英语二第二篇网络助学平台测试题汇编
■阶段测验一
一、单项选择题
1. Sarah hopes to become a friend of shares her interests．
A. anyone B．whomever
C. whoever D．no matter who
2. Charles Smith，was my former teacher, retired last year．
A. which
B. who
C. mat
D. as
3. Two-thirds of his property lost in the fire.
A. was
B. were
C. are
D. have been
4. Look at this group of people beach volleyball．
A. played
B. is played
C. playing
D. is playing
5. It rained hard yesterday, prevented me from going to the park.
A. that
B. which
C. as
D. it
6. The meeting nest week will be of great importance．
A. to be held
B. held
C. holding
D. is held
7. After months of voyage, Columbus arrived in later proved to be a new continent.
A. where C. which
B. which D. that
8. He would have given you more help，if he so busy.
A. have not been
B. had not been
C. not have been
D. not had been
9. It is Shakespeare Theatre you are doing to watch the play The Merchant of V enice?
A. where
B. that
C. which
D. as
10. The new discovery be of great service to mankind.
A. is bound to
B. is bound for
C. be bound to
D. be bound for
11. for you laziness, you could have finished the assignment by now.
A. Had it not been
B. It were not
C. Weren?t it
D. Had not it been 12. At any rate I did not succeed myself understood by you.
A. making
B. made
C. to make
D. in making
13. We are all concerned her safety.
A. about
B. made
C. of
D. with
14. It me three years to draw the beautiful horses.
A. took
B. paid
C. spent
D. cost
15. The boy complained a pain in his stomach.
A. with
B. for
C. in
D. of
二、完形填空
Last evening 1 was watching the evening news on television. The news was about a prize for scientific discovery: I forgot what it was. The announcer, l name was Ralph story, reported something that caught my 2 . “All great discoveries.” he said “ar e made by people between the ages of 20 and 30. 3 a little over 30 myself 1 wanted to disagree with him. Nobody wants to think that he is past the age of making any discovery. The nest day I 4 to be in the public library and spent several hours looking up the 5
of famous people and their discoveries. Ralph was right. First I looked at some of the scientific discoveries. One of the earliest discoveries, the famous experiment that proved that bodies of different weight fall 6 the same speed, was made by Galileo when he was 26. Madame Curie started her research that turned to a Noble prize when she was 28. Einstein was 26 when he published his world-changing Theory of Relativity. Well,enough of that. Y et I 7 if those “best years” were true in other fields.
Then how about the field of 8 ? Surely it takes the wisdom of age to make a good leader. Perhaps it does，but look when these people started their careers．Winston Churchill was elected to the House of Commons at the age of 26. Abraham Lincoln began the life of a country lawyer and was elected to the government at what age? Twenty-six.
But why don?t best years come after thirty? After thirty, I 9 ,most people do not want to take risks or try new ways. Then I thought of people like Shakespeare and Picasso. The former was writing wonderful works at the ripe age of fifty,
10 the latter was enjoying trying new ways of painting when he was ninety! Perhaps there is still hope for me .
1. A．with B．for C．in D．of
2. A. mind B. notice C. attention D. thought
3. A. As B. Being C. Not D. Beyond
4. A. happened B. wanted C. missed D. managed
5. A. names B. ages C. addresses D. education
6. A. by B. at C. in D. with
7. A. believed B. trusted C. wondered D. society
8. A. agriculture B. politics C. industry D. society
9. A. believe B. know C. guess D. agree
10. A. since B. because C. if D. while
三、阅读理解
“Fingers were made before forks．”en a person gives up good manners，puts aside knife and fork, and dives into his food，someone is likely to repeat that saying．
The fork was an ancient agricultural tool, But for centuries one thought of eating with it．Not until the eleventh century, when a young 1ady from Constantinople brought her fork to Italy did the custom reach Europe．
By the fifteenth century the use of the fork was widespread in Italy．The English explanation was that Italians were opposed to eating food touched with fingers," seeing all men?s fingers are not all alike clean, "English travelers kept their friends laughing while describing this ridiculous Italian custom.
