainage are limited by circumstances and objectives. The following types of mine-water control can be used singly or more effectively in combination:① Locate shafts or excavations in best ground and protect from direct water inflow from surfaces.② Divert or drain water at or near surface.③Reduce permeability of rock mass by grouting with special types of cement, bentonite and liquid chemical grouts (water sealing).④ Case or cement exploration drill holes.⑤Drill pilot holes in advance of work wherever there may be sudden influents at rates potentially inconvenient.⑥Dewater bedrock at depth by pumping through dewatering wells or from an accessible place in the mine.。

煤矿安全外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)基于WSN的煤矿安全监控系统的研究摘要在本文中，我们使用无线传感器网络监控煤矿的经验进行了阐述。

在一个节点上的多传感器可以捕获各种各样的环境数据，包括矿山的振动，矿井温度，湿度和气体浓度，和环境参数、控制风扇运转。

网络由许多无线传感器节点组成。

煤矿安全监控方案发展从可以保存汇聚节点接收到的数据，并实时显示和分析各种的信息来供决策。

1 背景与介绍煤炭安全生产关系到国民经济的发展，如今，中国的煤矿安全信息系统是基于有线网络，随着煤炭开采的加速，有线网络在扩展，灵活性，覆盖率等方面具有严重不足。

为了解决这些问题，无线网络是最好的选择。

ZigBee是一种先进的数据通信技术，具有低速率，低功耗，协议简单，成本低，良好的扩展性，容易形成无线网络等特点。

相比现有煤矿监测设备，节点构成的无线传感器网络的更小，更轻，更易于大规模部署。

由于数据采集和传输方式是通过无线电台，节点挂钩传感器，可以打破电线电缆的约束，并可以使部署更加方便，灵活。

此外，大规模的和灵活的部署节点对于矿工来说使得更好的本地化工作。

因此，它具有重要的现实意义，将这一新技术和新方法，应用在煤矿安全信息系统的设计中。

2 系统的结构本文设计了一个煤矿安全监控系统，它是基于ZigBee2007无线通信协议，采用TI 公司生产的CC2530芯片做无线数据传输。

煤矿安全监控系统由三部分组成：控制中心，协调和终端节点。

终端节点有两种类型：全功能设备（FFD ），部分功能的移动设备（ RFD ）。

监督控制中心软件是以TI的Z -位置引擎，它显示了各监测点的位置和状态信息，它是一个在整个潜在风险区域的地理信息的图形化描述。

协调也是一个网关，它获得FFD和RFD的所有信息，然后发送到控制中心的节点上然后通过监控软件来更新状态消息。

此外，他还要广播控制中心的指示。

FFD是路由器，它SA节点组链接在一起，并提供多希望消息，它与其他路由器和终端设备相关联，而RFD仅仅是一个终端设备。

西班牙Riosa–Olloniego煤矿瓦斯预防和治理María B. Díaz Aguado C. González NiciezaAbstractDepartment of Mining Exploitation, University of Oviedo, School of Mines, Independencia,13, 33004 Oviedo, Spain摘要矿井中有很多气体影响着煤矿工作环境，在这些气体中，甲烷是重要的，他伴随着煤的产生而存在。

尽管随着科技的发展，但我们始终无法完全消除。

瓦斯气体随着开采深度的增加而增多。

甲烷排放量高的地方，也适用于其他采矿有关的情况，如在生产率和它的产生的后果，增加深度：在控制日益增加的甲烷量的方面有很多困难，主要是提高机械化，使用爆炸品，而不是密切关注瓦斯控制系统。

本文的主要目的是建立实地测量，使用一些不标准的采矿控制风险评估方法的一部分，并分析了深部煤层瓦斯矿井直立的行为，以及防止发生瓦斯事故的关键参数。

最终目标是在开采条件的改善，提高矿井的安全性。

为此，设置了两个不同的地雷仪表进行矿井控制和监测。

这两个煤矿属于Riosa- Olloniego 煤田，在西班牙阿斯图里亚斯中央盆地。

仪器是通过subhorizontal 能级开采的，一个约1000 米的山Lusorio 根据实际深度覆盖的地区。

在本研究中，一个是有利于瓦斯突出的易发煤（第八层），测定其气体压力及其变化，这将有助于提供以前的特征以完成数据，并评估第一次测量的网站潜在的爆发多发地区提供一些指导。

本文运用一个气体测量管设计了一套用于测量一段时间由于附近的运作的结果，计算低渗气压力以及其变化..本文建立了作品的重叠效应，但它也表明了两个预防措施和适用功效，即高压注水和一个保护煤层（第七层）的开采，必须优先开采保护层以防止瓦斯气体的涌出。

这两项措施构成的开采顺序，提高矿井安全性。

煤矿瓦斯预防治理中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)翻译:西班牙Riosa–Olloniego煤矿瓦斯预防和治理摘要矿井中一直控制存在不同的气体在采矿环境。

这些气体中，甲烷是最重要的，他伴随着煤的产生而存在。

尽管在技术在近几十年来的发展，瓦斯灾害尚未完全避免。

瓦斯气体随着开采深度的增加而增多，甲烷排放量高的地方，也适用于其他采矿有关的情况，如生产的增长率及其后果：难以控制的甲烷浓度增加，机械化程度提高，使用炸药和不重视气控制系统。

本文的主要目的是建立实地测量，使用一些不标准的采矿控制风险评估方法的一部分，并分析了深部煤层瓦斯矿井直立的行为，以及防止发生瓦斯事故的关键参数。

最终目标是在开采条件的改善，提高矿井的安全性。

为此，设置了两个不同的地雷仪表进行矿井控制和监测。

这两个煤矿属于Riosa-Olloniego煤田，在西班牙阿斯图里亚斯中央盆地。

仪器是通过subhorizontal能级开采的，一个约1000米的山Lusorio根据实际深度覆盖的地区。

在本研究中，一个是有利于瓦斯突出的易发煤（第八层），测定其气体压力及其变化，这将有助于提供以前的特征以完成数据，并评估第一次测量的网站潜在的爆发多发地区提供一些指导。

本文运用一个气体测量管设计了一套用于测量一段时间由于附近的运作的结果，计算低渗气压力以及其变化。

本文建立了作品的重叠效应，但它也表明了两个预防措施和适用功效，即高压注水和一个保护煤层（第七层）的开采，必须优先开采保护层以防止瓦斯气体的涌出。

这两项措施构成的开采顺序，提高矿井安全性。

因此，应该完成系统的测量控制风险：在8煤层瓦斯压力影响的其他地区，要建立最合适的时刻进行开采作业。

进一步的研究可以把重点放在确定的渗透，不仅在瓦斯爆炸危险区，而且在那些还没有受到采矿的工作和更精细的调整过载时间的影响范围和矿井第7煤层和第8煤层之间的瓦斯气体。

