2020高考英语三模前任务型阅读专题练10(学生版)三年真题研读专练

三模前任务型阅读专题练01题组一Social anxiety is a type of anxiety problem. People with social anxiety can usually interact easily with family and a few close friends. Instead of enjoying social activities, they might fear them and avoid some of them altogether. Like other anxieties, it is a fear reaction to something that isn’t actually dangerous, although the body and mind react as if the danger is real. Because the physical sensations that go with the response are real and sometimes quite strong the danger seems rea l. With social anxiety, a person’s fears and concerns are focused on the social performance whether it’s a major class presentation or small talk at the lockers. People tend to feel embarrassed and uncomfortable about being noticed or judged by others.Social anxiety might prevent someone from chatting with friends in the lunchroom, joining an after-school club, going to a party, or asking someone on a date. It might keep a person from volunteering an answer in class, reading aloud, or giving a presentation. It might prevent someone from acting the school play, being in the talent show, trying out for a team, or joining in a service project. It also prevents them from making the normal, everyday mistakes that help people improve their skills still further.Social anxiety develops because the genetic features from parents and other relatives can influence how the brain senses and controls anxiety, shyness, nervousness, and stress reactions. Meanwhile, some people are born with a shy character and tend to be ca utious and sensitive in new situations and prefer what’s familiar. Naturally a person’s shy character can be influenced by what he or she learns from role models. If parents or others react by overprotecting a child who is shy, the child won’t have a chanc e to get used to new situations and new people. If people born with a cautious nature have stressful experiences, social anxiety can make them even more cautious and shy. Feeling pressured to interact in ways they don’t feel ready for, being criticized or insulted, or having other fears and worries can make it more likely for a shy or fearful person to develop social anxiety.Sometimes, but not always, medicines that reduce anxiety are used as part of the treatment. Family or friends are especially important and the right support from a few key people can help those with social anxiety gather the courage to go outside their comfort zone and try something new. Dealing with social anxiety takes patience, courage to face fears and try new things, and the willingness to practice.题组二A great many parents send their children to pre-schools-educational programs for children under the age of five. It has been said that this is the time period when the brain does over fifty percent of its growing. This could mean that the learning process should be introduced during these years.However, the views that different societies hold regarding the purpose of early childhood education are not same. Whereas Chinese parents tend to see preschools primarily as a way of giving children a good start academically, parents in the United States regard the primary purpose of preschools as making children more independent and self-reliant.Preschools can operate under a guiding philosophy of play-based or academic learning. Play-based programs are guided by the cent ral belief that children learn best through play. Play is thought to build children’s interest and love of learning. Academic programs emphasize reading, math and science, and use structured, teacher-directed activities to promote foundational skills in these areas. In the United States, the best-known program designed to promotefuture academic success is Head Start. The program, which stresses parental involvement, was designed to serve the “whole child”, including children’s physical health, self-confidence, social responsibility, and social and emotional development.A recent evaluation suggests that preschoolers who participate in Head Start are less likely to repeat grades, and more likely to complete school in future. Furthermore, graduates of Head Start programs show higher academic performance at the end of high school, although the gains are modest. In addition, results from other types of preschool readiness programs indicate that for every dollar spent on the program, taxpayers saved seven dollars by the time the graduates reached the age of 27.Not everyone agrees that programs that seek to enhance academic skills during the preschool years are a good thing. In fact, according to developmental psychologist David Elkind, United States society tends to push children so rapidly that they begin to feel stress and pressure at a young age. Elkind argues that academic success is largely dependent upon factors such as inherited abilities and a child’s rate of maturation, which parents can do nothing about. Consequently, children of a particular age cannot be expected to master educational material without taking into account their current level of cognitive development. In short, children require development appropriate educational practice, which is education that is based on both typical development and the unique characteristics of a given child.Early Childhood EducationReasons for attending preschools ◆The(71) ▲ of the brain matures under the age of five.◆Parents’ expectations of preschools(72) ▲ greatly.