Anyone who used a fork to eat with was laughed at in England for the next hundred years. Men who used forks were thought to be womanish, and women who used forks were thought to be womanish, Not until the late 1660’s did using a fork become a common custom.
1.The custom of eating with a fork was
A. brought to Europe from America.
B. accepted when forks were first invented.
C. brought to Europe from Constantinople
D．thought of by the Italians.
2. By the fifteenth century, forks were used
A. all over Italy.
B. only in Constantinople.
C. by the kings and queens of Europe .
D. in Englan.
3.To English travelers in Italy, the use of forks seemed
A．clever B. necessary C．good manners D．ridiculous
4. The English thought that Italians used forks in order to
A. imitate the people of the East
B. keep their food clean
C. impress visitors with their good manners
D. amuse the English
5.The use of forks became common in England
A. at the same time as in Italy．
B. earlier than in any other European county
C. about 600 years after forks came to Europe.
D. earlier than in Constantinople
四单词拼写
1.发起，倡导v. i 2．媒介n.m 3.憎恨n.h 4.随便地ad.c 5.运河n.c
6·混合，混合物n.m 7．演出v.p 8.命令，指挥v.c 9．国籍，民族n.n
10.非法的a.i
五、词形转换
1. Knowledge is experience (general).
2．Y our parents give you the hard-won money, so you must spend it in an (economy) way.
六、汉译英
1．对于动物研究是否与人体健康有关，人们持不同态度。2．许多有成就的人早在取得这些成就之前确实幻想过这些成就。
七、英译汉
The mind is the source of all human potential．The ability to reason and to learn from experience is called intelligence．In our culture，the ability to reason involves figuring things out．This is essential in the problem—solving situations with which people in modem societies are confronted．In decision making，intelligence is shown in the ability to get and apply information to solve a problem。
No matter how much you are achieving now, there are still flesh and untried areas of your mind to be estimated
through reading，study, thought，conversation，and exploration of your environment．School performance is the single most important factor in developing mental ability for certain tasks .
阶段测验二
一、单项选择题
1．Never before so rapidly developing as it is today.
A. has our country been
B. our country has been
C. has been our country
D. our country hasn?t been
2. Although Tom is satisfied with his academic achievement, he wonders will happen to his family life
A．it B．that C．what D．this
3. Since we have a focused subject ,we should not talk .
A．at once B. at hand C. at intervals D. at random
4. , he had no time to rest.
A. As he was tired
B. If he was tired.
C. Tired as he was
D. Now that he was tired
5．I understood from her that you undertook other important work .
A. as well
B. as too as
C. as also as
D. as good as
6. He found difficult to study maths.
A. it
B. that
C. as
D. too
7. It rained hard yesterday, prevented me from going to the park.
A. that
B. which
C. as
D. too
8. is known to all，China will be an powerful country in 20 or 30 years? time.
A. That ;advancing
B. This；advanced
C. As ; advanced
D. It；advancing
9. This type of desk and chair can be adjusted the height of students at different ages.
A．with B．for C. to D. in
10.Some persons gain goal and direction from their tensions; others under pressure.
A．fall out B. fall apart C．fallback on D. fall in with
11．He his poor judgment Jet Lag. A．blamed…for C．blamed…on B．blamed…to D．blamed…at
12. In the original test，a11 the animals in a test group are given a substance half of them die．
A．unless B. until C．1est D．provided 13. We are interested in the weather because it us so directly--what we wear，what we do and even how we feel．
A. benefits B．affects C. guides D. effects
14. He talked a lot about things and persons they remembered in the school．
A．which B．that C．whom D．what B．Were itnot
15. for the free ticket，I would not have gone to see film SO often．
A．If it is not B. Were it not C．Had it not been D. If they were not
二、完形填空
It is commonly believed that school is where people go to get education． 1 ，it has been said that today children interrupt their education to go to school . The 2 between schooling and education suggested by this is important.
Education is 3 , compared with schooling. Education knows no edges. It can take place 4 ,whether in the shower or on the job, whether in a kitchen or on a tractor. It includes both the 5 learning that takes place in schools and the whole universe of learning out of class.