关键词：煤矿，煤层气，气体压力渗透率瓦斯突出1 简介近年来，煤层气体和煤矿瓦斯研究蓬勃发展。

附录2Coal mining and security,Keyword : "three soft" coal bed; Mine pressure show features one .The "three soft" coal bed on top of coal mine located pressure of study 1, located about 12,090, located in the Great West Yugou mining bureau hoisted two wells below a District East, West 2 West transport belts down, 2 mining areas in east-west border to stop a thread. located 420 m towards the average length, 100 m long trend. The second one, located stoping coal bed, Fucun Group in Shanxi Erdiexi bottom. Because coal bed sediment environment and the impact of later tectonic movements, uneven thickness, larger changes, stoping coal in the context of a thin belt presence (vice alley in de 40~180 m above, the thickness of a coal bed 0~1. 6 m), to bring a certain degree of difficulty stoping work. coal bed inclination to 7~14 meridian east, the average thickness of 4 coal bed. 62 m, the coal is of relatively for anthracite, coal is of relatively soft, low intensity and easy to run down. Direct roof for the stones, mudstone and sandy mudstone; direct-bed for the stones, axes; In direct top,- bed between local presence and pseudo - pseudo-top end, the variable quality mudstone or mudstone mostly carbon, thickness generally less than 0. 5 m. 2 mine pressurised observation content and layout mine detection point pressure is the main purpose of observing large Yugou Mining Bureau "three soft" coal bed guns a coal located on top of the pressure distribution pattern and advance to pressure step from the initial roof, pressure to step away from the cycle and intensity. major observational content pit props pressure, located cradles pressure. At the same time, you should also pay attention to the observation of a face, supporting macroeconomic situation changes; Watch top coal broken off after the roof and the top of the coal shed Yunyi 3 located advance pressure distribution characteristics 3. 1 observation data collation, located back alley advance wind pressure observation period, Underground daily sent people to the station pressure gauge readings recorded, measuring station located to the distance, macro-observation plane lane, alley and surrounding rock changes in the wind conditions and intense deformation measurements relating to the district, located in the distance. After calculation handling objects charts. 3. 2 advance distribution of pressure from the wind power plant Lane can finally curve, caused by coal mining is much pressure to advance work before side 34 m, 34 m at work beforethe side street will be located within the stope advance pressure. advance pressure peaks in the work zone before side 9~12 m, a significant increase in the volume of pit deformation, top Jing fence fractures increase, and sometimes a coal business, a broken cinder ended. 34 m away from the side before the work stoppage that could advance pressure from the impact of a stress stability zone. The two coal bed belonging to one of "three soft" instability thick coal bed, the old top to pressure evident, leading to work on stress distribution side before extended stress peaks, located far away from the district, stress concentration factor is, However, the relative proximity of the larger pit surrounding rock, to reduce the excessive stope pillars surrounding rock deformation and destruction, and give full play to the role of supporting the surrounding rock deformation control, work before the two parties within 21 m alley to advance support for. 4 coal mining located roof to pressure of 4. 1 mine coal mining is much pressure observation data collection and processing for about guns taken on the top and roof load coal mine, located cradles pressure distribution patterns, 12,090 wells located in the red flag for the use of pressure-Yaliji located cradles a half load for the site observations that after calculating the results processed figure 3-Figure 5 below. Figure 3 is the backbone of the chassis is much data to load for X-coordinateobservation cycle, weighted average time to load a vertical structure coordinates. can be seen from Figure 3, located along the direction of a cyclical movement roof phenomenon cycle to pressure to step away from 19 m. Figure 4 is located opposite to the X-coordinate long to normal when the three pillars of load testing station for the average vertical coordinates. by Figure 4 shows that Coal is much more along the direction of the top (board) campaign has begun mine pressure area characteristics, the greatest pressure on the middle and upper occasions, the smallest part. 4. 2 stope mine pressure manifested by the basic law of observational data analysis stope mine pressure show the following obvious features : (1) Overall, supports early resistance do not hold power and work great. As this is much direct contact with the sphere payments Liang was named top soft coal, coupled with the roof is also very soft, in the time frames established in the early extension to be able to improve. Average power for itself in early 226. 38~227. 36 kN/ to shed for resistance work rated 15. 4 %~16. 8% Working resistance averaged 252. 84~272. 44 kN/ to shed for resistance work rated 17.2 %~18. 5% to pressure, the maximum resistance for 372. 4 kN/ to shed, 23% rated the work of resistance. 3% The average intensity of support for the 102. 3~144. 5 kN/ map. problems are caused mainly coal-bed and the top is too soft and monomer pillar inserted at theend of serious (some pillars inserted to the end of 700 mm or more), sometimes steel girder also drilled top. lower support body rigidity, limiting the ability to play a supporting. (2) In the course of supporting a payload located in the non-violent change, the pressure to show moderate and mine, to suppress evidence cycle (compared with the stratification changes evident exploitation), show a ground movement of rocks not violent. (3) to the old top of the initial pressure to step away from about 19 m, pressure to the end of the period cradles inserted a general increase in the volume, the deepest reached 95 cm; coal Pik films to serious, the deepest reach 0. 5 m; Guarding includes fractures increasing pressure to show quick to shed mine obvious. (4) roof cycle to pressure to step away from the general 6~12 m, with an average of 9 m. to pressure, National average load rate and peak load generally 1. 1~1. 3 (5) work surface, China, and three offices, located under the same basic structure resistance. This was mainly due to top coal pine broken, the roof vulnerable to collapse down, the two lane or coal, do not appear on basic export Kok Department triangular arc -- top. stope roof collapse or even the whole, extraction region filled with better results. (6) roof pressure on the former than coal or coal, small, or an average of 237 coal ago. 16 kN/ to shed, or an average of 268 after coal. 52 kN/ to shed. This is mainly because on the formercoal extraction region of the roof was broken up and top coal is filled with more in a market created a-bed, cradles, broken down objects, top coal composition balance system, in this system, supporting the main support coming from the top of the coal and the roof spaces. or coal, broken down by helicopter after the original space was filled with top coal deplete, and the roof to collapse down to completely backward, the original balance system is damaged, and that the plant should not only support higher top coal Additional support also in the roof above the pressure and therefore the power plant have increased. However, the side roof over a soft, with a Sui collapse, not a large overhang top, the structure will not collapse down the impact hazard. 5 knot on top of 12,090 guns a low load coal plant, located, mine pressure appeared evident. this is because the coal bed "three soft" coal beds, pillars inserted at the pressure seriously, cradles effectiveness has not been fully exploited; On the other hand, because the roof is much thicker, with a then - and extraction region filled with better results. In view of this, we should increase the coverage of a support cut and raise the pillars of power in the early intention to increase plant stability. Second, Coal Mine gas explosion accident electrical current incentives and measures, most of our coal upward inclination to move boring, coal makes such a partial or total removal of thedumping of the top, the reason is to use gravity to pass out of coal mining. Because of spillover coal mine gas air mass lighter than air, so gas gas in the air by buoyancy role will be along the street, dumping flows to the top, gather the top of the highest point in the pit (coal mining side) near a 5%~15% size than for the gas-air mixture can be explosive gas. Therefore, coal, gas gas combined with the dumping pit top "since deteriorated role." At present, China's coal mine ventilation methods used may not be the complete elimination of this form of burglary mixed gas, which is one of the main reasons for such coal mine gas explosion. It should be said that after the coal mine gas explosion in the relevant departments and personnel operations of a number of painful lessons learned, which has also taken some measures, but the explosion is still unabated, and this shows that in the previous incidents summed up the reasons, there are major underlying factors induced. In recent years many cases of the author on coal gas explosion accident and the cause of the accident was announced incomplete statistics, the analysis found that the coal mine gas explosion accident subjective and objective factors are manifold, but the most fundamental factor than direct two main aspects : First, the partial loss of gas concentration reached explosive limits; in the presence of one to two basis of many types of electrical equipment error or mineoperation against induced electrical spark or explosion due. To the elimination of one of the parties concerned have made fruitful discussions on the following two key to the author as a result of statistics, analysis, and make the corresponding contain electrical incentives exist. 1 coal mine gas explosion accidents in coal mine explosion electrical incentives type material foundation -- China coal mine gas is a gas or other carbon material, the main component of methane, lighter than air, combustion Yi, Yi explosions. Gathered in a gas concentrations in the air shaft internal combustion-supporting, electrical sparks and other fire sources in the event will be an explosion. According to the Chinese Academy of Engineering and a joint coal Information General Hospital "My mine production safety situation, gaps and response" issue, the Chinese original mine safety facilities serious ageing, many power equipment. Mine can not vote in safety, not only to add new equipment, the maintenance of existing equipment have also been omitted. In recent years, the author of the wrong types of electrical equipment such as incentives to the coal mine gas explosion summarized as follows : 1.1 errors mine shaft electricity power supply, power supply reliability is poor, - owned power (generators) or small models, configuration unreasonable, poor operating performance caused by the interruption of electricity, coal, gas gas utilization.1:2004 example, a coal mine explosion in March Shanxi Province, 28 miners were killed. According to the local production safety supervision and management department said that at 18:48 on March 1, the coal city electrical grid electricity blackouts limit will be just purchased 400kW generators, the generators fully automatic rubber, but after the voltage reach 280V, 380V no longer or less than the rated voltage. Taiwan into a coal mine and the old 90kW generator power, as the small electrical capacity only to the ventilator, and other non-production of electricity supply, ventilation are sluggish, causing local gas concentrations. 23:00 more city electrical grid calls, working on a gas explosion had occurred near the accident. 1.2 shaft, electrical equipment deficiencies (1) Because electricity network power cable insulation affected with damp usually wrong, damaged, single-jointed or alternate with short-circuit occurred, a spark or electrical cables exploded, causing the gas explosion accident. 2:2000 example, in November 1997, a coal mine gas explosion occurred at the Hubei Province. Investigation team of experts that the high gas for coal mine, when the cause of the accident : mine roof collapsed, broken cable insulation layer, to trigger the electrical wiring sparks, leading to the burning of gas caused an explosion. August 28, 2004, the Guangdong cable explosion of a coal mine accidents occurred,a working fire. (2) Because of the change in the general area of distribution equipment error or distribution transformers distribution devices, do not have the blast performance of operational conditions, resulting in a relatively lower insulation or alternate with insulation, damage, resulting in electrical spark detonated gas. 3:2004 example, the Hunan "3.29" direct cause of the gas explosion accident identified. Experts said : electrical spark in the coal pit of distribution transformer room exit lanes margin wiring. Underground paths lead to the loss of environmental change, and no replacement for mine blast Zhongyuan some electrical appliances, humid to three-phase electrical wiring boxes between insulation to reduce, and ultimately led to the destruction of an electric spark insulation between the lines, detonated gas. (3) Because electricity lighting equipment deficiencies more lamps for lighting fireworks, detonating gas 4:2000 examples of Guangdong a coal gas explosion occurred, because miners operating illegally crossed died people have finished high gas concentrations, the light bulb explosion sparks, causing gas explosion. N August 2004, a coal mine gas explosion in Jiangxi. Identify the cause of the accident : the exploitation of operating wells without a ventilation system, causing massive underground gas explosion gather reach concentrations encountered lights exploded electrical fire sources,a gas explosion accident major responsibility o (4) loss for electrical equipment used to dig the wrong number of coal used without explosions performance electric motors, mechanical ventilator, diving pump, gas leakage caused the explosion. Examples 5:2004, March 17, a major gas explosion accident occurred in Yunnan, identifying pit mining as merely led to gas utilization, the introduction of the leakage is not available explosions performance diving pumps and drainage caused by gas explosion. In addition, non-compliance with the operating loss of electrical safety operation procedures, such as coal mine safety measures in the absence of a relevant circumstances, without stopping, power transmission, or that the electricity goes down the mine, electrician charged install electrical equipment, or unauthorized workers Underground Work opened see louvre, unsafe use of lighting lamps. will produce electrical spark triggered gas explosion accident o 2 inspiration from the many terrible incidents of incomplete statistics, and analysis of the organization's headquarters in 1980 -2002, this province over the past 23 years coal mine three or more major casualties. 3 more gas accident killed 2,563 people, representing more than three people since the founding of the PRC gas accident deaths 81.8%. In these gas explosion accident, resulting in gas gas combined 10 of the main reasons. Including :coal for electricity, accounting for 49.6% of accidents caused by the wind stopped. Therefore, the eradication of coal gas explosion accident, the first task is to ensure that coal city-owned electric power or reliable power supply to solve the main ventilator blackouts, stop the wind, in order to remove mines, gas gas accumulation, where. Furthermore, from the frequent disasters, we can see that in the current coal production is still more common safety issues : In addition to coal management system is not perfect, safety supervision, weak sense of security, inadequate security inputs indirect factors, particularly serious : Because of electrical equipment models, configuration unreasonable, without explosions performance, or own errors, poor operating performance, or electrical explosion caused by electrical sparks coal gas explosion accident. Thus, the coal mine gas explosion is very serious electrical incentives, achieving stable coal mine production safety, the key lies in ensuring reliable electricity supply, gas utilization and the elimination of mine blast performance of the pit reliable electrical products. 3 significantly reduced coal mine gas explosion electrical incentive measures against mines, electric power 3.1, - owned power sources (generators) of electricity can be unreliable error-circuit the electricity supply network, electricity supply network to doublecircuit city, reliable performance of the mine-owned power and the corresponding automatic standby power input devices (BZT) before that the whole area of reliable electricity. 3.2 against pit electricity network, change distribution equipment, electrical equipment for lighting lamps and wrong in the light of the importance of safety and mine explosions blast explosive gas and electrical products in a hazardous environment applications dust penetration, should focus on strengthening the environment for use in the blast mandatory supervision and inspection of electrical products, The blast to use alternative to ordinary electrical products are products. Meanwhile users should strengthen the supervision and inspection of electrical products explosions to avoid cases of extended Unit 310-311 provides superior service or the occurrence of such phenomena. In addition, the strengthening of explosions electrical product standardization work, continuously improve its product standardization, mass production, the level of generic, user-friendly models, use. Furthermore, should strengthen blast electrical products production, circulation and use of the link quality control, with a view to ultimately achieve pit mining operations, must be of quality and access to the mine in product safety signs explosions electrical products to a perfect pit blast electrical system, and ensure that products explosions structure,processes, materials, testing standards are in line with the blast, If Gebao face with the extra width or with gap should not, do Gebao side wall thickness consistency; Add an arbitrary face between Gebao sealed pad. To form, especially cast iron shell materials to be tested; Do Gebao external pressure testing; Gebao area of trachoma, the eye should not receive gas; Gebao the fastenings secure external sound; Establishment, within proximity to external hard disks; Redundant Kong into line with steel block panels. Electrical blast should be consistent with the manufacture and assembly of quality products acceptance norms. Electrical models with the mine, the circuit wiring boxes climb distance and electrical power generated, structural materials, sealed materials should be in accordance with explosions standards, wiring boxes should Tu Li arc section; Avoid winding short circuit, open circuit phenomenon stator winding assembly former internal clean up, after winding Jinqi avoid painting neoplasms; Gebao type structure and the electrical transmission bearings bearings Gebao structure should avoid "an axis" quality accidents. Gebao face roughness should meet standards for ultra-poor attention to the oval to ensure that their Care degrees; Processes transmission process protection Gebao face. Blast in the process of applying electrical products, product models with installation standards, such as blast-type and Gebao level,group selection and use of premises shall be consistent with the corresponding conditions; Inspection work should be in place to safeguard products; Eliminate fake and shoddy, with the use of safety dangers products in the field, such as wiring boxes of machine screws, cable soliciting without top device or devices Mifengjuan Mifengjuan lost, electric motors wind cover fixed bolts incomplete, corrupted or lost data plate serious. Blast should ensure outdoor electrical wiring boxes waterproofing product performance; Maintenance products should meet after the original blast. Users should understand product maintenance, overhaul spent standards must apply to dangerous places blast electrical products. Of course, the blast of electrical products to be imported by passing my test explosions quality inspection agencies in product safety and access to the mine signs before entering our field of mobile marketing. Against mine operators where electricity, electrical explosions should strengthen awareness, training, education, so that mine operators consciously strict compliance with the Mine Safety operation procedures, a blast of electrical standards implemented.4 concluding remarks after the coal mine gas explosion accident and electrical incentives are closely related, as long as our own departments and the establishment of coal mine production safety mechanisms mechanism, strengthen the Coal Mine Safety Supervision,and ensure reliable electricity supply, mine blast in the distribution of quality electrical products, coal operators to strictly comply with the safety operation procedures, I believe coal mine gas explosion accidents rate markedly.............................................................................................................................................................此处忽略！！！！！！！！。

煤矿安全管理要素探讨LI Jun( ShanxiCokingCoalCo., Ltd., Taiyuan030024, China)摘要:通过对煤矿安全管理要素的分析强调了以人为本的安全管理思路,针对目前煤矿安全管理中存在的一些误区,结合企业实际和其它煤炭企业管理经验, 以及安全管理要素相互作用的理论,提出了以“人”为本、以“物”保“人”、以“环境”影响“人”的管理方法和工作措施。

关键词:煤矿安全管理; 要素分析;以人为本0.引言安全是煤炭企业永恒的主题。

煤矿安全生产关系职工生命安全, 关系煤炭工业健康发展, 关系社会稳定大局。

实现煤矿安全生产是落实科学发展观的必须要求, 是构建社会主义和谐社会的重要内容。

但近些年全国发生的几起大的煤矿安全事故说明了煤矿安全生产的形势依然严峻, 安全管理中存在的问题仍十分尖锐。

因此, 有必要也必须寻求一种更科学更有效的安全管理方法来解决安全生产中的突出问题, 确保职工的生命安全和企业的健康稳定发展。

1.煤矿安全管理概念简述煤矿安全管理就是对煤矿安全生产相关要素和过程进行计划、组织、协调和控制的一系列活动, 以保障职工在生产过程中的生命安全, 保证生产工作的顺利开展, 保护国家和集体的财产不受损失。

由于煤矿生产、管理工作中时时处处都与安全相联系,因此安全管理应该是全面的、全员的和全过程的, 是煤矿所有管理工作的核心。

2.煤矿安全管理要素分析管理要素是指管理活动和过程必不可少的组成部分。

从煤矿安全管理的活动和过程看, 煤矿安全管理的要素主要包括人、物、环境三大要素。

人是指员工的本体、意识和行为;物包括工程、设备、材料等硬件和技术、工艺、流程等软件两个方面;环境也包括硬件环境和软件环境两个方面, 硬件环境指由装备、技术等构成的生产、工作环境, 软件环境指由安全文化、宣传教育等构成的思想文化氛围。

