材料成型及控制工程外文文献翻译

材料成型及控制工程专业英语Mechanical property机械性能austenitic奥氏体的martensite 马氏体Plastic deformation塑性变形stress concentrator应力集中点bar棒材beam线材sheet板材ductile可延展的stress relief应力松弛austenitie奥氏体 martensite马氏体normalize正火temper回火anneal正火harden淬火close-die forging模锻deformation rate变形速度diffusion扩散overheat过热Work hardening加工硬化dislocation density位错密度die模具residual strain残留应变as-forged锻造的injection mold注射模molding shop成型车间clamping force合模力grind磨削drop stamping锤上模锻nickel-base superalloy镍基合金insulation 隔热burr毛刺injection capacity注射容量deterioration变化、退化discrete不连续的abrasive磨损welding焊接metallurgical 冶金的Formation of austenite奥氏体转变The transformation of pearlite（珠光体）into austenite can only take place at the equilibrium critical point（临界温度）a very slow heating as follows from the Fe-C constitutional diagram（状态图）. under common conditions, the transformation is retarded and results in overheating,i.e.occurs at temperatures slightly higher than those indicated in the Fe-C diagram.The end of the transformation iS characterized by the formation of austenite and the dis—appearance of pearlite(ferrite+cementite)．This austenite is however inhomogeneous even in the volume of a single grain．In places earlier occupied by lamellae（层片）(or grains)of a pearlitic cementite，the content of carbon is greater than in places of ferritic lamellae．This is why the austenite just formed is inhomogeneous.In order to obtain homogeneous （均匀的）austenite，it is essential on heating not only to pass through the point of the end of pearlite to austenite transformation，but also to overheat the steel above that point and to allow a holding time to complete the diffusion（扩散） processes in aus-tenitie grains．为了获得均匀的奥氏体，在加热过程中通过珠光体的结束点向奥氏体转变是必要的，而且对过热刚以上的点，允许持续一定时间来完成奥氏体晶粒的扩撒过程。

材料成型及控制工程英语Materials forming and control engineering is a branch of engineering that focuses on the use of various materials in manufacturing processes. It involves the design, fabrication, and control of various forming processes used in manufacturing.Step 1: Material SelectionThe first step in materials forming and control engineering is material selection. Different materials have different properties, and it is important to select amaterial that is suitable for the intended application. The material selection criteria include strength, durability, corrosion resistance, oxidation resistance, and the abilityto withstand high temperatures.Step 2: Material ProcessingAfter material selection, the next step is material processing. The forming process depends on the type of material being used, the quantity required, and the desired shape. Some of the common forming processes include casting, forging, rolling, sheet metal forming, and extrusion. The process used is determined by the material's properties and the desired outcome.Step 3: Material ControlThe third step in materials forming and control engineering is material control. Material control involves monitoring the production process to ensure that the desired outcome is achieved. Various techniques are used to control the material, such as temperature control, pressure control,and humidity control.Step 4: Quality ControlQuality control is essential in materials forming and control engineering. It ensures that the materials produced meet the desired standards. This involves inspecting the materials to ensure they meet the required specifications and performing tests to determine if the materials are fit for use.Step 5: Material RecyclingFinally, recycling is an essential aspect of materials forming and control engineering. Recycling materials reduces the need for raw materials, reduces waste, and conserves energy. Materials that can be recycled include metals, plastics, glass, and paper.In conclusion, materials forming and control engineering is a vital component in the manufacturing industry. Itinvolves selecting the appropriate materials, processing them through various forming processes, controlling the process, and ensuring the materials meet the desired quality standards. Recycling the materials is also an essential aspect of the process, as it conserves energy, reduces waste, and minimizes the need for raw materials. The production of high-quality materials is essential in ensuring the success of the manufacturing industry.。

