Discussion on development of civil society, non-profit organization fostering the meaning of_3977

中式英语1.To accelerate the pace of economic reform.2.there have been good harvests in agriculture.3.living standards for the people in both urban and rural areas continued to rise.4.these hardships are temporary in nature.5.the development of our economy in the future will depend on6.we should adopt a series of measures to ensure that7.following the realization of mechanization and electrification of agriculture8.it is essential to strengthen the building of national defense9.these constitute important conditions in striving for the fulfillment of the general task in the transitional period.10.at that time the situation in northeast China was still one where the enemy was stronger than the people’s forces.11.the key to the solution lies in the curtailment of expenditure.12.inner-Party democracy is a subject that has been discussed in detail. Overlapping redundant13.promoting the cause of peaceful reunification14.reforms in the sphere of the economy15.to ensure a relationship of close cooperation between16.we must oppose the practice of extravagance.17.these principles apply to all cases of relations between china and other countries\18.this, coupled with the factor of price instability, causedverbs1.it is impossible for us to accomplish the transformation of the whole society overnight.2.the should conduct a careful examination of3.trying to entice the Korean army to launch an attack against them4.to bring about a change in this state of affairs5.they must make up their minds to implement the reform of the current system6.until china realizes industrial modernization7.approval should be given to all these projects.8.solutions to these problems can be found only through9.grain rationing was implemented(make an investigation of, make a careful study of , make a decision to, make a proposal that, make efforts to , make an analysis of .Have a dislike for, have trust in, have an influence on, have adequate knowledge of, have the need for, have respect for,Give guidance to, provide assistance to, carry out the struggle against, conduct reform of, engage in free discussion of, achieve success in, accomplish the modernization of, realize the transformation of, bring about an improvement in, place stress on, exercise control over, register an increaseOverworked introductory verb phrases1.it is especially necessary to make great efforts to assimilate the achievements of other cultures.2.all enterprises must pay attention to promoting excellent workers.3.the principal task at present is to do a good job in disseminating and applying the results of scientific and technological research (make a success of, achievesuccess in, do successful work in)4.when making revolution in Guangzhou in the past, we were young and arrogant.5.this accounts for the inadequate efficiency in the performance of their duties.6.these nine years constitute a period in which the national economic strength has increased7.it is also necessary to put an end to the situation in which the leading organizations accompany the guerrilla units here and there8.the reason why the contracts are so lifeless and out of gear with actual conditions lies in the fact that the trade union leadership didn’t understand that9.the Civil Aviation Administration of China has decided to start the business of advance booking and ticketing on connecting and return flights.10.the efforts …are all focused on the objective of effectively strengthening the vitality of large and medium-sized stage-owned enterprises.11.the main forces of the East China field Army marched down south into the Henan-Anhuui-Jiangsu plains in order to carry out the task of fighting onexterior lines.12.instead of introducing the method of confiscation, we have adopted a policy of redemption to change the capitalist ownership.13.it is therefore imperative, both politically and economically to attach importance to promoting the work in the old base areas14.we must attach great importance to the role of scientific research institutes15.the target of capturing Changsha failed to be achieved16.the Japanese army concluded that in suppressing the Communist Party the dependence on the armed forces along could not achieve success17.in order to accomplish this, an approach of gradual transition will be adopted18.departments of scientific research should take steps to make a proper readjustment of19.the national economic strength experienced the most rapid increase during this period20.the work of clearly stipulating their functions, organization and personnel should be done well.21. a good job must be done in medical-care work for the urban residents too.22.plunging yourselves into practical work is very important for you to find solutions to all sorts of problems.23.it is essential to make vigorous efforts to reform the system for determining the purchasing and selling prices of grain and take further steps to establish the institution of regulating the reserves of grain, cotton and other such major products. Exercise1.the new state we have just inaugurated is unusual in character, entirely different from the empire of the Qing dynasty2.throughout this period there was a severe shortage in the supply of a great variety of goods./doc/c6ef003543323968011c921b.html rade Chen Yun paid constant attention to analyzing his experience4.it is only by employing the method of discussion, criticism, and reasoning that we can really fostercorrect ideas.5.at first they adopted the method of slow advance to achieve perfect results in the agrarian reform6.the one and only policy to be adopted by us is to try our best to mobilize the people7.we must get rid of the practice of supplying materials in an unplanned way8.this state of affairs concerning the waste of the most precious resource of the state must be eliminated9.the Army must solve the problem of raising work efficiency10.Chiang Kai-shek, for his part, ceaselessly expanded the scope of the war.11.to date, some 1,900 enterprises in 27 provinces and municipalities have carried out the practice of separating taxes from profits.12.the government departments concerned should do a good job in drawing up developments plans for the special economic zones.13.we should regulate patterns of consumption in sucha way as to adapt them to the characteristics of china’s agricultural resources.14.we should strengthen the work in all facts of public security.15.we shall further reform the banking system by following a policy of controlling total supply and demand for currency and credit.。

