高英Lesson 3

Lesson 3 Ships in the DesertAL Gore1. I was standing in the sun on the hot steel deck of a fishing ship capable of processing afifty -ton catch on a good day. But it wasn’ t a good day. We were anchored in what used to be th most productive fishing site in all of central Asia, but as I looked out over the bow, the prospects ofa good catch looked bleak. Where there should have been gentle blue-green waves lapping againstthe side of the ship, there was nothing but hot dry sand——as far as I could see in all direct The other ships of the fleet were also at rest in the sand, scattered in the dunes that stretched all theway to the horizon. Ten years ago the Aral was the fourth -largest inland sea in the world,comparable to the largest of North America ’Greats Lakes. Now it is disappearing because thewater that used to feed it has been diverted in an ill-considered irrigation scheme to grow cotton inthe desert. The new shoreline was almost forty kilometers across the sand from where the fishingfleet was now permanently docked. Meanwhile, in the nearby town of Muynak the people werestill canning fish——brought not from the Aral Sea but shipped by rail through Siberia from the Pacific Ocean, more than a thousand miles away.2. My search for the underlying causes of the environmental crisis has led me to travel aroundthe world to examine and study many of these images of destruction. At the very bottom of theearth, high in the Trans-Antarctic Mountains, with the sun glaring at midnight through a hole in thesky, I stood in the unbelievable coldness and talked with a scientist in the late tall of 1988 about thetunnel he was digging through time. Slipping his parka back to reveal a badly burned face that was cracked and peeling, he pointed to the annual layers of ice in a core sample dug from the glacier onwhich we were standing. He moved his finger back in time to the ice of two decades ago.where the U.S Congress passed the Clean Air Act, ”he said. At the bottom of the world, twocontinents away from Washington, D.C., even a small reduction in one country's emissions hadchanged the amount of pollution found in the remotest end least accessible place on earth.3. But the most significant change thus far in the earth’ s atmosphere is the one that be the industrial revolution early in the last century and has picked up speed ever since. Industrymeant coal, and later oil, and we began to burn lots of it —— bringing rising levels of carbondioxide (CO2) , with its ability to trap more heat in the atmosphere and slowly warm the earth.Fewer than a hundred yards from the South Pole, upwind from the ice runway where the ski planelands and keeps its engines running to prevent the metal parts from freeze-locking together,scientists monitor the air several times every day to chart the course of that inexorable change.During my visit, I watched one scientist draw the results of that day’ s measurements, end of a steep line still higher on the graph. He told me how easy it is——there at the earth —— to see that this enormous change in the global atmosphere is still picking up speed.4. Two and a half years later I slept under the midnight sun at the other end of our planet, in asmall tent pitched on a twelve-toot-thick slab of ice floating in the frigid Arctic Ocean. After ahearty breakfast, my companions and I traveled by snowmobiles a few miles farther north to arendezvous point where the ice was thinner——only three and a half feet thick——and submarine hovered in the water below. After it crashed through the ice, took on its new passengers,and resub merged, I talked with scientists who were trying to measure more accurately thethickness of the polar ice cap, which many believe is thinning as a result of global warming. I hadjust negotiated an agreement between ice scientists and the U.S. Navy to secure the release ofpreviously top secret data from submarine sonar tracks, data that could help them learn what ishappening to the north polar cap. Now, I wanted to see the pole it-self, and some eight hours afterwe met the submarine, we were crashing through that ice, surfacing, and then I was standing in aneerily beautiful snowscape, windswept and sparkling white, with the horizon defined by little hummocks, or“ pressure ridges” of ice that are pushed up like tiny mountain ranges when separate sheets collide. But here too, CO2 , levels are rising just as rapidly, and ultimately temperature willrise with them——indeed, global warming is expected to push temperatures up much more rapidlyin the polar regions than in the rest of the world. As the polar air warms, the ice here will thin; andsince the polar cap plays such a crucial role in the world’ s weather system, the consequ thinning cap could be disastrous.5.Considering such scenarios is not a purely speculative exercise. Six months after I returnedfrom the North Pole, a team of scientists reported dramatic changes in the pattern of ice distributionin the Arctic, and a second team reported a still controversial claim (which a variety of data now suggest) that, over all, the north polar cap has thinned by 2 percent in just the last decade.Moreover, scientists established several years ago that in many land areas north of the Arctic Circle,the spring snowmelt now comes earlier every year, and deep in the tundra below, the temperatureof the earth is steadily rising.*6. As it happens, some of the most disturbing images of environmental destruction can befound exactly halfway between the North and South poles —— precisely athe equator in Brazil ——where billowing clouds of smoke regularly blacken the sky above the immense but nowthreatened Amazon rain forest. Acre by acre, the rain forest is being burned to create fastpasture for fast-food beef; as I learned when I went there in early 1989, the fires are set earlierand earlier in the dry season now, with more than one Tennessee ’worths of rain forest beingslashed and burned each year. According to our guide, the biologist Tom Lovejoy, there are more different species of birds in each square mile of the Amazon than exist in all of North America*7. But one doesn't have to travel around the world to witness humankind’ s assault on Images that signal the distress of our global environment are now commonly seen almost anywhere.On some nights, in high northern latitudes, the sky itself offers another ghostly image that signalsthe loss of ecological balance now in progress. If the sky is clear after sunset——a watching from a place where pollution hasn't blotted out the night sky altogether——youcan sometimes see a strange kind of cloud high in the sky. This “ noctilucentcloud ”occasionallyappears when the earth is first cloaked in the evening darkness; shimmering above us with atranslucent whiteness, these clouds seem quite unnatural. And they should: noctilucent clouds havebegun to appear more often because of a huge buildup of methane gas in the atmosphere. (Alsocalled natural gas, methane is released from landfills, from coal mines and rice paddies, frombillions of termites that swarm through the freshly cut forestland, from the burning of biomass andfrom a variety of other human activities. ) Even though noctilucent clouds were sometimes seen inthe past, all this extra methane carries more water vapor into the upper atmosphere, where itcondenses at much higher altitudes to form more clouds that the sun’ s rays still strike lon sunset has brought the beginning of night to the surface far beneath them.8. What should we feel toward these ghosts in the sky? Simple wonder or the mix of emotionswe feel at the zoo? Perhaps we should feel awe for our own power: just as men tear tusks fromelephants ’ headsuchin quantity as to threaten the beast with extinction, we are ripping matterfrom its place in the earth in such volume as to upset the balance between daylight and darkness. Inthe process, we are once again adding to the threat of global warming, because methane has beenone of the fastest-growing green-house gases, and is third only to carbon dioxide and water vaporin total volume, changing the chemistry of the upper atmosphere. But, without even consideringglisten with a spectral light? Or have our eyes adjusted so completely to the bright lights ofcivilization that we can’seet these clouds for what they are —— aphysical manifestation of theviolent collision between human civilization and the earth?*9. Even though it is sometimes hard to see their meaning, we have by now all witnessedsurprising experiences that signal the damage from our assault on the environment——the new frequency of days when the temperature exceeds 100 degrees, the new speed with whichthe sun burns our skin, or the new constancy of public debate over what to do with growingmountains of waste. But our response to these signals is puzzling. Why haven’wet launched amassive effort to save our environment? To come at the question another way: Why do someimages startle us into immediate action and focus our attention or ways to respond effectively? Andwhy do other images, though sometimes equally dramatic, produce instead a Kin. of paralysis,focusing our attention not on ways to respond but rather on some convenient, less painfuldistraction?10.Still, there are so many distressing images of environmental destruction that sometimes itseems impossible to know how to absorb or comprehend them. Before considering the threats themselves, it may be helpful to classify them and thus begin to organize our thoughts and feelings so that we may be able to respond appropriately.11.A useful system comes from the military, which frequently places a conflict in one of threedifferent categories, according to the theater in which it takes place. There are“ l “ regional” battles, and“ strategic” conflicts. This third category is reserved for struggles thatthreaten a nation’ s survival and must be under stood in a global context.12.Environmental threats can be considered in the same way. For example, most instanceslike acid rain, the contamination of underground aquifers, and large oil spills are fundamentally regional. In both of these categories, there may be so many similar instances of particular local and regional problems occurring simultaneously all over the world that the patter n appears to be global,but the problems themselves are still not truly strategic because the operation of the global environment is not affected and the survival of civilization is not at stake.13.However, a new class of environmental problems does affect the global ecological system,and these threats are fundamentally strategic. The 600 percent increase in the amount of chlorinein the atmosphere during the last forty years has taken place not just in those countries producingthe chlorofluorocarbons responsible but in the air above every country, above Antarctica, above the North Pole and the Pacific Ocean —— all the way from the surface of the earth to the top of the sky. The increased levels of chlorine disrupt the global process by which the earth regulates the amountof ultraviolet radiation from the sun that is allowed through the atmosphere to the surface; and itwe let chlorine levels continue to increase, the radiation