中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)一个描述电铸镍壳在注塑模具的应用的技术研究摘要：在过去几年中快速成型技术及快速模具已被广泛开发利用. 在本文中,使用电芯作为核心程序对塑料注射模具分析. 通过差分系统快速成型制造外壳模型. 主要目的是分析电铸镍壳力学特征、研究相关金相组织,硬度,内部压力等不同方面，由这些特征参数以生产电铸设备的外壳. 最后一个核心是检验注塑模具.关键词：电镀；电铸；微观结构；镍1. 引言现代工业遇到很大的挑战，其中最重要的是怎么样提供更好的产品给消费者,更多种类和更新换代问题. 因此,现代工业必定产生更多的竞争性. 毫无疑问,结合时间变量和质量变量并不容易,因为他们经常彼此互为条件; 先进的生产系统将允许该组合以更加有效可行的方式进行，例如,如果是观测注塑系统的转变、我们得出的结论是,事实上一个新产品在市场上具有较好的质量它需要越来越少的时间快速模具制造技术是在这一领域, 中可以改善设计和制造注入部分的技术进步. 快速模具制造技术基本上是一个中小型系列的收集程序，在很短的时间内在可接受的精度水平基础上让我们获得模具的塑料部件。

其应用不仅在更加广阔而且生产也不断增多。

本文包括了很广泛的研究路线,在这些研究路线中我们可以尝试去学习，定义，分析，测试，提出在工业水平方面的可行性，从核心的注塑模具制造获取电铸镍壳，同时作为一个初始模型的原型在一个FDM设备上的快速成型。

不得不说的是,先进的电铸技术应用在无数的行业，但这一研究工作调查到什么程度,并根据这些参数,使用这种技术生产快速模具在技术上是可行的. 都产生一个准确的，系统化使用的方法以及建议的工作方法.2 制造过程的注塑模具薄镍外壳的核心是电铸,获得一个充满epoxic金属树脂的一体化的核心板块模具(图1)允许直接制造注射型多用标本，因为它们确定了新英格兰大学英文国际表卓华组织3167标准。

这样做的目的是确定力学性能的材料收集代表行业。

材料成型及控制工程外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)在模拟人体体液中磷酸钙涂层激光消融L. Cle`ries*, J.M. FernaHndez-Pradas, J.L. Morenza德国巴塞罗那大学,西班牙1999年七月二十八日-2000年2月文摘:三种类型的磷酸钙涂层基质,在钛合金激光烧蚀技术规定提存,沉浸在一个模拟的身体# uid为了确定条件下他们的行为类似于人的血浆。

羟基磷灰石涂层也也非晶态磷酸钙涂层和a-tricalcium磷酸盐做溶解阶段b-tricalcium磷酸盐的涂料有细微的一个阶段稍微瓦解。

一个apatitic阶段降水量偏爱在羟基磷灰石涂层的涂料磷酸b-tricalcium上有细微的一个阶段。

在钛合金基体上也有降水参考,但在大感应时代。

然而,在非晶态磷酸钙涂层不沉淀形成。

科学出版社有限公司(2000保留所有权利。

关键词:磷酸钙,脉冲激光沉积,SBF1 介绍激光消融技术用于沉积磷酸钙涂层金属基体上,将用作植体骨重建。

用这个技术,磷酸钙涂层量身定做阶段和结构也成功地研制生产了[1,2]和溶解特性鉴定海洋条件]。

然而,真正的身体条件# uid饱和对羟基磷灰石的阶段,这是钙离子的浓度高于均衡的这个阶段。

因而,这就很有趣也测试条件磷酸钙涂料接近体内的情况,以了解其完整性,在这些条件及其催化反应性质}表面沉淀过程。

因此,非晶态磷酸钙涂层(ACP),羟基磷灰石(HA)涂层,涂层中的一个阶段b-tricalcium磷酸盐较小(ba-TCP)积下激光烧蚀是沉浸在饱和溶液为迪!时间、不同的结构性演变进行了测定。

饱和溶液的使用的是身体uid(SBF模拟#),解决了其离子浓度、酸碱度几乎等于那些人类血浆[5]。

该解决方案也是一个利用在仿生(沉淀)工艺生产磷灰石层在溶胶凝胶活性钛基体。

2 实验模拟身体化学溶解试剂级严格依照以下的顺序,除氢钠,NaHCO3:)3,K2HPO4 H2O,MgCl2)6 H2O,氯化钙和Na2SO4)2 H2O,在去离子水。

