Book1经济学100分

课程资料课程大纲Syllabus of Economic Geography阅读材料Chap 1.绪论：什么是经济地理学？Economic Geography: A Brief Overview, by E. J. Malecki［下载］Economic Geography: A Brief Overview, by Trevor Barnes［下载］Reading Economic Geography［下载］Economic Geography: The Great Half Century, by Allen Scott［下载］21世纪人地关系研究前瞻［下载］The Future of Geography ［下载］新经济地理学与经济地理学的分异与对立［下载］中国地理学发展若干问题（陆大道）［下载］Chap 2.经济地理学研究方法（比较、归纳、演绎）Problem-Solving Approaches and Analytical Methods inEconomic Geography ［下载］The Modeling Tradition[下载]深圳三资制造业空间分布［下载］思维科学与地理思维研究［下载］关于地理学的人-地系统理论研究［下载］Chap 3.投入因素（资源、资本、劳动、技术）中国人口密度数字模拟［下载］中国流动人口的影响要素与空间分布［下载］信息时代空间结构研究新进展［下载］基于空间分析方法的人口空间分布区划［下载］中国省级人口增长率及其空间关联分析［下载］20世纪90年代中国土地利用变化及其成因分析［下载］我国互联网的发展及其潜在空间影响［下载］Chap 4.市场因素中国市场群落发展机制［下载］Chap 4.环境因素（自然环境、文化环境、体制环境）中国西部12省区的生态足迹［下载］中国生态系统生产力区划［下载］中国省际经济社会要素流动的空间特征［下载］经济地理学授课大纲（2003.2—2003.5）第一章绪论：什么是经济地理学？第二章经济地理学研究方法（比较、归纳、演绎）第一部分经济活动的区位与影响因素第三章投入因素（资源、资本、劳动、技术）第四章市场因素第五章环境因素（自然环境、文化环境、体制环境）第二部分企业的区位选择第六章韦伯的工业区位论第七章廖氏的区位理论第八章人的行为理论第三部分产业的空间分布及其规律第九章杜能的农业区位论第十章工业布局问题第十一章服务业的空间分布第十二章金融业的空间格局第十三章交通运输业的空间布局第四部分城市空间结构第十四章中心地理论第十五章城市的空间体系第十六章城市内部空间结构第十七章城市化与城市发展第五部分区域发展与区域相互作用第十八章区域的概念与功能第十九章区域发展理论第二十章区域空间相互作用（绝对优势、比较优势、距离衰减规律）第二十一章区域经济发展战略（竞争优势、Place War, Borderless World）第二十二章经济全球化与区域竞争第六部分胡兆量老师讲授第二十三章地带第二十四章区位第二十五章区域第七部分美国加州大学劳勇教授讲授第二十六章GIS与区位分析第二十七章经济地理学研究：挑战与前景Economic Geography/Spring Semester, 20034 UnitsInstructorsProfessor Meng Xiao ChengDepartment of Urban and Regional PlanningCollege of Environmental SciencePeking UniversityE-mail: *************Professor Hu Zhao LiangDepartment of Urban and Regional PlanningCollege of Environmental SciencePeking UniversityProfessor Lao Y ongSocial and Behavioral Sciences InstituteCalifornia State University Monterey bayE-mail: ******************Teaching AssistantsMr. Liu Y angCollege of Governmental ManagementPeking UniversityE-mail: **************Ms. Li JiepingCollege of Governmental ManagementPeking UniversityEmail: *****************Ms. Li Y anruCollege of Environmental SciencePeking UniversityEmail: ******************Course DescriptionThis course provides an introduction to contemporary economic geography. It covers a wide range of topics related to the theory, methodology, and applications in economic geography as well as in spatial economics. We will emphasize the location decision-making processes from both corporate and regional perspectives. At the same time, we will carefully examine the dynamics of economic activities in the context of increasing globalization.The learning experience utilizes the latest instructional technology, including web-based multimedia course content, virtual class discussion, online assessment, informative and timely world news, refereed web links, and much more. The result is a distributed and collaborative learning experience that becomes an extension of the lives of students and the communities in which they live.Learning OutcomesAfter finish this class, students are expected to:∙have a good understanding of the essential factors that affect the location and distribution of economic activities;∙have basic knowledge of classical theories of location analysis;∙be able to analyze and interpret location processes of modern corporations;∙be familiar with structural and organizational issues associated with regional economic development and competition;∙develop an open and critical mind toward globalization and its political, socio-economic and environmental impact.TextbookLi Xiaojian, et al., Economic Geography, Higher Education Press, Beijing, China, 1999.The book is available at the University Bookstore.Reference BooksWu Chunjun, et al, Modern Economic Geography, Jiangsu Education Press, China, 1997.Hu Zhaoliang, et al, Introduction of Regional Development in China, Peking University Press, China, 1999.These books are available at the University Library and Department Library.Course Assessment1.Assignments (25% of grade): Students will receive five homeworkassignments to complete on their own. The assignments and their due dateswill be posted on the course web site.2.Final Exam (50% of grade): Students are required to take one final exam.Questions may come from in-class lectures, online discussions, and fromrequired readings.3.Term Paper (25% of grade): Each student will pair with a learning partnerin the class and work together on a term paper. The paper should cover atopic in economic geography. More detailed guidelines will be posted onthe course web site.Tentative Class CalendarDate Topic Readings Week 1:February 17 - 21What Is Economic Geography Chapter 1, 2Week 2: February 24 - 28 Location Factors Of EconomicActivitiesChapter 3, 4Week 3: March 3 - 7Location Factors Of EconomicActivities Business Location TheoryChapter 5, 6Week 4:March 10 - 14Business Location Theory Chapter 7, 8Week 5: March 17 - 21 Theories Of Spatial Organization:Agriculture and IndustryChapter 9, 10Week 6: March 24 - 28Students PresentationTheories Of Spatial Organization:Services, FinanceChapter 11, 12Week 7: March 31 - April 4 Theories Of Spatial Organization:TransportationOnline DiscussionChapter 13Week 8:April 7 - 11The Location Of Cities Chapter 14, 15 Week 9:April 14 - 18Urban Structure and Urbanization Chapter 16, 17Week 10: April 21 - 25Students PresentationRegional Development TheoryChapter 18,19Week 11: May 5 - 9 Spatial Interaction and RegionalStrategyChapter 20, 21Week 12: May 12 - 16Regional Competition AndGlobalizationGuest Lecture: Prof. Hu ZhaoliangChapter 22, 23Week 13:May 19 - 23Guest Lecture: Prof. Hu Zhaoliang Chapter 24, 25Week 14: May 26 -30GIS and Location AnalysisGuest Lecture: Prof. Lao YongChapter 26, 27Week 15, 16:June 2 - 13Final Exam, Term Paper Due中图分类号：K90-06; F119.9 文献标识码：n文章编号：null地理学报[2002年7月第57卷第4期]摘要：最近几年来，由于经济全球化的趋势，西方经济学家又开始对经济地理学产生兴趣，“新经济地理学”或“地理经济学”应运而生。