levels will also increasethat all animal and plant life will face a new threat to their survival.14.Global warming is also a strategic threat. The concentration of carbon dioxide and otherheat-absorbing molecules has increased by almost 25 per cent since World War II, posing aworldwide threat to the earth’ s ability to regulate the amount of heat from the sun retained in the atmosphere. This increase in heat seriously threatens the global climate equilibrium that determinesthe pattern of winds, rainfall, surface temperatures,ocean currents, and sea level. These in turn determine the distribution of vegetative and animal life on land and sea and have a great effect onthe location and pattern of human societies.15.In other words, the entire relationship between humankind and the earth has beentransformed because our civilization is suddenly capable of affecting the entire global environment,not just a particular area. All of us know that human civilization has usually had a large impact onthe environment; to mention just one example, there is evidence that even in prehistoric times, vastareas were sometimes intentionally burned by people in their search for food. And in our own timewe have reshaped a large part of the earth’ s surface with concrete in our cities and carefully ten rice paddies, pastures, wheat fields, and other croplands in the countryside. But these changes,while sometimes appearing to be pervasive, have, until recently, been relatively trivial factors inthe global ecological sys-tem. Indeed, until our lifetime, it was always safe to assume that nothingwe did or could do would have any lasting effect on the global environment. But it is precisely that assumption which must now be discarded so that we can think strategically about our newrelationship to the environment.16. Human civilization is now the dominant cause of change in the global environment. Yet weresist this truth and find it hard to imagine that our effect on the earth must now be measured bythe same yardstick used to calculate the strength of the moon’ s pull on the oceans or the f the wind against the mountains. And it we are now capable of changing something so basic as the relationship between the earth and the sun, surely we must acknowledge a new responsibility touse that power wisely and with appropriate restraint. So far, however, We seem oblivious of thefragility of the earth’ s natural systems.*17.This century has witnessed dramatic changes in two key factors that define the physicalreality of our relationship to the earth: a sudden and startling surge in human population, with theaddition of one China ’ s worth of people every ten years, and a sudden acceleration of the scientific and technological revolution, which has allowed an almost unimaginable magnification of ourpower to affect the world around us by burning, cutting, digging, moving,and transforming the18.The surge in population is both a cause of the changed relationship and one of the clearest illustrations of how startling the change has been, especially when viewed in a historical context.From the emergence of modern humans 200,000 years ago until Julius Caesar’ s time, fewe 250 million people walked on the face of the earth. When Christopher Columbus set sail for theNew World 1,500 years later, there were approximately 500 million people on earth. By the timeThomas Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence in 1776, the number had doubled again,to 1 billion. By midway through this century, at the end of World War II, the number had risen tojust above 2 billion people.19. In other words, from the beginning of humanity’ s appearance on earth to 1945, it took m than ten thousand generations to reach a world population of 2 billion people. Now, in the courseof one human lifetime——mine——theworld population will increase from 2 to more than 9billion, and it is already more than halfway there.20.Like the population explosion, the scientific and technological revolution began to pick upspeed slowly during the eighteenth century. And this ongoing revolution has also suddenly accelerated exponentially. For example, it is now an axiom in many fields of science that more newand important discoveries have taken place in the last ten years that. in the entire previous historyof science. While no single discovery has had the kind of effect on our relationship to the earth thatunclear weapons have had on our relationship to warfare, it is nevertheless true that taken together,they have completely transformed our cumulative ability to exploit the earth for sustenancemaking the consequences of unrestrained exploitation every bit as unthinkable as the consequencesof unrestrained nuclear war.21.Now that our relationship to the earth has changed so utterly, we have to see that changeand understand its implications. Our challenge is to recognize that the startling images ofenvironmental destruction now occurring all over the world have much more in common than their ability to shock and awaken us. They are symptoms of an underlying problem broader in scope and more serious than any we have ever faced. Global warming, ozone depletion, the loss of living species, deforestation——theyall have a common cause: the new relationship between human civilization and the earth’ s natural balance.22.There are actually two aspects to this challenge. The first is to realize that our power to harm the earth can indeed have global and even permanent effects. The second is to realize that the only way to understand our new role as a co-architect of nature is to see ourselves as part of a complex system that does not operate according to the same simple rules of cause and effect we are used to. The problem is not our effect on the environment so much as our relationship with the environment. As a result, any solution to the problem will require a careful assessmentof thatrelationship as well as the complex interrelationship among factors within civilization and between them and the major natural components of the earth’ s ecological system.23.There is only one precedent for this kind of challenge to our thinking, and again it is military. The invention of nuclear weapons and the subsequent development by the United States and the Soviet Union of many thousands of strategic nuclear weapons forced a slow and painfulrecognition that the new power thus acquired forever changed not only the relationship betweenthe two superpowers but also the relationship of humankind to the institution at war-fare itself. The consequences of all-out war between nations armed with nuclear weapons suddenly included the possibility of the destruction of both nations —— completelyand simultaneously. That sobering realization led to a careful reassessment of every aspect of our mutual relationship to the prospectof such a war. As early as 1946 one strategist concluded that strategic bombing with missileswell tear away the veil of illusion that has so long obscured the reality of the change inwarfare —— from a fight to a process of destruction.”24.Nevertheless, during the earlier stages of the nuclear arms race, each of the superpower s assumed that its actions would have a simple and direct effect on the thinking of the other. For decades, each new advance in weaponry was deployed by one side for the purpose of inspiring fear in the other. But each such deployment led to an effort by the other to leapfrog the first one with a more advanced deployment of its own. Slowly, it has become apparent that the problem of the nuclear arms race is not primarily caused by technology. It is complicated by technology, true; but it arises out of the relationship between the superpowers and is based on an obsolete understanding of what war is all about.25.The eventual solution to the arms race will be found, not in a new deployment by one sideor the other of some ultimate weapon or in a decision by either side to disarm unilaterally , but ratter in new understandings and in a mutual transformation of the relationship itself. This transformation will involve changes in the technology of weaponry and the denial of nuclear technology to rogue states. But the key changes will be in the way we think about the institution of warfare and about the relationship between states.26. The strategic nature of the threat now posed by human civilization to the global environment and the strategic nature of the threat to human civilization now posed by changes in the global environment present us with a similar set of challenges and false hopes. Some argue that a new ultimate technology, whether nuclear power or genetic engineering, will solve the problem. Others hold that only a drastic reduction of our reliance on technology can improve the conditionsof life——a simplistic notion at best. But the real solution will be found in reinventing and finally healing the relationship between civilization and the earth. This can only be accomplished by undertaking a careful reassessmentof all the factors that led to the relatively recent dramaticchange in the relationship. The transformation of the way we relate to the earth will of course involve new technologies, but the key changes will involve new ways of thinking about the relationship itself.( from Earth in the Balance: Ecology and the Human Spirit, 1992 )11。

高英3版第3课blackmail课文全文BlackmailArthur Hailey○1The chief house officer, Ogilvie, who had declared he would appear at the Croydons suite an hour after his cryptic telephone call actually took twice that time. As a result the nerves of both the Duke and Duchess were excessively frayed when the muted buzzer of the outer door eventually sounded.○2The Duchess went to the door herself. Earlier she had dispatched her maid on an invented errand and, cruelly, instructed the moon-faced male secretary – who was terrified of dogs –to exercise the Bedlington terriers. Her own tension was not lessened by the knowledge that both might return at any moment.○3 A wave of cigar smoke accompanied Ogilvie i n. When he had followed her to the living room, the Duchess looked pointedly at the half-burned cigar in the fat man’s mouth. “My husband and I find strong smoke offensive. Would you kindly put that out."○4The house detective's piggy eyes surveyed her sardonically from his gross jowled face. His gaze moved on to sweep the spacious, well-appointed room, encompassing the Duke who faced them uncertainly, his back to a window.○5"Pretty neat set-up you folks got.” Taking his time, Ogilvie removed the offending cigar, knocked off the ash and flipped the butt toward an ornamental fireplace on his right. He missed, and the butt fell upon the carpet where he ignored it.○6The Duchess's lips tightened. She said sharply, imagine you did not come here to discuss décor ".○7The obese body shook in an appreciative chuckle . "No, ma'am, can't say I did. I like nice things, though." He lowered the level of his incongruous falsetto voice." Like that car of yours. The one you keep here in the hotel. Jaguar, ain't it"○8"Aah!" It was not a spoken word, but an emission of breath from the Duke of Croydon. His wife shot him a swift, warning glance.