6 the experience of schooling can be knows in advance, education quite often produces surprises. A chance talk with a
7 may lead to a person to discover how
8 he knows of another country. People obtain education from
9 on. Education, then, is a very 10 and unlimited term. It is lifelong experience that starts long before the starts long before the start of school ,and one that should be a necessary part of one?s entire life.
1．A．Then B. However C．Thus D. Therefore 2．A．difference． B. important C．use D. problem 3．A．unexpected B. endless C. countless D. simple
4. A. anywhere B. anywhere else C. somewhere D. somewhere else
5. A. part-time B. public C. standard(普通的) D. strict
6. A. if B. Because C. So D. Though
7. A. neighbour B. friend C. foreigner D. teacher
8. A. wonderful B. well C. greatly D. little
9. A. babies B. grown-ups C. women D. men
10. A. long B. broad C. narrow. D. short
三．阅读理解
Most Americans would have a difficult time telling you, specifically, what the values are which Americans live by．They have never given the matter any thought.
Over the years I have introduced thousands of international visitors to life in the United States．This has caused me to try to look at Americans through the eyes of foreign visitors, I am confident that the values listed in this booklet describe most (but not all) Americans, and that understanding these values can help you, the international visitor, understand Americans.
It is my belief that if foreign visitors really understand how deeply these 13 values are ingrained in Americans，they will then be able to understand 95％of American actions--actions which might otherwise appear “st range，” “confusing，”or“unbelievable”when evaluated from the perspective of the foreigner?s own society and its values．The different behaviors of a people or a culture make sense only when seen through the basic beliefs，assumptions and values of that particular group．When you encounter an action，or hear a statement in the United States which surprises you，try to see it as a11 expression of one or more of the values listed in this booklet．
1.Can an ordinary American tell you his／her value system?
A. Y es，because this is something an American lives by．
B. No，because everyone will have his／her own system．
C. No，because he／she has never thought about it．
D.Y es，because values are something often in their thought．
2. The author lists 1 3 values in his booklet to .
A. invite foreigners to visit America
B. look at Americans through the eyes of foreign visitors
C. describe the confusing actions of most Americans D．help international visitors understand Americans
3. The word …ingrained?in Line 2，Paragraph 3 most probably means“”．
A．rooted in the minds
B．found in the grains
C．planted for food
D．prepared with grain
4. Visitors sometimes find Americans behave in a strange, confusing or unbelievable way, probably because .
A. Americans are hard to understand
B. Americans have values which are entirely different from their own
C. they view Americans according to the values in their own society
D. it is difficult to understand any people when you first encounter them
5. How can you understand a surprising behavior or statement of an American when you visit the United States?
A. By linking it to the basic beliefs．assumptions and values of the Americans．
B. By comparing it with the values of yourself and your country．
C．By expressing one or more of the values in this booklet．
D. By looking at the particular group of peoople who behave or speak that way．
四、单词拼写
1. 结论，推论n.c
2. 概念；想法n.n
3. 同意，准予v.g_
4.凸起的;显著的a.s
5. 分别地ad. r
6. 技术n. t
7. 细软的，精美的a. d
8. 场合；时机n.o
9. 创办；确立v. e 10. 利润，收益n. P
五、词形转换
1. His (capable)in the work resulted in his unemployment
2. To a worker, leisure means simply the hours he needs to relax and rest in order to work (efficient)
六、汉译英
1. 如果不是交通堵塞，我们原会到得早些。
2．为了你的健康，你不该承担这么繁重的责任。
七、英译汉
If you encounter a difficulty in your studies，first try to
sort things out for yourself．For example，think about the problem，look at your lecture notes on the subject and at appropriate parts of textbooks and other sources of information．Ask other；students to see if they can explain．Take opportunities to ask questions in class，particularly in tutorials(辅导班)and practical classes．Most lecturers ask for questions in the last minutes of a lecture，and are pleased to speak to students privately immediately after a class·-·-·-either to deal with any minor difficulty quickly or to arrange an appointment at a mutually convenient time．Similarly, other members of the academic staff are likely to be available for consultation in their office during normal working hours．With experience you will find when is the best time to call or, if necessary ,how to make an appointment．Y ou should be able to ask your academic adviser or tutor, or any other member of the academic staff whom you find helpful and sympathetic，for help with any study problem，or with any personal problem that could stand in the way of effective study．
■阶段测验三
一、单项选择题
1．In our department，every student after- school activities.
