浅谈西奥多_德莱赛的人生经历对其作品的影响_英文_

SisterCarrie读后感SisterCarrie是美国著名小说家西奥多·德莱塞（TheodoreDreiser，1871—1945）的作品。

这部写于1900年的小说在国内好像比较小众，远比同时期的很多英美文学作品落寞得多。

本书所蕴含的某些“精神”在很多社会都会受到争议。

即便在美国也是如此。

毕竟在当时年代，女人的社会地位是非常低的，而且社会对于婚姻关系的看法也比较保守。

但小说的女主Carrie竟然在婚前与男人同居，并与已婚男人私通，后来还成为一位著名演员，实在是太挑战人们的三观了。

所以小说的初版并不算顺利，而且删去了大量的两性描写。

当然，也有的人坚持认为，这本小说突破了常规，体现了女性的解放。

其实放在百年后的现代社会，女主的这些“不道德”行为似乎也算不得什么稀罕事。

很多小说之所以能够得以流传，一个重要的原因就在于，它突破了时间和空间的界限，无论放在什么年代，什么地域，读者都能从中看到自己所置身社会的影子，能从中看到自己，以及自己身边的人和事。

Carrie不过是一个来自美国小镇的姑娘，她18岁去芝加哥寻梦，希望能够在大城市找到体面的工作，过上美好生活，穿上漂亮衣服，住上大房子。

那么女主是怎样逐步实现梦想的呢？她先是去投靠芝加哥的姐姐和姐夫，但到了以后才发现他们家竟然简陋不堪，生活也拮拮据据。

她不想过这样的日子，便试图去找份好点的工作。

但没有技能，也没有工作经验，找了一圈都没人要她，最后只能去做个类似于织布女工的工作，却发现工作环境太压抑，还要承受潜在的性骚扰，很想放弃。

正在此时，Carrie的人生出现了转折。

她在来芝加哥的火车上所遇到的一个男人让她跟自己一起生活。

于是女主便离开了姐姐姐夫的住所，过起了非婚富太太的生活。

用现代话说就是被包养了。

这个“包养”她的男人是个销售员，挣钱不少，对女主也是全心全意，但就是迟迟不肯跟她结婚。

理由也很简单，他想先做单大生意，然后风风光光地娶她。

但女主不愿意啊。

The Literary and Historic Value of Theodore Dreiser
and Sister Carrie
作者： 陈桂花[1]
作者机构： [1]黄山学院外国语学院,安徽黄山245041
出版物刊名： 温州大学学报：社会科学版
页码： 70-77页
年卷期： 2021年 第4期
主题词： 西奥多·德莱塞;《嘉莉妹妹》;文学史价值
摘要：西奥多·德莱塞被称为"当代美国文学的先驱",他的创作为20世纪美国的文艺复兴奏响
了嘹亮的序曲.《嘉莉妹妹》作为德莱塞的代表作,被誉为20世纪第一部伟大的美国小说.在表现
内容上,德莱塞真正地关注了社会现实,让作品《嘉莉妹妹》成为反映真实的美国社会的一面镜子;在表现手法上,他一反当时美国文坛的"文雅传统",采取了客观写实的自然主义风格.这些都为美国小说打开了一个新局面,给美国文学带来了一场革命.事实上,《嘉莉妹妹》的诞生,既是作者本人
所处时代的产物,亦是社会转型期美国现实生活造就的必然结果,同时德莱塞的文学创作也受到了来自欧洲的哲学、社会学和文学艺术思想的深刻影响.。

西奥多·德莱塞（1871—1945），美国现代小说的先驱、现实主义作家之一，他还是一个自然主义者，他的作品贴近广大人民的生活，诚实、大胆、充满了生活的激情。

德莱塞出生在印第安纳州一个破产的小业主家庭。

童年是在苦难中度过的，中学没毕业就去芝加哥独自谋生。

1889年，进入印第安纳大学学习，一年后再次辍学。

1892年，开始了记者生涯。

[1]他的代表作《嘉莉妹妹》真实再现了当时美国社会，而《美国悲剧》则是德莱赛成就最高的作品，是人们清晰地看到了美国社会的真实情况，“至今依然具有巨大的现实意义。

”[2]中文名西奥多·德莱塞外文名Theodore Dreiser国籍美国出生地印第安纳州特雷霍特镇出生日期1871年6月27日逝世日期1945年12月28日职业小说家毕业院校印第安纳大学信仰天主教主要成就被美国文学艺术学会授予荣誉奖代表作品《嘉莉妹妹》;《珍尼姑娘》;《金融家》政党美国共产党目录1人生生平2个人作品3成就荣誉4作品风格5人物评价1人生生平编辑西奥多·德莱赛于1871年8月27生在印第安纳州的特雷乌特。

