英语国际音标与汉语读音对照英语国际音标（International Phonetic Alphabet，简称IPA）是一种用于表示语音的符号系统，它可以准确地记录各种语言中的发音。
汉语是世界上最为古老、使用人数最多的语言之一，学习者常常对英语的发音感到困惑。
因此，掌握英语国际音标与汉语读音的对照是提高英语发音的关键。
下面将对英语国际音标中的几个重要音标进行解析，并提供其对应的汉语读音。
1. /æ/ 音标，如 "cat" 中的元音音素：汉语读音：短 /a/ 音，类似于中文拼音中的 "a"。
2. /ɑː/ 音标，如 "car" 中的元音音素：汉语读音：类似于中文拼音中的 "a"，发音时口型较圆。
3. /ə/ 音标，如 "about" 中的中央非圆唇元音音素：汉语读音：类似于中文拼音中的 "e"，发音时嘴巴要更加轻松。
4. /e/ 音标，如 "egg" 中的前不圆唇闭元音音素：汉语读音：类似于中文拼音中的 "e"，发音时嘴巴稍微张开。
5. /ɜː/ 音标，如 "bird" 中的中央元音音素：汉语读音：类似于中文拼音中的 "o" 发音，嘴巴略微张开。
6. /uː/ 音标，如 "boot" 中的后圆唇长元音音素：汉语读音：类似于中文拼音中的"u" 发音，要注意使嘴巴形成圆形。
7. /ɔː/ 音标，如 "born" 中的后圆唇元音音素：汉语读音：类似于中文拼音中的"o" 发音，但发音时嘴巴要比较圆。
8. /iː/ 音标，如 "see" 中的前不圆唇长元音音素：汉语读音：类似于中文拼音中的 "i" 发音，但要注意嘴巴要稍微张开。
InternationalPhoneticAlphabet对于初学者来说，⼀个很⼤的问题是国际⾳标。
为了标注因素，⼈们创造了各种⾳标。
根据使⽤范围的不同，⾳标可分为两种：⼀种是适⽤于⼀种语⾔的，如汉语拼⾳只适⽤与汉语，英语的韦⽒⾳标只适⽤于英语；⼀种是可世界通⾏的，可以⽤来记录⼈类所有语⾔的语⾳系同，⽐如国际⾳标。
International Phonetic AlphabetThe International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is an alphabetic system of phonetic notation based primarily on the Latin alphabet. It was devised by the International Phonetic Association as a standardized representation of the sounds of oral language. The IPA is used by foreign language students and teachers, linguists, Speech-Language Pathologists, singers, actors, lexicographers, constructed language creators, and translators.The IPA is designed to represent only those qualities of speech that are distinctive in oral language: phonemes, intonation, and the separation of words and syllables.IPA symbols are composed of one or more elements of two basic types, letters and diacritics. For example, the sound of the English letter t may be transcribed in IPA with a single letter, [t], or with a letter plus diacritics, [t??], depending on how precise one wishes to be. Often, slashes are used to signal broad or phonemic transcription; thus, /t/ is less specific than, and could refer to, either [t??] or [t] depending on the context and language.Occasionally letters or diacritics are added, removed, or modified by the International Phonetic Association. As of the most recent change in 2005, there are 107 letters, 52 diacritics, and four prosodic marks in the IPADescriptionThe general principle of the IPA is to provide one letter for each distinctive sound (speech segment) although this practice is not followed if the sound itself is complex. This means that it does not normally use combinations of letters to represent single sounds, the way English doeswith sh, th and ng, or single letters to represent multiple sounds theway ?x?represents /ks/or /Hz/ in English. There are no letters thathave context-dependent sound values, as ?c?does in English and several other European languages, and finally, the IPA does not usually have separate letters for two sounds if no known language makes a distinction between them, a property known as "selectiveness".Among the symbols of the IPA, 107 letters represent consonants and vowels, 31 diacritics are used to modify these, and 19 additional signs indicate suprasegmental qualities such as length, tone, stress, and intonation. 3]TheInternational Phonetic Alphabet is occasionally modified by the Association. After each modification, the Association provides an updatedpresentation of the alphabet in the form of a chart. (See History of the IPA.) The most recent official chart, from 2005, is presented at right.The procedure for modifying the alphabet or the chart is to propose the change in the Journal of the IPA (see, for example, August 2008 on a low central vowel and August 2011 on central approximants[17]). Reactions to the proposal may be published in the same or subsequent issues of the Journal (as in August 2009 on the low central vowel[18]). A formal proposal is then put to the Council of the IPA[19](which is elected by the membership [20]) for further discussion and a formal vote.