○9"In what conceivable way does our car concern you”○10As if the question from the Duchess had been a signal, the house detective's manner changed. He inquired abruptly, "Who else is in this place"○11It was the Duke who answered, "No one. We sent them out."○12"There's things it pays to check." Moving with surprising speed, the fat man walked around the suite, opening doors and inspecting the space behind them. Obviously he knew the room arrangement well. After reopening and closing the outer door, he returned, apparently satisfied, to the living room.○13The Duchess had seated herself in a straight-backed Ogilvie remained standing. ○14"Now then," he said. "You two was in the hit-'n-run ."○15She met his eyes directly." What are you talking about"○16"Don't play games, lady. This is for real." He took out a fresh cigar and bit off the end, "You saw the papers. There's been plenty on radio, too."○17Two high points of color appeared in the paleness of the Duchess of Croydon's cheeks. "What you are suggesting is the most disgusting, ridiculous..."○18"I told you –Cut it out!” The words spat forth with sudden savagery , all pretense of blandness gone. Ignoring theDuke, Ogilvie waved the unlighted cigar under his adversary 's adversary 's nose. "You listen to me, your high-an'-mightiness. This city's burnin' mad – cops, mayor, everybody else. When they find who done that last night, who killed that kid an' its mother, then high-tailed it, they'll throw the book, and never mind who it hits, or whether they got fancy titles neither. Now I know what I know, and if I do what by rights I should, there'll be a squad of cops in here so fast you'll hardly see 'em. But I come to you first, in fairness, so's you could tell your side of it to me." The piggy eyes blinked, then hardened. " 'f you want it theother way, just say so."○19The Duchess of Croydon – three centuries and a half of inbred arrogance behind her –did not yield easily. Springing to her feet, her face wrathful, gray-green eyes blazing, she faced the grossness of the house detective squarely. Her tone would have withered anyone who knew her well. “You unspeakable blackguard! How dare you!”○20Even the self-assurance of Ogilvie flickered for an instant. But it was the Duke of Croydon who interjected, "It's no go, old girl. I'm afraid. It was a good try." Facing Ogilvie, he said, "What you accuse us of is true. I am to blame. I was driving the car and killed the little girl."○21"That's more like it," Ogilvie said. He lit the fresh cigar. "Now we're getting somewhere."○22Wearily, in a gesture of surr ender, the Duchess of Croydon sank back into her chair. Clasping her hands to conceal their trembling, she asked. "What is it you know"○23"Well now, I'll spell it out." The house detective took his time, leisurely putting a cloud of blue cigar smoke, his eyes sardonically on the Duchess as if challenging her objection. But beyond wrinkling hernose in distaste, she made no comment.○24Ogilvie pointed to the Duke. "Last night, early on, you went to Lindy's Place in Irish Bayou. You drove there in your fancy Jaguar, and you took a lady friend. Leastways, I guess you'd call her that if you're not too fussy."○25As Ogilvie glanced, grinning, at the Duchess, the Duke said sharply, "Get on with it!"○26"Well" – the smug fat face swung back – "the way I hear it, you won a hundred at the tables, then lost it at the bar. You were into a second hundred – with a real swinging party – when your wife here got there in a taxi. "○27"How do you know all this"○28"I'll tell you, Duke –I've been in this town and this hotel a long time. I got friends all over. I oblige them; they do the same for me, like letting me know what gives, an’ where. There ain't much, out of the way, which people who stay in this hotel do, I don't get to hear about. Most of ’em never know I know, or know me. They think they got their little secret tucked away , and so they have – except like now."○29The Duke said coldly, "I see."○30"One thing I'd like to know. I got a curious nature, ma’ am. How'd you figu re where he was"○31The Duchess said, "You kn ow so much... I suppose it doesn't matter. My husband has a habit of making notes while he is telephoning. Afterward he often forgets to destroy them. ”○32The house detective clucked his tongue reprovingly . "A little careless habit like that, Duke – look at the mess it gets you in. Well, here's what I figure about the rest. You an' your wife took off home, you drivin', though the way things turned out it might have been better if she'd have drove."○33"My wife doesn't drive."○34Ogilvie nodded understandi ngly. "Explains that one. Anyway, I reckon you were lickered ( = liquored ) up, but good..."○35The Duchess interrupted. "Then you don't know! You don't know anything for sure! You can't possibly prove..."○36"Lady, I can prove all I need to."○37The Duke cautioned, "Better let him finish, old girl."○38"That's right," Ogilvie said. "Just sit an' listen. Last night I seen you come in –through the basement, so's not to use the lobby. Looked right shaken, too, the pair of you. Just come in myself, an' I got to wondering why. Like I said, I got a curious nature."○39The Duchess breathed, "Go on."○40"Late last night the word was out about the hit-'n-run. On a hunch I went over the garage and took a quiet look-see at your car. You maybe don't know – it's away in a corner, behind a pillar where the jockeys don't see it when they're comin' by."○41The Duke licked his lips. "I suppose that doesn't matter now."○42"You might have something there," Ogilvie conceded. "Anyway, what I found made me do some scouting -- across at police headquarters where they know me too." He paused to puff again at the cigar as his listeners waited silently. When the cigar tip was glowing he inspected it, then continued. "Over there they got three things to go on. They got a headlight trim ring which musta come off when the kid an’ the woman was hit. They got some headlight glass, and lookin’ at the kid's clothin', they reckon there'll be a brush trace. "○43"A what"○44"You rub clothes against something hard, Duchess,specially if it's shiny like a car fender, say, an' it leaves a mark the same way as finger prints. The police lab kin pick it up like they do prints –dust it, an’ it shows."○45"That's interesting," the Duke said, as if speaking of something unconnected with himself. "I didn't know that."○46"Not many do. In this case, though, I reckon it don't make a lot o' difference. On your car you got a busted headlight, and the trim ring's gone. Ain't any doubt they'd match up, even without the brush trace an’ the blood. 0h yeah, I sh ould a told you. There's plenty of blood, though it don't show too much on the black paint."○47"Oh, my God!" A hand to her face, the Duchess turned away.○48Her husband asked, "What do you propose to do"○49The fat man rubbed his hands together, looking d own at his thick, fleshy fingers."Like I said, I come to hear your side of it."○50The Duke said despairingly, “What can I possibly say You know what happened.”He made an attempt to square his shoulders which did not succeed. “You'd better call the police and get it over.”○51“Well now, there's no call for being hasty .” The incongruous falsetto voice took on a musing note. “What's done's been done. Rushing any place ain't gonna bring back the kid nor its mother neither. Besides, what they'd do to you across at the headquarters, Duke, you wouldn't like. No sir, you wouldn't like it at all.”○52The other two slowly raised their eyes.○53“I was hoping,” Ogilvie said, “that you folks could suggest something.”○54The Duke said uncertainly, “I don't understand.”○55“I understand,” the Duchess of Croydon said. “You want money, don't you You came here to blackmail us.”○56If she expected her words to shock, they did not succeed. The house detective shrugged. “Whatever names you call things, ma'am, don't matter to me. All I come for was to help you people out of trouble. But I got to live too.”○57”You'd accept money to keep silent about what you know”○58”I reckon I might.”○59”But from what you say,” the Duchess pointed out, her poise for the moment recovered, “it would do no good. The car would be discovered in any case.”○60”I guess you'd have to take that chance. But there's some reasons it might not be. Something I ain't told you yet.”○61“Tell us now, please.”○62Ogilvie said, “I ain't figured this out myself c ompletely. But when you hit that kid you was going away from town, not to it.”○63”We'd made a mistake in the route,” the Duchess said. “Somehow we'd become turned around. It's easily done in New Orleans, with the street winding as they do. Afterward, using side streets, we went back. “○64“I thought it might be that,”Ogilvie nodded understandingly. “But the police ain't figured it that way. They’re looking for somebody who was headed out. That's why, right now, they're workin' on the suburbs and the outside towns. They may get around to searchin' downtown, but it won't be yet. “○65“How long before they do”○66“Maybe three, four days. They got a lot of other places to look first.”○67“ How could that help us --- the delay‘”○68“It might,” Ogilvie said. “Pro vidin' nobody twigs the car – an' seein' where it is, you might be lucky there. An' if you can get it away.”○69“You mean out of the state”○70“I mean out o’ the South.”○71“That wouldn't be easy”○72“No, ma'am. Every state around –Texas, Arkansas, Mississippi, Alabama, all the rest'll be watching for a car damaged the way yours is.”○73The Duchess considered. “Is there any possibility of having repairs made first If the work were done discreetly we could pay well. “○74The house detective shook his head emphatically. “You try that, you might as well walk over to headquarters right now an' give up. Every repair shop in Louisiana's been told to holler 'cops' the minute a car needing fixin' like yours comes in. They'd do it, too. You people are hot.”○75The Duchess of Croydon kept firm, tight rein on her racing mind. It was essential, she knew, that her thinking remain calm and reasoned. In the last few minutes theconversation had become as seemingly casual as if the discussion were of some minor domestic matter and not survival itself. She intended to keep it that way. Once more, she was aware, the role of leadership had fallen to her, her husband now a tense but passive spectator of the exchange between the evil tat man and herself. No matter. What was inevitable must be accepted. The important thing was to consider all eventualities. A thoughtoccurred to her.○76“The piece from our car which you say the police have. What is it called”○77“A trim ring.”○78“Is it traceable”○79Ogilvie nodded affirmatively. “They can figure what kind o' car it's from --- make, model, an' maybe the year, or close to it. Same thing with the glass. But with your car being foreign, it'll likely take a few days.”