材料成型级控制工程专业英语阅读材料成型级控制工程专业英语阅读1.2.1 Plain Carbon Steel 普通碳钢Hot-rolled steel delivered （供给）by steelmaking works as rolled sections(bars, beams，sheets．tubes，etc) is the most wildly used material for manufacture of various machines，machine tools, building structures，consumer goods，etc．Delivered steel should have the properties as specified by State Standards（国家标准）．钢铁制造车间供给的热轧钢主要为棒材、柱材、板材、管材等，热轧钢是制造各种机械、机器工具、建筑结构和消费品中应用最广泛的材料。

所供给的钢应具有国家标准规定的各种性能。

In the RSSU．Plain carbon steels are classified into three groups：A, B and C，depending on their application.在RSSU中，普通碳钢根据其用途分为A、B、C三类。

A: If a steel is to be used for making products without hot working (welding, Forging．Etc.). Its structure and properties in the final product will be the same as delivered from the rolling mill．In that case the user requests for a steel of warranted（保证）mechanical properties，while the chemical composition is not guaranteed（保证、担保）．A:如果钢在制造产品的过程中没有进行热加工（焊接、锻造等），则最终产品的组织和性能将与轧厂提供的相同。

《材料成型及控制工程专业英语阅读》翻译CHAPTER 11 CASTING铸造工艺的主要分类依据是其所应用的铸造种类。

这些铸型是型砂、塑料粘结壳型、永久型和半永久型金属型。

压铸用金属型、石膏型、熔模铸造铸型。

11.1 各种铸造工艺砂型的第一步是制作一个金属的或木质的模样，模样就是将要制成的铸件的复制品，但尺寸要比铸件的稍大一些。

模样通常是由两个或多个部分组成，从而能容易地从铸型中被取出来。

为了制作铸型，型砂被压实并填充在模样的四周，而型砂是放在一个像箱子似的容器也就是沙箱里的。

沙箱内充满砂型之后，撤出模样，就留下可一个与成品铸件形状相似的型腔。

如果铸件上有中空的部位，例如：车轮里的一个轴心孔，那么型腔里的孔洞形状的地方必须填上型砂。

这些制空的形状就是所谓的型芯。

用于铸件和型芯的型砂是由粘土和颗粒粘结剂混合成的。

如果砂型经过了烘干，那么就称之为干砂型：如果是在潮湿的状态下使用，则成为湿型砂。

干砂型比湿砂型具有更大的强度，更大的抗腐蚀能力和抗碎性。

填充型砂之前，在模样的表面覆上一层细的沙也就是所谓的面纱。

这样可以提高砂型铸件的表面质量。

塑性粘结壳型铸件是砂铸的一种改进形式。

一个金属模样加热到350℉左右（175℃），然后夹放到一个充满细砂和热固树脂的箱子上面。

当箱子倒过来，它里面的物质就掉落在热模样上，那么树脂受热就会软化。

这样，就在模样的周围形成以薄壳层的铸件材料。

然后箱子转回到其初始的位置，未反应的树脂和砂型就从模样上掉下来。

当树脂有足够的时间充分（完全）固化之后，这么壳层就剥落下来。

最终的铸型由两片相配的壳层组成，壳层紧紧地靠在一起，且四周是由沙箱中的金属颗粒支撑物所包围，而使用这种颗粒物提高了冷却和凝固速度。

永久型和半永久型的铸件是由金属制成的。

如果需要永久型铸型甚至使用金属型芯。

半永久型使用砂型芯。

铸型的两部分通常紧紧地铰接在一起，并使用螺钉装置紧固。

铸型图层或涂料由耐火材料，像石墨或三氧化二铁这样的润滑剂和粘结剂组成，其有助于铸件从铸型中取出。

CHAPTER I MA TERIALS AND THEIR PROPERTIES1. 1 Metals and Non-metalsAmong numerous properties possessed by materials, their mechanical properties, in the majority of cases, are the most essential and therefore, they will be given much consideration in the book. All critical parts and elements, of which a high reliability is required, are made of metals, rather than of glass, plastics or stone. As has been given in Sec 1-l, metals are characterized by the metallic bond; where positive ions occupy the sites of the crystal lattice and are surrounded by electron gas .All non-metals have an ionic or a covalent bond. These types of bond are rigid and are due to electrostatic attraction of two ions of unlike charges. Because of the metallic bond, metals are capable of plastic deformation and self-strengthening upon plastic deformation. Therefore, if there is a defect in a material or if the shape of an element is such that there are stress concentrators, the stresses in these points may attain a great value and even cause cracking. But since the plasticity of the material is high, the metal is deformed plastically in that point, say, at the tip of a crack, undergoes strengthening, and the process of fracture comes to an arrest. This does not occur in non-metals. They are uncapable of plastic deformation and self-strengthening; therefore, fracture will occur as soon as the stresses at the tip of a defect exceed a definite value. These facts explain why metals are reliable structural materials and can not be excelled by non-metallic materials.Words and Terms:mechanical property 机械（力学）性能critical part and element 关键零部件covalent bond 共价键metalic bond crystal lattice 金属键晶格electrostatic attraction 静电吸引plastic deformation 塑性变形self-strengthening 自强化stress oncentrator 应力集中点the tip of a crack 裂纹尖端Questions: 1) What are the differences in properties between metals and non-metals?2) Why are metals capable of plastic deformation and self-strengthening?1. 2 Ferrous AlloysMore than 90 % by weight of the metallic materials used by human beings are ferrous alloys. This represents an immense family of engineering materials with a wide range of microstructures and related properties. The majority of engineering designs that require structural load support or power transmission involve ferrous alloys. As a practical matter, these alloys fall into two broad categories based on the carbon in the alloy composition. Steel generally contains between 0. 