Conversion O2&N2 Data

碳单质转化为二氧化碳的化学方程式英文回答：The chemical equation for the conversion of elemental carbon to carbon dioxide is:C + O2 → CO2。

In this equation, carbon (C) reacts with oxygen (O2) to form carbon dioxide (CO2). This reaction is exothermic, meaning that it releases heat. The reaction can occur under various conditions, but it is typically carried out at high temperatures in the presence of a catalyst.The conversion of carbon to carbon dioxide is an important process in the carbon cycle. The carbon cycle is the continuous movement of carbon between the atmosphere, the oceans, the land, and living organisms. The conversion of carbon to carbon dioxide releases carbon into the atmosphere, where it can be used by plants forphotosynthesis. Plants convert carbon dioxide into carbohydrates, which are used for energy and growth. The carbohydrates are then passed up the food chain, eventually being consumed by animals and humans. The animals and humans exhale carbon dioxide, which returns to the atmosphere.The conversion of carbon to carbon dioxide is also an important process in the production of energy. Fossil fuels such as coal, natural gas, and oil are composed of carbon. When these fuels are burned, they react with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water. The heat released by this reaction is used to generate electricity or power vehicles.中文回答：碳单质转化为二氧化碳的化学方程式为：C + O2 → CO2。

Conversion FactorsAeration SystemsBulletin BriefTechnical Presentation1.Pounds/Horsepower - HourConvert #/Hp-hr or lb/Hp-hr to kg/kwh or kilogram/kilowatt-hr1 #/Hp-Hr1 lb/Hp-hr = 2.2046 lb/kg (0.746 kw/Hp)= 0.608 kg/kw-hr - or1 kg/kwh = 1.645 lb/Hp hr2.Air FlowScfm = Standard cubic feet per minNm3/hr = normal M3/Hr1 scfm = 60 ft3/hr = 60ft3/Hr35.31 ft3/Nm31 scfm = Approximately 1.7 Nm3/hr – or1 Nm3/hr = SCFM/1.7= Approximately 0.588 scfm3.Length1 ft = 1/3.2808 m = 0.348 m1 m = 3.2808 ft= 100 cm= 1000 mm1 inch = 2.54 cm=25.4 mm=0.0254 m1000 mils = 1 inch1 mm = 39.37 mil1 m = 1 x 106 micronTechnical Bulletins are presented as a service by Environmental Dynamics Inc. of Columbia, Missouri.CT0501004.Weight1 lb = 453.6 grams= 453,600 mg1 gm = 1000 mg1 kg = 2.2046 lb1 lb = 0.4536 kg1 tonne = 1000 kg = (metric ton) = 1m3 water= 2204.6 lb1 ton = 2000 lb (English ton)5.Pressure1 PSI = 2.31 ft of water=27.72 inches of water= 6.895 x 103 Pascal= 6.895 k Pascal=68.95 X103 BAR=68.95 MBAR=0.491 inches Mercury (Hg)=14.22 kg/cm21 Atmosphere= 14.7 psi=33.9 ft water=760 mm Mercury (Hg)6.Concentrationmg/l approximately equal ppmmg/l x 8.34 x MGD = pounds/daymg/l x M3/1000 = kgg/l = 1000 mg/lg/l x m3 = kg7.Energy and Engergy Cost1 Hp = 0.746 kw1000 w = 1 kwAnnual value 1 Hp = Hp (0.746 kw/hp) 24 hr (365 day/yr) x $/kwh= Hp (6535) $/kwh/yrExample @ 6¢/kwh = 0.06/kwhAnnual Value 1 Hp = 1 (6535) 0.06 = $392.1/year8.Density Air Approximately 0.075 lb /ft3% O2 in Air Approximately = 23%9.Oxygen Transfer Rate of Diffuser = Oxygenation RateOTR Approximately = scfm air (1.036) SOTE = lb O2/hrExample Airflow = 200 scfm & diffuser efficiency 22%OTR = 200 scfm air (1.036) 0.22Technical Bulletins are presented as a service by Environmental Dynamics Inc. of Columbia, Missouri.CT050100= 45.58 lb O2/hr10.Oxygen Transfer EfficiencyEfficiency/m as %= Em = % SOTE/m submergencegm/M3 air per M submergence = 1.036 (Em) 1000/2.206 (1.7)Em as % = gm/ M3 air per meter (2.2046) 1.7 / 1.036 (1000)Em = SOTE/Ft (3.2808)11.Volumes1 M3 =1000 litre= 35.31 cubic feet= 264.1 gal1 Tonne = 1 M3 water7.48 gal= 1 cubic feet1 ml = 1 cubic centimeter12.Area-1 sq ft= 144 sq inches1 M2 = 10.764 sq ft1 acre = 43,560 sq ft13.Temperature – See ChartFor specific information on aeration system selection considerations, contact Environmental Dynamics Inc. at (573) 474-9456.For specific information on aeration system selection considerations, contact EDI at 573-474-9456.Technical Bulletins are presented as a service by Environmental Dynamics Inc. of Columbia, Missouri.CT050100。