○80“But after that,”she persisted, “the police will know they'r e looking for a Jaguar”○81“I reckon that 's so. “○82Today was Tuesday. From all that this man said, they had until Friday or Saturday at best. With calculated coolness the Duchess reasoned: the situation came down to one essential. Assuming the hotel man was bought off, their only chance -- a slim one -- lay in removing the car quickly, If it could be got north, to one of the big cities where the New Orleans tragedy and search would be unknown, repairs could be made quietly, the incriminating evidence removed. Then, even if suspicion settled on the Croydons later, nothing could be proved. But how to get the car away○83Undoubtedly what this oafish detective said was true: As well as Louisiana, the other states through which the car would have to pass would be alert and watchful. Every highway patrol would be on the lookout for a damaged head-light with a missing trim ring. There would probably be road-blocks. It would be hard not to fall victim to some sharpeyed policeman.○84But it might be done. If the ca r could be driven at night and concealed by day. There were plenty of places to pull off thehighway and be unobserved. It would be hazardous, but no more than waiting here for certain detection. There would be back roads. They could choose an unlikely route to avoid attention.○85But there would be other complications ... and now was the time to consider them. Traveling by secondary roads would be difficult unless knowing the terrain. The Croydons did not. Nor was either of them adept at using maps. And when they stopped for petrol, as they would have to, their speech and manner would betray them, making them conspicuous . And yet ... these were risks which had to be taken.○86Or had they○87The Duchess faced Ogilvie. “How much do you want”○88The abruptness took him by surprise. “Well ... I figure you people are pretty well fixed.”○89She said coldly, “I asked how much.”○90The piggy eyes blinked. Ten thousand dollars.”○91Though it was twice what she had expected, her expression did not change. “Assuming we paid this grotesque amount, what would we receive in return”○92The fat man seemed puzzled. “Like I said, I keep quiet about what I know.”○93“And the alternative ”○94He shrugged. “I go down the lobby. I pick up a phone. “○95“No,” The statement was unequivocal . “We will not pay, you.”○96As the Duke of Croydon shifted uneasily, the house detective's bulbous countenance reddened, “Now listen, lady…”○97Peremptorily she cut him oft. “I will not listen. Instead, you will listen to me.”Her eyes were riveted on his face, her handsome, high cheek boned features set intheir most imperious mold. “We would achieve nothing by paying you, except possibly a few days' respite . You have made that abundantly clear.”○98“That's a chance you gotta...”○99“Silence!” Her voice was a whiplash. Eyes bored into him. Swallowing, sullenly , he complied .100 What came next, the Duchess of Croydon knew, could be the most significant thing she had ever done. There must be no mistake, no vacillation or dallying because of her own smallness of mind. When you were playing for the highest stakes, you made the highest bid. She intended to gamble on the fat man's greed. She must do so in such a way as to place the outcome beyond any doubt.101 She declared decisively, “We will not pay you ten thousand dollars. But we will pay you twenty-five thousand dollars.”102 The house detective's eyes bulged.103 “In return for that,” she continued evenly, “You will drive our car north.”104 Ogilvie continued to stare.105 “Twenty-five thousand do llars,”she repeated. “Ten thousand now. Fifteen thousand more when you meet us in Chicago.”106 Still without speaking, the fat man licked his lips. His beady eyes, as if unbelieving, were focused upon her own. The silence hung.107 Then, as she watched intently, he gave the slightest of nods.108 The silence remained. At length Ogilvie spoke. “This cigar bother in' you, Duchess”109 As she nodded, he put it out. (from Hotel, 1965)。

Lesson 3 Ships in the DesertAL Gore1.I was standing in the sun on the hot steel deck of a fishing ship capable of processing a fifty-ton catch on a good day. But it wasn’t a good day. We were anchored in what used to be the most productive fishing site in all of central Asia, but as I looked out over the bow, the prospects of a good catch looked bleak. Where there should have been gentle blue-green waves lapping against the side of the ship, there was nothing but hot dry sand——as far as I could see in all directions. The other ships of the fleet were also at rest in the sand, scattered in the dunes that stretched all the way to the horizon. Ten years ago the Aral was the fourth-largest inland sea in the world, comparable to the largest of North America’s Great Lakes. Now it is disappearing because the water that used to feed it has been diverted in an ill-considered irrigation scheme to grow cotton in the desert. The new shoreline was almost forty kilometers across the sand from where the fishing fleet was now permanently docked. Meanwhile, in the nearby town of Muynak the people were still canning fish——brought not from the Aral Sea but shipped by rail through Siberia from the Pacific Ocean, more than a thousand miles away.2.My search for the underlying causes of the environmental crisis has led me to travel around the world to examine and study many of these images of destruction. At the very bottom of the earth, high in the Trans-Antarctic Mountains, with the sun glaring at midnight through a hole in the sky, I stood in the unbelievable coldness and talked with a scientist in the late tall of 1988 about the tunnel he was digging through time. Slipping his parka back to reveal a badly burned face that was cracked and peeling, he pointed to the annual layers of ice in a core sample dug from the glacier on which we were standing. He moved his finger back in time to the ice of two decades ago. “Here’s where the U.S Congress passed the Clean Air Act,” he said. At the bottom of the world, twocontinents away from Washington, D.C., even a small reduction in one country's emissions had changed the amount of pollution found in the remotest end least accessible place on earth.3.But the most significant change thus far in the earth’s atmosphere is the one that began with the industrial revolution early in the last century and has picked up speed ever since. Industry meant coal, and later oil, and we began to burn lots of it——bringing rising levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) , with its ability to trap more heat in the atmosphere and slowly warm the earth. Fewer than a hundred yards from the South Pole, upwind from the ice runway where the ski plane lands and keeps its engines running to prevent the metal parts from freeze-locking together, scientists monitor the air several times every day to chart the course of that inexorable change. During my visit, I watched one scientist draw the results of that day’s measurements, pushing the end of a steep line still higher on the graph. He told me how easy it is——there at the end of the earth——to see that this enormous change in the global atmosphere is still picking up speed.4.Two and a half years later I slept under the midnight sun at the other end of our planet, in a small tent pitched on a twelve-toot-thick slab of ice floating in the frigid Arctic Ocean. After a hearty breakfast, my companions and I traveled by snowmobiles a few miles farther north to a rendezvous point where the ice was thinner——only three and a half feet thick——and a nuclear submarine hovered in the water below. After it crashed through the ice, took on its new passengers, and resub merged, I talked with scientists who were trying to measure more accurately the thickness of the polar ice cap, which many believe is thinning as a result of global warming. I had just negotiated an agreement between ice scientists and the U.S. Navy to secure the release of previously top secret data from submarine sonar tracks, data that could help them learn what is happening to the north polar cap. Now, I wanted to see the pole it-self, and some eight hours after we met the submarine, we were crashing through that ice, surfacing, and then I was standing in aneerily beautiful snowscape, windswept and sparkling white, with the horizon defined by little hummocks, or “pressure ridges” of ice that are pushed up like tiny mountain ranges when separate sheets collide. But here too, CO2, levels are rising just as rapidly, and ultimately temperature will rise with them——indeed, global warming is expected to push temperatures up much more rapidly in the polar regions than in the rest of the world. As the polar air warms, the ice here will thin; and since the polar cap plays such a crucial role in the world’s weather system, the consequences of a thinning cap could be disastrous.5.Considering such scenarios is not a purely speculative exercise. Six months after I returned from the North Pole, a team of scientists reported dramatic changes in the pattern of ice distribution in the Arctic, and a second team reported a still controversial claim (which a variety of data now suggest) that, over all, the north polar cap has thinned by 2 percent in just the last decade. Moreover, scientists established several years ago that in many land areas north of the Arctic Circle, the spring snowmelt now comes earlier every year, and deep in the tundra below, the temperature of the earth is steadily rising.*6.As it happens, some of the most disturbing images of environmental destruction can be found exactly halfway between the North and South poles——precisely at the equator in Brazil ——where billowing clouds of smoke regularly blacken the sky above the immense but now threatened Amazon rain forest. Acre by acre, the rain forest is being burned to create fast pasture for fast-food beef; as I learned when I went there in early 1989, the fires are set earlier and earlier in the dry season now, with more than one Tennessee’s worth of rain forest being slashed and burned each year. According to our guide, the biologist Tom Lovejoy, there are more different species of birds in each square mile of the Amazon than exist in all of North America——which means we are silencing thousands of songs we have never even heard.*7.But one doesn't have to travel around the world to witness humankind’s assault on the earth. Images that signal the distress of our global environment are now commonly seen almost anywhere. On some nights, in high northern latitudes, the sky itself offers another ghostly image that signals the loss of ecological balance now in progress. If the sky is clear after sunset——and it you are watching from a place where pollution hasn't blotted out the night sky altogether——you can sometimes see a strange kind of cloud high in the sky. This “noctilucent cloud” occasionally appears when the earth is first cloaked in the evening darkness; shimmering above us with a translucent whiteness, these clouds seem quite unnatural. And they should: noctilucent clouds have begun to appear more often because of a huge buildup of methane gas in the atmosphere. (Also called natural gas, methane is released from landfills, from coal mines and rice paddies, from billions of termites that swarm through the freshly cut forestland, from the burning of biomass and from a variety of other human activities. ) Even though noctilucent clouds were sometimes seen in the past, all this extra methane carries more water vapor into the upper atmosphere, where it condenses at much higher altitudes to form more clouds that the sun’s rays still strike long after sunset has brought the beginning of night to the surface far beneath them.8.What should we feel toward these ghosts in the sky? Simple wonder or the mix of emotions we feel at the zoo? Perhaps we should feel awe for our own power: just as men tear tusks from elephants’ heads in such quantity as to threaten the beast with extinction, we are ripping matter from its place in the earth in such volume as to upset the balance between daylight and darkness. In the process, we are once again adding to the threat of global warming, because methane has been one of the fastest-growing green-house gases, and is third only to carbon dioxide and water vapor in total volume, changing the chemistry of the upper atmosphere. But, without even considering that threat, shouldn’t it startle us that we have now put these clouds in the evening sky whichglisten with a spectral light? Or have our eyes adjusted so completely to the bright lights of civilization that we can’t see these clouds for what they are——a physical manifestation of the violent collision between human civilization and the earth?