[21]Only changes to the alphabet or chart that have been approved by the Council can be considered part of the official IPA. Nonetheless, many IPA users make personal changes in their own practice, either for convenience in working on a particular language (see, for example, "Illustrations of the IPA" for individual languages in theHandbook, which for example may use ?c?for [t?], or because they objectto some aspect of the official version. For example, the chart at the top of this article is reorganized in response to perceived shortcomings of the official version, and in places reflects the organization of the 1979 chart.Various symbols have been used for the representations of vowels by different writers. Table2 shows the kinds of symbols Ladefoged has used in the second, third, and fourth editions of A Course in Phonetics.Peter Ladefoged , UCLA Research Phonetician and Professor Emeritus, was Director of the UCLA Phonetics Laboratory from 1962 to 1991. He was president of the International Phonetic Association(1986-1991) and of the Linguistic Society of America(1980). As an influential phonetician, his major publications in clued Three Areas of Experimental Phonetics(1967), A Phonetic Study of African Languages(1968),Preliminaries to Linguisitc Phonetics(1971),Elements of Acoustic Phonetics(1971, 1996),A course in Phonetics(1975,1982,1993,2001),Sounds of the World’s Languages(1996) and Vowels and Consonants(2001)A course in Phonetics(1975,1982,1993,2001) has been widely used in the world as a standard text for students embarking on a serious course of study in phonetics. The vowel notation that Ladefoged has used in the various editions of this work exhibits the changes of the symbols in the IPA chart. The second edition uses the IPA char revised to 1979 and the third changes to the IPA symbols in the chart revised to 1989. T he changes made in the fourth edition show a change of perspective ,however: one of the major changes is the use of〔：〕after long vowels. Ladefoged explains in hisbook,marking the sound length is adopted for tworeasons:to note that both length and quality differences occur,and to be consistent with the English Pronoucing Dictionary. Table 3 gives the various vowel symbols used in other textbooks on linguistics, phonetics and phonology. Notice that conventionally , American scholars use two symbols to refer to long vowels, as in 〔 iy〕. This is the case with Celce-Murcia , et al(1996)’s book. Another difference is the presence or absence of the length symbol〔：〕. For phonologists, the marking of quality alone is sufficient for the phonemic description of a language. The third thing that needs noticing is the use of〔a〕for 〔?〕. There is an increasing awareness of the lowering of the 〔?〕sound in RP.Table 4 shows symbols used for RP vowels in dictionaries published in the UK. I n 1990, Professor John Wells , holder of the Chair in Phonetics at university College London and the leading authority on contemporary English pronunciation, published his Longman Pronunciation Dictionary. This has been a major work in English pronunciation and gives both the British English and General American PRONUCIATION OF OVER 7,500 WORDS.A comparison of the works above shows that, despite the divergences, linguists and lexicographers have reached general consensus by the 1990s on the vowel segments of English. Several issues have not been settled. Firstly, as the oral cavity is in fact extremely small, the difference in quality of some of the vowels may depend heavily on the speaker’s accent and personal prefence. Therefore ,the use of [ε][ｅ]for words likebed and peg is completely a matter of habit and preference. Secondly,the length of a particular vowel may vary according to the context in which they occur.。