我的梦想是当一名律师英语作文短文My Dream is to Become a LawyerEver since I was a little kid, I've dreamed of becoming a lawyer. I know it might sound like a strange dream for someone my age, but I've always been really interested in the law and fighting for justice. Let me tell you why I want to be a lawyer and what that dream means to me.I first got interested in lawyers from watching TV shows and movies about courtrooms and legal cases. I was totally fascinated by how the lawyers would stand up and present evidence, question witnesses, and make arguments to convince the judge or jury. It seemed like such an exciting job, being able to use your smarts and speaking skills to get justice for your clients. I loved how the lawyers were these heroes fighting for what was right and making sure the bad guys got punished for breaking the law.Another thing that sparked my interest in being a lawyer was learning about important laws and court cases at school. In social studies class, we learned about ground-breaking cases like Brown v. Board of Education that helped end segregation in schools. We studied how brave lawyers like Thurgood Marshalltook on huge legal challenges to change unjust laws and protect people's civil rights. Seeing how much positive change lawyers could create by interpreting and shaping the law really inspired me.I started paying closer attention to legal issues in the news too, like criminal trials or debates over new laws being passed. I found the whole process fascinating - the way lawyers had to take the complicated laws and facts of a case and break it all down into clear, logical arguments. It's like piecing together a big puzzle to figure out the truth. I could imagine myself up there in the courtroom, thinking on my feet and poking holes in the other side's case. My parents joke that I was born to be a lawyer because I've always loved arguing so much!What also draws me to being a lawyer is the chance to truly help people. Yes, lawyers can make good money, but for me it's about so much more than that. I want to be the kind of lawyer that takes on cases to protect people's rights and make sure they get a fair shake, especially those who can't afford representation otherwise. I could be a public defender helping the accused get a proper defense, or an advocate for immigrants fleeing persecution. Maybe I could even work for a non-profit organization like the ACLU and take on landmark civil rightscases. There are so many ways lawyers can use the law as a tool to stand up against injustice.I know the path to becoming a lawyer won't be easy. It requires many years of tough study - four years of college, then three more of law school. And the coursework is extremely rigorous and demanding. Not to mention the crazy amounts of reading, writing, and analyzing complex documents that lawyers have to do on a daily basis. But I'm ready to work as hard as it takes, because this isn't just some passing childhood fancy for me. It's a true calling that I feel deep down.My plan is to hit the books hard in high school and get top grades. I'll load up on advanced classes in areas like English, debate, and government to sharpen my communication skills and civic knowledge. In college, I'll likely major in something like political science or legal studies as preparation for law school. And during summers, I hope to intern at law firms or legal aid clinics to get some real-world experience.Of course, I'll need to crush the LSAT exam in order to get accepted into a top law school program. That's where taking challenging courses, studying diligently, and honing my analytical abilities now will really pay off. Law school itself will be a grueling three-year marathon of intense lectures, mounds ofreading, writing memos and briefs, competing in moot courts, and so much more. It won't be easy, but I'm ready to put in the hard work and sacrifices it takes to earn that degree.Once I pass the bar exam and become a fully licensed attorney, the real dream can begin. I could see myself as abig-shot lawyer at a prestigious law firm, tackling high-profile cases in the courtroom and raking in millions. That kind of money and success would be nice, sure. But what really lights my fire is picturing myself as a different kind of lawyer: a true defender of justice and champion for those in need of legal aid.Maybe I'll work for a non-profit organization, going up against powerful corporations andspecial interests on behalf of everyday people. Or perhaps I'll be a public defender, ensuring that even those who can't afford a lawyer still get the vigorous legal defense they deserve. I could devote my energy to defending human rights, taking on cases for immigrants fighting deportation or protesters exercising their free speech rights.Wherever my law career takes me, I want to use my degree and skills to make a real positive impact on people's lives. To me, that's what being a true lawyer is all about - not just mastering the complexity of the legal system, but wielding that knowledge as a force for good in society. It's about being a protector ofjustice, giving voice to the voiceless, and upholding our most fundamental rights and liberties.I know it won't always be easy or glamorous. There will be long nights burning the midnight oil, poring over dense legal documents. Clients to counsel, contracts to review, arguments to meticulously prepare. Tense courtroom battles, having to think on my feet and stay poised under immense pressure. But I'm up for the challenge. Because the chance to seek truth and justice, to use the power of the law as a instrument for positive change in the world - that's what makes being a lawyer my ultimate dream.This will be my guiding light through the long years of education ahead. When I feel stressed out and overwhelmed by readings and exams, I'll remind myself of the bigger purpose that I'm working towards. The dream of one day getting to stride into court, robe billowing behind me, ready to fight for someone's liberty and rights. To be that voice of moral courage in the world, using my knowledge and skills for the greater good. That's what will keep me motivated every sleepless night, every practice mock trial, every bar exam practice test.Yes, the journey will be hard. But crossing that finish line, earning that law degree, being able to call myself an attorney -that will be one of the most rewarding accomplishments of my life. Because the title of "lawyer" isn't just some fancy credential to me. It represents the culmination of a lifelong dream, the power to battle injustice and make a real difference in people's lives. And that's exactly why I want to become a lawyer - to fight for fairness, to uphold the highest ideals of democracy, equality, and justice for all.。