父亲是个编织工，信奉天主教，为了逃避兵役，南北战争前从德国移居美国，住在俄亥俄，与当地一位孟诺教派的没文化的农家女成亲，生下了13个子女，德莱赛排行倒数第二。

其父约翰勤奋而严厉，他办的毛纺厂不慎起火，自己受伤，经济陷入困境，情绪不好，对子女粗暴。

其母则待人亲切，疼爱子女，德莱赛从母亲的身上学到了对别人的同情心，其父顽强的精神则使他在困境和失败面前鼓起勇气奋然前行。

[3]德莱赛的童年生活很穷苦，家里人多，经济拮据。

他的兄弟姐妹有的酗酒有的遇到不幸的婚姻，唯有一位哥哥保尔独创江湖卖艺，成为了流行歌曲作家，为他树立了榜样，家中的种种苦难后来都被他写进小说。

德莱赛15岁便自己谋生，[4] 他初次独自来到了芝加哥，先后在餐馆和五金公司干粗活，尽管如此，他是被这个充满兴奋和刺激的大城市生活所吸引。

浅析《珍妮姑娘》中人物悲剧命运的隐性成因西奥多·德莱塞是美国20世纪著名小说家，他被评为是美国历史上最杰出的商业小说家。

德莱塞来自底层社会，正是他过去和周围人的经历，促成他完成了一部又一部揭露美国繁盛浮华下的虚伪现实之作。

1911年，德莱塞发表了长篇小说《珍妮姑娘》，小说讲述了农村女孩珍妮，具备了世人能够想象到的所有优秀品质，她美丽、热情、善良、勤劳，她渴望热烈而真挚的感情并付诸真心，但最终却被无情抛弃。

小说中的珍妮只是一个被上流阶级包养的情妇，但她身上诸如忠贞笃定、不世故的优秀品质，与刻板印象中的情妇形象大相径庭，反而凸显出上流阶层物欲横流、为现实所累的阴暗面。

然而，整个故事中并不是只有女性人物是社会的牺牲品，男性同样没有逃脱他们的悲剧命运。

笔者运用福科的权力话语理论解读在宗教当道、金钱至上的社会里，所有陷入其中的人们不可防止的悲剧命运的隐性成因。

一、权力话语理论不同于其他哲学家对于权力的看法，在《规训与惩罚》中，福科提出了“全景敞视理论”，每个个体的行为都可以被随时监控，但个体本身并没有方法知道是谁、什么方位或者此时此刻是否有他人正在监视他们。

久而久之，个体从他律逐渐转变为自律，也就是自我规训。

在这种机制中，每个人都是被监视者，每个人也都是监视者，他们在无意识中行使权力，同时又受到权力的控制。

这种自律使权力以一种更为便捷、自由的方式得到运作。

相较于他律的被动，人们按照规那么设定好的方式进行自律那么更有利于对个人的控制。

二、男权社会下女性悲剧命运的必然性“在这个现实世界里，珍妮身上就具有这样一种精神。

从她的孩提时期开始，她的一言一行都以仁慈为怀。

”女主人公珍妮虽然出身贫寒，但她并没有穷苦人身上愤世嫉俗、刻薄世故的性格特征，反而对这个世界仍然充满善意和希望，她对任何人都不设防。

她的这种秉性在当下唯利是图、纸醉金迷的社会中显得尤为“格格不入”，因此更加珍贵。

同时，她还具备社会对于女性完美外表的所有标准，这也是为什么她在身份地位悬殊如此大的情况下，仍能俘获上层男性的心。

作家简介：Writer, born in Terre Haute, Indiana, USA. Raised in poverty and in a German-speaking environment, he was a Catholic[ˈkæθəlik] (天主教徒),he left home for Chicago at age 16. After a period of odd jobs and a year at the University of Indiana, he became a Midwesternnewspaper reporter and, in New York after 1894, a magazine featurewriter. In 1892, married Sara. White , but their married life wasn’t happy, even They have been separated since 1909, they never officially divorced婚后生活并不快乐。