05 and 2.0 wt % carbon. The cast irons generally contain between 2.0 and 4.5 wt % carbon. Within the steel category，we shall distinguish whether or not a significant amount of alloying elements other than carbon is used . A composition of 5 wt % total non-carbon additions will serve as an arbitrary boundary between low alloy and high alloy steels. These alloy additions are chosen carefully because they invariably bring with them sharply increased materials costs. They are justified only by essential improvements in properties such as higher strength or improved corrosion resistance.Words and Terms:ferrous 铁的；含铁的corrosion resistance 耐腐蚀；抗蚀力arbitrary 特定的；武断的Questions:l) What is the difference in composition between steel and cast iron?2) How can you distinguish low alloy steels from high alloy steels?CHAPTER 2 HEA T TREA TMENT OF STEEL2. 1 Principle of Heat Treatment of SteelThe role of heat treatment in modern mechanical engineering cannot be overestimated. The changes in the properties of metals due to heat treatment are of extremely great significance.2. 1. 1 Temperature and TimeThe purpose of any heat treating process is to produce the desired changes in the structure of metal by heating to a specified temperature and by subsequent cooling.Therefore , the main factors acting in heat treatment are temperature and time , so that any processof heat treatment can be represented in temperature-time ( t-τ) coordinates .Heat treatment conditions are characterized by the following parameters: heating temperature t , i.e. the maximum temperature to which an alloy metal is heated; time of holding at the maxheating temperatureτh; heating rate νh and cooling rateνc．If heating (or cooling) is made at a constant rate, the temperature-time relationship will be described by a straight line with a respective angle of incline.With a varing heating (or cooling) rate , the actual rate should be attributed to the given temperature , more strictly , to an infinite change of temperature and time : that is the first derivative of temperature in time : νact = dt/dτ.Heat treatment may be a complex process , including multiple heating stages , interrupted or stepwise heating (cooling) , cooling to subzero temperatures , etc . Any process of heat treatment can be described by a diagram in temperature-time coordinates.Words and Terms:coordinates 坐标系heating rate 加热速度straight line 直线heating temperature 加热温度cooling rate 冷却速度first derivative 一阶导数Questions:1) What are the two main factors acting in heat treatment?2) How many stages may usually be inc luded in the heat treatment of steel?2. 1. 2 Formation of AusteniteThe transformation of pearlite into austenite can only take place at the equilibrium critical point on a very slow heating as follows from the Fe-C constitutional diagram. Under common conditions, the transformation is retarded and results in overheating, i.e. occurs at temperatures slightly higher than those indicated in the Fe-C diagram.When overheated above the critical point, pearlite transforms into austenite, the rate of transformation being dependent on the degree of overheating.The time of transformation at various temperatures (depending on the degree of overheating) shows that the transformation takes place faster (in a shorter time) at a higher temperature and occurs at a higher temperature on a quicker heating. For instance , on quick heating and holding at 780 ℃，the pearlite to austenite transformation is completed in 2 minutes and on holding at 740 ℃，in 8 minutes .The end of the transformation is characterized by the formation of austenite and the disappearance of pearlite (ferrite + cementite). This austenite is however inhomogeneous even in the volume of a single grain. In places earlier occupied by lamellae (or grains) of a pearlitic cementite , the content of carbon is greater than in places of ferritic lamellae . This is why the austenite just formed is inhomogeneous .In order to obtain homogeneous austenite , it is essential on heating not only to pass through the point of the end of pearlite to austenite transformation , but also to overheat the steel above that point and to allow a holding time to complete the diffusion processes in austenitc grains.The rate of homogenization of austenite appreciably depends on the original structure of the steel, in particular on the dispersion and particle shape of cementite. The transformations described occur more quickly when cementite particles are fine and, c therefore, have a large total surface area.Words and Terms : pearlite 珠光体constitutional diagrm 状态图inhomogeneous 不均匀的lamellae 层片critical point 临界温度overheat 过热grain 晶粒diffuse扩散Questions:1) Is there no diffusion process in the transformation from pearlite to austenite?2) Is it true that the higher the temperature, the faster the transformation from pearlite into austenite?3) How to obtain homogeneous austenite?CHAPTER 3 PRINCIPLES OF PLASTIC FORMING3. 