在人、物、环境诸因素中,人是最积极的因素,人既是安全管理的主体,也是安全管理的客体, 同时也是安全管理的直接目的-人的安全。

英文原文Coal firesA coal fire is the underground smouldering of a coal seam or coal mine. They are emerging as a global threat with significant economic, social and ecological impacts. Coal seam fires Prevention ExtinctionCoal seam fires may be categorized into near surface fires in outcropping seams that are supported by oxygen from direct contact to the atmosphere and mine fires supported by oxygen from the artificial mine ventilation.Spontaneous coal firesThe final reason for all fires is the chemical reaction of the hydrocarbon molecules of the fuel with oxygen of the air. This exothermal reaction can take place at any temperature. The reaction velocity however is strongly temperature dependent and increases with temperature nearly exponential. If the fuel is broken up in small particles or porous, oxygen has access everywhere and the entire volume may act as a heat source.The situation is not critical if the heat energy transported to the surface by either conduction or convection and finally lost to the environment is larger than the heat produced by the reaction. If the heat produced by the reaction however is over longer time larger than the heat loss to the environment the system will turn to be critical. Temperatures will rise continuously, the reaction will accelerate and finally the fuel will start burning spontaneously.Two factors will finally be responsible: The surrounding temperature and the volume of fuel involved:∙If the surrounding temperatures are higher the oxidation processes will run faster and thus the heat production is higher within the fuel volume.∙If the fuel volume is larger the heat produced inside can hardly flow to the surface and into the environment, the fuel is more likely to start burning. In addition material broken up in small part or porous material usually has a low heat conduction coefficient and may act like thermal isolators.The most important parameter characterizing self ignition is the self ignition temperature. This is not a material constant, but dependent on volume and shape, more specific on the relation of volume and surface. Self ignition temperatures decrease strongly with volume. Furthermore this temperature is dependent on many fuel material parameters as caloric value, heat conduction coefficient, particle size. In case of coal it depends further more on the coal type and rank; for hard coal its generally higher the for brown coal or lignite.If the fuel volume is sufficient spontaneous ignition may happen at room temperatures or at temperature at the yearly average temperature. The time needed for the fire to develop may be month or even years.Brown coal or lignite may start burning at 40 °C to 60 °C whereas anthracite will start (under the same conditions!) at 140 °C. The smouldering will usually start several decimeters below the surface in a depth where the permeability of the coal allows the access of enough air but the air flow is slow enough to not extract the produced heat by convection. Due to the low heat conductance coefficient of coal heat extraction by conduction alone is not sufficient.Factors influencing spontaneous induction are beside others:Air circulationClimate (arid, semiarid)Coal quality coal type (carbon content, gas content, ash content, rank)Particle size (small particles have larger surface/volume relation)Geological geomorphologic settingsMining influence (Openings, fractures, subsidence)Hydro geological settings (moisture content)Spontaneous ignition needs time. How much depends on many factors, as temperature, volume, particle size. Finally the time to ignition is another parameter to describe the addiction of coal to burn. For larger volumes the temperature needed is smaller but the time needed larger. Normally it will take months before coal will start smouldering.If coal seams outcrop to the surface, air has access for long times, at those location seams will start to burn spontaneous and continue burning for decades. Globally at least 20 to 30 million tons are burned by those fires. The coal being made inaccessible for further mining is about the times more.Heat producing reactionsThere are two know heat producing adsorption reactions:Physisorption of oxygen. This takes place at temperatures up to 50 °C and delivers 42kJ/mol.Chemisorptions of oxygen. This produces several chemical compounds after overcome the activation energy of the coal surface. From carbon-, hydrogen- and oxygen atoms peroxides are formed and about 100 kJ/mol of heat energy is produced. The newly built molecules may oxidize further and produce heat with increasing temperatures and finally exhaust as carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and water (vapor).The most important reactions are:C und O2 form CO2 (394 kJ/mol)2C und O2 form 2CO (170 kJ/mol)Coal seam fires not spontaneously ignitedNearly all coal seam fire started spontaneously. In some case however external ignition is possible. Finally we may not see if a certain fire started spontaneous or not. This is in any case true for fires in deep mines, but also for fires close to the surface as long as mining is involved. Possible sources for ignition are electrical machinery, bad maintained bearings as well as handling of explosives or wrong application of welding or beveling.In many reported cases leaving back coal in mining application or accumulation of coal dust was the final reason for a fire. Consequent acceptance of mining regulation may avoid most of those fires.Mine fire may interact with methane explosions or coal dust explosions in mines. Near surface coal fires may interact with forest fires. This was reported from the USA and especially from Sumatra, Indonesia.Global coal seam firesCoal fires are reported from coal mining districts all over the world. The most important are the following:IndiaBesides the areas of Ranigani and Singareni coal seam fires rage in Jharia (North West India). In an area of about 700 km2 about 160 fires are burning. As a consequence of the fires hang slides, sink holes and subsidence is reported. As this area is densely populated pollution is severe.Coal mining supports the development of fires it give air better access. On the other hand coal fires imitate the mining and may even stop it. It is estimated that in India 70% of the fires are due to mining.USAMany coal mining areas in the USA suffer from spontaneous coal seam fires. The Federal Office of Surface Mining (OSM) provides a data base (AMLIS) that lists 150 fire zones (1999). Those are not only in Kentucky, Pennsylvania and West Virginia in the east of the Appalachian-coal district, but also in Colorado and the Rocky Mountains.In Pennsylvania 45 fire zones are reported. The most known is Centralia Mine, in the anthracite- coal area of Columbia County. This fire burn since 1962 and develop below the city. There was some effort to extinguishing the fires but finally the city was lost.In Colorado some spontaneous coal fires are due to annual changes in the water table. Those changes may rise water temperatures by 30 °C, and thus start the self ignition process.In Powder River Basin in Wyoming und Montana about 800 billion tons of lignite is known. Already the Lewis-und-Clark-Expedition (1804 to 1806) reported on coal fires in that region. Here we have also coal fires from geological times. They are three million years old and shaped the landscape to a certain extend. An area of 4.ooo km2 is covered with clinker or scoria, part of the laying in the c. Well known and spectacular is the outlook from the scoria point on an extended area of fire red clinker. GermanyIn Planitz near Zwickau a coal seam burned from 1476 and was finally not extinguished before 1860. Ernst August Geitner started in 1479 a green house with tropical plants above the known Planitz fire zone and was possible the first in using energy from coal fires commercially. In Dudweiler (Saar) 1668 a coal seam started to burn and developed to a tourist attraction named 'Burning Mountain', even visited and described by Goethe. Equally known is the so called 'Smelling Wall' at the east slopes of 'Hohe Meissner', where after closing the lignite mining some seams started burning centuries ago and exhaust gases escaped to the surface causing the 'smell'. The hard rock mining was accompanied all time by coal- mainly mine fires. Reported are about two fires per year on average. As the coal mining concentrated in Germany on the Ruhr- and Saar Area, fire prevention technologies were developed in those areas. Today most of the coal fires here are due to unwanted ventilation in abandoned parts of the mines. Those measures were principally successful and heavy mine fires with loss of human life did not occur.After closing the last deep lignite mines in Hirschberg close to Grossalmerode in Hessen in 2003, lignite is mined in Germany in open pits only, in the Rheinische Revier, in the Mitteldeutschen Revier and in the Lausitzer Revier. In the last years no coal fires were reported from these areas as complex strategies of prevention are successful.Rest of Europe and RussiaReported coal fires in those areas are decreasing parallel to the decrease of mining activity in general. Some burning is reported from Poland, Czech Republic and Ukraine. In Ukraine 2.000 million tons are laying on dumps and 74 fire zones are reported. This is mainly in the basins of Kuzbass, Petschora and Donezk.In Kosovo (Serbia) and Bosnia-Herzegovina coal seams are burning close to open pit or deep mining.AfricaThe big coal mining districts of Africa are in the south of the continent, in South Africa, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Mozambique and Zambia. Coal fires are reported from all that regions.AustraliaFive kilometers north of the city of Wingen in New South Wales (NSW) the Burning Mountain is a tourist place since thousands of years. Actually the fire is 30m below surface and advances about 1m per year. Overall it moved about 6 kilometers. Many more fire zones are reported in Australia.ChinaChina is the larges coal producer (and consumer) world wide: It produces about 1.8 billion tons in 2006. As a result coal fires are a severe problem in China. It is estimated that 10-20 million tons are directly burned by coal seam fires and 100-200 million tons of coal are lost for the mining industry. The fire zones are located in a belt covering the entire north of China. More than 100 burning areas are known divided in several burning zones each. Concentrations are in the provinces (autonomous regions) Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia and Ningxia. Besides the loss of energy resources those fires cause air and water pollution and emit enormous amounts of green house gases (carbon dioxide and methane). This mainly causes the international interest in those fires. China is the only country in the world starting and performing enormous activities for extinction. Several fires are already extinguished. New methods are developed within a Sino-German Research Initiative.中文译文煤炭火灾煤炭火灾是指煤层或煤矿的煤炭在地下焖燃的现象。

附录A非线性矿井通风网络的控制Yunan Hu a,1 , Olga I. Koroleva b,*, Miroslav Krstic ba深空探测研究中心，哈尔滨工业大学，哈尔滨100051 ，中华人民共和国b机械航空工程系，加州大学，圣地亚哥，9500 Gilman Dr. MC0411, La Jolla, CA 92093-0411, 美国摘要：煤矿通风网络的重要作用是使爆炸性或有毒气体（如甲烷）维持在低浓度。