(73) ▲ ofpreschools ◆Some programs(74) ▲ on play activities while others on academic activities.◆Parents are(75) ▲ in some preschool programs.Benefits of attending preschools ◆Graduates are better(76) ▲ for future schooling.◆Graduates may achieve higher grades at high school.◆It can be(77) ▲ for households in the long term.(78) ▲ aboutpreschools ◆Children feel pressured at a young age.◆Factors determining academic success are(79) ▲ parents’ con trol.◆Early childhood education must be(80) ▲ with children’s development and characteristics.题组三Communication PrinciplesHow you see yourself can make a great difference in how you communicate. “Every individual exists in a continually changing world of experience of which he(or she)is the center”. Many communication scholars and social scientists believe that people are products of how others treat them and of the messages others send them. But every day we experience the centrality of our selves in communication. A student, for instance, may describe a conflict with a teacher as unfair treatment: “I know my teacher doesn’t like the fact that I don’t agree with his opinions.and that’s why he gave me such a poor grade in that class.” The teacher might say the opposite. Each person may believe that he is correct and that the other person’s view is wrong.The concept of serf originates in communication. Through verbal and nonverbal symbols, a child learns to accept roles in response to the expectations of others. You establish self-image. The sort of person you believe you are, by how others think of you. Positive, negative, and neutral messages that you receive from others all play a role in determining who you are. Communication itself is probably best understood as a dialogue process. Our understanding of communication comes from our interactions with other people. In a more obvious way, communication involves others in the sense that a competent communicator considers what the other person needs and expects when selecting messages to share. So, the communication begins with the self, as defined largely by others, and involves others, as defined largely by the self.Communication Occurs almost every minute of your life. If you are not communicating with yourself(thinking, planning, reacting to the world around you), you are observing others and drawing inferences from their behavior. Even if the other person did not intend a message for you, you gather observations and draw specific conclusions. A person yawns and you believe that person is bored with your message. A second person looks away from you and you conclude that person is not listening to you. A third person smiles(perhaps because of a memory of a joke he heard recently)and you believe that he is attracted to you. We are continually picking up meanings from others’ behaviors and we are constantly providing behaviors that have communicative value for them.More often than not, you may have hurt someone accidentally and you may have tried to explain that you did not mean that. You may have told the other person that you were sorry for your statement. You may have made a joke out of your rude statement. Nonetheless, your comment remains both in the mind of the other person and in your own mind. You cannot go back in time and erase your messages to others. Communication cannot be reversed(倒退), nor can it be repeated. When you tried to re—create the atmosphere, the conversation, and the setting, nothing seemedright. Your second experience with a similar setting and person made far different results.。

三模前任务型阅读专题练08题组一Keeping it in the familyThis can be painful. Not sharing your first language with loved ones is hard. Not passing it on to your own child can be especially tough. Many immigrant(移民)parents feel a sense of failure; they share stories on parenting forums and social media, hoping to find the secret to raising bilingual(双语的)children successfully. Children are good at learning languages but this doesn’t mean that rough exposure is enough. They must hear a language quite a bit to understand it — and use it often to be able to speak it comfortably. This is mental work, and a child who doesn’t have a motivation to speak a language will often avoid it. Children’s brains are already busy enough. So languages often fade away and die when parents move abroad.In the past, governments discouraged immigrant families from keeping their languages. Former President Roosevelt worried that America would become a “multi-lingual boarding-house”. These days, officials tend to get involved less; some even see a valuable resource in immigrants’ language abilities. Yet many factors combine to ensure that children still lose their parents’ languages, or never learn them. A big one is institutional pressure. A child’s time spent with a second language is time not spe nt on their first. So teachers often discourage parents from speaking their languages to their children. Parents often unwillingly agree, worried about their children’s education.This is a shame; children really can master two languages or even more. Research does indeed suggest their vocabulary in each language may be somewhat smaller for a while. But other studies show cognitive(认知的)advantages among bilinguals. They may be better at complex tasks, better at paying attention, and suffer the attack of Alzh eimer’s disease later.Even without those side-effects, though, a bilingual