SIMULTANEOUS CARBON DIOXIDE FIXATION IN THE PROCESS OF NATURAL ASTAXANTHINPRODUCTION BY A MIXED CULTURE OFHAEMATOCOCCUS PLUVIALIS AND PHAFFIARHODOZYMAQing-lin Dong; Xue-ming Zhao*Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of ChemicalEngineering & Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, People’s Republic of China. Email: xmzhao@, IntroductionCarbon dioxide is considered as a major greenhouse gas causing the global warming problem. To find a solution, many attempts have been made through out the world, among which, biological CO2 fixation (BCF) is thought to be an environment friendly way to remove CO2 using microalgal photosynthesis. Up to now, microalgae biotechnologies have been practiced to convert CO2 emitted from power plant [1] and lime production plant [2] into algal biomass. However, there still exist some problems remaining unsolved, such as lower CO2 conversion rate, high concentration O2 evolved in photosynthesis, which cause inhibitory effects on cell growth.Astaxanthin is a kind of high value carotenoid (US$2500/kg) possessing strong biological antioxidation. Haematococcus pluvialis and Phaffia rhodozyma are the two main different species of microorganisms used in the production of astaxanthin through biotechnology. H. pluvialis is a green alga that absorbs CO2 and evolves O2 in photosynthesis; While, P. rhodozyma is a sort of red yeast which can use a variety of organic materials as fermenting substrates, generating CO2 and carboxylic acids[3-4], which restrain both cell growth and astaxanthin formation of the red yeast. On the contrary, O2 is required for astaxanthin synthesis in P. rhodozyma fermentation [5]. However, at present, both of the two species are all cultured purely, and under this culture regime, astaxanthin production declines due to the changes of pH, CO2 and O2 concentrations in the media through out the culture process. In this study, the mixed culture method for H.pluvialis with P. rhodozyma was used trying to fix CO2 released in red yeast fermentation simultaneously and also to stimulate astaxanthin production. Materials and MethodsMicroorganisms.H. pluvialis and P. rhodozyma(AS2-1557) were obtained from Institute of Hydrobiology and Institute of Microbiology , Chinese Academy of Science respectively. H. pluvialis was maintained at 4℃ in a liquid BBM medium; P. rhodozyma was maintained on a slant of yeast malt agar (YM agar, Difco) at 4℃.Culture Media and Conditions.The seed culture of H. pluvialis was prepared by transferring 5ml of the alga liquid culture into a 500ml-flask containing 100ml BBM medium (supplemented with 0.25g/l acetate). The seed culture of P. rhodozyma was prepared by inoculating the yeast from the fresh slant into a 500ml flask containing 100ml YM medium. Both cultures were shaken at 110 rpm in an orbital shaker (with top cool white fluorescent lamps) at 23.8℃ under light intensity 15μmol photons/m2.s for 48h. Pure cultures of H. pluvialis and P. rhodozyma were conducted by transferring 3ml seed cultures into 250ml-flasks containing 30ml culture media respectively. Mixed cultures were conducted in the same way except that the inoculum contained 1.5ml of each seed culture. The flasks were incubated under12μmol photons/m2.s constant light intensity (adjusted to 30μmol photons/m2.s after 48h) provided by top cool white fluorescent lamps at 23.8℃, 110rpm in a rotary shaker for 120h.Culture media were prepared from BBM by supplementing it with glucose, the glucose concentrations (g/l) were as follows: 3, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 respectively.Biomass Measurement (dry cell weight). 