由于其目的是控制流体的流动，所以矿井通风网络是高阶非线性系统。

过去在这一方面的研究是基于多变量线性模型。

本文提出的是一个非线性模型。

开发两个控制算法。

一个人操纵所有的网络分支机构就可实现全球性调控的结果。

其他人只操纵网络中不属于树图的分行，实现监管（非无穷小）工作点的附近区域。

这种针对矿井通风网络提出的方法，也适用于其他类型的流体网络，如燃气或水的分销网络，灌溉网络，并有可能建立起通风系统。

关键词：非线性控制;矿井通风网络;流量控制;暖通空调1.简介石油储备枯竭后，煤作为矿物燃料能源还会保持一段相当长的时间。

煤矿开采的一个主要困难是因为地下的煤矿存在有毒且易爆的气体甲烷。

煤矿事故血的教训从古至今未曾间断。

现代煤矿有的许多调节甲烷浓度的通风设施。

在这种通风系统中通常不是直接控制空气流动，而是通过通风网络的个别部分来控制。

可以在通风网络的重要位置（往往直接连接到外部环境）安置几台风机/压缩机来驱动空气，也可以在网络的分支上用“风门” 来控制。

控制矿井通风的问题在20世纪70年代和80年代才受到相当的重视。

无疑，矿井通风网络是一个分支能影响其他分支的流程的一个多变量控制问题。

为此，作为一个流体网络(这与模拟一个电路非常相像)和一个多变量控制的问题，矿井通风需要接近基于模型的方式。

早期在这个题目上做研究的是Kocic。

他认为矿井通风网络是一个线性化的，各参量混在一起的动态模型并且发现了用线性反馈的规则来研究。

Spontaneous combustion of coalCoal undergoes slow oxidation on exposure to air at ambient temperatures, with the evolution of heat, gases and moisture, the heat generated, if not dissipated, gives rise to an increase in the temperature of the coal. As the temperature of the coal rises, the rate of oxidation increases. If this is allowed to proceed unchecked it can eventually result in the ignition of the coal. This oxidation process is known as spontaneous combustion or spontaneous heating or self-heating. Self-heating, therefore, occurs when the rate of heat generation exceeds the rate of oxidation.During recent years there has been a renewed interest in the spontaneous combustion of coal in all coal mining countries particularly because of the use of caving methods and the thicker seams being mined. Large-scale bulk storage and bulk transport of coal have also become more important with the increase in coal trade.Evaluation of the potential of coal for spontaneous combustionSeveral methods have been used to evaluate the potential of coal for spontaneous combustion but none is clearly superior. The most common methods used are described blow.Oxygen absorptionIn this method, a coal sample is placed in a container and oxygen or air is added to it. The amount of oxygen absorbed by the coal is estimated from the analysis of the gaseous reaction products. The temperature increase per unit of oxygen consumed indicates potential of coal for spontaneous combustion.Heating rate/crossing-point temperatureIn this method, a coal sample is placed in a bath and heated at a constant rate. Initially, the temperature of the coal lags behind the temperature of the bath but as coal begins to self-heat, the temperature of the coal first coincides with and then exceeds the temperature of the bath. The crossing-point temperature is known as the ‘relative ignition temperature’. Usually, the crossing –point temperature is used as a measure of the potential of coal for spontaneous combustion although the index based on the ratio of heating rate to crossing-point temperature is more suitable because the spontaneous combustion potential of coal not only depends on the ignitiontemperature but also on the rate of heat generation.Adiabatic calorimetryIn this method, a coal sample is placed in an insulated bath, and the whole system is heated to a pre-selected temperature. Oxygen or air is then added to it and oxidation of the coal raises its temperature. Since no heat is lost to the surroundings, the change in the temperature of the coal in a given time, the time needed to reach a pre-selected temperature, or the amount of heat generated per unit time indicates the potential of coal for spontaneous combustion.Isothermal calorimetryIn this method, a coal sample is placed in a large bath held at a constant temperature. Heat generated in the coal sample due to spontaneous combustion is measured by thermocouples and dissipated in the relatively large heat sink. The amount of heat generated per unit time gives an indication of the potential of coal for spontaneous combustion.Factors contributing to spontaneous combustionCoal characteristicsSome coals are more prone to spontaneous combustion than others. The rate of oxidation of coal depends upon many factors, including rank, presence of pyrite, particle size, moisture content, temperature, extent of previous oxidation of coal and the composition of the ambient air.It is generally accepted that as the rank of coal decreases, the risk of spontaneous combustion increases.The presence of pyrite increases the potential of coal for spontaneous combustion, particularly when the pyrite concentration exceeds 2 % and when it is very finely distributed. Pyrite accelerates spontaneous combustion by swelling and causing disintegration of the coal mass, thereby increasing the surface area available for oxidation.The smaller the coal particle, the greater the exposed surface area and the greater the tendency toward spontaneous combustion. Friable coals which produce a considerable amount of fines when mined are more vulnerable to spontaneouscombustion.The changes in moisture content of the coal affect the potential of coal for spontaneous combustion. It has been found that the rate of oxidation increases with an increase in moisture content. Also, wetting is an exothermic process and drying is an endothermic process.Airflow rateFor spontaneous combustion to develop, the rate of heat generation should be more than the rate of heat dissipation. At very high airflow rates almost unlimited oxygen for the oxidation of coal is available but dissipation of the heat generated by oxidation is very efficient. A low flow rate restricts the amount of oxygen available , but does not allow the heat generated to be dissipated. A critical flow rate is one that provides sufficient oxygen for widespread oxidation but does not dissipate the heat generated.Geological factorsThe presence of faults in coal seams often contributes to the development of heating in coal mines by allowing air and water to migrate into the coal seams. Zones of weakness which usually develop in the area around the faults also aid in the development of heating.The temperatures of the strata increase with depth. Therefore, the oxidation rate will increase with depth, making deeper seams more vulnerable to spontaneous combustion. On the other hand, the higher rank of coal found in these seams decreases the chances of heating.Thick coal seams are often considered to have more potential for spontaneous combustion because the working of these seams is invariably accompanied by high losses of coal in the goaf areas. The low thermal conductivity of coal compared with that of shale or sandstone is also a contributory factor.When a coal seam under a shallow overburden is mined, the goaf areas become connected to the surface by cracks and fissures. Air and water from the surface can gain access to the coal and increase the potential for spontaneous combustion. Similarly, when multi-seams in close proximity are worked, the cracks and fissuresdeveloped in the intervening strata increase the potential for spontaneous combustion of the surrounding unmined seams, particularly the undermined seams.Mining practiceSome of the most common places where spontaneous heatings occur are goaf areas and unconsolidated wastes, pack wall a high proportion of coal, the edges of goaves where high strata pressure causes crushing, roof falls and floor heaves, crushed pillars, regulators doors and air crossings and constrictions in the roadways.Coal left in goaf areas is very liable to spontaneous combustion as the air movement there is very sluggish, and any heat generated as g result of oxidation will not be removed.In coal mines, coal is left in the roof and/or floor to support the weak adjoining strata or bands of inferior quality coal which are left unmined. However on long standing, roof falls and floor heaves occur causing large-scale crushing of the left coal and creating conditions susceptible for heating.Pillars that have been standing for a long time are prone to heating, particularly when they are liable to crushing.Regulators, doors and air crossings are points of high air leakage, the air moving through the fractures in the solid coal around them. The greater the pressure difference across them, the greater the leakage. Constrictions of mine roadways also cause leakage of air. Changes in ventilation, either intentional or accidental, may cause excessive air leakages or may suddenly bring moist air into contact with dry coal.Goaf areas, where a large amount of coal is left and particularly where a bleeder ventilation system is used to clear gas from the gofa, present optimal conditions for spontaneous heating.Incubation periodThe term ‘incubation period’generally implies the time required for the oxidation of coal, in suitable circumstances, to cause a rise in temperature to its ignition point. It depends on the characteristics of the coal, the air leakage and the heat accumulation in the environment. For low-rank coals, the time period generallyvaries between 3 and 6 months, but with high-rank coals the period varies between 9 and 18 months. The incubation period can be extended by reducing fissuration and/or air leakage. Under adverse conditions, the period can be less than 2 weeks, especially with low-rank coals.Prevention of spontaneous combustionPrevention of spontaneous combustion is based on two factors: (1) elimination of coal from the area and (2) control of ventilation so as to exclude oxygen entirely from the area, or to supply a sufficient flow of air to dissipate the heat efficiently as it is generated and before a critical temperature is reached. The methods adopted depend upon the local situation.Mining layoutWhen designing mining layouts for seams liable to spontaneous heating it is essential that the general layout of the mine is simple and that each area can be quickly and effectively sealed off. The relative positions of the various districts in the seam and surrounding seams must also be taken into account. It is essential to follow descending order of extraction when mining multiple seams.The panel system is an appropriate one for mining seams liable to spontaneous combustion. This system facilitates effective sealing with a few stopping. The size and configuration of the panels depend upon the method of mining, the seam contours and other geological considerations. If necessary, the panels must be of a size which would permit complete extraction within the incubation period. The size of panel barriers needs to be sufficient for stability.When working seams by the bord and pillar method, the size of the pillars must be sufficient to avoid excessive crushing. This also applies to coal pillars left at the start of longwall faces.When working a seam by a longwall, the retreating method is preferable as it eliminates leakage currents through the goaf area.On completion of production from a panel, reclamation of material should be completed without delay and the panel adequately sealed as quickly as possible.Air leakageAs far as is practicable, the formation of leakage paths should be minimised by providing adequate support, e.g. adequately sized pillars and good gateside packs. If this is not sufficient to prevent air leakage, leakage paths should be sealed off by sealant coating or injection.Fractures extending to the surface offer a source of air leakage into sealed areas. Artificial sealing from the surface, usually by sand, can prevent such leakage.Doors, regulators and stoppings should be properly sited. Unnecessary stopping and starting of main and booster fans should be avoided. When a panel has ceased production and is to be stopped off, the ventilation pressure difference should be balanced across the old panel. Balancing the ventilation pressure is not a substitute but a complementary requirement for effective stoppings.InhibitorsIn storage areas and surface stock piles, certain chemical agents can be applied to the coal surface which can hinder the penetration of oxygen into the coal by sealing the surface pores and thereby stopping initiation of auto-oxidation of coal at ambient temperatures. Surface stock piles can also be sealed off by consolidation and bitumen. Stock piles can be so designed as to reduce air movement through them.Detection of spontaneous combustionThe development of heating underground is accompanied by the progressive appearance of:(1) haze formed when air heated by an incipient fire meets colder air;(2) sweating or condensation on the roof and exposed surfaces due to the moisture formed by combustion;(3) goaf stink or fire stink with a characteristic smell, variously described as musty, oily, petrolic, aromatic or tarry;(4) smoke in airways; and(5) fire.In the past, reliance has been placed on these indications for the detection of spontaneous combustion, although it has never been satisfactory for the reason that the spontaneous combustion must have reached an advanced stage, thus seriouslylimiting the time available for control, reclamation of equipment and sealing off.Modern methods of early detection of spontaneous combustion are based on changes in air composition. The oxidation leading to the spontaneous combustion of coal consumes oxygen from the air and produces carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide. Carbon dioxide is produced in much greater quantities than carbon monoxide but its presence cannot be used as an indication of the onset of spontaneous combustion because of the high base levels in fresh air (3000ppm) which make small changes undetectable. On the other hand, there is no carbon monoxide in fresh air and virtually none in a panel intake so that a change in level of a few parts per million can mean a severalfold increase.Exhausts from diesel engines and blasting fumes are two common sources of carbon monoxide underground but their effects can be distinguished from a gradual increase or trend due to spontaneous combustion because they are basically intermittent in nature.In panels where ventilation conditions are steady, even a small change in the concentration of carbon monoxide in the return airway may be sufficient to detect a spontaneous heating condition. Fluctuations in ventilation affect the concentration of carbon monoxide by dilution but an allowance for this can be made by calculating either the carbon monoxide/oxygen deficiency ratio or the actual production of carbon monoxide.Carbon monoxide/oxygen deficiency ratio(Graham ’s ratio)The calculation of this ratio depends on the constant ratio of oxygen to nitrogen in fresh air. The formula for the calculation is:22222265.010004.7993.20100.O N CO O N CO ratio def O CO -=-= where CO ,2N and 2O are the percentages of the gases present at any given time in a sample of air coming from the suspected area in a mine.Every mine and every panel has its own typical value or ‘norm’ for the make of carbon monoxide and for the carbon monoxide/oxygen deficiency ratio depending on the oxidation of the coal and the conditions in which it is mined. Any analysis showing a higher value than the norm determined should be followed by resampling. Confirmation of continuous increase warrants immediate investigation underground.Typical values of the carbon monoxide/oxygen deficiency ratio for underground coal mines are given below:0.4 or less – normal value0.5 – necessity for a thorough check-up1.0 –heating is almost certain2.0 – heating is serious, with or without the presence of active fire3.0 – active fire surely existsContinuous monitoring of carbon monoxide in mine airAutomatic monitoring for carbon monoxide is done in mines susceptible to heating. Automatic monitoring also permits the determination of carbon monoxide trends and absolute values using microprocessors without the need to relate them to oxygen deficiency.Continuous monitoring of carbon monoxide at a number of strategic points in the mine can give timely warning of the onset of spontaneous combustion and permit delineation of areas in a mine. Computerised data collection systems with graphic displays and a continuous graphical record permit easy recognition of the changes in background levels and enable exhausts from diesel equipment or other sources to be distinguished.Two types of analysers are available available for continuous monitoring of carbon monoxide in the air: (1) the infra-red analyzer and (2) the electrochemical analyzer. Only the infra-red analyzer is available in a form approved for use in underground coal mines.There are two systems used in monitoring. In one system, the analysers are installed at various points underground and they either record the percentage of carbon monoxide on site or telemeter the results to some convenient pointunderground or on the surface. In the other system, lengths of tube are installed from the sampling points to the surface and the samples drawn through these tubes are analysed sequentially. This system is known as the tube bundle system.The main advantage of installing on-site analysers underground lies in the immediate availability of results. But analysers are dedicated instruments and can monitor only carbon monoxide. The advantage of the tube bundle system is that is provides a sample for analysis on the surface which can be analysed for all gases. The limitation of this system is the delay between the air entering the tube at the sampling point and its subsequent analysis on the surface. For detecting spontaneous combustion, a delay of one or possibly two hours in getting the results of the samples is not a serious matter because spontaneous combustion has a relatively long incubation period.Generally, for large installations involving many sampling points, the tube bundle system is much less expensive than a system in which each point has a separate analyzer. The costs of pneumatic tubing are normally comparable with the wiring costs for analysers installed underground; however, the tube bundle system requires only one analyzer, whereas the other system requires an analyzer at each point underground. This reduces the cost of the tube bundle system substantially. Moreover, maintenance costs for a single analyzer and pumping station are lower than for a system containing many individual analysers, each of which must be periodically checked, cleaned, or adjusted for sensitivity. (However, when the system is to be used for monitoring ventilation during a sealing-off operation, on-site analysters are far superior due to the instant availability of results.)Control of spontaneous combustionThe method adopted for dealing with spontaneous combustion once it has occurred must depend upon the position and intensity of the heating, the likelihood of accumulation of inflammable gas and the accessibility of the heating from the point of view of ventilation and treatment. The three basic methods of control are:(1) the extraction of the hot coal;(2) the use of extinguishing agents; and(3) the exclusion of oxygen from the affected area.When the seat of heating is accessible to the existing transport system, the heated coal may be dug out and removed from the time. Under such circumstances care is usually taken to prevent the coal from catching fire while in transport by covering it with stone dust liberally as it is loaded. The disturbance of heated coal, which has been near its ignition temperature, often results in its inflammation. Steps must be taken to protect workers loading burning coal.Water under pressure as a means of controlling underground heatings must be used with caution particularly when there is no through ventilation because this would generally only aggravate the fire and introduce the risk of ignition due to a semi-water gas/producer gas reaction. Bentonite slurry, if available, may be used instead of water.The final expedient in dealing with the control of heatings underground is the sealing off of an area, thus isolating it from the rest of the mine. The object of sealing-off is to prevent further access of oxygen to the site and if done effectively there will be a gradual diminution of the amount of oxygen available until the stage is reached where the atmosphere within the sealed area will no longer support combustion.煤炭自燃煤通过于空气接触发生了缓慢的氧化作用，产生大量的水蒸气，释放出热量，当热量没有消散时，引起煤温的继续升高。