child’s connection to relatives and another culture is a good thing in itself. How to bring it about? When both parents speak the same heritage language, the strategy is often to speak that at home, and the national language outside. But when they have different languages, perhaps the most common approach is “one parent, one language”.François Grosjean, an expert in foreign languages at the University of Neuchâtel in Switzerland, emphasizes necessity. He recommends reserving occasions on which the only language that may be spoken is the one that needs support.Sabine Little, an expert in foreign languages at the University of Sheffield, puts the emphasis elsewhere. Making the heritage language yet another task forced by parents can lead to rejection, she argues. She recommendsletting the child develop their own emotional connection to the language. She suggests learning through apps and entertainment made for native speakers.Languages are an important part of identity; it is painful to try and fail to pass them on to a child. Success may be a question of remembering that they are not just another thing to be drilled into a young mind, but a matter of the heart.题组二Why the youth sense anger in facesWe tend to believe that older people are more positive and younger people are more sensitive to social cues (暗示).Recently scientists investigated this idea by testing 10,000 men and women. They wanted to see if age affected a person’s ability to identify facial emotions, such as fear and anger.The researchers from McLean Hospital in the US used a Web-based platform to collect happiness data. It showed the participants two headshots(头部特写)of random people. They were then asked to identify which subject was angrier, happier, or more fearful.The research found that younger people were able to better identify angry and fearful facial cues than older people."From studies and anecdotal evidence, we know that the everyday experiences of an adolescent are different from an older person, but we wanted to understand how these experiences might be linked with differences in basic emotion understanding, wrote Laura Germine, the study’s senior author.But what is it that makes young people more sensitive?“This is the exact age when young people are most sensitive to forms of negative social cues, such as bullying,” Lauren Rutter, the study’s lead author, told Science Daily. "The normal development of anger sensitivity can contribute to some of the challenges that arise during this phase of development.On the contrary, across the whole 10,000-person survey, researchers found no decline in the perception (感知)of happiness among older participants.“What’s remarkable is that we see declines in many visual perce ptual abilities as we get older, but here we did not see such declines in the perception of happiness, Germine told Neuro Science News.She added that these findings fit well with other researches, showing that older adults tend to have more positive emotions and a positive outlook.Following the paper’s release, Rutter told Neuro Science News that gathering their primary research online allowed the team to research into a "much larger and more diverse sample set” than previous studies.题组三Waiting in line is a pest of modern society. According to David Andrews’s book, Why Does the Other Line Always Move Faster?, it wasn’t common until the Industrial Revolution synchronized(同步)workers’ schedules, causing lines that run out of lunch hours and evenings. Given that Americans are estimated to collectively waste tens of billions of hours a year in lines, it’s no wonder that some people try to cut, and others bitterly resent them. Yet jumping the queue without inviting violence is possible. Below are some tips, courtesy of social science.First, pick the right queue. It’s virtually impossible to cut in line for a once-in-a-lifetime event—the Cubs playing the World Series, say. But in a repeating situation like a security line, people are more likely to let you in, perhaps because they anticipate needing a similar favor someday. Using game theory to determine what conditions would make line-cutting socially permissible, researchers found that people queuing just once display little tolerance for line-cutting. But when the queue repeats, people let in intruders who claim an urgent need or who require minimal service time.An excuse for cutting helps, but it needn’t be bulletproof. In one much-cited study, experimenters tried to jump photocopier queues using one of three explanations. A small, polite request without justification—“Excuse me, I have five pages. May I use the Xerox machine?”—enabled them to cut 60 percent of the time. Adding that they were rushed allowed the m to cut 94 percent of the time. And “May I use the Xerox machine, because I need to make copies?” was almost as effective, despite its lame offer.Bribing(贿赂)can also work, and it may not even cost you. In one study, queuers were offered cash by an underc over researcher if they’d let the researcher cut. A majority agreed, but oddly, most of them then refused the cash. They appreciated the offer not out of greed, but because it proved the intruder’s desperation.Keep in mind that tolerance for line-cutting varies across cultures. One survey of foreigners living in Spain revealed many differences in queuing rules. An Irish respondent said indignantly, “They say ‘I just want to ask aquick question’ and go right up to the counter… I’m ready to explode.” A Germ an subject angrily described a fellow supermarket shopper: “A woman walked right in front of me and put her things on the counter. She says ‘No [it’s] okay, we’re together, pointing to the other woman who had just finished paying … It seems that in Spain that’s allowed. Incredible.”Back in America, the worst sin of line-cutting is pretending you’re not doing it. Like members of any community, queuers want their customs observed. We’d all escape line-waiting if we could, but that way chaos lies. So if you must cut, just ask—nicely. Doing so strengthens the social contract, and it works.