*9.Even though it is sometimes hard to see their meaning, we have by now all witnessed surprising experiences that signal the damage from our assault on the environment——whether it's the new frequency of days when the temperature exceeds 100 degrees, the new speed with which the sun burns our skin, or the new constancy of public debate over what to do with growing mountains of waste. But our response to these signals is puzzling. Why haven’t we launched a massive effort to save our environment? To come at the question another way: Why do some images startle us into immediate action and focus our attention or ways to respond effectively? And why do other images, though sometimes equally dramatic, produce instead a Kin. of paralysis, focusing our attention not on ways to respond but rather on some convenient, less painful distraction?10.Still, there are so many distressing images of environmental destruction that sometimes it seems impossible to know how to absorb or comprehend them. Before considering the threats themselves, it may be helpful to classify them and thus begin to organize our thoughts and feelings so that we may be able to respond appropriately.11.A useful system comes from the military, which frequently places a conflict in one of three different categories, according to the theater in which it takes place. There are “local” skirmishes, “regional” battles, and “strategic” conflicts. This third category is reserved for struggles that can threaten a nation’s survival and must be under stood in a global context.12.Environmental threats can be considered in the same way. For example, most instances of water pollution, air pollution, and illegal waste dumping are essentially local in nature. Problemslike acid rain, the contamination of underground aquifers, and large oil spills are fundamentally regional. In both of these categories, there may be so many similar instances of particular local and regional problems occurring simultaneously all over the world that the patter n appears to be global, but the problems themselves are still not truly strategic because the operation of the global environment is not affected and the survival of civilization is not at stake.13.However, a new class of environmental problems does affect the global ecological system, and these threats are fundamentally strategic. The 600 percent increase in the amount of chlorine in the atmosphere during the last forty years has taken place not just in those countries producing the chlorofluorocarbons responsible but in the air above every country, above Antarctica, above the North Pole and the Pacific Ocean——all the way from the surface of the earth to the top of the sky. The increased levels of chlorine disrupt the global process by which the earth regulates the amount of ultraviolet radiation from the sun that is allowed through the atmosphere to the surface; and it we let chlorine levels continue to increase, the radiation levels will also increase——to the point that all animal and plant life will face a new threat to their survival.14.Global warming is also a strategic threat. The concentration of carbon dioxide and other heat-absorbing molecules has increased by almost 25 per cent since World War II, posing a worldwide threat to the earth’s ability to regulate the amount of heat from the sun retained in the atmosphere. This increase in heat seriously threatens the global climate equilibrium that determines the pattern of winds, rainfall, surface temperatures, ocean currents, and sea level. These in turn determine the distribution of vegetative and animal life on land and sea and have a great effect on the location and pattern of human societies.15.In other words, the entire relationship between humankind and the earth has been transformed because our civilization is suddenly capable of affecting the entire global environment,not just a particular area. All of us know that human civilization has usually had a large impact on the environment; to mention just one example, there is evidence that even in prehistoric times, vast areas were sometimes intentionally burned by people in their search for food. And in our own time we have reshaped a large part of the earth’s surface with concrete in our cities and carefully tended rice paddies, pastures, wheat fields, and other croplands in the countryside. But these changes, while sometimes appearing to be pervasive, have, until recently, been relatively trivial factors in the global ecological sys-tem. Indeed, until our lifetime, it was always safe to assume that nothing we did or could do would have any lasting effect on the global environment. But it is precisely that assumption which must now be discarded so that we can think strategically about our new relationship to the environment.16.Human civilization is now the dominant cause of change in the global environment. Yet we resist this truth and find it hard to imagine that our effect on the earth must now be measured by the same yardstick used to calculate the strength of the moon’s pull on the oceans or the force of the wind against the mountains. And it we are now capable of changing something so basic as the relationship between the earth and the sun, surely we must acknowledge a new responsibility to use that power wisely and with appropriate restraint. So far, however, We seem oblivious of the fragility of the earth’s natural systems.*17.This century has witnessed dramatic changes in two key factors that define the physical reality of our relationship to the earth: a sudden and startling surge in human population, with the addition of one China’s worth of people every ten years, and a sudden acceleration of the scientific and technological revolution, which has allowed an almost unimaginable magnification of our power to affect the world around us by burning, cutting, digging, moving, and transforming the physical matter that makes up the earth.18.The surge in population is both a cause of the changed relationship and one of the clearest illustrations of how startling the change has been, especially when viewed in a historical context. From the emergence of modern humans 200,000 years ago until Julius Caesar’s time, fewer than 250 million people walked on the face of the earth. When Christopher Columbus set sail for the New World 1,500 years later, there were approximately 500 million people on earth. By the time Thomas Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence in 1776, the number had doubled again, to 1 billion. By midway through this century, at the end of World War II, the number had risen to just above 2 billion people.19.In other words, from the beginning of humanity’s appearance on earth to 1945, it took more than ten thousand generations to reach a world population of 2 billion people. Now, in the course of one human lifetime——mine——the world population will increase from 2 to more than 9 billion, and it is already more than halfway there.20.Like the population explosion, the scientific and technological revolution began to pick up speed slowly during the eighteenth century. And this ongoing revolution has also suddenly accelerated exponentially. For example, it is now an axiom in many fields of science that more new and important discoveries have taken place in the last ten years that. in the entire previous history of science. While no single discovery has had the kind of effect on our relationship to the earth that unclear weapons have had on our relationship to warfare, it is nevertheless true that taken together, they have completely transformed our cumulative ability to exploit the earth for sustenance —— making the consequences of unrestrained exploitation every bit as unthinkable as the consequences of unrestrained nuclear war.21.Now that our relationship to the earth has changed so utterly, we have to see that change and understand its implications. Our challenge is to recognize that the startling images ofenvironmental destruction now occurring all over the world have much more in common than their ability to shock and awaken us. They are symptoms of an underlying problem broader in scope and more serious than any we have ever faced. Global warming, ozone depletion, the loss of living species, deforestation——they all have a common cause: the new relationship between human civilization and the earth’s natural balance.22.There are actually two aspects to this challenge. The first is to realize that our power to harm the earth can indeed have global and even permanent effects. The second is to realize that the only way to understand our new role as a co-architect of nature is to see ourselves as part of a complex system that does not operate according to the same simple rules of cause and effect we are used to. The problem is not our effect on the environment so much as our relationship with the environment. As a result, any solution to the problem will require a careful assessment of that relationship as well as the complex interrelationship among factors within civilization and between them and the major natural components of the earth’s ecological system.23.There is only one precedent for this kind of challenge to our thinking, and again it is military. The invention of nuclear weapons and the subsequent development by the United States and the Soviet Union of many thousands of strategic nuclear weapons forced a slow and painful recognition that the new power thus acquired forever changed not only the relationship between the two superpowers but also the relationship of humankind to the institution at war-fare itself. The consequences of all-out war between nations armed with nuclear weapons suddenly included the possibility of the destruction of both nations——completely and simultaneously. That sobering realization led to a careful reassessment of every aspect of our mutual relationship to the prospect of such a war. As early as 1946 one strategist concluded that strategic bombing with missiles “may well tear away