山东省菏泽市2024-2025学年高二上学期英语第一次月考英语试卷一、听力选择题1．When does the swimming lesson start?A．At 4:30.B．At 4:45.C．At 5:15.2．Why is the man late?A．Because of the heavy traffic.B．Because of the bad weather.C．Because of a basketball match.3．What is the woman good at?A．Singing.B．Playing the piano.C．Playing the drums. 4．What kind of movies does the woman probably like?A．Action movies.B．Comedy movies.C．Romantic movies. 5．What does the man think of the training?A．Disappointing.B．Satisfying.C．Worrying.听下面一段较长对话，回答以下小题。

6．Which is the special offer today?A．Bacon.B．Chicken rolls.C．Fried eggs.7．What does the woman probably do?A．A waitress.B．A cook.C．A salesperson.听下面一段较长对话，回答以下小题。

8．What is the man trying to do?A．Make an appointment with a doctor.B．Ask the woman for some advice.C．Complain about a doctor.9．What will the man probably do next?A．Take more medicine.B．Avoid working too hard.C．See the doctor right away.听下面一段较长对话，回答以下小题。

2024届北京大兴精华学校高三下学期三模英语试卷一、完形填空It was rush hour in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. White, 38, was driving home. He noticed a gray Nissan four-door pickup on the opposite side of the two-lane street. It was hard to 1 , since it was turning sharply and careening into the curb (路缘) .As the pickup drew closer, White got a good look at the 2 : the driver appeared to be asleep. Pretty soon, this guy's going to crash into a house, White thought. While many people would have 3 driving, that's not how White because of his permanent instinct to help out. He had to stop that vehicle.White busted a U-turn and was now facing in the same direction as the pickup, but there were four cars 4 them. Trapped, White pulled his car over, jumped out and ran around to the driver's side. The window was down on this 5 autumn day. White grabbed the frame of the window—his legs moving in step with the pickup—and with a mighty heave, leaped in.White was now inside the cab of the truck, waist deep, his legs dangling out the window. The man behind the wheel, 64-year-old Todd DeAngelis, was just 6 enough to be shocked by the sight of a stranger sprawled across his stomach, and he let out a yelp.White worked quickly. They were coming up to a busy intersection, he recalls, “so I was trying to stop anything before it happened.” He 7 the pickup into park, causing it to jolt to a stop. He 8 himself from the truck window the same way he came in.From outside the truck, White asked DeAngelis if he was OK. “No,” he replied, in a haze. DeAngelis, a diabetic, was 9 facing dangerously low blood sugar.“I'm always trying to help, where I can, when I can, ” White says.But jumping into a moving vehicle to prevent a crash? White admits this was new 10 .1．A．miss B．recognize C．seek D．realize 2．A．direction B．problem C．street D．pickup 3．A．carried out B．given up C．kept on D．taken over 4．A．prohibiting B．overtaking C．separating D．following5．A．burning B．cooling C．warm D．temperate 6．A．calm B．anxious C．desperate D．conscious 7．A．forced B．wheeled C．urged D．led 8．A．ejected B．landed C．released D．escaped 9．A．regularly B．specially C．constantly D．unexpectedly 10．A．cause B．challenge C．approach D．territory二、语法填空阅读下面短文，根据短文内容填空。