中英文对照外文翻译(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)外文：Mine safetyCoal mining historically has been a hazardous occupation but, in recent years, tremendous progress has been made in reducing accidental coal mine deaths and injuries.the main aspect is as following：⑴ Safety of mine ventilation•Purposes of Mine Ventilation•Properly engineered control of the mine atmosphere is required to: •provide fresh air (oxygen) for men to breathe•provide a source of oxygen for internal combustion engines in machinery •dilute atmospheric contaminants to acceptable levels•maintain temperature and humidity within acceptable limits•remove atmospheric contaminants from the mine.Mine ventilation is twofold in purpose: first, it maintains life, and secondly it carries off dangerous gases. The historic role of ventilation was to provide a flow of fresh air sufficient to replace the oxygen consumed by the miners working underground. Today's mine ventilation primarily deals with noxious gases (mainly generated by trackless equipment underground).Canaries are said to have been used to detect gas in coal mines in the early stages of coal mining. This sensitive bird would be taken into the workings and, if it perished, the colliers would immediately leave the mine.In the 1920s the hand-turned fans were replaced with air-powered small turbine fans. Large fans of the suction type were placed on the surface and gradually increased in size. Air from surface compressors was piped into the mine to power machinery and to assist in ventilation.Unless the air is properly distributed to the face, the mine ventilation system is not performing its primary function [1]. While it has always been recognized that this last part of ventilation is the most import, it is also the most difficult to achieve.The primary means of producing and controlling the airflow are also illustrated on Figure 1. Main fans, either singly or in combination, handle all of the air that passesthrough the entire system.These are usually, but notnecessarily, located onsurface, either exhaustingair through the system asshown on Figure 1 or, alternatively, connected to downcast shafts or main intakes and forcing air into and through the system. Because of the additional hazards of gases and dust that may both be explosive, legislation governing the ventilation of coal mines is stricter than for most other underground facilities. In many countries, the main ventilation fans for coal mines are required, by law, to be placed on surface and may also be subject to other restrictions such as being located out of line with the connected shaft or drift and equipped with "blow-out" panels to help protect the fan in case of a mine explosion.Stoppings and Seals:In developing a mine, connections are necessarily made between intakes and returns. When these are no longer required for access or ventilation, they should be blocked by stoppings in order to prevent short-circuiting of the airflow. Stoppings can be constructed from masonry, concrete blocks or fireproofed timber blocks. Prefabricated steel stoppings may also be employed. Stoppings should be well keyed into the roof, floor and sides, particularly if the strata are weak or in coal mines liable to spontaneous combustion. Leakage can be reduced by coating the high pressure face of the stopping with a sealant material and particular attention paid to the perimeter. Here again, in weak or chemically active strata, such coatings may be extended to the rock surfaces for a few metres back from the stopping. In cases where the airways are liable to convergence, precautions should be taken to protect stoppings against premature failure or cracking. These measures can vary from "crush pads" located at the top of the stopping to sliding or deformable panels on prefabricated stoppings. In all cases, components of stoppings should be fireproof and should not produce toxicfumes when heated.As a short term measure, fire-resistant brattice curtains may be tacked to roof, sides and floor to provide temporary stoppings where pressure differentials are low such as in locations close to the working areas.Where abandoned areas of a mine are to be isolated from the current ventilation infrastructure, seals should be constructed at the entrances of the connecting airways. If required to be explosion-proof, these consist of two or more stoppings, 5 to 10 metres apart, with the intervening space occupied by sand, stone dust, compacted non-flammable rock waste, cement-based fill or other manufactured material. Steel girders, laced between roof and floor add structural strength. Grouting the surrounding strata adds to the integrity of the seal in weak ground. In coal mines, mining law or prudent regard for safety may require seals to be explosion-proof.Doors and airlocks：Where access must remain available between an intake and a return airway, a stopping may be fitted with a ventilation door. In its simplest form, this is merely a wooden or steel door hinged such that it opens towards the higher air pressure. This self-closing feature is supplemented by angling the hinges so that the door lifts slightly when opened and closes under its own weight. It is also advisable to fit doors with latches to prevent their opening in cases of emergency when the direction of pressure differentials may be reversed. Contoured flexible strips attached along the bottom of the door assist in reducing leakage, particularly when the airway is fitted with rail track.Ventilation doors located between main intakes and returns are usually built as a set of two or more to form an airlock. This prevents short-circuitingwhen one door is opened for passage of vehicles or personnel. The distance between doors should be capable of accommodating the longest train of vehicles required to pass through the airlock. For higher pressure differentials, multiple doors also allow the pressure break to be shared between doors. Mechanized doors, opened by pneumatic or electrical means are particularly convenient for the passage of vehicular traffic or where the size of the door or air pressure would make manual operation difficult. Mechanically operated doors may, again, be side-hinged or take the form of rollup or concertina devices. They may be activated manually by a pull-rope or automatic sensing of an approaching vehicle or person. Large doors may be fitted with smaller hinged openings for access by personnel. Man-doors exposed to the higher pressure differentials may be difficult to open manually. In such cases, a sliding panel may be fitted in order to reduce that pressure differential temporarily while the door is opened. Interlock devices can also be employed on an airlock to prevent all doors from being opened simultaneously.Cfd applied to ventilation sys tems：Due to recent advances in computer processing power CFD has been used to solve a wide range of large and complex flow problems across many branches of engineering (Moloney et. al. 1997/98/99). The increase in processor speed has also enabled the development of improved post processing and graphical techniques with which to visualize the results produced by these models. Recent research work has employed CFD models, validated by scale and full-scale experiments, to represent the ventilation flows and pollutant dispersion patterns within underground mine networks. In particular, studies by Moloney (1997) demonstrated that validated CFD models were able tosuccessfully replicate the ventilation flows and gaseous pollutant dispersion patterns observed within auxiliary ventilated rapid development drivages. CFD has proven a capable method by which to identify detailed characteristics of the flow within critical areas such as the cutting face. The results produced by the CFD models were able to demonstrate the relative efficiency of the different auxiliary ventilation configurations in the dilution, dispersion and transport of the methane and dust from the development face. Further recent studies by Moloney et. al. (1999) have demonstrated that such validated CFD models may be used to simulate the airflow and pollutant dispersion data for a wide range of mining and ventilation configurations. Each simulation exercise produces large sets of velocity, pressure and pollutant concentration data.⑵ Fires Methods of ControlFires that occur in mine airways usually commence from a single point of ignition. The initial fire is often quite small and, indeed, most fires are extinguished rapidly by prompt local action. Speed is of the essence. An energetic ignition that remains undetected, even for only a few minutes, can develop into a conflagration that becomes difficult or impossible to deal with. Sealing off the district or mine may then become inevitable.The majority of fires can be extinguished quickly if prompt action is taken. This underlines the importance of fire detection systems, training, a well-designed firefighting system and the ready availability of fully operational firefighting equipment. Fire extinguishers of an appropriate type should be available on vehicles and on the upstream side of all zones of increased fire hazard. These include storage areas and fixed locations ofequipment such as electrical or compressor stations and conveyor gearheads. Neither water nor foam should be used where electricity is involved until it is certain that the power has been switched off. Fire extinguishers that employ carbon dioxide or dry powders are suitable for electrical fires or those involving flammable liquids.Deluge and sprinkler systems can be very effective in areas of fixed equipment, stores and over conveyors. These should be activated by thermal sensors rather than smoke or gas detectors in order to ensure that they are operated only when open combustion occurs in the near vicinity.Except where electricity or flammable liquids are involved, water is the most common medium of firefighting. When applied to a burning surface, water helps to remove two sides of the fire triangle. The latent heat of the water as it vapourises and the subsequent thermal capacity of the water vapour assist in removing heat from the burning material. Furthermore, the displacement of air by water vapour and the liquid coating on cooler surfaces help to isolate oxygen from the fire.⑶ Methods of Dust ControlThe three major control methods used to reduce airborne dust in tunnels and underground mines: ventilation, water, and dust collectors.Ventilation air reduces dust through both dilution and displacement. The dilution mechanism operates when workers are surrounded by a dust cloud and additional air serves to reduce the dust concentration by diluting the cloud. The displacement mechanism operates when workers are upwind of dust sources and the air velocity is high enough to reliably keep the dust downwind.① Dilution Ventilation. The basic principle behind dilution ventilation is to provide more air and dilute the dust. Most of the time the dust is reduced roughly in proportion to the increase in airflow, but not always. The cost of and technical barriers to increased airflow can be substantial, particularly where air already moves through ventilation ductwork or shafts at velocities of 3,000 ft/min or more.②Displacement Ventilation. The basic principle behind displacement ventilation is to use the airflow in a way that confines the dust source and keeps it away from workers by putting dust downwind of the workers. Every tunnel or mine passage with an airflow direction that puts dust downwind of workers uses displacement ventilation. In mines, continuous miner faces or tunnel boring machines on exhaust ventilation use displacement ventilation. Enclosure of a dust source, such as a conveyor belt transfer point, along with extraction of dusty air from the enclosure, is another example of displacement ventilation. Displacement ventilation can be hard to implement. However, if done well, it is the most effective dust control technique available, and it is worth considerable effort to get it right. The difficulty is that when workers are near a dust source, say, 10 to 20 ft from the source, keeping them upwind requires a substantial air velocity, typically between 60 and 150 ft/min. There is not always enough air available to achieve these velocities.③ Water sprays. The role of water sprays in mining is a dual one: wetting of the broken material being transported and,airborne capture. Of the two, wetting of the broken material is far more effective.Adequate wetting is extremely important for dust control. The vast majorityof dust particles created during breakage are not released into the air, but stay attached to the surface of the broken material. Wetting this broken material ensures that the dust particles stay attached. As a result, adding more water can usually (but not always) be counted on to reduce dust. For example, coal mine operators have been able to reduce the dust from higher longwall production levels by raising the shearer water flow rate to an average of 100gpm. Compared to the amount of coal mined, on a weight basis, this 100gpm is equivalent to 1.9% added moisture from the shearer alone. Unfortunately, excessive moisture levels can also result in a host of materials handling problems, operational headaches, and product quality issues, so an upper limit on water use is sometimes reached rather quickly. As a result, an alternative to simply adding more water is to ensure that the broken material is being wetted uniformly.⑷ Mine DrainageWater invades almost every mine in the form of ：direct precipitation (rain and snow), surface runoff, underground percolation. Flows of water have an important effect on the cost and progress of many mining operations and present life and property hazards in some cases.Means of Mine-water Control（Mine Drainage）:As shafts and other mine openings extend below the water table, water is likely to be encountered and to seep into the openings to an extent depending upon the area of rock surface exposed, the hydrostatic pressure, and other factors. In order to continue mining operations, it is therefore necessary to lower the ground water level in the vicinity of the mine by artificial means to keep the workings free of water as well as preventing the flow of surfacewater into the (surface or underground) mine. This operation is known as mine drainage.Means of mine drainage are limited by circumstances and objectives. The following types of mine-water control can be used singly or more effectively in combination:① Locate shafts or excavations in best ground and protect from direct water inflow from surfaces.② Divert or drain water at or near surface.③Reduce permeability of rock mass by grouting with special types of cement, bentonite and liquid chemical grouts (water sealing).④ Case or cement exploration drill holes.⑤Drill pilot holes in advance of work wherever there may be sudden influents at rates potentially inconvenient.⑥Dewater bedrock at depth by pumping through dewatering wells or from an accessible place in the mine.。