尽管从1909年起两人一直分居，他们从未正式离婚。

In 1910, he quit job and became a professional writer. In 1945, joined in the United States Communist party , and on December passed away .Sister Carrie (1900), his first and still highly regarded novel, was withheld from general distribution because of its supposed amorality, and its commercial failure plunged him into financial distress and mental breakdown (1904). He later re-established himself as a magazine editor and self-published a second, successful edition of Sister Carrie (1907). The success of the novel Jennie Gerhardt (1911) allowed him to write full time, and The Financier (1912) and The Titan (1914) followed. These novels were ungainly in style but ground-breaking in their naturalism and critique of American capitalist society. The withdrawal from distribution, on moral grounds, of his autobiographical novel, The Genius (1915), ignited a national anti-censorship campaign supported by most of the leading literary figures of the day. His next decade, marked by an energetic output of plays, stories, memoirs, and travel books, culminated in An American Tragedy (1925), a major popular success despite its bleak view of American values. He publicly supported left-wing causes through the 1930s and 1940s, and propounded Socialist ideas in his late works, joining the Communist Party shortly before his death. He had also returned to writing novels, two of which, The Bulwark (1946) and The Stoic (1947), were among his various works published posthumously. As insensitive in his treatment of the English language as he was of many women in his life, he seems destined to survive as a majorAmerican writer.《嘉莉妹妹》是美国文学中的重要作品，是美国自然主义运动第一篇代表作，也是德莱塞发表的第一部长篇小说。

Dresier’s Naturalism in Sister Carrie摘要：美国作家西奥多德莱赛被认为美国自然主义的杰出代表，本文以其第一部小说《嘉莉妹妹》为例分析德莱赛自然主义德一些特征。

论文从德莱赛创作嘉莉妹妹的历史文化背景出发，研究德莱赛在《嘉莉妹妹》中表现出来的自然主义。

论文涉及该小说的两大背景：一是达尔文主义和宿命论；二是美国自然主义。

同时分析自然主义的三大特点：欲望，本能和环境，人的本能欲望迫使人一直想往更高处走，动物的本能可能迫使人为了达到目的不择手段的使用各种计策，大的环境直接决定了这个人的命运以及他最后是否能够获得成功。