The Researches on Non-Profit Organization’s Internal ControllingZHENG Xiaoyun, REN QiuyueChongqing University, P.R.China, 400045Abstract Non-profit Organization can effectively make up market failure and government failure. It provides a complementary effect of the government and the market. It is good at carrying on many social missions and solving problems of market to some extent. In recent years, NPO has developed quickly and it becomes more and more important to our daily life. Therefore, there is an emergent need to research on NPO, especially, on its management. And this research is focused on NPO’s internal controlling in China. In this article, the problems that NPOs face in China are analyzed. To solve these problems, internal controlling in NPO is considered.Key words non-profit organization internal controlling reasonable guarantee intrinsic limits controlling environment1 IntroductionJust as its name implies, non-profit organization is the independent organization whose aim is not in pursuit of profit, but to serve the community and meet the public requirements. Researches on NPO’s management can be traced to 1980s. In 1990s, Regina E. Herzlinger, who studied on the malfeasancesand operating failures of civil NPOs in U.S, pointed out that these malfeasances and failures are caused by lack of coercive accountability in management and operation. And then, she put forward the solution, disclosure-analysis-dissemination-sanction (DADS), to enhance the internal supervising in NPO. Barbara E. Taylor found that council of NPOs in U.S didn’t exert their efficiency and indicated that council should take part in decision actively, adopt proper actions and break the rigescent frameworks of function.Researches on NPOs in China have just started for a few years. But they become more and more important. Ding Y uanzhu analyzed civil NPO’s framework and administrative efficiency form the point of well administration and controlling in China. Problems of NPO’s accounting are researched by Zhang Weiguo thoroughly. A series of suggestions on NPO have been pointed out in this research, which also contains the investigation on accounting management and administrative rules of NPO in U.S.And this article is focused on NPO’s internal controlling in China.2 The morass NPOs face in ChinaAlthough NPOs in China have developed for several years, there are many problems lies in them and many challenges they face. Mostly, the morass NPO faces in China is expatiated as follow: Depend on government too much, especially in aspects of notion, framework, function, activity mode, administrative system and so on. The most possible reason is that many NPOsare founded by transformed directly from some government sections.Legislation about NPO’s administration is unbound and many rules are too strict and unilateral.The administrative sections of NPOs are uncentralized and nonstandard. NPOs in our country is administrated dividually by many sections, such as civil administration and ministry ofpersonnel and so on. This situation can easily cause the overlap or absence of administration,and also has influence on its administrative specialization.Lack of capital. Capital is the key factor of an organization. However, a spot check, which is hold by NGO graduate school of Tsinghua University, shows that the most serious problemNPOs face is lack of capital.NPOs and many relevant unities usually take advantage of the distemperedness of NPOs’ financial management to seek rent. It is shown in the relative trade-off mostly. There are35many kinds of relative trade-offs used for rent-seeking, such as: mendacious donations for thesake of escaping from taxes, gaining profit from donations, directional stock to redound upondonators.3 what is internal controllingBased on Part 1 and 2, researches on NPOs in China have become more and more significant. Thereinto, NPOs’ administration and controlling is a key part of it. And the internal controlling shows its great function gradually.Internal controlling is the internal policies and procedures, which is established to guarantee the efficiency of operating activities. Generally speaking, internal controlling of an organization is a internal administrative system, including series of measures which are taken to keep the operation in gear. Internal controlling should be run through all the facets of all the operating activities in the whole organization. As long as the operating activities and administrations exist, there must be relative internal controlling.NPO’s internal controlling should achieve following goals:Make sure progress, which operating activities make, is based on the community mission.Make sure each progress is made under authorization.Make sure each financial activity stand to the laws, rules and policies.Make good use of finance capital to implement its community mission better.Make sure the tangency and transact of assets and records is authorized to protect the integrality of assets.Make sure administrative activities go on wheels.4 Actuality of NPO’s internal controllingPresently, absence of right administration, lack of internal controlling, and distemperedness of framework, administrative polices, financial polices, prompting mechanism and supervising mechanism is fatal problems in most of NPOs in China. Provide lack of self-discipline, some NPOs come forth the behaviors of gaining profit directly and occupying assets privately. Ideed, occupying the donations happens. These