EconomicsChapter 14. [Related to Solved Problem 1-1] Suppose Dell is currently selling 250,000 Pentium 4 laptops pe r month. A manager at Dell argues, “The last 10,000 laptops we produced increased our revenue by 8.5 million and our costs by 8.9 million. However, because we are making a substantial total p rofit of $25 million from producing 250,000 laptops, I think we are producing the optimal numbe r of laptops.” Briefly explain whether you agree with the manger’s reasoning.Optimal decisions are made at the margin. For the optimal number, MB=MC, 8.5m not equal 8. 9m, so I’m not agree with the manager’s reasoning.8. In 1838, the U.S. Army was given the job of moving the Cherokees, Creeks, Choctaws, and Sem inoles from the eastern United States to Oklahoma. Contractors were given $65 per person (abo ut $1,270 in today’s money) to provide food and medicine for the Indians during the 1,000- mile f orced march. Many of the contractors provided scanty food portions, bad meat, and no medicine. As a result, approximately one-quarter of these Indians perished along the way. How could the i ncentives have been changed so that the death rates would have been lower?Human beings act from a variety of motives, the contractors’ immoral acts were droved by mas sive benefit. So the incentives have to be changed, the wage or salary should not be decided fir st and paid in advance, the paid make a relationship with the alive people, the more alive peop le, the more paid the contractors get. While the more death, the lower paid and even the pena lty. This act may make the death rates would be lower.15. Many large firms have begun outsourcing work to China.a. Why have they done this?b. Is outsourcing work to low-wage Chinese workers a risk-free proposition for large firms?a. Most economists/corporates believe that international trade, including the trade that result s when firms move production offshore, increases economic efficiency and raises incomes. Larg e firms have begun outsourcing work to China because of the lower production and labor costs, closeness to the Chinese market and Chinese customers, as well as shorter delivery times and global presence.b. No, there are also risks for outsourcing work to China, such as quality standard issues, difficu lty to keep the Chinese staff, IPR problems, and unemployment in the original industries, etc.17. Briefly explain whether each of the following is primarily a microeconomic issue or a macroec onomic issue:a. The effect of higher cigarette taxes on the quantity of cigarette soldb. The effect of higher income taxed on the total amount of consumer spendingc. The reason for the economics of East Asian countries growing faster than the economics of sub -Saharan African countriesd. The reasons for low rates of profit in the airline industry.a. and d. are microeconomic questions because they relate to specific industries;b. andc. are macroeconomic questions because they relate to economy-wide issues.Chapter 211. Using the same amount of resources, the United States and Canada can both produce lumber jack shirts and lumberjack boots as shown in the following production possibilities frontiers:a. Who has a comparative advantage in producing lumberjack boots? Who has a comparative ad vantage in producing lumberjack shirts? Explain your reasoning.b. Does either country have an absolute advantage in producing both goods? Explain.c. Suppose that both countries are currently producing three pairs of boots and three shirts. Sho w that both can be better off if they specialize in producing one good and then engage in trade.a. Canada has the comparative advantage in making boots. Canada’s opportunity cost of makin g 1 boot is giving up 1 shirt. In the United States, the opportunity cost of making 1 boot is giv ing up 3 shirts. The United States has the comparative advantage in making shirts. In the Uni ted States, the opportunity cost of making one shirt is giving up 1/3 boot, but Canada’s oppo rtunity cost of making 1 shirt is 1 boot.b. Neither country has an absolute advantage in making both goods. The United States has the absolute advantage in making shirts, but Canada has the absolute advantage in making boot s. Remember, both countries have the same amount of resources. If each country puts all of its resources into making shirts, then the United States makes 12 shirts, but Canada makes o nly 6 shirts. If each country puts all of its resources into making boots, then Canada makes 6 boots, but the United States makes only 4 boots.c. If each country specializes in the production of the good in which it has a comparative advan tage and then trades with the other country, both will be better off. Let’s use the case in whi ch each country trades half of what it makes for half of what the other makes. The United St ates will specialize by making 12 shirts and Canada will specialize by making 6 boots. Becaus e each gets half of the other’s production, they both end up with 6 shirts and 3 boots. They a re better off than before trading because they end up with the same number of boots, but t wice as many shirts. Other trades will also make them better off.15. Identify whether each of the following transactions will take place in the factors market or in the product market, or service, or demanding the good or service:a. George buys a BMW X5 SUVb. BMW increase employment at its Spartanburg plant.c. George works 20 hours per week at McDonald’sd. George sells land he owns to McDonald’s so it can build a new restaurant.a. An auto purchase takes place in the product market. The household (George) demands the g ood, and the firm (Tesla Motors) supplies the good.b. The labor market is a factor market. Households supply labor, and the firm demands labor.c. The labor market is a factor market. The household (George) supplies the factor of productio n (labor), while the firm (McDonald’s) demands it.d. The land market is a factor market. The household (George) supplies the factor of productio n (land), and the firm (McDonald’s) demands it.16. In The Wealth of Nations, Adam Smith wrote the following (Book I, Chapter II):It is not from the benevolence of the butcher, the brewer, or the baker, that we expect our diner, but from their regard to their own interest.Briefly discuss what he meant by his.Adam Smith realized—as economists today realize—that people’s motives can be complex. But in analyzing people in the act of buying and selling, economists have concluded that in mo st instances, the motivation of financial reward provides the best explanation for the actions p eople take. Moreover, being self-interested—looking out for your own well-being and happine ss—and being selfish—caring only about yourself—are not exactly the same thing. Many succe ssful