在煤矿工作的危险英语作文Working in a coal mine is a dangerous job that requires great caution and attention to safety. The risks involved in this line of work are numerous and can have severe consequences. In this article, we will explore the dangers faced by coal miners and the measures that can be taken to ensure their safety.One of the main hazards in coal mining is the risk of underground explosions. Methane gas, which is highly flammable, can accumulate in the mine shafts and tunnels. Any spark or ignition source can trigger a catastrophic explosion, endangering the lives of the miners. To prevent this, strict safety protocols must be followed, including regular ventilation and monitoring of gas levels. Additionally, all electrical equipment used in the mine must be properly maintained and explosion-proof.Another danger in coal mining is the potential for roof collapses. The weight of the overlying rock and the constant pressure from the mining operations can weaken the stability of the mine's roof. This can lead to rock falls and cave-ins, trapping or crushing miners beneath the debris. To minimize this risk, thorough geological surveys should be conducted to identify areas of potential instability. Adequate roof support systems must also be in place to prevent collapses and protect the workers.Furthermore, exposure to harmful gases and dust is a significant concern in coal mining. The extraction process releases toxic gases such as carbon monoxide and sulfur dioxide, which can cause respiratory problems and even death. Miners are also exposed to coal dust, which can lead to black lung disease, a debilitating condition that affects the lungs. Proper ventilation systems and personal protective equipment, such as respirators, should be provided to mitigate these risks. Regular health screenings should also be conducted to detect any early signs of lung diseases.In addition to these physical hazards, the mental and emotional toll of working in a coal mine should not be overlooked. The constant fear of accidents and the demanding nature of the job can lead to high levels of stress and anxiety among miners. It is crucial for employers to provide adequate support and counseling services to help miners copewith these challenges. Regular breaks and time off should also be encouraged to promote a healthy work-life balance.To ensure the safety of coal miners, it is essential to prioritize training and education. All miners should undergo comprehensive safety training programs that cover emergency procedures, hazard recognition, and proper use of equipment. Regular refresher courses should be conducted to reinforce these skills and keep the miners up to date with the latest safety protocols.In conclusion, working in a coal mine is a hazardous occupation that requires strict adherence to safety measures. The risks of explosions, roof collapses, exposure to harmful gases, and the mental strain on miners make this line of work particularly dangerous. By implementing proper safety protocols, providing necessary equipment, and prioritizing training and support, we can minimize these risks and ensure the well-being of coal miners.。

原文Control and prevention of gas outbursts in coal mines,Riosa–Olloniego coalfield, SpainMaría B. Díaz Aguado C. González Nicieza AbstractUnderground coal mines have always had to control the presence of different gases in the mining environment. Among these gases, methane is the most important one, since it is inherent to coal. Despite of the technical developments in recent decades, methane hazards have not yet been fully avoided. This is partly due to the increasing depths of modern mines, where methane emissions are higher, and also to other mining-related circumstances, such as the increase in production rates and its consequences: difficulties in controlling the increasing methane levels, increasing mechanization, the use of explosives and not paying close attention to methane control systems.The main purposes of this paper are to establish site measurements using some critical parameters that are not part of the standard mining-control methods for risk assessment and to analyze the gas behavior of subvertical coal seams in deep mines in order to prevent gas incidents from occurring. The ultimate goal is the improvement in mining conditions and therefore in safety conditions.For this purpose, two different mines were instrumented for mine control and monitoring. Both mines belong to the Riosa–Olloniego coalfield, in the Asturias Central Basin, Spain and the areas instrumented are mined via subhorizontal sublevels at an actual depth of around 1000 m under the overburden of Mount Lusorio.During this research, a property favoring gas outbursts was site measured for the first time in an outburst-prone coal (8th Coalbed), gas pressure and its variations, which contributed to complete the data available from previous characterizations and to set some guidelines for assessing the potential outburst-prone areas. A gas-measurement-tube set has been designed for measuring gas pressure as well as its variation over time as a result of nearby workings and to calculate permeability.The paper establishes the effect of overlapping of works, but it also shows the efficacy of two preventive measures to be applied: high pressure water infusion and the exploitation of a protective coal seam (7th Coalbed), that must be mined preferably two complete sublevels before commencing the advance in the outburst-prone coalbed. Both measures constitute an improvement in the mining sequence and therefore in safety, and should be completed with a systematic measurement to control the risk: gas pressure in the 8th Coalbed in the area of influence of other workings, to establish the most suitable moment to renew the advance. Further researches could focus on ascertaining thepermeability, not only in mined areas but also in areas of the mine that are still not affected by mining work and on tuning more finely the ranges of influence of overstress time and overlap distance of the workings of the 7th Coalbed in the 8th Coalbed.1. IntroductionCoalbed and coal mine methane research is thriving due to the fact that power generation from coal mine methane will continue to be a growing industry over the coming years in certaincountries. For instance, China, where 790 Mm3 of CH4 were drained off in 1999 (Huang, 2000), has 30 Tm3 of estimated CBM potential in the developed mining areas (Zhu, 2000). The estimate by Tyler et al. (1992) of the in-place gas in the United States is about 19 Tm3, while Germany's total estimated coalbed methane resources are 3 Tm3, very similar to Polish or English resources (World Coal Institute, 1998).This increase in the CBM commerce has opened up new lines of research and has allowed the scientific community to increase its knowledge of some of the propertiesof coal and of methane gas, above all with respect to the properties that determine gas flow, which until now had not been sufficiently analyzed. Some of these parameters are the same ones that affect the occurrence of coal mining hazards, as methane has the potential to become a source of different fatal or non-fatal disastrous events.2. Description of the Asturian Central basin and of the 8th CoalbedThe 8th Coalbed of the Riosa–Olloniego unit, located in the Southwest of the Asturian Central Coal Basin (the largest coal basin in the Cantabrian Mountains, IGME, 1985), has CBM potential of about 4.81 Gm3. This is around 19.8% of the estimated resources of the Asturian Central Basin and 12.8 % of the total assessed CBM resources in Spain (Zapatero et al., 2004). 3.84 Gm3 of the CBM potential of the 8th Coalbed belongs to San Nicolás and Montsacro: 1.08 Gm3 to San Nicolás area and 2.76Gm3 to Riosa, down to the −800m level (IGME, 2002).The minable coalbeds of this unit are concentrated in Westphalian continental sediments (Suárez-Ruiz and Jiménez, 2004). The Riosa–Olloniego geological unit consists of three seams series: Esperanza, with a total thickness of 350 m, contains 3–6 coalbeds with a cumulative coal thickness of 3.5 to 6.5 m; Pudingas, which is 700 m thick, has 3–5 coalbeds with a thickness of 5–7m; whereas the Canales series, the most important one, I 800 m thick, with 8–12 coalbeds that sum up to 12–15 m thick. This series, which contains the 8th Coalbed, the coalbed of interest in this study, has a total thickness of 10.26mat SanNicolás and 15.13matMontsacro (Pendás et al., 2004). Fig. 1 shows the geological map of the two coal mines, whereas Fig. 2represents a front view of both mines and the location of the instrumented areas. In this particular study, the 8th Coalbed is situated at a depth of between 993 and 1017 m, in an area of low seismi intensity.Instantaneous outbursts pose a hazard to safe, productive extraction of coal in both mines. The mechanisms of gas outbursts are still unresolved but include the effect of stress, gas content and properties of the coal. Other factors such as geological features, mining methods, bord and pillarworkings or increase in rate of advance may combine to exacerbate the problem (Beamish and Crosdale, 1998). Some of the main properties of the 8th Coalbed favoring gas outbursts (Creedy and Garner, 2001; Díaz Aguado, 2004) had been previously studied by the mining company, in their internal reportsM.B. Díaz Aguado, C. González Nicieza / International Journal of Coal Geology 69 (2007) 253–266255Fig. 1. Geological map.as well as in the different research studies cited in Section1: the geological structure of the basin, the stress state of the coalbed and its surrounding wall rock and some properties of both coal-bearing strata and the coalbed itself. The next paragraphs summarize the state of the research when this project started.Many researchers have studied relationships between coal outbursts and geological factors. Cao et al. (2001), found that, in the four mining districts analyzed, outbursts occurred within tectonically altered zones surrounding reverse faults; this could help to delimit outburst-prone zones. In the 8th Coalbed, some minor outbursts in the past could be related to faults or changes in coal seam thickness. Hence, general geological inspections are carried out systematically, as well as daily monitoring of any possible anomalies. But, in any case, some other outbursts could be related neither to local nor general faults.Fig. 2. General location of the study area.M.B. Díaz Aguado, C. González Nicieza / International Journal of Coal Geology 69 (2007) 253–266 For some years now, the technical experts in charge of the mine have been studying the stress state of the coalbed by means of theoretical calculations of face end or residual rock mass projections that indicated potential risk areas, based on Russian standards (Safety Regulations for Coal and Oil Shale Miners, 1973).Assuming that there was an initial approach to the stress state, this parameter was therefore not included in the research study presented in this paper. In the Central Asturian Coal Basin, both the porosity and permeability of the coal-bearing strata are very low,the cleat structure is poorly developed and cleats are usually water-filled or even mineralized. Consequently, of 5.10 m3/t. In some countries, such as Australia (Beamish and Crosdale, 1998) or Germany, a gas outburst risk value has been established when methane concentration exceeds 9 m3/t (although close to areas of over-pressure, this risk value descends to 5.5 m3/t). As the average gas contents in the coalbed are comparable with those of the Ruhr Basin (which according to Freudenberg et al., 1996, vary from 0 to 15 m3/t), the values in the 8th Coalbed would be close to the risk values.Desorption rate was considered the most important parameter by Williams and Weissmann (1995), in conjunction with the gas pressure gradient ahead of the face. Gas desorption rate (V1) has been defined as the volume of methane, expressed in cm3, that is desorbed from a 10 g coal sample, with a grain size between 0.5 and 0.8 mm, during a period of time of 35 s (fromsecond 35 to 70 of the test). Desorption rates have been calculated from samples taken at 2 m, 3 m and 7 m, following the proceedings of the Technical Specification 0307-2-92 of the Spanish Ministry of Industry. The average values obtained during the research are: 0.3 cm3 / (10 g·35 s) at 2 m depth, 0.5 cm3 / (10 g·35 s) at 3 m and 1.6 cm3 / (10 g·35 s) at the only paths for methane flow are open fractures. Coal gas content is one of the main parameters that had been previously analyzed. The methane concentration in the Central Asturian Basin varies between 4 and 14 m3/t of coal (Suárez Fernández,1998). Particularly, in the Riosa–Olloniego unit, the gas content varies from 3.79 to 9.89 m3/t of coal (Pendás et al., 2004). During the research, the measured values in the area of study have varied between 4.95 and 8.10 m3/t, with an average value7m.Maximumvalues were of 1.7 cm3 / (10 g·35 s) at 2m depth, 3.3 at 3 m and up to 4.3 cm3 / (10 g·35 s) at 7 m.The initial critical safety value to avoid gas outbursts in the 8th Coalbed was 2 cm3 / (10 g·35 s). Due to incidents detected during this research study, the limit value was reduced to 1.5 cm3 / (10 g·35 s).But other properties, such as coal gas pressure, the structure of the coal itself and permeability, had beeninsufficiently characterized in the Riosa Olloniego unit before this research study.Two methods had been previously employed to determine the gas pressure in the mine: the Russian theoretical calculations for the analysis of the stress state and the indirect measurements of the gas pressure obtained by applying criteria developed for the coalbeds of the Ruhr Basin (Germany), Poland and the former Soviet Union. These indirect measurements were the Jahns or borehole fines test (Braüner, 1994), which establishes a potential hazard when the fines exceed a limiting value. Although there are tabulated values for the coalbeds of the Ruhr Basin, it is not the case for the coals of the Riosa–Olloniego unit. Therefore, in this paper an improvement to the gas pressure measurement technique is proposed by developing a method and a device capable of directly measuring in situ pressures.The 8th Coalbed is a friable bituminous coal, high in vitrinite content, locally transformed into foliated fabrics which, when subjected to abutment pressure, block methane migration intoworking faces (Alpern, 1970). With low-volatile content, it was formed during the later stages of coalification and, as stated by Flores (1998) this corresponds to a large amount of methane generated. Moreover, the coal is subject to sudden variations in thickness (that result in unpredictable mining conditions) and to bed-parallel shearing within the coalbed, that has been considered an influence on gas outbursts (Li, 2001). Its permeability had never been quantified before in this mining area. Thus, during research in the 8th Coalbed it was decided to perform in situ tests to measure pressure transients, to obtain site values that will allow future calculations of site permeability, in order to verify if it is less than 5 mD, limit value which, after Lama and Bodziony (1998), makes a coalbed liable to outbursts.Therefore, in this study we attempted to characterize gas pressure and pressure transients, for their importance in the occurrence of gas outbursts or events in which a violent coal outburst occurs due to the sudden release of energy, accompanied by the release of significant amount of gas (González Nicieza et al.,2001), either in breaking or in development of the coalbed (Hardgraves, 1983).3. ConclusionsCoalbed is still a major hazard affecting safety andproductivity in some underground coal mines. This paper highlights the propensity of the 8th Coalbed to give rise to gas outbursts, due to fulfilling a series of risk factors, that have been quantified for 8th Coalbed for the first time and that are very related to mining hazards: gas pressure and its variation, with high valuesmeasured in the coalbed,obtaining lower registers at Montsacro than at San Nicolás (where 480 kPa were reached in the gas pressure measurements at the greatest depth). These parameters, together with the systematic measurement of concentration and desorption rate that were already being carried out by the mine staff, require monitoring and control. A gas-measurement-tube set was designed, for measuring gas pressure and its variations as well as the influence of nearby workings to determine outburstprone areas. The efficacy of injection as a preventative measure was shown by means of these measurement tubes. Injection decreases the gas pressure in the coalbed, althoughthe test must be conducted maximizing all the precautionary measures, because gas outbursts may occur during the process itself.The instrumentation results indicated the convenienceof mining the 7th Coalbed at least one sublevel ahead of the 8th Coalbed. This means having completed longwall caving of the corresponding sublevel both eastward and westward, and having allowed the necessary time to elapse for distention to take effect. This distention time was estimated between two and three months.The constructed instrumentation likewise allowed the effect of overlapping of workings to be measured: as the longwall caving of the coalbed situated to the roof of the instrumented coalbed approaches the area of advance of the 8th Coalbed, an increase in the pressure of the gas is produced in the 8th Coalbed. This may even triplicate the pressure of the gas and is more pronounced as the longwall caving approaches the position of the measuring equipment. A spatial range of the influence of longwall caving of some 55–60 m was estimated and a time duration of 2–3 months. The main contribution of this article resides in theproposal of measures of control and risk of gas outbursts that complement the systematic measurements in the mine itself, with the aim of improving safety in mining work. This proposal, apart from certain practical improvements in mining work, above all regarding the exploitation sequence, would involve the installation of gas measurement tubes before initiating the advance or at the overlap of workings. It would consist intemporarily detaining the advance in the 8th Coalbed when an overlap of workings may occur or prior to the commencement of an advance in the 8th Coalbed, installing measurement tubes in the face. The values and the trend of the measured gas pressures, together with the values obtained from gas concentration tests, would enable control of the conditions of the coalbed and the establishing of what moment would be appropriate to renew the advance. The gas measurement tubes would hence be a reliable, economic control and evaluation measure of the risk of gas outbursts. Furthermore, this equipment would enable the openingof other lines of research, both for calibrating the time and range of influence of mining work in each advance, as well as for calculating the permeability of the coal. By means of the designed test (gas flow between two gasmeasurement-tube sets), permeability could be estimated by numerical models calibrated with site data, both in areas of the mine that have still to be affected by mining work and in those already subject to mining works. These calibrations would also allow the variation in permeability with the depth of the coalbed itself to be analyzed.References[1] Alexeev, A.D., Revva, V.N., Alyshev, N.A., Zhitlyonok, D.M., 2004.[2] True triaxial loading apparatus and its application to coal outburst prediction. Int. J. Coal Geol. 58, 245–250.[3] Alpern, B., 1970. Tectonics and gas deposit in coalfields: a bibliographical study and examples of application. Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. 7, 67–76.[4] Beamish, B.B., Crosdale, J.P., 1998. Instantaneous outbursts in underground coal mines: an overview and association with coal type. Int. J. Coal Geol. 35, 27–55.[5] Braüner, G., 1994. Rockbursts in Coal Mines and Their Prevention. Balkema, Rotterdam, Netherlands. 137 pp.[6] Cao, Y., He, D., Glick, D.C., 2001. Coal and gas outbursts in footwalls of reverse faults. Int. J. Coal Geol. 48, 47–63.[7] Creedy, D., Garner, K., 2001. UK-China Coalbed Technology Transfer. Report N° Coal R207 DTI/Pub URN 01/584, 24 pp.[8] Díaz Aguado, M.B., 2004. Análisis, Control y Evaluación de Riesgo de Fenómenos Gaseodinámicos en Minas de Carbón, PhD Thesis, University of Oviedo (Spain) Publishing Service,I.S.B.N.: 84-8317-434-0, 301 pp. (in Spanish, with English Abstract).[9] Durucan, S., Edwards, J.S., 1986. The effects of stress and fracturing on permeability of coal Min. Sci. Technol. 3, 205–216.[10] Flores, R.M., 1998. Coalbed methane: from hazard to resource. Int. J.Coal Geol. 35, 3–26西班牙Riosa–Olloniego煤矿瓦斯预防和治理María B. Díaz Aguado C. González NiciezaAbstract Department of Mining Exploitation, University of Oviedo, School of Mines,Independencia, 13, 33004 Oviedo, Spain摘要在煤矿井下开采环境中必须控制着不同气体的存在。

