第3章词和形态学
Ⅰ. Fill in the blanks.
1. As the lexical words carry the main content of a language while the grammatical ones serve to link its different parts together, the lexical words are also known as content words and grammatical ones _____.
【答案】function words
【解析】词可分为词汇词和语法词。
具有词汇意义的词称为词汇词，例如名词、动词、形容词和副词。
表达语法意义的词是语法词，例如连词、介词和代词。
2. In traditional grammar, _____ is the only word class which can function as a substitute for another item.
【答案】pronoun
【解析】在传统语法中，代词是唯一一种可用来代替其他语言项目的词性。
3. In terms of the meaning expressed by words, they can be classified into _____ words and _____ words.
【答案】lexical, grammatical
【解析】从词所表达的意义划分，词可分为词汇词和语法词。
4. The _____ is the minimal distinctive unit in grammar, a unit which cannot be divided without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether lexical or
grammatical.
【答案】morpheme
【解析】语素是最小的语义单位，是语法中的最小单位。
它不能被分割成更小的单位而不改变它的意义。
5. There are two fields of morphology: the study of _____ and the study of _____. 【答案】inflectional; derivational
【解析】在形态学中，有两大主要研究方面，一是词的屈折变化，一是词的派生。
6. A _____ morpheme is one that cannot constitute a word by itself.
【答案】bound
【解析】粘着语素指不能单独出现，必须跟至少一个其他语素共同出现的语素。
7. An _____ is pronounced letter by letter, while an _____ is pronounced as a word. 【答案】initialism; acronym
【解析】首字母缩写和缩略词的区别在于，前者是一个一个字母读，后者是按单词读。
8. Some morphemes like -ish,-ness, -ly, -dis, trans-, un-are never words by themselves but are always parts of words. These affixes are _____ morphemes. 【答案】bound
【解析】粘着语素指不能单独出现，必须跟至少一个其他语素共同出现的语素。
9. Back-formation refers to an abnormal type of word-formation where a shorter word is derived by deleting an _____ affix from a longer form already in the language.
【答案】imagined
【解析】逆构词法是一种不规则的构词类型，即把一个语言中已经存在的较长单词删去想象中的词缀，由此造出一个较短的单词。
10. Words are divided into simple, compound and derived words on the _____ level. 【答案】morphemic
【解析】从词素的角度来讲词可以划分为简单词、合成词和派生词。
11. Affix is the collective term for the type of formative that can be used only when
added to another morpheme. Affixes are limited in number in a language, and are generally classified into three subtypes, namely, prefix, suffix, and _____. 【答案】infix
【解析】词缀是那些只能附着于另一个语素（词根或词干）上的一类语素的总称。
词缀都是粘着语素，可分为前缀、中缀和后缀三种。
12. Take is the _____ of taking, taken and took.
【答案】lexeme
【解析】词位是语言词汇的基本单位，taking, taken 和took都是take这个词位的词位变体。
13. Bound morphemes are classified into two types: _____ and _____ root.
【答案】affix; bound
【解析】粘着语素指不能单独出现，必须跟至少一个其他语素共同出现的语素。
词缀和粘着词根都是粘着语素。
14. A word formed by derivation is called a_____, and a word formed by compounding is called a _____.
【答案】derivative; compound
【解析】词汇的变化方式主要有复合和派生两种。
派生而成的词叫派生词，复合而成的词叫合成词。
15. _____ is a type of word-formation by which a shorter word is coined by the
deletion of a supposed affix of a longer form already present in the language.
For example，the verb edit was formed from editor by dropping the supposed derivational suffix -or.
【答案】Back-formation
【解析】逆构词法
Ⅱ. Multiple Choice
1. Words like pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, articles are _____ items.
A. open-class
B. closed-class
C. neither open-class nor closed-class
【答案】B
【解析】封闭类词的成员数目固定，数量有限，像代词、介词、连词和冠词都属于封闭类词。
2. _____ is the study of the way how morphemes, representation of sounds, are arranged and combined to form words.
A. Lexicology
B. Morphology
C. Phonology
D. Morphological rule
【答案】B
【解析】题干是对形态学的解释，形态学是研究词素如何组合构成词的学科。
A项为词典学，C项为音位学，D项为词素音位规则。
因此，本题的正确答案为B。
3. What is the minimal unit of meaning?
A. Phoneme.
B. Morpheme.
C. Allophone.
D. Allomorph.
【答案】B
【解析】词素是最小的意义单位。
因此，本题的正确答案为B。
4. How many morphemes is the word “undesirability” composed of?
A. Seven
B. Two
C. Three
D. Four
【答案】D
【解析】Undesirability由四个词素构成：un+ desire +able +ity。
因此，本题的正确答案为D。
5. _____ refers to the way in which a particular verb changes for tense, person, or number.
A. Affixation
B. Inflection
C. Derivation
D. Conjugation
【答案】B
【解析】屈折变化是通过附加屈折词缀表现语法关系，如数、人称、有定性、体和格。
它并不改变所附加词干的语法类别。
6. Which of the following is NOT a derivational morpheme?
A. -ian。