1 Physical Metallurgy of Hot WorkingThe principles of the physical metallurgy of hot working are now well recognized. During the deformation process itself, e.g. a rolling pass, work hardening takes place but is balanced by the dynamic softening processes of recovery and recrystallization. These processes, which are thermally activated, lead to a flow stress that depends on strain rate and temperature as well as on strain. The structural changes taking place within the material result in an increase in dislocation density with strain until in austenitic steels and nickel- and copper-base alloys a critical strain （εc）is reached when the stored energy is sufficiently high to cause dynamic recrystallization . With further strain, dynamic recrystallization takes place repeatedly as the new recrystallized grains are themselves work-hardened to the critical level of stored energy. These dynamic structural changes leave the metal in an unstable state and provide the driving force for static recovery and static recrystallization to take place after the deformation pass. Static recrystallization may be followed by grain growth if the temperature is sufficiently high. In order to be able to apply these principles to commercial working processes, we require answers to two main questions: (a) how long does recrystallization take place after a deformation pass; and (b) what grain size is produced by recrystallization and grain growth? The answers determine the structure of the material entering the next and subsequent passes and hence influence the flow stress of the material and the working forces required. Eventually they determine the structure and properties of the hot worked products.Words and Terms : physical metallurgy 物理冶金work hardening 加工硬化static recovery静态回复thermally activated 热激活的hot working 热加工dynamic softening 动态软化recrystallization 再结晶dislocation density 位错密度critical strain 临界应变Questions:l) When does dynamic recrystallization take place within the material work hardened?2) What do the answers to the two questions determine?3. 1. 1 Dynamic Structural ChangeDuring the deformation of austenite at hot-working temperatures and constant strain rate, the characteristic form of stress-strain curve observed is illustrated in Fig. 3. 1. These curves are for low-alloy steels, tested in torsion, but are similar to those obtained for other steels in the austenitic condition tested in torsion, tension, or compression. After initial rapid work- hardening the curves go through a maximum associated with the occurrence of dynamic recrystallization. The peak in flow stress occurs after some low fraction of recrystallization has taken place so the strain to the peak(εp) is always greater than the critical strain for dynamic recystallization (εc ) . The relationship between the two strains is complex , but it has been suggested thatεc＝αεp( where αis a constant ) is a reasonable approximation for conditions of deformation of interest in hot working. however , the proposed values of αdiffer , being 0.83 , 0.86 , and 0.67 . It can be seen from Fig.3.1 that εp increases systematically with Zener-Hollomon parameter ( Z ) , independent of the particular combination of stain rate （ε）and temperature ( T / K ) in the relationship : Z=εexp Q def/RTWhere the activation energy Q def for this alloy steel is 314 kJ/mol. A similar value of 312kJ/mol is appropriate for a range of C-Mn steels but lower values of 270 and 286 kJ/mol have also been observed.Asεc marks a change in microstructure from one of somewhat poorly developed subgrains , produced by the action of work hardening and dynamic recovery，to one which also contains recrystallization nuclei , it is also a critical strain in terms of the static structural changes that take place after deformation . The dependence of εp，and hence of εc，on Z is shown for the low-alloy steel and a number of C-Mn steels in Fig. 3.2. It can be seen that, indicated by the Fig.3.2 ，εp generally increases with increasing Z although the curve for the data of Sakui et al. passes through a minimum at Z = 3 x 10s-1，( corrected to Q def = 312 kcal / mol ) . The curves for the data of Nakamura and Ueki, Cook, Rossard and Blain, and Hughes, and also the data of Suzuki et al. for a number of C-Mn steels were obtained from tests on material reheated to the same temperature as the testing temperature.These all show a trend for higher values of εp at higher testing temperatures.In contrast, the curves for the data of Le Bon et al. , Barraclough , and Morrision refer to tests carried out at lower temperature than the reheating temperature and these show no effect of test temperature 0n εp.In the former group of results, higher reheating/test temperatures will give larger initial grain sizes. As shown by Sah et al., Sakui et al., and Roberts et al. , increase in grain size ( d0）leads to an increase inεp and their data indicate a relationship of the form εp∝d0^ 1/2 Words and TermsStress-strain curve 应力应变曲线torsion 扭转;转矩activation energy 激活能initial grain size 原始晶粒尺寸Questions:l ) What doεc andεp mark ?2 ) What is the relationship between εc andεp ?3. 