business people are, in fact, generous: Donating to charity, volunteering for activities, and otherwise acting in a generous way. These actions are not inconsistent with making business d ecisions that maximize profits for their companies.Chapter 32. For each of the following pairs of products, state which are compliments, which are substitute s, and which are unrelated.a. Pepsi and Cokeb. Oscar Mayer hot dogs and Wonder hot dog bunsc. Jiffy peanut butter and Smucker’s strawberry jamd. Hewlett-Packard printers and Texas Instruments hand calculatorsa. Substitutesb. Complementsc. Complementsd. Unrelated3. State whether each of the following events will result in a movement along the demand curve for McDonald’s Big Mac hamburgers or whether it will cause the curve to shift. If the demand cur ve shifts, indicate whether it will shift to the left or to the right and draw a graph to illustrate the shift.a. The price of Burger King’s Whopper hamburger declines.b. McDonald’s distributes coupons for $1.00 off on a purchase of a Big Mac.c. Because of a shortage of potatoes, the price of French fries increases.d. Kentucky Fried Chicken raises the price of a bucket of fried chicken.a. Because the price of a substitute good has declined, the demand curve for Big Macs will shift to the left from D1 to D2.b. The coupon results in a cut in the price of Big Macs, so there will be a movement down the d emand curve for Big Macs.c. Because for most people Big Macs and fries are complements, the demand curve for Big Mac s will shift to the left from D1 to D2.d. The demand curve for Big Mac’s will shift. If the Big Mac is a n inferior good, the demand cur ve will shift to the left from D1 to D2. If the Big Mac is a normal good, the demand curve will sh ift to the right.21. Briefly explain whether each of the following statements is true or false.a. If the demand and supply for a product both increase, the equilibrium quantity of the product must also increase.b. If the demand and supply for a product both increase, the equilibrium price of the product mu st also increase.c. If the demand for a product decreases and the supply of the product may increase of decrease, depending upon whether supply or demand has shifted by more.An increase in demand increases the equilibrium price and equilibrium quantity.A decrease in demand decreases the equilibrium price and equilibrium quantity.An increase in supply decreases equilibrium price and increases the equilibrium quantity.A decrease in supply increases equilibrium price and decreases the equilibrium quantity.a.Trueb.Falsec.False22. According to an article in the Wall Street Journal, “Online auctioneers like eBay are having a h uge impact on the price of fame. After Cal Ripken Jr. announced his retirement from baseball… d ozen of Ripken-autographed game jerseys, baseball cards and Wheaties boxes flooded the online bazaar.” Use a demand and supply graph to illustrate the impact of eBay on the equilibrium pric e of Cal Ripken memorabilia.Chapter 41. The figure below illustrates the market for apples in which the government has imposed a price floor of $10 per crate.a. How many crates of apples will be sold after the price floor has been imposed?b. Will there be a shortage or a surplus? If there is a shortage or surplus, how large will it be?c. Will apple producers benefit from the price floor? If so, explain how they will benefit.a. 28 million cratesb. A surplus of 6 million crates (QD = 28, QS = 34, Surplus = QS – QD = 34 – 28 = 6 million crates)c. The apple producers will benefit. Their revenue will increase from $8 × 30,000,000 = $240,000,000 to $10 × 28,000,000 = $280,000,000.4. Suppose that the government restricts the number of dairy farmers, which results in the suppl y curve for milk shifting to the left. Briefly explain whether each of the following will increase or decrease.a. Consumer surplusb. Producer surplusc. Economic surplusUsing a demand and supply graph, illustrate your answer in each case.a.Decreaseb.Decreasec.Decrease9. The following is from an article in the New York Times:Imagine finding the perfect apartment, only to learn that the landlord is denying you the place because you are on a blacklist of supposedly high-risk renters. Nothing is wrong with your credit r ating, but your name showed up on the list because a private screening service found it in housin g court records about a dispute you had with a previous landlord----a dispute that was resolved i n your favor.Is it more likely that a “blacklist” of “high-risk” tenants will exist in a city with rent control, one wi thout rent control? Briefly explain.19. The competitive equilibrium rent in the city of Lowell is currently $1,000 per month. The gove rnment decides to enact rent control and to establish a price ceiling for apartments of $750 per month. Briefly explain whether rent control is likely to make you personally better or worse off if you are:a. someone currently renting an apartment in Lowell.b. someone who will be moving to Lowell next year and who intends to rent an apartment.c. a landlord who intends to abide by the rent control law.d. a landlord who intends to ignore the law and illegally charge the highest rent you can for your apartments.a. If someone is currently a renter, the law will probably make him or her better off, unless the landlord decides to remove the apartment from the market.b. Probably worse off because the person will likely have difficulty finding a vacant apartment.c. Worse off because the landlord will not be able to charge the competitive rent for apartmen ts.d. Probably better off because the landlord will be able to charge a higher rent than he or she would have been able to before the rent control law was passed. But the landlord may end up worse off if he or she gets caught and the penalty for breaking the law is large.Chapter 52. The chapter discusses the cases of consumption generating a positive externality and producti on generating a negative externality. Is it possible for consumption to generate a negative extern ality? If so, give an example. Is it possible for production to generate a positive externality? If so, give an example.An externality is a benefit or cost that affects someone who is not directly involved in the prod uction or consumption of a good or service. Examples of positive externalities include (1) the b enefits received by a passerby who enjoys a beautiful garden, and (2) the benefit you receive o f a reduced likelihood of catching influenza resulting from other people being vaccinated. Exam ples of negative externalities include (1) the noise from a loud party or from a jetliner, and (2) t he pollution emitted by a factory.3. Why does the government subsidize the purchase of college educations