通过对这三方面德分析，最后得出结论：《嘉莉妹妹》一文中的主人公嘉莉在欲望的驱使下，使用各种手段最后虽然获得了成功，但是她最后却始终与孤独相伴。

同时本文还对自然主义存在的缺陷进行了批判，自然主义过分强调悲观主义决定论和人性兽性化。

这些倾向势必会影响到读者在阅读自然主义作品中对人性的分析和评价。

因此，读者应秉承凡事都有两面性的原则，对人性本善充满信心，看到人性中真善美的一面。

关键词自然主义；环境因素；遗传因素；欲望Abstract：Theodore Dreiser is regarded as an outstanding representative of American naturalism. In this thesis, Dreiser’s first novel Sister Carrie is taken as an example to analyze the features of Dreiser’s naturalism. The thesis referred to two great historical and cultural background of the novel which are Darwinism，Determinism. American Naturalism. Meanwhile the thesis analyzes three features of naturalism. At last, we can draw the conclusion that the leading character of the novel-Carrie’s destiny has a great connection with Dreiser himself and the decline of Hurstwood is a result of Dreiser’s fear of failure, but Dreiser attributes Carrie and Hurstwood’s unhappiness to their insatiable desire for life or they are doomed to be unhappy etc, and from which we can see Dreiser’s naturalism easily.At the same time, the paper criticize the shortcomings of naturalism. Naturalism pays too much attention to the determinism and human beast. These factors may cause effects on the reading of the readers. Therefore,readers should have an exact attitude in reading Sister Carrie.Key Words:Naturalism; Environment; Hereditary; DesireContentsⅠ. Introduction (1)Ⅱ.Environmental Factors for Carrie (5)2.1The Living Environmental Factors--the Lure of the Big City (5)2.2 The Social Environment Factors -the Lure of Love (6)2.3.The Work Environmental Factor--the lure of chances (7)Ⅲ.Hereditary Factors for Carrie (8)3.1A Gift of Beauty (9)3.2A Sentimental Hear (10)3.3An Endless Desire (11)Ⅳ.Critique for Sister Carrie (13)4.1Critique of Pessimistic Determinism (14)4.2Critique of the Concept of Human Beast (15)Ⅴ.Conclusion (17)Bibliography (19)Ⅰ.IntroductionAt the very beginning of the paper, it is of importance to introduce Sister Carrie. Sister Carrie is the first novel of Dresier, it was seemed as the beginning work of his naturalism. This novel takes the development of the industry of American city as the background, describes a story that a beautiful girl come to Chicago and the process that she succeed in the high level society. Dresier pays more attention to the influence of Carrie’s fate of environment factors and heredity factors. These two factors are the main features of Naturalism. Naturalism is evolved from realism and it is the outgrowth of realism. It appeared at the end of the 19th century, came from France. It was influenced by Charles Darwin theory of evolution. Human life was governed by the two crushing forces of heredity and environment, this ideal was picked up by writers in different countries. They held that realism was too genteel in tone to reveal the harsh reality. Then, they ushered a literary movement called Naturalism. The major features of naturalism is that determinism. The second one is that the universe is cold, godless, indifferent and hostile to human desires. Life becomes a struggle of survival. The last one is that naturalism is a harsher and extreme form of realism. The main figures of naturalism are Stephen Crane, Frank Norris and Theodore Dresier. Besides that, it is easy to understand that naturalism has many limitations. The purpose of this paper is to discuss Sister Carrie with critical eyes, criticizing pessimistic determinism and the concept of human beast as reflected in the novel.Except for the introduction and conclusion, this paper includes three chapters. The first and second chapter describe the obvious factors that decide Carrie’s fate: one is environmental factors, the other is heredity factors. The first chapter discusses that environmental factor have a great influence on Carrie’s life. It tells people that one man would success if she is in an advantageous environment. On the opposite, she will be fail in fate. This paper discusses three different environmental factors that include living environment, social environment and work environment. The reason why Carrie gets succeed in big city just becauseof these factors fit for her properly.Chapter two discusses the naturalistic heredity factors for Carrie. There is one famous principle for naturalism. That is, hereditary decides fate. Like Darwin’s evolution theory, one person will survive if he adapt for the environment, or he will be out. It is obvious that Carrie has many advantages, such as her appearance, her cleverness and so on. All of these factors make her adapt for the environment well. And she also has a desire for enjoying the life of the big city. And her success in the big city proves to readers that “only the fittest can be survived from natural selection.”Chapter three criticizes the naturalism’s limitations as reflected in Sister Carrie. Firstly, this paper criticizes the pessimistic determinism of naturalism. It believes that human being is helpless. They are all controlled by environment and heredity which they live in. Therefore, no matter how hard work they are, they still not change their fate.Because of these factors, human being should keep optimistic attitude in daily life. Secondly, this paper criticizes the naturalistic idea that human being as a beast-like creature, which regards human being as a combination of beast and human.The conclusion makes a summary and tells readers that the paper’s practical significance. Nowadays, with the development of market-oriented economy, many young women have the similar fate with Carrie. A lot of girls come to the big city from countryside, they may be lured by the prosperous city. In fact, people must keep a sober mind and be a independent woman. Everyone should believe in themselves and try one’s best to change the environment they live in. Therefore, everyone can be a new man, can be the master of their life.