5ml samples of each culture were centrifuged at 5000rpm for 10 min, the supernatants were transferred into 50ml tubes for residual sugar and nitrogen analysis, the cell pellets were rinsed with distilled water twice, then dried in a electrical oven at 105℃ for 2h to constant weight.Determination of Residual Sugar. Residual sugar in the culture media was quantified by DNS method.Astaxanthin Extraction and Quantification. H. pluvialis pure culture and mixed culture: cells were harvested by centrifuging 5ml samples at 5000 rpm for 10 min. The supernatant was discarded, the cell pellets were re-suspended in 3ml 30%(v/v) methanol containing 5% KOH (w/v) and heated at 70℃ in a water bath for 5 min to destroy the chlorophyll. The mixture was centrifuged and the supernatant discarded, the remaining cell pellets were extracted with 2ml dimethyl sulphoxide and 5 ml acetone. All the steps were carried out in the dark. For P. rhodozyma pure culture, the extraction process was conducted in the same way with an exception of chlorophyll destroying step. Astaxanthin was quantified by HPLC using a 250×4.6 mm Ultrasphere C18 column, the eluting solvent was ethyl acetate: methanol: water=5:18:2 (v/v/v) with a flow rate of 1 ml/min, peaks were measured at 480 mm.Results and DiscussionMixed cultures were compared with pure cultures of H. pluvialis and P. rhodozyma on four aspects: biomass, glucose utilization efficiency, glucose conversion rate, and astaxanthin production, just trying to find out the feasibility of combining CO2 fixation with astaxanthin production.Table 1. shows that the biomass concentrations of mixed cultures of H. pluvialis and P. rhodozyma were much higher than those of the two pure cultures, which were nearly the sum of the two pure cultures when glucose concentration was in the range of 3-5g/l, and increased as the glucose concentration rose. On contrast, biomass concentrations of pure cultures of H. pluvialis and P.rhodozyma decreased when glucose concentrations were higher than 10g/l and 15g/l respectively.The reason for higher biomass production of mixed cultures may be as follow: CO2 released through P. rhodozyma fermentation could be absorbed by H. pluvialis for photosynthesis, since the dissolved CO2 in the culture medium is very low and could not meet the need of H.pluvialis, so supplementing CO2 or sodium acetate are required. To deal with this problem, usually air or pure CO2 were pumped into the high-cell-density microalgal cultures. In this way, however, CO2 conversion rate is not high. While, in the mixed cultures of H. pluvialis and P. rhodozyma, CO2 releasing and uptaking, both processes took place in the same medium, gas exchanged much easily and more efficiently. This conclusion is also confirmed by the results of glucose utilization efficiencies, as shown in Figure 1. For mixed culture and P.rhodozyma pure culture, glucose could be utilized totally when its concentration was below 20 g/l, but for H. pluvialis, glucose could not be used efficiently when the concentration was higher than 5g/l. Taking biomass concentrations and glucose conversion rates of the three cultures into account, the glucose conversion rates of mixed cultures were higher than both of the pure cultures of the two species, and lower glucose concentrations resulted in higher utilization efficiencies and conversion rates, especially when glucose concentration was between 3-5g/l ( Figure 2), this isbecause higher glucose concentration inhibits both H. pluvialis and P. rhodozyma growth. Therefore we can conclude that CO2 evolved from the red yeast P. rhodoxyma fermentation was absorbed or fixed rapidly by the green alga H. pluvialis in the process of photosynthesis, the highest glucose conversion rate (52.0%) was obtained by mixed culture when glucose concentration was 3g/l, which indicates, for CO2 fixation purpose, lower glucose concentration is more favorable and fed-batch culture techniques should be employed.Glucose (g/l) Mixed culture H. pluvialis P. rhodozyma3 1.56±0.010.54±0.04 