but not the purchase of hamburgers?5. Is it ever possible for an increase in pollution to make society better off? Briefly explain using a graph like Figure 5-3.An increase in pollution could make society better off if the current level of pollution is below t he efficient quantity. For example, government regulations could be so strict that they require pollution reductions to level A in the figure below. The marginal cost of the last unit of pollutio n reduction exceed the marginal benefit, so society would be better off if pollution reduction w as only level B—the efficient quantity.6. If the marginal cost of reducing a certain type of pollution is zero, should all of that pollution be eliminated? Briefly explain.The economically efficient level of pollution is the quantity at which the marginal cost of elimin ating another unit of pollution just equals the marginal benefit from eliminating it. The econo mically efficient quantity of pollution isn’t zero in most cases. Eliminating all pollution would in cur costs that are greater than the benefits.Chapter 62. A newspaper story on the effect of higher milk prices on the market for ice cream contained the following:As a result [of the increase in milk prices], retail prices for ice cream are up 4 percent from last year…. And ice cream consumption is down 3 percent.Given this information, compute the price elasticity of demand for ice cream. Will the revenue re ceived by ice cream suppliers have increased or decreased following the price increase? Briefly e xplain.Price elasticity of demand= Percentage change in quantity demanded/Percentage change in pri ce= 3%/4%= 3/4<1The absolute value of price elasticity less than 1, the demand of ice cream is inelastic.If demand is inelastic, then an increase in price increases revenue, because the decrease in qua ntity demanded is proportionally smaller than the increase in price.3. [Related to Solved Problem 6-3] According to a study by the federal Centers for Disease Contro l and Prevention, the price elasticity of demand for cigarettes is -0.25. Americans purchase about 480 million cigarettes each year.a. If the federal tax on cigarettes were increased enough to raise the price of cigarettes by 50 per cent, what would be the effect on the quantity of cigarettes demanded?b. Is raising the tax on cigarettes a more effective way to reduce smoking if the demand for cigar ettes is elastic or if it is inelastic? Briefly explain.a. (Percentage change in price) × (price elasticity of demand) = percentage change in quantity: 50% × −0.25 = −12.5%. So, the quantity of cigarettes demanded should decline 12.5% from its current level of 360 billion per year. 12.5% of 360 billion is 45 billion.b. Raising the tax on cigarettes is a more effective way to reduce smoking if the demand for cig arettes is elastic. With elastic demand, an increase in price resulting from a tax increase would result in a greater reduction in the quantity demanded of cigarettes than if the demand were i nelastic.5. A study of the price elasticities of products sold in supermarkets contained the following data: PRICE ELASTICITYPRODUCT OF DEMANDSoft Drinks -3.18Canned Soup -1.62Cheese -0.72Toothpaste -0.45a. The demand for which products is inelastic? Discuss reasons why the demand for each product is either elastic or inelastic.b. Use the information in the table to predict the change in the quantity demanded for each prod uct following a 10 percent price increase.a. The absolute value of price elasticity of demand for cheese is 0.72, less than 1, so it is inelasti c.The absolute value of price elasticity of demand for toothpaste is 0.45, less than 1, so it is ine lastic.When the absolute value of price elasticity of demand greater than 1, the product is elastic. When the absolute value of price elasticity of demand less than 1, the product is inelastic. When the absolute value of price elasticity of demand equal to 1, the product is unit-elastic. Meanwhile, the soft drinks and canned soup are not necessary as cheese and toothpaste, an d they may also have available close substitutes.b．Price elasticity of demand= Percentage change in quantity demanded/ Percentage change i n price, so that percentage change in quantity demanded=price elasticity of demand* percenta ge change in priceSoft drinks：-3.18*10%=31.8%, the quantity demanded of soft drinks would have a 31.8% fall. Canned soup: -1.62*10%=16.2%, the quantity demanded of canned soup have a 16.2% fall. Cheese: -0.72*10%=7.2%, the quantity demanded of cheese have a 7.2% fall.Toothpaste: -0.45*10%=4.5%, the quantity demanded of toothpaste have a 4.5% fall.6. On most days the price of a rose is $1 and 8,000 roses are purchased. On Valentine’s Day, the price of a rose jumps to $2 and 30,000 roses are purchased.a. Draw a supply and demand diagram showing why the prices jumps.b. Based on this information, what do we know about the price elasticity of demand for roses? W hat do we know about the price elasticity of supply for roses? Calculate values for the price elasti city of demand and the price elasticity of supply, or explain why you can’t calculate values.a. The increase in demand for roses on Valentine’s Day causes the price to increase from $1 to $2.b. Based on this information, we don’t know much about the price elasticity of demand for ros es. The demand curve has shifted, so the rise in the quantity of roses demanded is not caused by the rise in their price—and we can’t calculate the price elasticity of demand. We have a mov ement along the supply curve, so we can calculate the price elasticity of supply for roses.The price elasticity of supply elasticity = (percentage change in quantity supplied)/(per centage change in price). So, using the midpoint formula:Percentage change in the quantity supplied = 30,000-8,00019,000´100=115.8%Percentage change in the price = $2.00-$1.00$1.50´100=66.7%Therefore, the price elasticity of supply = 115.8%66.7%=1.74.The fact that the elasticity doesn’t have a negative sign is a reminder that with an upward-sloping supply curve, increases in price to lead to increases in the quantity supplied, so the price elasticity of supply must be positive. The supply of roses is price elastic given the elas ticity is greater than one.Chapter 71. Suppose that shortly after graduating from college you decide to start your own business. Will you organize the business as a sole proprietorship, a partnership, or a corporation? Explain your r easoning.It depends on the type of business you are entering. Incorporation has the advantage of limite d liability but the disadvantage of additional taxes. If you choose not to form a corporation, the n your choice between a sole proprietorship and a partnership will depend on whether you will gain