题组四Zebras Have Their Own Bug Repellent(驱虫剂)?Eww bugs! They are so annoying! We humans are lucky that we can apply repellents to avoid nasty bites. Butwhat’s an anima l to do? They have no choice but to spend their days shooing them off with their tails, unless, of course, they are zebras, who apparently have their own automatic repellent—their striped skin!Scientists had originally thought that the reason why the animal had developed the black and white lines was to help protect itself from predators(食肉动物) in the African savannah(大草原), because the stripes make it difficult to single out one zebra that is traveling with a herd. While that may be true, the theory has never been tested or proven. Now the experts have another—that the stripes have evolved to repel the annoying horseflies that not only feed off their blood, but also, transmit dangerous germs into the bodies of these innocent animals.The study was performed by a team of Swedish scientists. One of the clues that got them thinking along these lines was the fact that darker horses got bitten more often than light-colored or white ones.The fact that zebras are born black and only develop stripes as they grow older made the scientists theorize that the stripes may be something the animals have developed to make themselves less attractive to flies.To test if this may be the case, they painted some boards at a horse-infested horse farm in Budapest with patterns of black and white stripes of varying widths and applied a layer of glue on them. What they noticed was that the places where the black and white stripes were at their narrowest(similar to what zebras have) attracted the fewest flies. They achieved similar results when they painted horses with black and white zebra-like stripes.While the research are not sure why this may be the case, they believe it may be something to do with the way insects operate—horseflies are attracted to horizontally polarized light(偏振光)；since white does not reflect it, white horses are luckier than black ones. But zebras seem to be the luckiest of all. When the researchers measured the polarized light reflected from real zebra skins, they found that it matched light patterns that were the least attractive to horseflies.While this theory does make logical sense, nobody is 100 percent sure that it is really true, given that it has never been tested on a real zebra. If it is true, it does raise the question of why a horse, a close relative of the zebra has failed to develop stripes. The researchers believe that this could be because there are more horseflies in Africa, where zebras reside, than anywhere else in the world.题组五Child Sponsorship Moves Beyond the BasicsOne of the most popular forms of charitable giving in use today is child sponsorship as witnessed by the fact that just one of the leading child sponsorship charities currently has over 1 million individual child sponsors worldwide. Despite this huge level of support, it is not generally understood exactly what child sponsorship actually involves.Most people tend to assume that one’s chosen charity arranges for sponsors to be matched up with an underprivileged child in one of the poorer underdeveloped countries. The idea is that you essentially take a child under your wing and act almost like a fairy godmother or father until he or she attains adulthood and can stand on his or her own two feet.To a large extent, this is a pretty accurate impression. New sponsors are matched with individual children and can typically choose which country, which sex and which age group they would prefer. They then exchange photos and letters on a regular basis. This obviously helps the sponsors to see at first-hand how their donations are benefiting the children.The sponsorship itself costs approximately￡15 per month and many donators choose to sponsor more than one child at once. One common wrong impression about these regular donations is that they go direct to the child’s parents or guardian in order to pay for essentials such as food or education. In reality, some of the longest established child sponsorship charities have found that this is largely ineffective and can cause anger among other children in the community who might not be so fortunate.Instead, some of the largest charities prefer to pool total donations and carry out larger schemes to assist the whole community. Nor are all the funds diverted(分配使用)towards obvious short-term relief like providing food, water and basic healthcare. There is a strong emphasis on self-help and personal development so that future generations will be self-sustaining and not so reliant on outside assistance. To this end, sponsors will often find their donations finding their way into things like training courses to teach teenagers how to farm, small grants(补助金) for business start-ups and introducing the concept of village-based savings and loan organizations.There is no doubt that the top sponsorship charities have been active for so long in many countries that they are now taking a leading role in aiding the overall welfare of children and ensuring that they are not exposed to discrimination and abuse.。