A．go in for C．take part
B．goes in for D．takes part
2．They wrote a letter of thanks to had helped them．
A．who B．whom
C．whomever D．whoever
3．The thief took away the woman?s wallet without . A．being seen C．him seeing
B．seeing D．seeing him
4．It is difficult to understand this kind of calculation.
A．intricate B. varied C．indispensable D．equable
5．They extensive and possibly dangerous actual flight training.
A．undertake B．undergo C．underplay D．underuse
6. for a long time，most of the crops in this area died from lacking water.
A．Being no rain B．There was no rain C．To be no rain D．There being no rain
7．The new laws threaten to deprive many people the most elementary freedoms.
A．from B．for C．of D．about
8．Y ou?11 be there tomorrow--you won?t me ，will you?
A．1et．．，of B．1et．．，out C. let…down D. let …off
9. She was be unable to speak.
A. such angry as to
B. so angry as to
C. as angry as to
D. angry so as to
10. Please write a report the above subjects are to be covered.
A. which
B. in which
C. that
D. in that
11.The visiting minister expressed his satisfaction with the talks, that he had enjoyed his stay here.
A. having added
B. to add
C. adding D．added 12．It is obvious how bad movies will impact children．
A．on B．to C．with D．in 13．Neither English nor Chinese difficult to learn．
A．has B．have C．is D．are 14．People appreciate with him because he is knowledgeable and humorous.
A．talking B．talked C．talk D．to talk 15．By the middle of the 21st century，the vast majority of the world?s population will be living in c ities in the country
A．other than B．more than
C．better than D．rather than
二、完形填空
People work，play，and share ideas with one another．To live together, people must understand one another．There are many ways for people 1 others know what they think or want. There are many ways in 2 people can find out
what others think or want．The ways of knowing about others or letting others 3 your ideas are called communication． 4 communication is done by language．Some is spoken and some is written．There must be someone who listens to and understands 5 language to have communication．Someone must read and understand written language before there is communication.
There are ways of communicating without language，too．A smile is understood everywhere； 6 is laughing or crying．Pointing to something directs 7 to the object．Even a glance can be used to communicate．Some movements of the 8 have special meanings．For example，we nod our heads to say …Y es?and shake them to mean.?No?．
Sometimes pictures are used to explain a though 10 tell a story．Sometimes a simple sound or even a color is used to give information.
For example, red is often a danger sign. Maps show directions.
1．A．1et B．to let C．1etting D．having let 2．A．mat B．what C．which D．how 3．A．know B．to know C．which D．how 4．A．Many B．Few C．A few D．known 5．A．spoken B．written C．foreign D．native 6．A．as B．so C．than D．it 7．A．subject B．movement C．attention D．carelessness
8．A．1anguage B．eyes C．body D．matter 9．A．from side by side B．for side and side C．from side to side D．at both sides
10．A．or to B．and for C．in order D．to not 三、阅读理解
The biggest safety threat facing airlines today may not be a terrorist with a gun, but the man with the portable computer in business class. In the last 15 years, pilots have reported well over 100 incidents that could have been caused by electromagnetic interference. The source of this interference remains unconfirmed, but increasingly, experts are pointing the blame at portable electronic devices such as portable computers，radio and cassette players and mobile telephones.
RTCA，an organization which advises the aviation(航空)industry, has recommended that all airlines ban(禁止)such devices from being used during ?critical?stages of light, particularly take off and landing. Some experts have gone further, calling for a total ban during all flights. Currently, rules on using these devices are left up individual airlines．And although some airlines prohibit passengers from using such equipment during take-off and landing，most are reluctant to enforce a total ban，given that many passengers want to work during flights．
The difficulty is predicting how electromagnetic fields might affect an aircrafts computers．Experts know that portable devices emit radiation which affects those wavelengths which aircraft use for navigation and communication．But，because，they have not been able to reproduce these effects in a laboratory, they have no way of knowing whether the interference might be dangerous or not．
The fact that aircraft may be vulnerable(易受损的)to interference raises the risk that terrorists may use radio system in order to damage navigation equipment. As worrying，though，is the passenger who cant hear the instructions to turn off his radio because the music's too loud．
1. The passage is mainly about ．
A．a new regulation for all airlines
B．the defects of electronic devices
C．a possible cause of aircraft crashes
D．effective safety measures for air night
2．What is said about the over 1 00 aircraft incidents in the past 1 5 years?