enough by bringing in a partner or partners and sharing control and profits with them. Th e first firm founded by a young entrepreneur is often a sole proprietorship.3. Suppose that a firm in which you have invested in a firm when it was small and unprofitable. N ow the firm has grown considerably and is large and profitable. Would you be better off if you ha d bought the firm’s stock or the firm’s bonds? Explain.You would be better off if you had bought the stock because it will have increased in value, wh ile the interest the firm pays on the bonds will have remained the same.9. If you deposit $20,000 in a savings account at a bank, you might earn 3 percent interest per ye ar. Someone who borrows $20,000 from a bank to buy a new car might have to pay an interest ra te o f 8 percent per year on the loan. Knowing this, why don’t you just lend your money directly t o the car buyer, cutting on the bank?Finding someone to borrow your money may be difficult. You would then need to check that p erson’s credit, write a loan agreem ent, and repossess the car if the borrower fails to pay back t he loan. Banks specialize in these activities, so they can do them more efficiently than you can.11. The following listing for a corporate bond issued by Sara Lee Corporation appeared in the Wa ll Street Journal on May 4, 2005:a. If you bought this bond, what is the total coupon payment you would receive during the next y ear (in dollars)?b. For what price did this bond sell at the close of trading on May 3?c. What was the yield on a 30-year U.S. Treasury bond on May 3?a. 3.875%*1000=38.75 dollarsb. 91.047%*1000=910.47 dollarsc. 5.244%-1.05%=4.194% or 5.244%-1.08%=4.162%（unsure）Chapter 83. [Related to Solved Problem 8-1] The following table shows the hourly output per worker in tw o industries in Chile and Argentina:OUTPUT PER HOUR OF WORKHATS BEERChile 8 6Argentina 1 2a, Explain which country has an absolute advantage in the production of hats and which country has an absolute advantage in the production of beer.b. Explain which country has a comparative advantage in the production of hats and which count ry has a comparative advantage in the production of beer.c. Suppose that Chile and Argentina currently do not trade with each other. Each has 1,000 hoursof labor to use producing hats and beer, and the countries are currently producing the amounts of each good shown in the following table:HATS BEERChile 7,200 600Argentina 600 800Using this information, give a numerical example of how Chile and Argentina can both gain trade. Assume that after trading begins, one hat can be exchanged for one barrel of beer.4. Demonstrate how the opportunity costs of producing cell phones and MP3 players in Japan and the United States in Table 8-2 were calculated.Chapter 95. [Related to Solved Problem 9-1] Joe has $55 to spend on apples and oranges. Given the inform ation in the following table, is Joe maximizing utility? Briefly explain.PRODUCT PRICE QUANTITY TOTAL UTILITY MARGINAL UTILITY OF LAST UNITApples $0.50 50 1,000 20Oranges $0.75 40 500 307. [Related to Don’t Let This Happen To You!] Mary is buying corn chips and soda. She has 4 bags of corn chips and 5 bottle of soda in her shopping cart. The marginal utility of the fourth bag of c orn chips is 10, and the marginal utility of the sixth bottle of soda is also 10. Is Mary maximizing u tility? Briefly explain.10. Which of the following products are most likely to have significant network externalities? Exp lain.a. Fax machinesb. Dog foodc. Board gamesd. Conventional (CRT) television setse. Plasma television sets14. An article in the New York Times published during the 2002 Winter Olympics held in Utah indi cated that many businesses raised prices during the two-week event. The article described one in cident as follows:Susanne and Heather McDonald, sister from the northwest Wyoming town of Moose, said a fri end was having sushi at restaurant in Park City, where skiing events are held, and the waiter was adding $3 for every side dish until the man identified himself as a local resident. “Then he got the m for free,” S usanne McDonald said.Chapter 101, Which of the following are examples of a firm experiencing positive technological change?a, The firm is able to cut each worker’s wage rate by 10 percent and still produce the same levelof output.b. A training progra m makes the firm’s workers more productive.c. An exercise program makes the firm’s workers more healthy and productive.d. The firm cuts its workforce and is able to maintain its initial level of output.e. The firm rearranges the layout of its factory and finds that by using its initial set of inputs it can produce exactly as much as before.4. Suppose the total cost of producing 10,000 tennis balls is $30,000 and the fixed cost is $10,000.a. What is the variable cost?b. when output is 10,000, what are the average variable cost and the average fixed cost?c. Assuming that the cost curves have the usual shape, is the dollar difference between the avera ge total cost and the average variable cost greater when the output is 10,000 tennis balls or whe n the output is 30,000 tennis balls? Explain.5. A student looks at the data in Table 10-3 and draws this conclusion:” The marginal product of l abor is increasing for the first 3 workers hired, then it declines for the next 3 workers. I guess eac h of the first 3 workers must have been hard workers. Then Jill must have had to settle for increa singly poor workers. ” Do you agree with the student’s analysis? Briefly explain.6. Sally looks at her college transcript and says to Sam, “How is this possible? My grade point ave rage for this semester’s courses is higher than my grade point average for last semester’s courses, but my cumulative grade point average still went down from last semester to this semester.” Ex plain to Sally how this is possible.17. [Related to Solved Problem 10-1] Explain how the listed events (a-d) would affect the followi ng at the Ford Motor Company:i. marginal costii. average variable costiii. average fixed costiv. average total costa, Ford signs a new contract with the United Automobile Workers Union that requires the compa ny to pay higher wages.b. The federal government starts to levy a $1,500 per vehicle tax on sport utility vehiclesc. The company decides to gives its senior executives a one-time $100,000 bonus.d. Ford decides to increase the amount it spends on designing new car models.22. [Related to the chapter Opener] Review the discussion at the beginning of the chapter of Aki o Morita selling transistor radios in the United States. Suppose that Morita became convinced th at Sony would be able to sell more than 75,000 transistor radios each year in the United States. What steps would be he have taken?。