the veil of illusion that has so long obscured the reality of the change inwarfare——from a fight to a process of destruction.”24.Nevertheless, during the earlier stages of the nuclear arms race, each of the superpower s assumed that its actions would have a simple and direct effect on the thinking of the other. For decades, each new advance in weaponry was deployed by one side for the purpose of inspiring fear in the other. But each such deployment led to an effort by the other to leapfrog the first one with a more advanced deployment of its own. Slowly, it has become apparent that the problem of the nuclear arms race is not primarily caused by technology. It is complicated by technology, true; but it arises out of the relationship between the superpowers and is based on an obsolete understanding of what war is all about.25.The eventual solution to the arms race will be found, not in a new deployment by one side or the other of some ultimate weapon or in a decision by either side to disarm unilaterally , but ratter in new understandings and in a mutual transformation of the relationship itself. This transformation will involve changes in the technology of weaponry and the denial of nuclear technology to rogue states. But the key changes will be in the way we think about the institution of warfare and about the relationship between states.26.The strategic nature of the threat now posed by human civilization to the global environment and the strategic nature of the threat to human civilization now posed by changes in the global environment present us with a similar set of challenges and false hopes. Some argue that a new ultimate technology, whether nuclear power or genetic engineering, will solve the problem. Others hold that only a drastic reduction of our reliance on technology can improve the conditions of life——a simplistic notion at best. But the real solution will be found in reinventing and finally healing the relationship between civilization and the earth. This can only be accomplished by undertaking a careful reassessment of all the factors that led to the relatively recent dramaticchange in the relationship. The transformation of the way we relate to the earth will of course involve new technologies, but the key changes will involve new ways of thinking about the relationship itself.( from Earth in the Balance: Ecology and the Human Spirit, 1992 )11。

Questions on appreciation:1. Speeches are generally highly rhetorical. Point out some of the different rhetorical devices Kennedy employs to make his inaugural address as forceful and impressive as possible.2. Is the address well organized? Comment on the order in which he addressed the different groups of nations and people.3. Cite examples to show that Kennedy is very particular and careful in his choice and use of words.4. Is his tone and message suited to the different groups he ad-dresses? Give your reasons.5. This inaugural address is regarded by many in the United States as a classical speech, and many passages are often , quoted. Could you pick out some passages likely to be quoted by Americans? Give reasons for your choice.6. Is Kennedy's argument and persuasion based mainly on facts and logic or on an appeal to emotions? Would this type of speech be successful on all occasions?III. Paraphrase：1. And yet the same revolutionary belief for which our forebears fought is still at issue around the globe (para 2)2．This much we pledge --- and more. (para 5)3．United, there is little we cannot do in a host of cooperative ventures. (para 5)4．…our last best hope in an age where the instruments of war have far outpaced the instruments of peace (para 10)5．…to enlarge the area In which its writ may run (para 10) 6．…before the dark powers of destruction unleashed by science engulf all humanity In planned or accidental self-destruction (para 11)7．…yet both racing to alter that uncertain balance of terror that stays the hand of mankind’s final war (para 13)8．So let us begin anew, remembering on both sides that civility is not a sign of weakness (para 14)9．Let both sides seek to invoke the wonders of science instead of its terrors. (para 17)10. …each generation of Americans has been summoned to give testimony to its national loyalty (para 21 )11. With a good conscience our only sure reward, with history the final judge of our deeds, let us go forth to lead the land we love (para 27)V. Translate paras 23-26 into Chinese.IV. Practice with Words and Expressions (P.56-58)A. Look up the dictionary and explain the meaning of the itali-cizedwords:1. …the same solemn oath our forebears prescribed nearly a century and three-quarters ago(para 1)2. for man holds in his mortal hands the power (para 2)3. …disciplined by a hard and bitter peace (para 3)4. …to witness or permit the slow undoing of these human rights (para 3)5. …we dare not meet a powerful challenge at odds and split asunder (para 6)6. …to be replaced by a far more iron tyranny ( para 7 )7. struggling to break the bonds of mass misery (para 8)8. …to prevent it from becoming merely a forum for invective…(para 10)9. …to enlarge the area in which its writ may run (para10)10. …that stays the hand of mankind's final war (para 13)11. …tap the ocean depths… (para 17)14. …not as a call to bear arms... but a call to bear the burden ' of a long twilight struggle…(para 22)B. Discriminate the following groups of synonyms:1. mortal, fatal, deadly, lethal2. faithful, loyal, constant, staunch, resoluteC. The following sentences all contain metaphors. Explain their meaning in plain, non-figurative language:1. …those who foolishly sought power by riding the back of the tiger ended up inside. (para 7)2. But this peaceful revolution of hope cannot become the prey of hostile powers. (para 9)3. And let every other power know that this hemisphere intends to remain the master of its own house. (para 9)4. we renew our pledge of support: to prevent it from becoming merely a forum for invective, to strengthen its shield of the new and the weak…(para 10)5. And if ca beachhead of co-operation may push back the jungle of suspicion…(para 19)6. The energy, the faith, the devotion which we bring to this endeavor will light our country and all who serve it, and the glow from that fire can truly light the world. (para 24)V. Translation (refer to the translation of the text)1. Kennedy thinks the world is different now because man has madegreat progress in science and technology and has not only the power (scientific farming, speedy transportation, mass production, etc. ) to abolish poverty, but also the power(missiles，H_bombs，etc．)to destroy all forms of human life．I agree with him．2．According to Kennedy，the belief still at issue around the globe is the belief that all man are created equal and God has given them certain inalienable rights which no state or ruler can take away from them．3．Kennedy considers as friends：a)the old allies of the U．S．，such as Britain，Canada，Australia，New Zealand and the western European countries；b) the countries in South America and；c)many of the developing countries in Asia and Africa that rely on U．S．aid．He considers all socialist countries as foes(all that time the socialist camp headed by the Soviet Union)and those developing countries preparing to take the socialist road．4．Britain，Canada，Australia，New Zealand．and in a wider sense one may also include France．5．Many new nations were born after World WarⅡ．especially in Africa．In 1 960 alone，just one year before Kennedy’s inaugural speech，the following countries in Africa declared their independence：The Republic of Central Africa，The Republic of Chad，The Republic of Dahomey，The People’s Republic of the Congo，The Jabon Republic，The Republic of Ghana．etc．6．The people who are in huts and villages are the poor people in backward developing countries in Africa and Asia．(Student give comments on the rest of the answer．)7．The stated policy of Kennedy towards Latin America is summed up in the phrase “alliance for progress”．Kennedy pledged to take concrete steps to assist these governments and people in casting off the chains of poverty．8．Kennedy’s policy towards “his adversary” is negotiation from a position of strength．The U．S．must first be strong enough to deter her adversary．From this strong position of absolute military superiority Kennedy proposes negotiating with the socialist camp(or the Soviet Union)on the following problems：a) arms control，b) cooperation in the fields of science，technology，arts and commerce，c)a new world system．9．He calls on his fellow Americans to make new sacrifices．to do what his country calls on him to do．He should be prepared to sacrifice everything，even his life if necessary，to defend freedom，to wage constant war against tyranny，poverty，disease and war．The “long twilight struggle” is not a hot war but a constant，persevering fight against tyranny，poverty，disease and the threat of war．10．There are probably some exaggeration in the claim that freedom was in its hour of maximum danger when Kennedy assumed office．However，it is historically justifiable that Kennedy assumed officeat a time when freedom was in a most critical hour．The new president had to face many dangers and crises．At home，freedom was endangered by the witch hunting campaign against government workers accused of being communists started by Senator McCarthy．So Kennedy made himself a strong supporter of civil rights．Ⅲ．1．The rhetorical devices/ figures of speech employed included：parallel and balanced structures，repetition of important words and phrases，and antitheses．2．Yes，the address is well organized．Kennedy addressed his old friends first with sweetest words and then his foes with sharp words．The order is clear and appropriate．3．