Ⅱ.Environmental Factors for CarrieOne of the most outstanding feature of naturalism is that the environment plays an important role on one’s fate. For example,Theodore Dresier has written another book—Jannie Gerhardt, which is seen as the sister of Sister Carrie. Dresier has been said that”all of us are more or less pawns. We are moved that like chessman by circumstance over which we have no control”. This sentence has always been regard as the center of naturalism. In another words, it emphasis on the determination of environment. A lot of famous books about the naturalism point out the negative effect of the environment on each person. For instance, in Stephen Crane’s The Red Badage of Courage, the novel presents character of low social and economic classes who were controlled by their environment and heredity. However, the novel not only shows readers the picture of Carrie’s down, but also shows the process of Carrie’s success. Chapter one mainly contribute to discussing how the environment factors play important role in Carrie’s success.2.1 The Living Environmental Factors--the Lure of the Big CityNaturalism pays more attention on people’s living environment, believing that one’s living environments influence one’s fate enormously.Carrie was born in a working family of a flour mill. She lived a poor life in her hometown. Her father was a worker worked in a flour factory. No matter what hard life she lived , she still had the hope for the luxurious life of the big city. At the same time, her sister resided in Chicago. Therefore, she made a decision to go to Chicago to get to a job in order to have a better life. Then, she left her mother and father, her hometown and went to Chicago. In Chicago, there were colorful theaters, supermarket and dancing room in this big city. The jewelers were shining and bright behind the glass. The business opportunity and wide rage of goods made the city be full of attraction. As Theodore Dresier described in the book:Its many and growing commercial opportunities gave it widespread fame, which made of it a gaint magut, drawing to itself from all quarters, the hopeless-those who had their fortune yet to make and those fortunes and affairs had reached a disastrous climax elsewhere.(Sister Carrie,1965:206-207)When Carrie arrived in Chicago, Mr.Drouet told her that Chicago was a wonder , and that she will find lots to see. Even her sister told her”You will want to see the city”. She come there, she come to the big web of Chicago in order to pursue a happy life. The prosperous parties , lights, dinners, theaters attracted her.When Carrie begun to look for a job, she found it is hard for her to get a job because all of the work ask for experience. In the meantime, she lived in her sister’s house that was not comfortable. She had to pay for her board and lodging expenses. After one week, she got a job which was very boring and hard. Although that,she can only got 4.5dollars one week and 90percent of the salary should be given to her sister. She walked to the factory to work. Her brother-in-law’s indifference had never change since she come. He only cared about if Carrie can pay for her fee in his family. In Dreiser’s work, Carrie just live in such an environment.Opposite to her hometown, Chicago is a prosperous city that is full of attraction. What makes Carrie indulge in are those beautiful cinemas, magnificent hotels, extravagant and comfortable restaurants. All those attractive things embody much luxury and richness of the city, which makes her pursue succeed in another aspect, for Carrie, only those prosperous metropolis are the most suitable habitable palace to live, because the luxury atmosphere satisfy her vanity and show her talent in drama. Therefore, some big cities, such as Chicago and New York,could offer Carrie a favorable environment to succeed.2.2 The Social Environment Factors -the Lure of LoveEnvironmental factors also include the influence which come from the character’s social relationships. Zola has pointed out that human beings are social animals, which are not independence from the outside and also can not be exist without others. Each individual exist in the society, which will influence ones in almost each aspect. Therefore, the social environment , such as one’s living environment, which play a decisive role in one’s fate. In another words, the social environment who was in will affect one’s value system, and stimulate one to pursuit one’s success.At the very beginning of the novel, Carrie left her hometown and come back to her sister who dwelt in Chicago. In Chicago, she lived in a cramped little apartment with her sister’s husband and her sisters. After several twists and turns, she had not get a job. Therefore,she made a decision to leave her sister’s house and to go for Drouet, she learned much knowledge about clothing and etiquette. All these knowledge helped her adapt the taste of this city. However, the persons who helped Carrie become fashionable not only because of her two lovers, but also because of two neighbors of her. Compared with Drouet and Hustwood, the neighbors and friends played more