《2024年煤矿安全规程解读》--基础理论英文版Title: Interpretation of Coal Mine Safety Regulations 2024 - Basic TheoryIn 2024, the coal mining industry faces increasing challenges in ensuring safety for workers. Understanding the basic theories behind coal mine safety regulations is crucial for creating a safe working environment.One fundamental aspect of coal mine safety is risk assessment. By identifying potential hazards and assessing the level of risk, miners can take proactive measures to prevent accidents. This includes regular inspections of equipment, ventilation systems, and emergency procedures.Another key component is training and education. Ensuring that all workers are properly trained on safety protocols and procedures can significantly reduce the likelihood of accidents. This includesunderstanding the use of personal protective equipment, emergency response protocols, and proper handling of hazardous materials.Additionally, communication is essential in maintaining a safe working environment. Clear communication channels between workers, supervisors, and safety personnel can help identify and address safety concerns in a timely manner. This includes reporting hazards, incidents, and near-misses to prevent future accidents.Furthermore, compliance with regulations is critical for upholding safety standards in coal mines. By following established guidelines and regulations, miners can ensure that all operations are conducted in a safe and efficient manner. This includes regular maintenance of equipment, adherence to safety protocols, and participation in safety training programs.In conclusion, understanding the basic theories behind coal mine safety regulations is vital for promoting a safe working environment in 2024. By focusing on risk assessment, training, communication, andcompliance, miners can work towards preventing accidents and ensuring the well-being of all workers in the coal mining industry.。