三模前任务型阅读专题练02题组一Green finance is a phenomenon that combines the world of finance and business with environmentally friendly behavior. It is a stage for many participants, including individual and business consumers, producers investors, and financial lenders. Green finance can be expressed differently depending on the participants’ financial incentives(动机), desires to preserve the planet, or a combination of both. In addition to showing environmentally friendly behavior, such as promoting mass transit or the recycling of used goods, green finance is about preventing the promotion of any business or activity that could do damage to the environment now or future generations.Financial institutions that extend lending to individuals, small businesses, or large corporations can do so in an environmentally friendly manner. In this type of green finance, loans are used for the proliferation(扩散)of renewable energy, for instance. A lender could finance the development of a solar power plant that generates power from the sun and panels installed on the roof of a building or residence. Wind power generation is another of business that would get support from green financiers. These com panes develop expensive wind farms that use large turbines onshore and of shore to capture the wind and generate energy.Energy producers, who use fossil flues, including coal, are not likely to participate in any type of green finance. Coal is a traditional power source that release emissions into the air, substances that are largely considered harmful to the environment. As a result, a coal producer is the type of company that a green financer would likely avoid.Offering environmental incentives to market participants is a useful way to drive the development of green businesses. Small businesses that are not even in the business of clean energy can participate because this is an extremely proactive(主动的)form of green financing. For instance, a company that sells vehicles may focus on selling cars that are designed to use a hybrid fuel combining both fossil fuels and renewable energy. This business might offer customers an incentive to purchase a car, for example, and in exchange for every vehicle that is sold, the dealer will purchase and plant a tree to promote a clean environment.Venture capital its(风险投资者), or firms that extend financing to start up companies for growth, participate in green finance in an active way. Many firms are behind emerging technologies clean energy that are expected to produce a greater portion of the world’s po wer in the future. Venture capitalists specialize in risky and emerging technologies and as a result, tend to have a hand in green financing.题组二Electronic marketing is a form of product promotion and customer relation establishment conducted with the use of electronic media. With the development of technology, a new era in marketing has been created. Marketers have been quick to jump on subsequent(后来的)technological developments from radio to the Internet. Companies may market specially via electronic media or use a mixture of marketing media in order to reach a broad target audience. Marketing has a number of goals, including familiarizing people with companies and products, encouraging consumers to adopt specific products, and promoting a positive public opinion about a company, product, or service.Electronic marketing is free to change its methods according to different circumstances. It allows companies to create targeted campaigns with broad reach. This form of marketing can also be very cost effective, making it possible for companies to reach lots of consumers at a small amount of the cost for other types of advertising.In addition to media like television, radio, and the Internet, electronic marketers can use media such as phonesfor conveying advertisements. Talking ads mounted on bus stations and other public installations are another example. Electronic kiosks in locations like malls can also be used for marketing purposes. Marketers can create video brochures, insert ads in front of feature films, and find a number of other ways to reach the audience via electronic means.Internet marketing in particular is rich ground for marketers. This form of electronic marketing can be generic (通用的), as in the case of banner ads placed on websites. It can also be remarkably specific, tailored to Internet use habits with the goal of reaching out to specific consumers. Marketers can serve different kinds of ads customize email marketing campaigns, and use other techniques to reach potential consumers on the Internet.Some advertising firms specialize in electronic marketing services. They can help their customers organize effective campaigns and may also be involved in the carrying out of marketing campaigns. These firms keep up with the latest trends in marketing so that they can stay ahead with advertisements that will appeal and attract.Companies must use electronic marketing with care. Some consumers may find such marketing upsetting, forcing companies to find creative ways to advertise that will arouse their interest instead of irritating them. It is also necessary to think about how advertising fits in with a company image and the ideals that a company wants to project.A company that prides itself on discretion(谨慎), for example, would probably not want to deliver an interruptive email marketing campaign based on browsing habits.