important roles on her. They inculcated Carrie to pursuit magnificent clothes and fortune, and made her cultivate a keen sense of touch and a elegant taste of fashion. For example, Mrs.hale, a neighbor she met in Chicago, helped her know how to appreciate fashion. All above these help her got to where she wants to go.2.3The Work Environmental Factor--the Lure of ChancesThe reason why Carrie can succeed in her career is that she has many chances which are unexpected. First, when Carrie took a train to Chicago, she met Drouet, a person that led her to a luxurious way. Second, when Carrie become the mistress of Drouet, Drouet introduced Hustwood to her, Of course, it was unexpected that Hustood fell love with Carrie at the first sight. The next Hustwood took many measure to let Carrie love him. Third, On occasion, Drouet had got a task to find a beautiful woman to play a drama. Naturally, he recommended Carrie to play the drama. From then on, Carrie’s ability of performance was showed to everyone. Especially in New York, Carrie mastered every chance to change her fate. She worked hard in order to perform the drama well. All her endeavor made her be a famous performer.Carrie is women who has strong ambition and her ability is also very strong. She is a county girl at first, She is clever so that she do not speak and observe how the person do in city. She observe the fashionable girl‘s appearance, their clothes, their speech. It is a exact thing that the appearance is an important thing in big city. After Drouet and Hustwood shelp, she choose the clothes that fit her well. Then Carrie become the symbol of all that is fresh, pure and beautiful, Carrie is so clever that she master every chance .The first chance she leave for her sister s family and go to Drouet’s department. She fells the city’s prosperous slightly. The second chance, she accept Hustwood’s love, she understood that only the people who has more knowledge can give her more colorful experience and life. This choice make her come to the center of the world---New York. The third chance is that leave Hustwood. Carrie leave Hustwood and choose to made his Broadway by herself.In fact, give up a person who you loved deeply is not an easy thing. Carrie maybe become a housewife if she does not leave Hustwood. Therefore Carrie is girl who know what she really want to have .Ⅲ.Hereditary Factors for CarrieHereditary Factors is another important factors of Naturalism. It is known to us that Naturalism is evolved from Darwin’s evolutionary. Therefore, it emphasis on the determination of naturalistic hereditary factors. In the novel, Dresier believes that Carrie s behavior is determined by arbitrarily and should not have a standard. On the basic of Darwin’s evolutionary, human beings are evolved from lower animals. There is not a god to judge who is wrong or right. One individual ’s fate is determined by heredity factors. Many authors have argued for the inevitability of man s competition from the premise that in the struggle for existence among animal species, only the fittest survive. Carrie’s beautiful appearance, her gift of performance, her desire of the better life, proves that she is a lucky dog of the society. Her success in big cities set out to people the marrow of Darwin’s evolutionary theory, that is, species develop from generation to generation by a process of natural selection .Zola has pointed out all the motivations of one’s actions can be traced back to one’s heredity, in The Experiment Novel. That is, for individual, heredity factors not only determine one’s temper and hobby,but also determine one’s achievement in one’s life.3.1 A Gift of BeautyFor women, especially for beautiful women, to become an actress is their biggest dream. In fact, actress is an occupation that almost each woman can not refused. Being an actress, Carrie can show her ability of performance to audience; Carrie can release herself on the stage; Carrie can enjoy herself through each play. As the saying goes,”A crow is never the writer for washing herself often.” It is referred to that all the factors lead her to the way of success, include beauty and rich feelings, are all from heredity.Firstly, Carrie’s beauty is one of the inevitable factors of her career as a player in the metropolis. Except for her sister’s husband, a man who is overthrew by pressure,almost each man she meet is greatly admired by her beauty. From the very beginning of the novel, Carrie met Drouet on the train. Drouet was allured by Carrie just because her beauty and then fell in love with Carrie at the first sight. He helped Carrie out of the dilemma at the next. Then Carrie become a clever girl in the city from a county girl. Of course, she had a success in the metropolis which paid more attention to one’s appearance just because her beauty. For instance, when Carrie had a chance to play a drama, the manager chose her although she had never accepted professional training of actress. If her appearance was common, even ugly, the manager was sure not choose her to play the drama. When Drouet introduced Carrie to Hustwood, Hustwood was attracted by Carrie’s beauty. He often visit Carrie when Drouet was not at home. He showed his love to Carrie and write many letters to express his deep love for Carrie. What attracted Hustwood most was Carrie’s beauty. Since loved Carrie, Hustwood lost patience of his family. When his lie exposed, he got into trouble that he dared that Carrie will not see him forever. He felt