In this highly rhetorical address，there are many examples to show that Kennedy is very particular and careful in his choice of and use of words as well as his choice of sentence patterns and structures. For example, in the sentence "To our sister republics south of our border, we offer a special pledge", the word "sister' is particularly chosen to connote equality and mutual good relations in his attempt to allay减轻；使平静the traditional fears these countries have of their powerful big brother in the north. And in the sentence "Finally, to those nations who would make themselves our adversary, we offer not a pledge but a request", the phrase"would make themselves our adversary" is again cleverly chosen to throw the blame for confrontation and world tension on the other party, It suggests that the United States has done nothing to create enemies. It is the other side that is challenging the U. S. , and the latter is forced to take the challenge although it really wants peace.4. Kennedy carefully made his tone and message suited to the different groups he addresses. In his address there is proclaimed loyalty to old allies to sustain unity, assured help and support to minor friends to keep them closely tied to the U. S. , warning advice to newborns to make them over, and veiled threat, warning and advice to the enemy camp to check ambitions on the part of the enemies.5. Among the passages most likely to be quoted: may be "we shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe to assure the survival and the success of liberty", as this is not only a carefully thought out, well-balanced sentence easy to remember and elegantly pleasant to read aloud, but also a sentence that best expresses the proud feelings of the Americans as the self-appointed leader of the "free democracies ". Kennedy's call for Americans to "ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country" is also very often quoted because it represents the enterprising spirit进取精神；创业精神of the Americans of which Kennedy is a best example.6. Kennedy' s argument and persuasion is based mainly on emotional appeal rather than facts. This type of speech would not be successful on all occasions. It can be successful only when the audience is already excited and does not have much time to think or when the audience is already susceptible to the message of the speaker.III. (P.56 )1. Our ancestors fought a revolutionary war to maintain that all men were created equal and God had given them certain unalienable rights which no state or ruler could take away from them. But today this issue has not yet been decided in many countries around the world.2. This much we promise to do and we promise to do more.3. United and working together we can accomplish a lot of things in a great number of joint undertakings.4. The United Nations is our last and best hope of survival in an age where the instruments of war have far surpassed the instruments of peace.5. We pledge to help the United Nations enlarge the area in which its authority and mandate授权；命令，指令would continue to be in effect or in force.6. before the terrible forces of destruction, which science can now release, overwhelm mankind; before this self-destruction, which may be planned or brought about by an accident, takes place7. Yet both groups of nations are trying to change as quickly as possible this uncertain balance of terrible military power which restrains each group from launching mankind's final war.8. So let us start once again (to discuss and negotiate) and let us remember that being polite is not a sign of weakness.•9. Let both sides try to call forth唤起；使起作用the wonderful things that science can do for mankind instead of the frightful things it can do.10. Americans of every generation have been called upon to prove their loyalty to their country (by fighting and dying for their country's cause).11. Let history finally judge whether we have done our task well or not, but our sure reward will be a good conscience for we will have worked sincerely and to the best of our ability.IV. (P.56)A.1.prescribe: set down or impose2.mortal: of man (as a being who must eventually die)3.disciplined: received training that developed self-control and character4.undoing : abolishing5. at odds: in disagreement ; quarreling6. iron: cruel; merciless7. bonds: chains; fetters束缚；枷锁8. invective: a violent verbal attack; strong criticism, insults, curses, etc.9. run：continue in effect or force10．stays：restrains11．tap：draw upon or make use of12．bear：take on；sustainB．1．fatal可用来指一切已经造成死亡或者可能导致死亡的事物(不能指人)，侧重于其不可避免性。

Lesson Three1. catch n. a quantity that is caught 捕获量2. good adj. satisfactory; satisfying 理想的；令人满意的3. bow n. the front section of a ship or boat 船头The waves were about five feet now, and the bow of the boat was leaping up and down.4. stern n. back end of a ship or boat船尾standing at/in the stern of the boat 站在船尾5. prospect n.前景，前途；可能性；希望，期望，想到something expected; a possibility; chance of success, outlook…experiencing a twinge of embarrassment at the prospect of meeting the mayor of Hiroshima in socks.The prospects of a good catch looked bleak.6. bleak n. 没有指望的；黯淡的；荒凉的；阴沉寒冷的providing no encouragement; depressing; (of a landscape) bare; exposed; wind-swept; (of the weather) cold and drearya bleak winter day冬天的一个阴冷日子.a bleak outlook/ prospect黯淡的前景[前途]bleak hills, mountains, moors, etc荒凉的丘陵﹑群山﹑旷野等7. lap pping n. 拍打When water laps against something such as the shore or the side of a boat, it touches it gently and makes a soft sound. (WRITTEN)With a rising tide the water was lapping at his chin before rescuers arrived.The building was right on the river and the water lapped the walls.The only sound was the lapping of the waves.8. at rest— motionless; inactive 静止的；不动的9. dune n. a hill or ridge of wind-blown sand 沙丘10. comparable to相提并论；相媲美；相似或相当similar or equivalentThe achievements of an athlete and a writer are not comparable. 运动员的成就与作家的成就不能相提并论11. feed vt. 供给to supply with something essential for growth, maintenance, or operationThe lake is fed by several small streams. 这湖是由几条小溪的水汇聚而成的feed the fire (with wood) 往火里添柴12. divert vt. diversion n. 转向；转移to turn aside from a course or direction; to distractA ditch diverted water from the stream into the fields.Traffic was ordered to divert to another road because of the repair of the main road. 由于主干道在进行修理，所以命令车辆改道行驶A loud noise from the street diverted my attention.13. ill-considered adj.考虑不充分的；不妥当的；不明智的unwise; foolish; not carefully thought about or plannedill-considered actions sure to result in disaster必然导致灾难的不明智之举14. irrigation n. irrigate v. irrigable adj.灌溉supply (land or crops) with water (by means of streams, reservoirs, channels, pipes, etc)irrigate desert areas to make them fertile灌溉荒芜地区使之肥沃an irrigation project灌溉工程irrigation canals灌溉渠15. dock vt. （指船）进港, 进入船坞to maneuver (a vessel or vehicle) into or next to a dock16. ship vt. 运送If people or things are shipped somewhere, they are sent there on a ship or by some other means of transport.Food is being shipped to drought-stricken Southern Africa.VB: usu. passive17. rail n. 铁路the railroad as a means of transportationgoods transported by rail通过铁路运输的货物18. underlying adj.基础的；基本的；出现但不明显的；隐含的basic; fundamental; present but not obvious; implicitan underlying meaning19. slip vt.穿上；脱去to put on or remove (clothing) easily or quicklyslip on a sweater; slipped off her shoes穿上一件羊毛衫；脱下她的鞋20. cracked adj.皲裂的; 有裂缝的broken so that fissures appear on the surfacea cracked mirror/ dry, cracked lips21. peel vi. 剥落；剥皮to come off in thin strips or pieces, as bark, skin, or paint Her sunburned skin began to peel.22. glacier n.冰河，冰川A huge mass of ice slowly flowing over a land mass, formed from compacted snow in an area where snow accumulation exceeds melting and sublimation23. emission n.emit vi. something emitted 发射物; 排放物dust emission 粉尘排放24. accessible adj. access n. 易接近的，易进入的easily approached or entereda beach accessible only from the sea 只能从海上到达的沙滩documents not accessible to the public公众无法接触到的文件25. pick up speed= accelerate /speed up 加速26. carbon dioxide二氧化碳27. upwind adv. downwind adv. 逆风的，顶风的in or toward the direction from which the wind blowsIf we're upwind of the animal it may smell our scent. 要是我们处於那动物的上风位置, 它就能闻到我们的气味28. runway n. 跑道a strip of level, usually paved ground on which aircraft take off and land29. chart vt. & n. to make a chart of 绘制…的图表30. inexorable adj.无动于衷的；无情的；不可阻挡的(AmE) not capable of being persuaded by entreaty; relentless(BrE) (formal) (of a process) that cannot be stopped or changed an inexorable opponent 无情的对手inexorable price rises 无法抑制的物价上涨their inexorable fate他们无可变更的命运a feeling of inexorable doom31. measurement n. 测量得的尺寸、数量、容量等the dimension, quantity, or capacity determined by measuring32. graph n.曲线图, 坐标图=plot；图表 =bar chart/ pie chart(diagram consisting of a) line or lines (often curved) showing the variation of two quantities, eg the temperature at each hour:the rising graph of crime statistics33. push up/down 使稳步上升；使逐步下降to increase or decrease an amount, value, or number　Slow sales have pushed down orders.34. pitch vt.to erect or establish; set up 树起，搭起，建立pitched a tent/ pitch camp搭帐蓬；扎营35. slab n. 厚片a broad, flat, thick piece, as of cake, stone, or cheesepaved with stone slabs以石板铺成的massive slabs of rock巨大的石板a slab of cheese, chocolate一块乾酪﹑巧克力36. frigid adj.寒冷的, 特别的冷；冷淡的；生硬的Extremely cold; not showing any feelings of friendship or kindness; stiff and formal in mannera frigid voice/ glanceThere was a frigid atmosphere in the room.冷淡的气氛a frigid climate/ zone/ air37. hearty adj. satisfying; substantial 丰盛的a hearty meal38. snowmobile n.= skimobile automobile n. 雪地机动车a small vehicle with ski like runners in front and tank like treads, used for driving in or traveling on snow. Also called39. rendezvous n.会面地点a prearranged meeting place, especially an assembly point for troops or ships.40. hover vi. 滑翔，悬浮，盘旋to remain floating, suspended, or fluttering in the airBeautiful butterflies hovered above the wild flowers.A police helicopter hovered overhead.Mist hovered in all the valleys.41. take on让乘客上车If a vehicle such as a bus or ship takes on passengers, goods, or fuel, it stops in order to allow them to get on or to be loaded on.This is a brief stop to take on passengers and water.42. submerge vi. 潜入水中to go under or as if under waterThe submarine submerged to avoid enemy ships.43. polar cap 极地冰冠either of the regions around the poles of the earth that are permanently covered with ice44. secure vt.To make certain; ensure 确定；确保Despite making several good jokes, he could not secure the goodwill of the audience.尽管他说了几个有趣的笑话，但是仍无法确定观众是否接受他The new law will secure the civil rights of the mentally ill. 这一新法则可保障精神病患者享有公民权45. release vt. & n.发布；透露If someone in authority releases something such as a document or information, they make it available.They're not releasing any more details yet.Figures released yesterday show retail sales were down in March.46. sonar n.声纳a system using transmitted and reflected underwater sound waves to detect and locate submerged objects or measure the distance to the floor of a body of water47. surface vi.to rise to the surface升到地面（或水面等）48. eerie adj. 怪诞的, 可怕的, 不安的, 奇异的If you describe something as eerie, you mean that it seems strange and frightening, and makes you feel nervous.I walked down the eerie dark path....an eerie calm49. windswept adj. 风刮的，受风侵袭的exposed to or swept by windsthe windswept Atlantic coast50. define vt. 勾画出…的轮廓或外形to delineate the outline or form ofgentle hills that were defined against the sky 在天空的衬托下显得轮廓分明的丘陵51. hummock n.冰丘；冰脊或冰山；小丘，圆岗；山脊a ridge or hill of ice in an ice field ; a low mound or ridge of earth; a knoll52. ridge n.山脊; 山脉narrow stretch of high land along the top of a line of hills; long mountain range53. range n. 山脉an extended group or series, especially a row or chain of mountains54. polar region/ polar bear/ polar ice/ polar cap55. crucial adj. 极其重要的; 决定性的extremely significant or important. Vital to the resolution of a crisis; decisivea crucial problem56. disastrous adj. disaster n. 灾难性的；不幸的；极坏的，很糟的accompanied by or causing distress or disaster; calamitous; extremely bad; terriblea disastrous report card 极糟的成绩报告单57. speculative adj. speculate vt. speculation n.猜测性的，推测的given to conjecture or speculationMuch of our information is speculative.我们的许多信息是带推测性的58. dramatic adj. 引人注目的arresting or forceful in appearance or effectdramatic changes, developments, news59. distribution n. distribute vt.分布(instance of the) positioning or allocation of items, features, etc within an area:the distribution of schools in this district 这个区里的学校分布情况Pines have a very wide distribution. 松树的分布很广60. controversial adj. 