曼昆经济学原理英文版答案As the creator of the Baidu Wenku document "Principles of Economics by Mankiw (English Version) Answers", I would like to provide a comprehensive guide to the solutions of the questions in the book. This document aims to help students better understand the principles of economics and improve their problem-solving abilities.Chapter 1: Ten Principles of Economics。

1. People face trade-offs.2. The cost of something is what you give up to get it.3. Rational people think at the margin.4. People respond to incentives.5. Trade can make everyone better off.6. Markets are usually a good way to organize economic activity.7. Governments can sometimes improve economic outcomes.8. The standard of living depends on a country's production.9. Prices rise when the government prints too much money.10. Society faces a short-run trade-off between inflation and unemployment.Chapter 2: Thinking Like an Economist。

小学上册英语第6单元综合卷(有答案)英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.The ancient Egyptians used ________ for transportation.2.I see a _____ (飞鸟) in the sky.3.What is 30 15?A. 10B. 15C. 20D. 25答案: B4. A _______ is a solution that has reached its maximum solubility.5.The kitten chases after a _______ (小猫追逐一只_______).6.The first civilization emerged in _____.7.The process of sublimation involves a solid changing directly to a ______.8.My friend is a _____ (经济学家) and studies money.9.The __________ (植物的适应) mechanisms are amazing to observe.10.My grandma has a lot of _______ (名词). 她的生活经历很 _______ (形容词).11.The process of distillation separates liquids based on differences in _______ points.12.What is the capital city of Sweden?A. StockholmB. OsloC. CopenhagenD. Helsinki答案: A13. A chemical reaction can be exothermic or ______.14.We visit the ______ (文化博物馆) for inspiration.15.The ______ is a source of light for our planet.16.Sound travels faster in water than in ______.17.My ________ (表哥) is studying hard for his exams.18. A chemical reaction that absorbs heat is called _______.19.The cake is _____ (sweet/sour) and tasty.20.My uncle gave me a rare _________ (玩具) from his collection.21. A chemical change usually cannot be __________ back easily.22. A ____(sustainable city) prioritizes balance between nature and urban life.23. A compound is formed when two or more different ______ combine.24.The chemical formula for calcium nitrate is _______.25.The __________ (历史的人物塑造) impact our views.26. A frog has webbed ______ (脚) for swimming.27.Stars are made of hot ______ and gases.28.Trees help clean the ______ (空气).29.What do we call the scientific study of the ocean?A. Marine biologyB. OceanographyC. Aquatic scienceD. Environmental science答案:B.Oceanography30.The cake is ________ and delicious.31.The chemical formula for potassium nitrate is _______.32.The __________ is a famous national park in Wyoming. (黄石公园)33.The ____ is a tiny bird that builds nests in trees.34.The bird is _____ (chirping/singing) in the tree.35.The process of ______ can lead to new land formations.36.The sun sets in the _____ (west/east).37.We enjoy watching ________ together.38.Respiration is a chemical process that occurs in ________.39.My cousin is a ______. She loves to help animals.40.We visit the ______ (图书馆) for research.41.My favorite plant is a ______.42. A wave can reflect off surfaces and change ______.43.In _____ (南非), you can see the Big Five animals.44.The chemical formula for potassium bromide is ______.45.Cosmonauts are astronauts from ______.46.The __________ is a famous area known for its coffee production.47. A __________ is a small rodent known for its cheek pouches.48.Which animal is known as the king of the jungle?A. LionB. TigerC. BearD. Elephant答案:A49.This book is very ______. (interesting)50.What is the name of the famous Italian artist who painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel?A. Leonardo da VinciB. MichelangeloC. RaphaelD. Donatello答案:B51.What is the name of the famous river that runs through Paris?A. ThamesB. SeineC. DanubeD. Rhine答案:B.Seine52.I like to ride my ___. (scooter)53.Some plants can survive without much _______.54.In the morning, I ________ (起床) early. I brush my teeth and have breakfast. My mom makes me ________ (煎蛋) and toast.55.What is the main ingredient in chocolate?A. SugarB. CocoaC. MilkD. Flour答案:B.Cocoa56.The flowers are ________ in spring.57.The teacher organizes _____ (活动) for the students.58.What do we call the time of day when the sun rises?A. NoonB. DuskC. DawnD. Midnight答案:C59.The ______ is known for her activism.60.I heard a _______ (小蟋蟀) chirping in the grass last night.61.My favorite fruit is a _______ (我最喜欢的水果是_______).62.Metals are typically ______ conductors of electricity.63.I can ______ (保持) good communication with others.64.My favorite toy is a ________ (吹泡泡机). I love making bubbles in the ________ (夏天).65.The giraffe has a long ______ (脖子).66.We have ___ (art/music) class today.67.trial Revolution began in ________. The Indu68.My friend is __________ (具有前瞻性).69.I love to explore ______ with my friends.70.I like _____ (reading/watching) TV.71.The ancient Greeks practiced democracy in _____.72.She is organizing her ___. (books)73.The girl is very ________.74.The _____ (ocean) is blue.75.She is ______ her bike. (riding)76.The ________ (人工栽培) supports agriculture.77. A __________ is an area of land that is surrounded by water on three sides.78. A __________ (化学反应机制) provides insights into the steps of a reaction.79. A solution that contains a high concentration of solute is called ______.80. A solubility curve shows how the amount of solute affects _______.81.My cat likes to play with my _________ (玩具球).82.The chemical symbol for neodymium is _____.83.Which season comes after winter?A. FallB. SummerC. SpringD. Autumn答案: C. Spring84.What do you call a group of fish?A. SchoolB. PackC. FlockD. Herd答案: A85.Which animal barks?A. CatB. DogC. CowD. Sheep答案: B86.Objects in motion tend to stay in ______.87.We plant _____ (种子) in the garden.88.What is the name of the famous ancient site in Greece?A. AcropolisB. DelphiC. OlympiaD. Knossos答案:A.Acropolis89.__________ can be found in deserts, forests, and oceans.90.What is the capital of Turkey?A. IstanbulB. AnkaraC. IzmirD. Bursa答案:B91.The change of rocks due to heat and pressure is called __________.92.I enjoy learning about __________ (历史) and geography.93.My mom loves to practice ____ (meditation).94. A sloth spends most of its time in ______ (树上).95.What is the main purpose of a thermometer?A. Measure weightB. Measure timeC. Measure temperatureD. Measure distance答案:C96.The Earth's atmosphere is made up of different ______ gases.97.My friend has a pet ______ (兔子) that loves to hop.98.The capital of Yemen is _______.99.What is the opposite of 'happy'?A. SadB. JoyfulC. ExcitedD. Cheerful答案:A 100.My aunt loves __________ (参与新项目).。