1. 2 Static Recrystallization RateAfter deformation, softening by static recovery and recrystallization take place with time at rates which depend on the prior deformation conditions and the holding temperature. These processes may be followed by studying the changes in yield or flow stress during a second deformation given after different holding times to obtain a restoration index, or recrystallization may be measured directly by metallographic examination of quenched specimens. An example of the form of recrystallization curves obtained by the latter method for low-alloy steel is shown inFig 3.3. The curves generally follow an A vrami equation of the formwhere X v is the fraction recrystallized in time t ; t F is the time for some specified fraction of recrystallization ( say 0.5 ) ; k is a constant ; and C＝-In ( 1－F ) . For the Curves shown k = 2 , which is consistent with the value observed for other steels deformed to strains <εc．With this relationship t0.05＝0 . 27t0.5 and t0.95 = 2.08 t0.5 , i.e. recrystallization proceeds over about one order of magnitude in time.The dependence on strain of the characteristic time t0.5, measured by either metallographic or restoration method, is shown for several steels in Fig. 3.4. All the curves show a steep dependence on strain for strains up to ~0. 8εp，which fits a relationship t0.5∝ε-m , where the mean value of m = 4 . This value is also given by observations on ferritic metals. The lower limit of strain to which this relationship is applicable is uncertain as the critical strain for static recrystallization has not received systematic study. The data of Norrison indicate that it is < 0.05 for low-carbon steel at 950℃whereas the observations of Djaic and Jonas indicate a value of > 0.055 for high-carbon steel at 780 ℃．It is clear whether this difference arises from thedifference in temperature or composition as the simple dependence on Z suggested by the broken line in Fig. 3.2 may be unrealistic. This deserves further study as low strains my be applied in the final passes of plate rolling and , as shown previously , these could have significant effects on the final grain size if they exceed the critical strain for static recrystallization.In the strain range of steep dependence of t0.5 on ε，Morrison observed that there was no effect of strain rate over the two orders of magnitude studied . This is somewhat surprising as interesting strain rate (or Z) increases the flow stress at any particular strain. Increasing flow stress would be expected to increase the random dislocation density and decrease the subgrain size and hence increase the stored energy．The subgrain boundaries provide the largest contribution to the stored energy and as their misorientation increases with strain, the driving force for recrystallization will increase. However, this increase would be expected to be about linear with strain so the much greater dependence of t0.5on strain must also arise from an increase in density of nucleation sites and in nucleation rate. The lack of influence of strain rate may thus reflect compensating effects on stored energy and substructure development at any strain. This contrasts with the strain rate effect observed for stainless steel.The observations of Djaic and Jonas indicate that an abrupt change takes place from strain dependence to independence at a strain ~0.8εp，as illustrated in Fig . 3. 4. This corresponds reasonably with the strain expected forεc and arises because preexisting recrystallization nuclei are always present in the deformed structure at strains greater thanεc．Static recrystallization under these conditions has been referred to as ‟metadynamic‟ to distinguish it from the 'classical ' recrystallization after lower strains when the nuclei must be formed after deformation . The restoration measurements indicate that the recrystallization kinetics may have a complex form after strains betweenεc and the onset of steady state , and direct metallographic observations of static recrystallization after stains well into steady state show that the exponent k in the A vrami equation drops to a value of ~1 . This means that t0.05 = 0.074 t0.5 and t0.95 = 4.33 t0..5, i. e. static recrystallization proceeds over about two orders of magnitude in time after strains which give dynamically recrystallized structures during deformation 。