有争议的; 引起争论的of, producing, or marked by controversya controversial movie; a controversial stand on human rights.controversy n.论争, 辩论, 论战controvert vt. 议论, 辩论 vi.参加辩论61. establish vt. to make firm or secure确立, 确定, 证实, 认可The new evidence establishes the suspect's guilt.62. tundra n. 苔原; 冻土地带a treeless area between the icecap and the tree line of Arctic regions, having a permanently frozen subsoil and supporting low-growing vegetation such as lichens, mosses, and stunted shrubs63. spring snowmelt 融雪期a period or season when the runoff from melting snow occurs64. equator n.赤道imaginary line (or one drawn on a map, etc) around the earth at an equal distance from the North and South Poles65. billow vi.鼓起；飘扬，飘动；（浓烟）滚滚(of a sail, skirt, etc.) to fill with air and swell out; if smoke, cloud, etc. billows, it rises and moves in a large massThe curtains billowed gently in the breeze.A great cloud of smoke billowed out of the chimney.66. immense adj.extremely large巨大的；广大的immense difficulties, problems, possibilities 巨大的困难﹑问题﹑可能性of immense importance极为重要的67. slash v.猛砍；乱砍to cut or try to cut something violently with a knife, sword etc　Someone had slashed the tires.68. assault n. and vt.攻击，抨击a violent physical or verbal attackHe has been charged with assaulting a police officer.sexual assaultsan unsuccessful assault on the enemy lines69. signal vt. to relate or make known by signals 表明；表示；预示They have signaled their willingness to negotiate.70. distress n. & vt. 恶化，损坏；Physical deterioration, as of a highway, caused by hard use over time:pavement distress71. distressing adj. 使人痛苦的; 令人苦恼的distressful,causing distressdistressing news 使人难过的消息a distressing sight令人伤感的情景72. latitude n. 纬度distance of a place north or south of the equator, measured in degrees73. altitude n.height above sea-level 高度；海拔74. longitude n.经线distance east or west of the Greenwich meridian, measured in degrees75. ecological balance/ the global ecological system76. in progress 正在进展中If something is in progress, it has started and is still continuing.The game was already in progress when we took our seats.The diaries are a mixture of confession, work in progress and observation.77. blot out 遮盖If one thing blots out another thing, it is in front of the other thing and prevents it from being seen.About the time the three climbers were halfway down, clouds blotted out the sun.... with mist blotting everything out except the endless black of the spruce on either side.78. cloak vt. 掩盖；隐藏to cover or hide or conceal with or as if with a cloakThe hills were cloaked in thick mist.The meeting was cloaked in mystery.79. shimmer vi. 闪光，发闪烁之微光to shine with a subdued, flickering lightmoonlight shimmering on the lake 湖面上闪烁的月光The surface of the road shimmered in the heat of the sun. 路面在烈日的热气中发出闪烁的微光.80. translucent adj. 半透明的transmitting light but causing sufficient diffusion to prevent perception of distinct images81. transparent adj. 透明的capable of transmitting light so that objects or images can be seen as if there were no intervening material82. buildup n. 增加，增强; 集结, 累积a gradual increase in somethinga heavy build-up of traffic on the motorway83. methane n. = natural gas 甲烷84. landfill n. 垃圾填埋地；垃圾填埋法Landfill is a method of getting rid of very large amounts of rubbish by burying it in a large deep hole.A landfill is a large deep hole in which very large amounts of rubbish are buried.85. (rice) paddy稻田a specially irrigated or flooded field where rice is grown86. termite n. 白蚁small insect, found chiefly in tropical areas, that is very destructive to timber (popularly called white ant, but not of the ant family)87. biomass n. 用作燃料或能源的植物材料、蔬菜或农业废弃物plant material, vegetation, or agricultural waste used as a fuel or energy source88. condense vi. 凝结，冷凝to cause (a gas or vapor) to change to a liquidSteam condenses/is condensed into water when it touches a cold surface.89. simultaneous adj. 同时的；同时发生的happening, existing, or done at the same timesimultaneous demonstrations in London and New York 在伦敦与纽约同时举行的示威游行The explosion was timed to be simultaneous with the plane's take-off.90. theatre n. 战场a large geographic area in which military operations are coordinatedthe European theater during World War II.91. operation n. 运转；工作；操作（方式）way in which something worksI can use a word processor but I don’t understand its operation.the operation of the global environment 全球环境的运行机制92. at stake =at risk 濒临危险；得失攸关to be won or lost; being risked, depending on the outcome of an event This decision puts our lives at stake. 这麽一决定, 我们的生命就吉凶难卜了93. strategic adj. 战略性的；重大的，关键的important or essential in relation to a plan of action; giving an advantage; right for a particular purposea strategic position, move 战略地位﹑行动a strategic withdrawalstrategic bombing, eg of industrial areas and communication centers 战略轰炸strategic materials, ie those that are necessary for war 战略物资94. chlorine n. 氯95. disrupt vt. 干扰，扰乱; 使陷入混乱to throw into confusion or disorderProtesters disrupted the candidate's speech.96. regulate vt. regulation n.调节; 调整to adjust to a particular specification or requirementregulate temperature97. ultraviolet radiation 紫外线辐射98. molecule n. 分子; 微粒smallest unit (usu consisting of a group of atoms) into which a substance can be divided without a change in its chemical natureA molecule of water consists of two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen.99. pose vt. to put forward; present 造成，形成; 引起pose a threat to…对…构成威胁t o pose an obstacle to 成为…障碍100. retain vt. 保持，保留to keep or hold in a particular place, condition, or positionto retain one's balanceretain one's presence of mind 镇定自若retain an appearance of youtha vessel to retain water101. equilibrium n. 平衡，均衡a condition in which all acting influences are canceled by others, resulting in a stable, balanced, or unchanging system102. ocean current 海流; 洋流A current is a steady and continuous flowing movement of some of the water in a river, lake, or sea.Under normal conditions, the ocean currents of the tropical Pacific travel from east to west.103. location n. 地方：地点a place where something is or could be located; a site104. have a large impact on… have a lasting effect on…105. reshape vt. 改造; 重塑; 给…以新的形式to shape, form, or organize again or anewexercises to reshape your bodyTheir policies set out to reshape the welfare system.106. concrete n. & adj. 混凝土；具体的；实在的107. pervasive adj. pervade v. pervasion n. 弥漫的；遍布的having the quality or tendency to pervade or permeate108. trivial adj. 无足轻重的；琐碎的，不重要; 没有什么价值的of little significance or value109. discard vt.dispose of; to throw away; reject丢弃，抛弃If you discard something, you get rid of it because you no longer want it or need it.Read the manufacturer's guidelines before discarding the box....looking for discarded cigarette butts.discard old beliefs/ discard prejudices110. dominant adj. dominate vt. domination n.支配的; 最有影响的exercising the most influence or control111. acknowledge vt. 承认；公认为；认为If you acknowledge a fact or a situation, you accept or admit that it is true or that it exists. (FORMAL) = admitNaylor acknowledged, in a letter to the judge, that he was a drugaddict.If someone's achievements, status, or qualities are acknowledged, they are known about and recognized by a lot of people, or by a particular group of people. = recognizeHe is also acknowledged as an excellent goal-keeper.112. restraint n. 抑制; 遏制, 制止; 限制; 约束Restraints are rules or conditions that limit or restrict someone or something.With open frontiers and lax visa controls, criminals could cross into the country without restraint.113. be oblivious of 健忘的；忘却的；不知不觉的；不自觉的Lacking all memory; forgetful Lacking conscious awareness; unmindful 114. fragile adj. fragility n. 易被打碎的、易被毁坏的；脆弱的easily broken, damaged, or destroyed; frail115. witness vt.If you say that a place, period of time, or person witnessed a particular event or change, you mean that it happened in that place, during that period of time, or while that person was alive.India has witnessed many political changes in recent years.The year 1886 witnessed the first extended translation into English of the writings of Eliphas Levi.116. define vt. to specify distinctly 限定, 规定117. surge n.sudden increase 激增There’s a surge in electricity demand at around 7 pm.118. magnification n. 放大; 扩大the act of magnifying or the state of being magnified119. illustration n. illustrate vt.120. emergence n. emerge v. 浮现，出现the act or process of emerging121. exponential adj. exponent n. 指数的122. axiom n.格言; 定理; 公理123. warfare n.124. cumulative adj. cumulate vt.125. sustenance n.126. unrestrained adj. restrain vt.127. exploitation n. exploit vt.128. implication n. imply vt. 含意129. awaken vt.When you awaken to a fact or when someone awakens you to it, you become aware of it. (LITERARY)...the picture of the Earth, so blue and fragile, that awakened a generation to the Earth's mortality.130. symptom n. 征候，征兆; 迹象或表征a characteristic sign or indication of the existence of something else 131. ozone depletion132. deforest v. deforestation n. 砍伐森林to cut down and clear away the trees or forests fromdeforestation n.133. operate vi.134. cause and effect135. ecological system = ecosystem136. precedent n. 先例an act or instance that may be used as an example in dealing with subsequent similar instances137. subsequent adj. 随后的following in time or order; succeeding138. subsequence n. 后来, 随后; 随后发生的事情; 后果139. i nstitution n.140. all-out adj. 竭尽全力的，不择手段的using all available means or resources141. sobering adj. 使清醒的, 使冷静的You say that something is a sobering thought or has a sobering effect when a situation seems serious and makes you become serious and thoughtful.It is a sobering thought that in the 17th century she could have been burnt as a witch.142. strategy n. strategist n. strategic adj.143. obscure vt. obscurity n. 遮住; 遮掩；使模糊；使朦胧to make dim or indistinct: To conceal in obscurity; hideTrees obscured his vision.The moon was obscured by dark clouds144. deploy vt. deployment n.部署; 配置To deploy troops or military resources means to organize or position them so that they are ready to be used.The president said he had no intention of deploying ground troops....the US-made Patriot anti-missile system which was deployed in the Gulf war.145. inspire vt.to draw forth; elicit or arouse 引起, 产生Someone or something that inspires a particular emotion or reaction in people makes them feel this emotion or reaction.The car's performance is effortless and its handling is precise and quickly inspires confidence.146. arise out of 由...而引起, 由...而产生147. obsolete adj. outdated 废弃的；过时的148. disarm vi. 解除武装; 裁减[废除]军备give up the use of weapons, esp. nuclear weapons149. unilateral adj. 一方的; 单方的of, on, relating to, involving, or affecting only one side150. bilateral adj.双边的，双方的affecting or undertaken by two sides equally; binding on both parties 151. denial n. deny vt. 拒绝a refusal to comply with or satisfy a request152. rogue n. 无赖，流氓，恶棍an unprincipled, deceitful, and unreliable person; a scoundrel or rascal.153. gene n. genetic adj.genetic engineering154. drastic adj. 严厉或剧烈的；极端的severe or radical in nature; extreme155. reinvent vt. 重新确立或使用to bring back into existence or usereinvented the concept of neighborliness 重新确立睦邻的概念156. heal vt. to set right; repair使恢复正常；修缮healed the rift between us 弥补我们之间的裂痕157. relate to。