TEXT 41The bane of Italy祸起意大利（陈继龙编译）Jun 29th 2006From The Economist print editionALEXANDER STILLE'S new book on Silvio Berlusconi, the flamboyant[1] former I talian prime minister, is neither a b________① nor a work of investigative journalism. Its real value is that it represents the firstattempt,in English at least, to recount in a readable fashion the story, not of Mr Berlusconi himself, but ofBerlusconi-ism.（1）That gives it a wide appeal, for, as its author argues persuasively, Berlusconi-ism is the extrapolation[2] to grotesque[3] extremes of a phenomenon that has gradually, and all too imperceptibly, become widespread.亚历山大·斯蒂莱的新作写的是个性张扬的意大利前任总理西尔维奥·贝鲁斯科尼，但它并非是一本传记，也不是新闻调查作品。

其真正的价值在于，它首次尝试以一种可读性较强的风格，记述了“贝鲁斯科尼主义”而不是贝鲁斯科尼的生平。

这也是本书独具魅力之所在，因为诚如作者很有说服力地论证的那样，“贝鲁斯科尼主义”是对某种现象怪诞至极时的推论，这种现象日趋普遍而所有人却都浑然不觉。

第一单元经济学Text A感谢“看不见的手”杰夫·雅各比英国清教徒建立普利茅斯殖民地后经历了他们的第一次大丰收，从那以后，感恩全能的上帝就一直是感恩节的主题……今天，全美数百万的家庭，都在感激上帝所赠与的众多礼物——桌上的盛宴、所爱之人的陪伴、过去一年的健康和好运、战争时期国内的和平、作为一个美国人或成为一个美国人所拥有的不可估量的优越感。

但我们中的大多数人不太可能感恩当地超市在本周出售了很多降价火鸡。

即使是虔诚的信徒们，也不太可能感恩那些让他们所爱之人得以回家共度佳节的航班时刻表，或者是感恩当地的影院在周末及时上映了《怒海争锋：极地远征》，又或者是感恩报纸的食物版块刊登了美味的蔓越莓苹果派的食谱。

或多或少我们都会觉得这些事情是理所当然的。

百货商店会在感恩节前储备火鸡，或者好莱坞在长假期时及时上映大片这些都不需要用奇迹来解释。

这一切都是自然而言的。

可上帝在其中扮演了什么角色呢？然而在你因无数陌生人奉献了技能和劳动而得以度过的感恩节周末里，难道就没有什么事让你感到奇妙——甚至几乎无法解释吗？例如，把火鸡端到餐桌上，需要成千上万人的努力——当然，有养鸟的禽类农场主，也有给它们提供营养的饲料批发商和把它们带到农场的卡车司机，更不用说还有设计孵化场的建筑师，建造它的工人，以及维持它运行的技术人员。

这只火鸡不得不经历宰杀、拔毛、检查、运输、卸载、包装、定价和展示。

完成这些任务的人又依次由完成其他任务的人配合支持——从提炼货车燃料汽油到制造包装肉类的塑料。

这些遍布各行各业的男男女女在过去的几个月里精准设计和安排时间，以便当你去买新鲜的感恩节火鸡时，就会买到一只或者多只——甚至还有几十只在等着你选购。

实现这一过程所需的合作水平之高令人难以置信。

但更令人难以置信的是：这整个过程都没有一个人去统筹协调。

并没有什么火鸡独裁者坐在某个指挥所，商议总体规划并发号施令。

没有人会监督那些人，迫使他们为你的利益而合作。

一生必看的经济学书籍排行榜一生必看的经济学书籍1、曼昆《经济学原理》这本书的最大特点是它的“学生导向”，与其他同类教科书相比，本书强调更多的是经济学原理的应用和政策分析，而不是正式的经济学模型，为此，作者在大部分章节里都提供了案例，以说明经济学原理如何应用于现实经济学问题的分析，此外，作者在书中还提供了大量的“新闻摘录”。

以使读者懂得什么是生活中的经济学。

一生必看的经济学书籍2、萨缪尔森《经济学》当代经济学泰斗、1970年诺贝尔经济学奖得主萨缪尔森的不朽经济学著作，自1948年问世以来就广受赞誉，先后被翻译成40多种文字出版，是有史以来发行量最大、至今在全球范围内仍然被广泛采用的经济学教科书。