题组三The Hidden Meaning of Kids’ Scribbles(胡乱画)A parent might place his daughter’s tadpole(蝌蚪)drawing on the fridge out of a love for his child rather than for the funky-looking image, but for many people, that tadpole art is actually quite charming. In fact, adult abstract artists were often inspired by children’s drawing. Observers have found similar patterns in modem abstract art and kids’ drawing.Acknowledging that young kids aren’t as eager to produce a realistic r endering(呈现)helps demonstrate what the drawing experience means to them. For many kids, drawing is enjoyable not because of the final product it leads to, but because they can live completely in the world of their drawing for a few minutes. Adults may find it hard to relate to this sort of full-body, short experience. But the opportunities for self-expression that drawing provides have important, even therapeutic, value for kids.Maureen Ingram , who’s a preschool teacher, said her students often tell different stories about a given piece of art depending on the day ,perhaps because they weren’t sure what they intended to draw when they started the picture. “We as adults will often say, I’m going to draw a horse, and we set out…and get frustrated when we can’t do it,”Ingram said. “They seem to take a much more sensible approach, where they just draw,” and then they realize, “it is a horse.”Ultimately, what may be most revealing about kids, art isn’t the art itself but what they say during the drawing process. Studies suggest that kids will create an elaborate narrative(详细的故事)while drawing ,but when tellingadults about their work they’ll simply name the items or characters in the image.And what about those odd or scary-looking drawings? Does that mean kids are telling themselves stories that are odd or scary? It’s hard to say, but it’s rarely a good idea to over-interpret it. Ellen Winner, a psychology professor at Boston College, pointed to parents who worry when their kid draws a child the same size as the adults, wondering whether she’s suffering from, say, a feeling of impotence—a desire to feel as powerful as older people. But the likely reason is that the child hasn’t yet learned how to differentiate size; the easiest solution is to just make all the figures the same size.What’s most important to remember is that “children’s art has its own logic,” Winner said. “Children are not being crazy.”。

三模前任务型阅读专题练05题组一Fighting the curse of presenteeism“It’s true hard work never killed anybody, but I figure, why take the chance?” Beyond a certain level, extra effort seems to be self-defeating. Studies suggest that, after 50 hours a week, employee productivity falls sharply.But that doesn’t stop some managers from demanding that workers stay chained to their desk for long periods. Jack Ma, the founder of Alibaba, recently applauded the "996” model, where employees work from 9am to 9pm, six days a week, as a huge blessing”. However, to modem office workers presenteeism is a curse.There will be days when you do not have much to do, just waiting for someone else to respond to a request. As the clock ticks past 5pm, there may be no purpose in staying at your desk. But you can see your boss hard at work and, more important, they can see you, So you make an effort to look busy.If bosses do not like to go home before their underlings(下属)and underlings fear leaving before their bosses, everyone is trapped. Staff may feel that they will not get a pay rise, or a promotion, if they are not seen to be putting in maximum effort. This is easily confused with long hours. Managers, who are often no good at judging employees’ performance, use time in the office as a mea surement.But presenteeism has more serious consequences. As well as reducing productivity, this can increase medical expenses for the employer. According to a study, these costs can be six times higher for employers than the costs of absenteeism among workers. To take one example, research found that Japanese employees with lower-back pain were three times more likely to turn up for work than in Britain. As a result, those workers were more likely to experience greater pain and to suffer from depression. What could be more discouraging than being in pain while feeling trapped at work?“None of this is to say that employers are not entitled to expect workers to be in the office for a small amount of time. Unavoidably there will be a need for some (preferably short)meetings. Dealing with colleaguesface-to-face develops friendships, allows for a useful exchange of ideas and enables workers to have a better sense of their common needs.With portable smartphones and laptops, we can work at home as easily as in the office. Turning an office into a prison does nothing for the creativity that is increasingly demanded of office workers as routine tasks are automatic. To be productive you need presence of mind, not being present in the flesh.阅读表格我们可以得出以下有助于我们快速解题的有用信息：①文章的标题：Fighting the curse of presenteeism(对抗加班主义的魔咒)②栏目有五大块：第一块71题,第四块78题为信息概括题。