Conveyor belt entry fire hazards and controlH. Verakis & M. HockenberryU.S. Department of Labor, Mine Safety and Health Administration, Triadelphia, West Virginia, USA ABSTRACT: A fire in a coal mine conveyor belt entry represent a major safety and health risk to miners. Fighting belt entry fires can be a commanding effort. If there is a failure of one aspect in the fire fighting needs such as a dissimilar hose-valve connection, then it can result in the inability to extinguish a fire. Fire incident data compiled over nearly 30 years for underground coal mines shows that fires in belt entries account for 15-20 percent of the total number of fires. Fires in the belt entries of coal mines have resulted in injuries and fatalities. New regulations have been promulgated that require an unplanned fire not extinguished within 10 minutes of discovery to be reported to the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA). A fire that is not extinguished within several minutes may take hours or days to extinguish or may require sealing a section or the mine in some cases. The current fire protection regulations in the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), Title 30, Part 75 are designed to prevent or control the fire hazards present in a belt entry. These requirements and other factors affecting belt entry fires are discussed, including fire detection and warning, fire suppression devices, type and location of fire fighting equipment, waterlines, and cleanup and removal of combustible materials. The fire suppression systems used to extinguish/control a belt fire and the effect of ventilation on the propagation of conveyor belt fires are also discussed.1IntroductionA fire occurring in an underground coal mine conveyor belt entry represents a major safety and health risk to miners. If the fire is small when discovered, it most likely will be extinguished before becoming a major conflagration. Fighting a conveyor belt entry fire can be a commanding effort and failure of one aspect can result in losing control of extinguishing the fire.Fire incident data compiled over nearly 30 years for underground coal mines show that fires in belt entries account for 15-20 percent of the total number of fires. Fires in the belt entries of coal mines have resulted in injuries and fatalities. Most of the fire incident data compiled was obtained from mine operator reports of underground coal mine fires lasting 30 minutes or longer. Prior to December 8, 2006, an unplanned underground mine fire not extinguished within 30 minutes of discovery was to be reported by the mine operator to MSHA. However, beginning December 8, 2006, new MSHA regulations (1) require a mine operator to report an unplanned underground mine fire that is not extinguished within 10 minutes of discovery. A fire that is not extinguished within several minutes may take hours or days to extinguish or may require sealing a section or the mine in some cases. The current fire protection regulations in 30 CFR Part 75 are designed to prevent or control the fire hazards present in a belt entry. These requirements and other factors affecting belt entry fires are discussed which include fire detection and warning, fire suppression devices, type and location of fire fighting equipment, waterlines, and cleanup of combustibles. The fire suppression systems used to extinguish/control a belt fire and the effect of ventilation on the propagation of conveyor belt fires are also discussed. 2Conveyor Belt Fire Incident DataA large amount of data has been collected and analyzed on underground coal mine fires (2), (3), (4). The data shows over the past 30 years that fires in conveyor belt entries continue to represent about 15 to 20 percent of all underground coal mine fires. More recent fire incident data for conveyor belt entries in U.S. underground coal mines has been summarized by year, 1980-2005 (4). As indicated in Figure 1, which is prepared from the 1980-2005 data on ignition sources indicated in Francart’s paper (4) and the MSHA presentation on “Reducing Belt Entry Fires in Underground Coal Mines” (5), there were 63 conveyor belt entry fires. Of the 63 fires, friction at the belt drive and along the belt served as the ignition source for 36 percent. Frictional heating continues to be a most common ignitionsource in underground coal mine conveyor belt entry fires.drive18%cutting & welding8%18%3%not determinedFigure 1 – Ignition Sources for U.S. Underground Coal Mine Belt Entry Fires, 1980-2005The data published in Francart’s paper (4) preceded the more recent underground coal mine conveyor belt fire that12th U.S./North American Mine Ventilation Symposium 2008 – Wallace (ed)ISBN 978-0-615-20009-5occurred in the Aracoma Alma Mine No. 1 on January 19, 2006. According to the MSHA Investigation Report (6), the fire occurred as a result of frictional heating when the longwall belt became misaligned in the 9 Headgate longwall belt takeup storage units. This frictional heating ignited accumulated combustible materials. Twenty-nine miners were working underground in the Aracoma Alma Mine No. 1 at the time. During the evacuation process, two of the twelve miners from 2 Section became separated from the remainder of the crew when they encountered dense smoke. Initial attempts to locate the two missing miners and extinguish the fire were unsuccessful. The two miners died as a result of the fire. The remaining twenty-seven miners working underground escaped safely. The fire was eventually brought under control by mine rescue teams and the two deceased miners were found two days later on January 21, 2006. In addition to the MSHA report, an overview of the Aracoma Alma Mine No. 1 fire was presented by Francart (7) to the federal Technical Study Panel on the Utilization of Belt Air and the Composition and Fire Retardant Properties of Belt Materials in Underground Coal Mining ().Subsequent to the conveyor belt fire data presented in Francart’s paper (4), an analysis was made of the MSHA database information reported for underground coal mine fires for 2006 through July 2007 (8). There were two reported underground coal mine belt entry fires in 2006, one of which was the Aracoma Alma Mine No.1 fire. There were two reported underground coal belt entry fires that occurred in the period January to June 2007 and each one lasted less than 30 minutes.3Belt and Other Combustible Fire HazardsThe potential risk of fire in a conveyor belt entry of an underground coal mine is high. No coal mine using conveyor belt haulage is immune from a fire involving the conveyor belt. In a conveyor belt entry there is an abundant supply of combustible materials including the conveyor belt itself, coal and coal fines, grease and oil and possibly wooden supports. Belt entry fires have occurred from various sources of ignition as shown in Figure 1. It doesn’t take much time for a conveyor belt fire to build in intensity and create a potentially lethal atmosphere. Conveyor belt fires have burned as much as 610 meters (2000 feet) of belting. A conveyor belt that has poor resistance to fire will spread flames along the exposed surfaces of the belt and eventually ignite other combustibles such as the coal. As the belt fire progresses and extends to other combustibles, the concentrations of toxic gases increase to potentially lethal levels. The mine ventilation can be disrupted from a propagating conveyor belt fire. The disruption of the ventilation can introduce a threat of explosion from the accumulation of methane and the release of flammable gases. As an example, mine rescue teams fighting a conveyor belt fire at the Marianna Mine were withdrawn because high levels of methane accumulated, posing the threat of explosion (9). Large-scale conveyor belt tests have shown the magnitude of the fire hazard, including the various flammability characteristics of conveyor belting as affected by the ventilating airflow and the potential of the fire to spread to other combustibles (10), (11), (12), and (13). These large-scale conveyor belt fire tests have shown that a ventilating airflow of about 92 meters per minute (300 feet per minute) is optimum for flame propagation. Figure 2 shows the propagation of a conveyor belt fire during a large-scale test at the National Institute for Occupational Safety & Health (NIOSH) Lake Lynn Laboratory.Increasing the fire resistance of the conveyor belting and limiting the amount of combustibles in the belt entry are among the measures that will reduce the potential for a disastrous fire. As a matter of fact, the accumulation of combustible materials was the most frequently cited underground coal mine safety standard (30 CFR 75.400) by MSHA enforcement personnel in 2006(). Cleanup of combustible materials, particularly the extraneous coal is one of the most important fire safety measures in a belt entry.The federal Technical Study Panel on the Utilization of Belt Air and the Composition and Fire Retardant Properties of Belt Materials in Underground Coal Mining has made recommendations that encompass conveyor belt entry and conveyor maintenance and improved fire resistant standards for conveyor belting. Information on the Panel’s recommendations and final report may be found on MSHA’s website at/BeltAir/BeltAir.aspFigure 2 – Propagation of a Conveyor Belt Fire during a Large-scale Test at the NIOSH Lake Lynn Lab4Fire Protection RequirementsThere are extensive MSHA regulations addressing belt conveyor fire protection and control in 30 CFR, Part 75, Subpart L, Fire Protection (14). The regulations address slippage and sequence switches, fire resistant conveyor belting, fire detection and warning systems, fire hose and waterlines including suitable fittings, and automatic firesuppression equipment. For underground coal mines thatuse belt air to ventilate working sections there are fire protection requirements specified in the MSHA regulations under Part 75, Subpart D Ventilation (15). Another source is the U.S. Department of Labor eLaws® which include an MSHA Fire Suppression and Fire Protection Advisor. This Advisor provides minimum fire protection requirements for underground coal mine electrical equipment which includes conveyor belts(/elaws/msha/fire/fire_3.asp).The MSHA regulations pertaining to conveyor belt fire protection and control are minimum requirements intended to reduce the incident of fire in a belt entry and to control a fire should one develop. Of primary importance are properly designed and maintained fire detection and fire suppression systems. The requirements for the use and installation of fire suppression systems, including water deluge, water sprinklers, foam generator, and dry powder chemical systems are specified in 30 CFR, Part 75, SubpartD (14). The importance of properly designed fire suppression systems, particularly as the use of wider belts increases, is one of the outcomes from on-going large-scale research being conducted by NIOSH in partnership with MSHA on the suppression of conveyor belt fires. The design of a fire suppression system must include measures to appropriately cover wider belts with the fire suppressing agent and to address the effect of higher rates of airflow where employed in belt entries. Also, early fire detection through the use of carbon monoxide (CO) and smoke detectors, is critical to alerting miners and attending to a fire incident and can mean the difference between extinguishing a fire and having to contend with a fire that has grown out of control. Another key component is waterlines used with a fire hose for fighting a fire in a belt entry. Waterlines shall be capable of delivering 189 liters (50 gallons) of water a minute at a nozzle pressure of 3.5 kilograms per square centimeter (50 pounds per square inch). This is a minimum performance standard specified in 30 CFR, Part 75.1100-1(a) and is commonly referred to as the “50/50” rule. The length, size and type of hose affect compliance with this performance standard because water flowing through a hose will create pressure loss along the hose due to friction. The magnitude of this friction pressure loss will depend upon the water flow rate and the length, size and type of hose (16).Undoubtedly, those measures needed to reduce the hazards of conveyor belt entry fires are prevention, early detection, improved belt fire resistance, proper response and communication, extinguishment, and proper maintenance and examinations. Another source of detailed information for fire prevention and control in underground coal mine belt entries is the National Fire Protection Association Standard 120 (17). Other key factors are preparedness and proficient response to a fire in a belt entry. An excellent source for fire preparedness is the report “Fire Response Preparedness for Underground Mines” prepared by Ron Conti, et. al. (18). 5Cost of Belt Entry FiresThere are inherent costs associated with a conveyor belt entry fire, especially if the fire is not quickly extinguished. These costs can encompass lost production days, costs for extended work hours, extinguishment costs for chemical agents and equipment, costs of sealing a section of the mine or the mine itself, and costs for rehabilitation of the affected area(s).The effect and impact of the Marianna Mine fire is an example of the expenses that are incurred in fighting a belt-entry fire. Personnel and equipment from nearby mines were brought to the mine to fight the fire. Food, lodging, and wages were provided for these personnel by the mine operator. When the rescue teams were withdrawn, all equipment was left in the mine, and mines that loaned the equipment were reimbursed. More than 30 boreholes were drilled in an attempt to form underground seals for controlling the fire by using materials pumped from the surface. Access rights were purchased from landowners, and roadways were cleared and built so that drilling equipment could be installed. Material was pumped into the mine through the boreholes in an attempt to create underground seals. When this attempt to extinguish the fire failed, the entire mine was sealed. During the 30 days between the discovery of the fire and sealing of the mine, the direct cost of the fire fighting efforts was reported to have been between $5 and $6 million. Costs other than the fire fighting efforts not included in this $5 to $6 million amount would significantly increase the total cost of the Marianna Mine fire. The annual lost revenue at the time of the fire in 1988 would have been about $24 million. Miner benefits were maintained for a time following the mine shutdown. Underground mining supplies, equipment, and firefighting equipment owned by the mine operator were left underground when personnel were withdrawn. The cost of this abandoned mining equipment alone was in the millions of dollars. Of the 327 employees employed at the Marianna mine site, only a few remained employed in mining. In the case of the Marianna underground coal mine conveyor belt entry fire that occurred in 1988, the significant cost impact was the permanent sealing and closing of the mine and the loss of resources.6SummaryA primary fire hazard in a conveyor belt entry is the belt itself. The fire resistant level of a conveyor belt will have a significant impact on the occurrence and extent of a belt entry fire, should one develop. The first line of defense in strictly limiting the propagation of fire involving a conveyor belt is to use a conveyor belt of high fire resistance. The safety measures discussed for conveyor belt fire protection and control are systems that encompass redundancy. Early detection of a fire is paramount to determining the nature of a fire incident and subsequent warning of miners. Nonetheless important are all the other requirements and measures that address slippage and sequence switches, fire hose and waterlines, automatic firesuppression equipment, cleanup of combustibles, proper maintenance, communications, and fire response and preparedness. The combination of all the safety elements discussed is intended to reduce the hazard of conveyor belt entry fires. The success in this endeavor will not only result from the regulations, policies and technologies employed, but also from the dedication of the mine operator and miners to belt entry fire safety.ReferencesConti, Ronald, S., Chasko, Linda, L., Wiehagen, William, J., and Lazzara, Charles, P., “Fire Response Preparedness for Underground Mines,” National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Information Circular 9481, 2005.DeRosa, Maria, I., “Analysis of Mine Fires for All U.S.Underground and Surface Coal Mining Categories: 1990-1999, U.S. Bureau of Mines Information Circular 9470, 2004.Fires,” U.S. Bureau of Mines Report of Investigations 9570, 1995.Francart, W.J., “Reducing belt entry fires in underground coal mines,” 11th U.S./North American Mine Ventilation Symposium, Mutmansky & Ramani (eds),2006.Francart, W.J., Overview of a Fatal Mine Fire, Aracoma Alma Mine #1, occurred on January 19, 2006, presentation at the Technical Study Panel on the Utilization of Belt Air and the Composition and Fire Retardant Properties of Belt Materials in UndergroundCoal Mining, May 16, 2007, Salt Lake City, Utah. Lazzara, Charles, P., and Perzak, Frank, J., “Conveyor Belt Flammability Studies,” Proceedings of the Twenty-first Annual Institute on Coal Mining Health, Safety and Research, August 1990.Marianna Mine No. 58 (ID No. 36-00957), Beth Energy Mines, Inc., Mine Safety and Health Administration Report of Investigation, Mine Fire, Marianna Borough, Washington County, Pennsylvania, March 7,1988.MSHA Program Policy Letter No. P06-V-2, “Interpretation of 30 CFR 75.1100-1 and 2 Regarding Water DeliveryCapability of Coal Mine Waterlines When Fighting aFire with a Fire Hose and Nozzle,” 2006.MSHA, “Reducing belt entry fires in underground coal mines,” presentation made to the Technical Study Panel on the Utilization of Belt Air and the Composition and Fire Retardant Properties of Belt Materials in Underground Coal Mining, March 29, 2007, Pittsburgh, PA.MSHA database for reported underground coal mine fires from 2006 through July 2007.National Fire Protection Association, Standard 120, “Standard for Fire Protection and Control in Coal Mines,” Quincy, MA, 2004 Edition.Perzak, Frank, J., Litton, Charles, D., Mura, Kenneth, E., and Lazzara, Charles, P., “Hazards of Conveyor Belt Pomroy, William, H. and Carigiet, Annie, M.,“Analysis of Underground Coal Mine Fire Incidents inthe United States From 1978 Through 1992,” U.S,Bureau of Mines Information Circular 9426, 1995. Report of Investigation, Fatal Underground Coal Mine Fire, Aracoma Alma Mine #1, Aracoma Coal Company, Inc. Stollings, Logan County, West Virginia, I.D. N0. 46-08801, occurred January 19,2006, U.S. Department of Labor, Mine Safety & Health Administration, 2007.U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 30, Part 75, Subpart L, Fire Protection, July 1, 2007.U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 30, Part 75, Subpart D, Ventilation, Section 75.350, 75.351, and75.352, July 1, 2007.U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 30, Part 50, Section 50.2 Definitions, 50.2h(6), July 1, 2007. Verakis, Harry, C., “Reducing the Fire Hazard of Mine Conveyor Belts,” Proceedings of the Fifth U.S. MineVentilation Symposium, Society for Mining, Metallurgy and Exploration (SME), 1991.Verakis, Harry C and Dazell, Robert, W., “Impact of Entry Air Velocity on the Fire Hazard of Conveyor Belts,”Proceedings of the Fourth International Mine Ventilation Congress, July 1988.。

附录 A关于煤矿安全监控系统技术的研究Zhi Chang, Zhangeng Sun & Junbao GuSchool of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Tianjin Polytechnic UniversityTianjin 300160, China前言：无线射频的新的发展和运用使得RFID（射频识别）技术的应用越来越广泛。

同时结合矿山与RFID技术的特点，我们建立了一个地下的安全完整的、实时灵活的监测系统。

这套系统能在发生危险时自动报警并且提高搜索和救援的效率。

该系统可以管理危害气体的浓度、规划工人的安排、进出巷道通过工作的访问控制、巷道人员的分布和工人的资料，实现地下管理的信息化和可视化，提高矿业生产管理水平和矿井安全生产水平。

关键词：射频识别，安全监控系统，电子标签，读写器煤矿事故往往发生在中国近几年，除了矿业主的安全和法律意识薄弱，滞后的安全机构和采矿的人员和设备的不完善管理人员是重要原因。

通过分析近期内一些十分严重的事故，一般存在以下常见问题：（1）地面人员和地下人员之间的信息沟通不及时；（2）地面人员不能动态地掌握井下人员的分布和操作情况，并且不能掌握地下人员的确切位置；（3）一旦煤矿事故发生，救援效率低，效果较差。

因此，准确、迅速实施煤矿安全监控职能非常重要和紧迫，有效管理矿工，并确保救援高效率的运作。

文章中提出的煤炭采矿人员和车辆安全监测系统可以跟踪、监视和定位在矿井实时的有害气体，人员和车辆以及提供有关网络的矿井巷道，个人的定位，车辆的位置，危险区域的动态信息和地面人员相应线索。

如果发生意外，该系统还可以查询有关人员的分配，人员数量，人员撤离路线，以提供从事故救援监视计算机科学依据。

同时，管理人员可以利用系统的日常考勤功能实施矿工考勤管理。

一、RFID技术简介射频识别是一种非接触式自动识别技术进行排序，可以自动识别的无线电频率信号的目标，迅速跟踪货物和交换数据。