behaviors ruin the public trust of NPO seriously.The distemperedness of self-discipline mechanism and internal controlling materializes in financial policies especially, shown in table 1:Table 1 Statistical table for our country NPO financial report conditionCategories proportionDo annual financial report at each year-end, but without rigid auditing Do annual financial report at each year-end with internal auditingDo annual financial report at each year-end, audited by CPAsDo annual financial report under special circumstanceOthers 10.9% 50.4% 14.7% 10.5% 4.15%Origin of data: Deng guosheng, Questionnaires diagnoses in China,UNCRD ,NGO graduate school of Tsinghua University,2001From the table, it is reported that many NPOs don’t do annual financial reports unless there’s special circumstance and many NPOs do reports but without rigid or good auditing. As we know, the financial transparency is the base of founding public trust. Without it, NPO’s probity is not pledged, which influences the realization of its community mission directly.5 AnalysisThe reason why there’s such situation stated in Part 4 lies in the nonstandard of NPO’s self-controlling and self-discipline, which are both the representations of lack of internal controlling. If36internal is not regarded seriously, public trust will be weakened and NPOs will lose their support of public gradually, which will produce more side-effects to its self-controlling. Thus, the aftermath can be predicted.There’s a need to found internal controlling in NPOs. Provide internal financial rules are made, all the relative operating activities and all the flow of capital should stand to it. Well then, the problem of asset-lose will be solved to some extent. And these rules have the function of planning and budgeting reasonably. Moreover, setting up supervising mechanism and supervising on each use of capital can prevent special funds from other uses. All the measures mentioned above is propitious to implement NPOs’ community mission better.Therefore, setting up NPOs’ internal controlling and strengthening NPOs’ internal management is very important and necessary.6 Considerations on setting up NPO’s internal controllingThere are many things needed to be taken into consideration. Basically, there are there things must be considered, that is, responsibilities of the authorities, reasonable guarantee and intrinsic limit.6.1 Responsibilities of the authoritiesThe authorities must make sure their responsibilities about internal controlling. In short, their responsibilities are designing, establishing, modifying and maintaining every controlling of the organization, and supervising how the internal controlling works.6.2 Reasonable guaranteeOn the base of considering cost and benefit thoroughly, an internal controlling, which can provide reasonable guarantee, should be established. Reasonable guarantee doesn’t mean the absolute guarantee. It just means choose the reasonable and efficient measure despite it’s not the most effective one. For instance, a small NPO increases a lot of institutions just in order to increase the efficiency of providing alms slightly. This is not reasonable. At the same time, authorities must pay attention to a situation that controlling procedures should not do harm to the work efficiency and the community missions NPO tries to implement. For example, if a NPO tries to control the mendacious donations by only accepting donations with guarantee, this can lead to a indescribable bad effect of donation. So most of NPOs believe if the donators can be sure, the donation is guaranteed reasonably.6.3 Intrinsic limitsIt is noticeable that internal controlling has its intrinsic limits. Sum up, it has following limits:The design and operation of internal controlling is limited by the principle of cost and benefit.Usually, internal controlling is designed for routine operations in the organization.Even though internal controlling designed perfectly, it can be disabled because of negligence, distraction, wrong judgement and mistake of administers.Internal controlling may be disabled because of the collusion of relative personnel.Internal controlling may be disabled because of the misuse of authority or exterior pressure.Internal controlling may be weakened or disabled following the changes of work environment and character of operation.7 Elements of internal controlNPO’s internal controlling should contain three main elements, controlling environment, accounting system, controlling procedures.7.1 Controlling environmentEvery controlling in any organization must consist in a definite controlling environment, including NPO’s internal controlling. Controlling environment is a general designation of elements which have37influence on the establishment and implement of controlling in organization. The effect of controlling is decided directly by the situation of controlling environment. It has two sides that it can strengthen or weaken the validity of specified controlling. For instance, having engaged a wrong person, who is not worthy trusting or is not competent for the work, may make the specified controlling impracticable or invalid. Controlling environment reflects authorities’ attitudes on internal controlling.7.1.1 Notion and manner of managementAuthorities play a key role in establishing a powerful controlling environment. If authorities are unwilling to establish proper controlling or not to stand to the controlling, controlling environment will be