manufacturing companies develop standards for products or where independent certification firms or associations certify that certain standards have met in various kinds of private practices.
be more general than economic ones and do not focus on
particular industries as do economic regulations.
社会管制一般是跨部门的,而且受几个政府 部门管辖,关注诸如污染、安全或伦理道德 等较广泛性的问题。Social regulations tend to cut across
管制有很多方式:规则、标准、许可、
禁止、法律、行政命令。Regulations take
various forms and include rules, standards,
permits, prohibitions, laws, and executive
orders.
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5
权威类工具
Interest Group Creation and Funding
Direct Provision of Goods and Services and Public Enterprises Use of Family, Community, and Voluntary Organizations Market Creation
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权威类工具
Authority-Based instruments