1.12±0.135 2.45±0.020.61±0.12 1.42±0.0810 3.32±0.350.69±0.47 3.22±0.0715 4.82±0.19 0.68±0.22 5.11±0.1120 5.32±0.310.65±0.11 5.08±0.0225 5.70±0.280.62±0.13 5.02±0.01Table 1. Biomass production of Different Cultures﹡﹡Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation of three replicatesBiomass production （DCW g/l）Glucose (g/l) Mixed culture H. pluvialis P. rhodozyma 312.95±0.11 3.68±0.16 1.09±0.0358.86±0.09 2.99±0.12 1.61±0.1310 6.50±0.15 2.34±0.17 1.95±0.1115 5.62±0.12 2.02±0.13 2.05±0.0720 2.15±0.08 1.96±0.04 1.51±0.0225 2.10±0.10 1.71±0.03 1.36±0.04Table 2. Astaxanthin Production of Different Cultures﹡﹡ Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation of three replicatesVolumetric astaxanthin content（mg/l）Table 2. summarizes the astaxanthin production of different cultures. Mixed culture could remarkably promote astaxanthin production comparing with the two pure cultures, which are more than the sum of the two single cultures when glucose concentration was in the range of 3-15g/l. Maximum volumetric astaxanthin production 12.95 mg/l was obtained by mixed culture when glucose concentration was 3mg/l, which was 3.5 and 11 times that of H. pluvialis and P. rhodozyma pure cultures respectively.Figure 1.Glucose utilization efficiency of cultures at different glucoseconcentrationsThe reasons for this may come from three aspects: (1) O2 released by H. pluvialis in photosynthesis enhances the astaxanthin production of P. rhodozyma, because the conversion of carotene to astaxanthin catalyzed by ß-carotene hydroxylase and ß-carotene ketolase is oxygen-required, if O2 supplying rate is under 30mmol/h, cell growth and astaxanthin production decline evidently, and astaxanthin production increases as O2 concentration in the medium rises. (2) Considering biomass, nitrogen and glucose utilization efficiencies, under mixed culture regime, glucose and nitrogen were utilized efficiently, and higher biomass concentration was obtained so as to increase astaxanthin production. Furthermore, higher nitrogen utilization efficiency resulted in lower nitrogen concentration in the media, which is beneficial to astaxanthin formation both for H.pluviali s and P.rhodozyma. (3) pH in mixed culture keeps constant at 7.0 due to the interaction between H. pluvialis and P. rhodozyma which is more favorable for astaxanthin synthesis than pHs are 6.0, 8.0, and 9.0 for H. pluvialis.Figure 2. Glucose conversion rate of cultures at different glucoseconcentrationsConclusionsMixed culture of H. pluvialis and P. rhodozyma presents a new way for combining CO2 fixation with high value co-product (astaxanthin) formation, promoting glucose utilization efficiency and conversion rate, keeping pH constant as well as increasing astaxanthin production. This culture regime lays a foundation for developing a new technique to put yeast or bacterium fermentation together with algae cultivation.Acknowledgement. This project was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 20036010). References(1) Benemann, J. R. Microalgae for greenhouse gas abatement: Aninternational R&D opportunity. Ambiente (Tpoint), 2003, 1, 24-28(2)Pulz, O. Photobioreactors: production systems for phototrophicmicroorganisms. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 2001, 57(3), 287-293(3)Johnson, E. A.; An, G. Astaxanthin from microbial. Sources. Crit. Rev.Biotechnol., 1991, 11, 297-326(4)Endang, K.; Philippe, G. Growth kinetics and astaxanthin production ofPhaffia rhodozyma on glycerol as carbon source during batchfermentation. Biotechnol. Lett., 1998, 20(10), 929-934(5)Johnson, E. A.; Lewis, M. J. Astaxanthin formation by the yeast Phaffiarhodozyma. J. Gen. Microbiol., 1979, 115, 173-183。

几种处理废旧铅酸蓄电池铅膏工艺的比较Comparison of Several Lead Paste Treatment Processes for Waste Lead-acid Batteries一.工艺描述I. Process Description1.预脱硫+转炉1. Pre-desulfurization + converter脱硫转化过程是将PbSO4转化为较易还原处理的其他化合物的过程，常用的脱硫剂为可溶性碳酸盐或强碱。