poisoned. Notion and manner of authorities’ management affects controlling environment through three aspects:Attitudes toward operating risk and methods of controlling it.The degree of recognition on management in order to implement community mission.Attitudes and actions toward financial controlling.7.1.2 Framework of organizationFramework of organization is the framework on which organization plans, adjusts and controls operating activities. If framework is set up properly, it will help to establish favorable internal controlling environment.7.1.3 DirectorateDirectorate shoulders the entrusted-responsibilities of organization. If an efficient auditing committee is founded in the directorate, it will also help to maintain the favorable internal controlling.7.1.4 Method of authorizing and distributing obligationsIf method of authorizing and distributing obligations is defined, consciousness of controlling will be strengthened consumedly. For instance, if literal policy is declared on acceptable operating activities, conflict of interest and criterion of behavior, there must be relative description on given obligations, responsibilities, relation of report and related limits.7.1.5 Internal auditingInternal auditing is an activity of self-appraisal independently, which provides useful suggestions on improving internal controlling.7.1.6 Management of human resourceA well management of human resource can insure that personnel are competent for their works and keep their honesty during their working to some extent.7.1.7 Other external influenceThere are some influences outside NPO which may influence procedures NPO adopts for internal controlling. They must be taken into consideration.7.2 Accounting systemAccounting system is the methods and records, which help organization collecting, analyzing, classifying, recording and reporting organization’s operating activities, and which is made to preserve the entrusted responsibility of assets and liabilities. The core of an accounting system is dealing with transactions. An effective accounting system should achieve following goals:Identify and record all the real transactions.Describe transactions in detail and in time, in order to classify them properly in the financial report.Calculate the price of transactions to record them properly.Make sure the time when transactions happen and record the transactions in the right accounting period.Express transaction advisably and discover relative issues in the financial report.7.3 Controlling procedures7.3.1 Authorization of transactionsEach transaction should go on wheels. To guarantee this, authorization is very necessary. Each transaction should be done on the condition of proper authorization. Managers can not do any38transaction out of their authorized area.7.3.2 Responsibilities’ planIt is very important to arrange personnel’s responsibilities, especially, make sure that works of great importance and correlation are not all done by the same person. To plan the responsibilities properly can make the effect of checking one’s work automatically by another one’s work. At the same time, when something happens, it can be easily identified whose responsibility it is. For example, if the special funds are misused and abused, responsibility of the person, who is in charge of special funds, should be questioned.7.3.3 Controlling on recordsRecords is the evidence which show what kind, when, how, how much the transaction is. It is so important that needed to be kept properly and safely. Often, records are numbered in order for the sake of their integrity.7.3.4 Independent auditingIndependent auditing is the controlling procedure that validates all the transactions, records objectively. There are many kinds of independent auditing. Which kind to use should be decided by the actuality of NPO .Moreover, the principle of special-funds-special-use is another important controlling procedure needed to be talked about. First, make sure the source and purpose of the funds. If the fund is gotten for a special use, then it can’t be used in other ways even without supervision. And NPOs should also refer the donators about the effect of the funds using. If NPO wants to change the use of special funds, it must be allowed by the donators first.8 ConclusionThere are many problems and morasses that NPO will face in its development. But one thing is sure, that is, with the development of NPO, internal controlling will become more and more important and significant. At the same time, it must be realized that all the problems NPO faces can not be solved only by internal controlling. It must be done by many unities working together and taking many measures, such as the support of government, the establishment of NPO’s law and so on.References[1] Regina E.Herzlinger, William.S.Krasker, Who Profits from Nonprofits?,HBR, 1987:35~42[2] Regina E.Herzlinger, Effective Oversight:A Guide for Nonprofit Directors, Harvard business review on nonprofits, Harvard Business School Press, 2004:8~12[3] Barbara E.Taylor, Richrd P.Chait and Thomas P.Holland, The New Work of the Nonprofit Board, Harvard business review on nonprofits, Harvard Business School Press,2004: 13~20[4]Deng Guosheng, Appraisal on NPO, Social Sciences Academic Press China, 2001:43~52 (in chinese)[5]Wang Ming, Tsing Hua University Report: Non-government Organization in China 2003, Tsing Hua University Press, 2004:37~51(in chinese)The author can be contacted from e-mail : qiuqiu1983_10@39。