最新消息1-2the benefits of civilization which we enjoy today are essentiallydue to the improved quality of products available to us .文明的好处我们享受今天本质上是由于改进质量的产品提供给我们。

the improvement in the quality of goods can be achieved with proper design that takes into consideration the functional requirement as well as its manufacturing aspects. 提高商品的质量可以达到与适当的设计,考虑了功能要求以及其制造方面。

The design process that would take proper care of the manufacturing process as well would be the ideal one. This would ensure a better product being made available at an economical cost.设计过程中,将采取适当的照顾的生产过程将是理想的一个。

这将确保更好的产品被使可得到一个经济成本。

Manufacturing is involved in turning raw materials to finished products to be used for some purpose. 制造业是参与将原材料到成品用于某些目的。

In the present age there have been increasing demands on the product performance by way of desirable exotic properties such as resistance to high temperatures, higher speeds and extra loads.在现在的时代已经有越来越多的产品性能要求的理想的异国情调的性能如耐高温,更高的速度和额外的负载These in turn would require a variety of new materials and its associated processing.这些反过来需要各种新材料及其相关的处理Also, exacting working conditions that are desired in the modern industrial operations make large demands on the manufacturing industry.这些反过来需要各种新材料及其相关的处理。

材料成型及控制工程的英语Material forming and its control engineering is a fascinating field that deals with the transformation of raw materials into finished products. It's all about understanding the science behind how materials behave when they're shaped, heated, cooled, or pressed.In this discipline, we play with the physics and chemistry of materials, pushing their limits to create strong, durable, and sometimes even aesthetically pleasing structures. It's like being a sculptor, but with metals, plastics, and alloys instead of clay.Control engineering, on the other hand, adds the precision and automation to the process. It's about designing systems that monitor and adjust the variablesthat affect material forming – temperature, pressure, speed – to ensure consistency and quality.When you're in the workshop, it's all hands-on. You canfeel the vibration of the machines, smell the heat of the molten metal, and hear the satisfying click when a partfits perfectly. But it's not just about the physical aspect; it's also about the intellectual challenge of solving problems and finding innovative solutions.For me, the best part is seeing the finished product –that car part, that medical implant, or that high-tech gadget – and knowing that I played a role in bringing itto life. It's a reminder that material forming and control engineering is not just about science and engineering; it's about making a difference in the real world.。