目前最常用的脱硫剂为Na2CO3或NH4HCO3,用于将PbSO4转化为PbCO3,铅膏中的PbO2和Pb不参与脱硫反应。

Desulfurization and conversion process is the process of converting PbSO4 into other compounds which are easy to be reduced. The commonly used desulfurizer is soluble carbonate or strong base. At present, the most commonly used desulfurizer is Na2CO3 or NH4HCO3, which is used to convert PbSO4 to PbCO3. PbO2 and Pb in lead paste are not involved in the desulfurization reaction.将破碎分选后得到的铅膏（一般含PbSO4 25%~30%,PbO2 15%~20%,金属铅Pb 2~3%）用浓浆泵打入带挡板和保温装置的316L不锈钢脱硫罐中。

在一定的液固比，温度，时间和搅拌速度下，使PbSO4转化为PbCO3的脱硫反应充分，生成的硫酸盐和PbCO3或Pb-O2转化产物的种类和形态与转化过程的PH值有关，转化反应结束前应将PH值挑战到合适的数值。

gcc优化选项-O1-O2-O3-Os优先级少优化->多优化：O0 -->> O1 -->> O2 -->> O3-O0表⽰没有优化,-O1为缺省值，-O3优化级别最⾼英⽂解析：`-O '`-O1 'Optimize. Optimizing compilation takes somewhat more time, and alot more memory for a large function.With `-O ', the compiler tries to reduce code size and executiontime, without performing any optimizations that take a great dealof compilation time.`-O ' turns on the following optimization flags:-fdefer-pop-fdelayed-branch-fguess-branch-probability-fcprop-registers-floop-optimize-fif-conversion-fif-conversion2-ftree-ccp-ftree-dce-ftree-dominator-opts-ftree-dse-ftree-ter-ftree-lrs-ftree-sra-ftree-copyrename-ftree-fre-ftree-ch-funit-at-a-time-fmerge-constants`-O ' also turns on `-fomit-frame-pointer ' on machines where doingso does not interfere with debugging.`-O ' doesn 't turn on `-ftree-sra ' for the Ada compiler. Thisoption must be explicitly specified on the command line to beenabled for the Ada compiler.`-O2 'Optimize even more. GCC performs nearly all supportedoptimizations that do not involve a space-speed tradeoff. Thecompiler does not perform loop unrolling or function inlining whenyou specify `-O2 '. As compared to `-O ', this option increasesboth compilation time and the performance of the generated code.`-O2 ' turns on all optimization flags specified by `-O '. It alsoturns on the following optimization flags:-fthread-jumps-fcrossjumping-foptimize-sibling-calls-fcse-follow-jumps -fcse-skip-blocks-fgcse -fgcse-lm-fexpensive-optimizations-fstrength-reduce-frerun-cse-after-loop -frerun-loop-opt-fcaller-saves-fpeephole2-fschedule-insns -fschedule-insns2-fsched-interblock -fsched-spec-fregmove-fstrict-aliasing-fdelete-null-pointer-checks-freorder-blocks -freorder-functions-falign-functions -falign-jumps-falign-loops -falign-labels-ftree-vrp-ftree-prePlease note the warning under `-fgcse ' about invoking `-O2 ' onprograms that use computed gotos.`-O3 'Optimize yet more. `-O3 ' turns on all optimizations specified by`-O2 ' and also turns on the `-finline-functions ',`-funswitch-loops ' and `-fgcse-after-reload ' options.`-O0 'Do not optimize. This is the default.///==================另外还有个Os选项==========================原来-Os相当于-O2.5。

氧传质的英语The Importance of Oxygen Transfer in Biological ProcessesOxygen transfer is a fundamental process in various biological systems, playing a crucial role in sustaining life and enabling essential metabolic reactions. The efficient transfer of oxygen is crucial for the survival and functioning of organisms, as it facilitates the conversion of energy-rich molecules into usable forms of energy. In this essay, we will explore the significance of oxygen transfer, its mechanisms, and its applications in different biological contexts.Oxygen is a vital element for the majority of living organisms, as it serves as the final electron acceptor in the process of cellular respiration. This process, also known as aerobic respiration, is the primary means by which organisms convert the energy stored in organic molecules, such as glucose, into a more usable form of energy, known as adenosine triphosphate (ATP). During this process, oxygen is reduced to water, and the energy released is used to drive the synthesis of ATP, which