Lawyers practice a difficult and demanding profession.They expect to be well compensated. In thinking about what that means,it can help to consider the basic question,"why do we work?"Samuel Johnson supplied an obvious answer when he famously observed,"No man but a blockhead ever wrote,except for money." But I am not being paid to write this article,and instead of labeling myself a blockhead,let me refer to the insight of eminent psychologist Theodor Reik:"Work and love--these are the basics.Without them there is neurosis."律师行业是一种困难而高要求的职业。

他们期望好的回报。

通过思考它的含义,可以帮助考虑那个基本问题,“我们为什么工作?”塞缪尔·约翰逊曾经在他的一个著名的评论中给出一个明确的回答,“除了傻瓜没有人写道,除了钱什么都行。

”但是我没有打算通过写这篇文章赚钱,并不意味这我将自己标签为一个傻子,正如著名心理学家的见解所说:“工作和爱情都是最基本的。

不需要他们的是神经病”。

Why do we work?For money,but also for sanity. We expect and need to be compensated in nonmonetary ways. Noneconomic compensation matters to top-flight lawyers--otherwise,they would have long ago fled to investment banks. Law firms that want to recruit and retain the best (and the sanest) must compensate not only in dollars but also in psychic gratification. Accordingly,managers of elite firms need to think consciously about what lawyers are looking for beyond money. Here are some key noneconomic element of compensation.我们为什么工作?为了钱,也为了明智。