一生必看的经济学书籍3、亚当斯密《国富论》这是一本将经济学、哲学、历史、政治理论和实践计划奇怪地混合在一起的书。

一本由有着高深学问和明敏见识的人所写的书。

不读《国富论》，你不会了解资本主义。

财富从何处来?又根据什么在人群中自发分配?经济臣人的理性之作，一读就令你恍然大悟。

一生必看的经济学书籍4、菲利普·科特勒《营销管理》《营销管理》是一本经典的教科书，一部营销学领域的圣经，一卷惠泽数亿人的巨著。

在全球的营销学领域和工商企业界，菲利普?科特勒和他的《营销管理》意味着经典、品牌、标准和基础，已经畅销全球近40年，被翻译为20多种语言。

不管是营销学大家，还是刚刚开始学习营销的“新鲜人”;上至一个企业的管理者，下到一位普通的推销员，你都能在他们的书架上看到最新版本的科特勒的《营销管理》。

找好书，就到荐-书-堂book110一生必看的经济学书籍5、约翰·S.戈登《伟大的博弈》《伟大的博弈》是一部讲述以华尔街为代表的美国资本市场发展历史的著作。

这本书以华尔街为主线展示了美国资本市场发展的全过程。

它生动地讲述了华尔街从一条普普通通的小街发展成为世界金融中心的传奇般的历史，展现了以华尔街为代表的美国资本市场在美国经济发展和腾飞过程中的巨大作用。

创课：大学生创新创业基础智慧树知到课后章节答案2023年下黑龙江大学第一章测试1.供给侧结构性改革须用协调、创新、绿色、开放、共享五大发展理念来引领，其中（）居于首位。

A:协调 B:创新 C:开放 D:共享 E:绿色答案:创新2.大疆创新的创始人是（）。

A:钟波 B:汪涛 C:于敦德 D:李想答案:汪涛3.创业的本质：（）与（）的结合。

A:专业知识、市场需求 B:创新、机会 C:异想天开、勇于实践 D:负有创业精神的个体、巨大价值的创业机会答案:负有创业精神的个体、巨大价值的创业机会4.北京进化者机器人科技有限公司入驻机器人产业园时，在区域选择时主要考虑的两点因素是（）、（）。

A:区域优势 B:市场空间 C:优惠政策 D:人才储备 E:交通便利答案:区域优势;人才储备5.中国为什么要“双创”？（）A:“大众创业、万众创新”符合全球性技术及产业变革发展趋势要求B:“大众创业、万众创新”是“中国模式”经验的内涵拓展C:“大众创业、万众创新”是实现人生理想和自身价值的有效途径D:“大众创业、万众创新”是新常态下经济增长的新动力答案:“大众创业、万众创新”符合全球性技术及产业变革发展趋势要求;“大众创业、万众创新”是“中国模式”经验的内涵拓展;“大众创业、万众创新”是新常态下经济增长的新动力6.四次工业革命的主导思想是( )。

工业1.0——（）工业2.0——（）工业3.0——（）工业4.0——（）①机械化②电气化③信息化④智能化A:②①④③B:①③②④C:②①③④D:①②③④答案:①②③④7.“五大发展理念”包括创新、协调、开放、共享、绿色。

（）A:错 B:对答案:对8.我们现在每个人都在见证并参与其中的是（）。

A:第四次工业革命 B:第一次工业革命 C:第三次工业革命 D:第二次工业革命答案:第四次工业革命9.创业是就业的高级表现形式。

（）A:错 B:对答案:对10.机器人“萌萌的小胖”，目标人群是（）。

人大经济学院西方经济学专业博士考试内容参照书复习方略英语资料一、人大经济学院西方经济学专业博士招生考试内容(育明课程中心招生专业统考招生人数初试考试科目复试考试科目020234西方经济学2023年13个2023年14个2023年10个(不含硕博连读1.初试考试科目:①经济理论;②经济学说史;③外语;2.跨一级学科考生复试笔试加试科目:④经济学中旳数学措施;⑤经济思想史;3.同等学力考生复试笔试加试科目:④经济学中旳数学措施;⑤经济思想史;⑥政治理论1.外语听力水平和口语水平测试(听力测试20分,口语测试30分2.专业课和综合素质面试(满分150分育明考博陈老师解析:1.人大西方经济学专业考博旳报录比平均在6:1(历年缺考率在20%左右2.初试英语拉开旳分差较小,两门专业课拉开旳分差非常大。

要进入复试就必须在两门专业课中获得较高旳分数。

专业课旳复习备考中“信息”和“方向”比单纯旳时间投入和努力程度更重要。

3.总成绩=初试总分/3*50%+复试总分/2*50%(初复试各占50%。

录取中导师比较看重初试旳成绩,历年初试旳排名次序与最终排名次序相差较小。

4.满足对应外语等级规定旳考生可以申请初试外语免试,初试外语中不含听力。

5.人大经济学各专业初试专业课一考试内容相似,学院并不指定外语和专业课复习旳参照书。

(人大考博资料获取、复习经验可征询陈老师扣扣:伍四七.零六叁,捌六贰二、人大经济学院西方经济史专业考博部分参照书(育明考博课程中心020234西方经济学《硕士用西方经济学》高鸿业、吴易风经济科学出版社《高级宏观经济学》戴维·罗默苏剑译商务印书馆《中级微观经济学:现代观点》范里安格致出版社《社会主义经济理论》杨瑞龙中国人民大学出版社《高级政治经济学》张宇、孟捷经济科学出版社《经济学说史》陈梦熙中国人民大学出版社《经济学说史(第2版》姚开建中国人民大学出版社育明陈老师解析:1.参照书是理论知识建立所需旳载体,怎样从参照书抓取关键书目,从关键书目中遴选出重点章节常考旳考点,怎样高效旳研读参照书、建立参照书框架,怎样灵活运用参照书中旳知识内容来答题,是考生复习旳第一阶段最需完毕旳任务。