life was meaningless at once. All his thoughts and actions showed to readers that the importance of Carrie. When Hustwood want to leave for Chicago, he took Carrie with him.Carrie had a bigger stage to show her gift. Therefore, her beauty which was from heredity is the inevitable factors of Carrie’s success.3.2 A Sentimental HeartExcept for Carrie’s beauty, her rich emotion is another important factors of her way on the stage. As everyone knows, performance is an activity that the player should devote abundant emotion to the drama.T here is no doubt that Carrie is a girl who was born with emotional heart. Her imitation ability shows her perfectly. It is very important that a good actor should have a emotional heart. Only have a emotional heart, can a actor play the play well. If Carrie does not have a emotional heart, she can not act the role vividly. Of course, she will not chose by the big boss,and she also can not become a famous actress.When Carrie saw Drouet at first time, she knew that she was a common girl came from country so that there was nothing important what she desired. The experience of feeling in finding a job hit her deeply. She realized that if she becomes a graceful lady, she will integrate into society quickly. At this time, her gift began to guide her keeping up with the fashionable pioneer who around her. For example, she began to imitate how the neighbors dress up, how to walk, how to make up and so on. She improved her understanding of fashion by studying these details. Later, her outstanding imitation caught the eyeball of the drama theater manager and the audience successfully. Her ability laid a foundation for a famous actress and a model.For an actress, imitation is not enough. In the novel, Carrie is shaped into a sensitive woman who is easy to be moved and a woman who is full of fantasy. Thus, if her nature is cultivated slightly, her splendid career of drama will be accomplished. For Carrie, her success bases not only on her imitation of beauty in the play. What more important is that her perception of beauty in daily life. Exactly, the bridge between this two abilities is her rich imagination.As mentioned in this novel, the first time when Carrie had the opportunity to act Rola on the stage,she felt excited. And these complicated and painful emotion is exactly what Laura felt after her experience. Carrie’s rich imagination made her put herself into the experience of the Roller. Then she finished her first performance in AveryHall.3.3 An Endless DesireIn sister Carrie’s creation, Dresier put human instinct desire in it. In social life at that time,people’s desire lead Carrie walk a way of struggle for herself. As mentioned in the novel:It was in August, 1889. She was eighteen years of age, bright, timid, and full of the illusions of ignorance and youth. Whatever touch of regret at parting characterised her thoughts, it was certainly not for advantages now being given up. A gush of tears at her mother's farewell kiss, a touch in her throat when the cars clacked by the flour mill where her father worked by the day, a pathetic sigh as the familiar green environs of the village passed in review, and the threads which bound her so lightly to girlhood and home were irretrievably broken.(Sister Carrie,1965:103-107)To be sure there was always the next station, where one might descend and return. There was the great city, bound more closely by these very trains which came up daily. ”In such a materialistic city, it makes person’s desire bigger and bigger. Person may give up anything in order to satisfy one’s desire.In Sister Carrie, Dresier incisively and vividly shows the desires driven by different people. The description shows that different people have different attitude and they suffered the different fate.At first, Carrie wanted to get a job in Chicago. As a girl come from country, she had not many requirements. After she found a job, she thought the job was so boring and made her tired. Then she chose to become the mistress of Drouet. After Drouet introduced Hustwood to her, she believed that Hustwood would give her a better life. When she lived a life she wanted to live at first, she began to look forward to a better life. She become a famous actress. People’s desire is inherited, endless. This is also one of the reasons why Carrie have a success finally.Ⅳ.Critique for Sister CarrieNowadays, naturalism is always criticized by writers both at home and abroad. In China, many critics pointed out that there are many limitations on naturalism. For example,they believe that the naturalistic writers have many shortcomings in the creation of the work.”He was a photographer for the phenomenon, but it was purely an investigation of his eyes”. There are the imitator of the phenomena, not the creator of the phenomena. In another word, their works are all records of things happened in the world without any identifying and screening. Not to mention the creativity and depth of the phenomena. The naturalistic writers were influenced by Darwin’s evolutionary theory, so they show the positive attitude in their works obviously. Furthermore, they emphasis on the concept of human beast. In the following paper, taking Sister Carrie as an example, aiming at revealing the limitations of naturalism from these two aspects.4.1Critique of Pessimistic DeterminismFrom the pessimistic fatalism view of naturalism writers, human beings can only live in a contradiction of life environment and natural heredity. Their