is the universal energy currency of cells.The transfer of oxygen from the environment to the cells within an organism is a complex and multifaceted process. In multicellularorganisms, such as humans, oxygen is first transported from the external environment through the respiratory system, where it is absorbed into the bloodstream. The oxygen-rich blood then circulates throughout the body, delivering the oxygen to the various tissues and organs that require it for their metabolic activities.At the cellular level, oxygen must be able to diffuse from the bloodstream into the individual cells, where it can be utilized in the mitochondria, the power-generating organelles within the cells. This process of oxygen transfer is facilitated by the presence of specialized proteins, such as hemoglobin, which bind to oxygen molecules and transport them efficiently throughout the body.The efficiency of oxygen transfer is crucial for the proper functioning of various biological processes. In the context of cellular respiration, the rate of oxygen transfer can directly impact the rate of ATP production, which is essential for powering a wide range of cellular activities, from muscle contraction to neural signaling.Moreover, the efficient transfer of oxygen is also critical for the maintenance of tissue health and the prevention of hypoxic conditions, where tissues are deprived of sufficient oxygen. Hypoxia can lead to a variety of adverse effects, such as tissue damage, organ dysfunction, and even cell death. Therefore, understanding and optimizing the mechanisms of oxygen transfer is of utmostimportance in various medical and biological applications.One area where the understanding of oxygen transfer is particularly relevant is in the field of respiratory physiology and medicine. Conditions such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer can impair the ability of the respiratory system to effectively transfer oxygen, leading to various health complications. In these cases, medical interventions, such as supplemental oxygen therapy or mechanical ventilation, may be necessary to ensure adequate oxygen delivery to the tissues.Similarly, in the field of exercise physiology, the efficiency of oxygen transfer is a critical factor in determining an individual's physical performance and endurance. Elite athletes often undergo training regimens and interventions designed to enhance their oxygen delivery and utilization, as this can directly impact their ability to sustain high levels of physical activity.Beyond these clinical and physiological applications, the principles of oxygen transfer also have important implications in the field of biotechnology and environmental engineering. In the context of wastewater treatment, for example, the efficient transfer of oxygen is essential for the growth and activity of aerobic microorganisms, which are responsible for the degradation of organic matter and the removal of various pollutants.Similarly, in the production of biofuels and other valuable biochemicals, the optimization of oxygen transfer can play a crucial role in enhancing the productivity and efficiency of microbial fermentation processes. By understanding the mechanisms of oxygen transfer, researchers and engineers can design more effective bioreactors and cultivation systems, leading to improved yields and reduced production costs.In conclusion, the importance of oxygen transfer in biological processes cannot be overstated. From the cellular level to the organismal and ecosystem scales, the efficient transfer of oxygen is a fundamental requirement for the survival and thriving of living organisms. By continuing to expand our understanding of the mechanisms and applications of oxygen transfer, we can unlock new opportunities for advancements in various fields, including medicine, biotechnology, and environmental sustainability.。