fates decided by environment and inheritance hopelessly. No matter how hard she is, she can not change and escape his own fate. Influenced by above pessimistic theory, figures on naturalism works almost are unlucky and style of writing is also pessimistic.For Sister Carrie, when she become brilliant actress, for a moment, she feels satisfy,because she believes that her happiness is not coming yet, she go ahead forced by the desire of wealth and reputation.The naturalists tend to depict the dark side of the society, and always take the low classes as their heroes or heroins. Compare to the realism and romanticism, they have a more pessimistic view toward the society. In Sister Carrie, it reveal that man can not control themselves, and is at the mercy of the nature, the heredity, the society and instinct. From thevery beginning of the novel, Carrie respond to live together with Drouet in order to live a better life and then leave Hustwood, she become a very famous actress in New York, she can be a actress in the Broadway Stage, she become a girl in the upper ten, she finally live a life that she ever want to live, she become a man that she ever want to be, but she still did not happy. On the opposite, she feels lonely and hopelessly. We have to say that Carrie has not find her real love in life. No matter Drouet or Hustwood, they are all the tools that help Carrie live a better life. In this level, Carrie’s love was a failure. In her career, she did not get satisfaction from her work, instead she feels emptiness in spirit. As described in the last sentence of the novel”In your rocking-chair, by your window dreaming, shall you long, alone. In your rocking chair, by your window, shall you dream such happiness as you may never feel.”Her name is Carrie. Dresier give the name of the character also has a figurative meaning.carried from the sea. Her fate has already been doomed by her name.Drsier’s pessimistic determinism give an tragedy end to Carrie. In fact, not only Carrie, Hustwood the most tragic one. he is sophisticated , easy going demeanor, tongda fickle, but he has obvious character with professional modification.the tragedy of him seems that began when he and Carrie siphoned with money to New York .But in fact, his failure is due to its failure of the adventure of unknown life. In the novel, Carrie’s rise and Hustwood’s decline is the most striking contrast. In this comparison, it can be said that the tragedy of Carrie had a deeper color, also shows the readers Hustwood’s fate more tragic.This is the center of the naturalism. In Dresier’s work, Carrie and her partners must be have an tragic end. What I have obtained from this novel is that everyone has the power to change his fate. By studying Carrie’s fate, people have to accept the fact that environmental and heredity factors are significant in one’s fate, that is, the favorable environmental and hereditary factors are indispensable in one’s success, although the disadvantageous environmental and heredity factors will impede one’s development. However, man has the characteristic of self -worth and self-reliance,he is full of energy and hope in his fate. Besides, man hasthe right to double his efforts to improve the life and pursue his career in face of the relentless reality. That means man can still wield his determination to solve those adverse factors and change his fate. There are many examples in our realistic life that man can still wield his free will to master his fate. For example, many great writers have become successful men through their efforts and the disabled have challenged the adverse environment factors and become worthful members of our society. All these illustrate that we can conquer the adverse environmental factors and become worthful members of our society. All these illustrate that we ca conquer that adverse environmental and heredity defections. Therefore, people should be active and optimistic in our life and double our efforts to live a better future.4.2 Critique of the Concept of Human BeastBased on influence of Darwinism naturalism works are dedicated in exploring beast and human and take human as a kind of mixture and applicated, taking human society as ramifucation of nature and the essence of man is to the survival of the fittest. The work is to become victim of strangers who adjust to the world and qualified to live. Though sister Carrie was born with sensibility, her every decision was made under the rational judgment, not only under the emotional demand. For example, when crowed in a narrow apartment with her sister’s family, facing poor condition, accepts ugly Drouet’s help and has a comfortable life; while when Hustwood traps her to elope, she does not go immediately, but say goodbye to her past with the thought that she wants to broaden her eyesight to New York. Although both of man offer her rich life and enjoying it much. She will go away and continue her life as soon as another road appears. When Carrie and Hustwood come to New York.Hustwood lost his reputation, his career and become a frustrated man. In this case, Carrie make a decision to leave Hustwood otherwise she will become a housewife. she continue her career and become a famous actress. The man who Carrie stay with are all tools to the way of success. Just like Drouet does not treat Carrie sincerely, Carrie also does not pay her true heart to Drouet. They are both entranced by others one aspect of features. On one hand, Carrie was entranced by Drouet。