A. They may have been caused by the damage to the radio systems．
B. They may have taken place during take off and landing．
C．They were proved to have been caused by the passengers portable computers．
D．They were suspected to have resulted from electromagnetic interference．
3. Few airlines want to impose a total ban on their passengers using electronic devices because ．
A. they don?t believe there is such a danger as radio interference
B. the harmful effect of electromagnetic interference is yet to be proved
C. most passengers refuse to take a plane which bans the use of radio and cassette players
D．they have other effective safety measures to fall back on
4. Why is it difficult to predict the possible effects of electromagnetic fields on an airplanes computers?
A. Because it is extremely dangerous to conduct such research on an airplane．
B. Because it remains a mystery what wavelengths are liable to be interfered with．
C. Because research scientists have not been to produce the same effects in labs．
D. Because experts lack adequate equipment to do such research
5. It can be inferred from the passage that the author .
A. is in favor of prohibiting passengers use of electronic devices completely
B. has overestimated the danger of electromagnetic interference
C．hasn?t formed his own opinion on this problem D．regards it as unreasonable to exercise a total ban during flight
四、单词拼写
1．显微镜n.m 2.敏感的a.s 3.评介;估价v.e 4.令人讨厌的a.b 5.同事,同伴n.c
6. 选举v.e
7. 程度;学位n.d
8. 翼,翅膀n.w
9. 保健n.h 10.满意的;a.s 五、词形转换1．What developed was a music readily taking on various forms and capable of an almost （limit）range of expression.
2．With the strike (settle)，the work on the new assembly line went ahead like wildfire.
六、汉译英
1．收缩的过程如此强烈，以至于形成了黑洞。
2．已经采取了新措施来帮助保护家佣。七、英译汉
Since pleasure is the first good and natural to us，for this very reason we do not choose every pleasure ,but sometimes we pass over many pleasures，when greater discomfort accrues to us as the result of them；and similarly we think many pains better than pleasures，since a greater pleasure comes to us when we have endured pains for a long time．Every pleasure then because of its natural kinship to us is good，yet not every pleasure is to be chosen；even as every pain also is an evil，yet not all are always of a nature to be avoided. Y et by a scale of comparison and by the consideration of advantages and disadvantages we must form our judgment on all these matters．For the good on certain occasions we treat as bad，and conversely the bad as good. ■模拟试题
一、单项选择题
1．I have no idea what?s standing accomplishing our goals ans objectives.
A. in the way of
B. on the way to
C. by way of
D. in one?s way of
2. we understand what Jet Lag is，we can go some way to overcoming it.
A．Rather than B．As though C．Ever since D．Now that 3.Decision makers must have some way of determining several alternatives is best.
A．which B．what C．of which D．which of 4．Never before so rapidly developing as it today. A．has our country been
B．our country has been
C. has been our country
D．our country hasn?t been
5．It could obscure man?s awareness of the need to come with himself．
A．into play B．to terms C．into force D．true 6．The doctors are about the guidelines under which they can carry out euthanasia．
A．at a stretch B．at a loss C．at random D．at length
7. the two clocks would normally sound their alarms together, now they ring at different times.
A. Therefore
B.Whereas
C. However
D. Whether
8. As a painter, Ted was very about the colors he used.
A．specific B. special C．peculiar D. particular 9．As with anything carried to ,daydreaming can be harmful.
A．excess B．excuse C．existence D．exposure 10. The danger is not so much that man will becontrolled by the computer that he imitate it.
A．but B．except C．as D．rather than
二、完形填空
America is the land of opportunities for women．1 they own about eighty-five per cent of the wealth of the nation．Soon they will have it a11．Divorce has become a profitable process，simple to arrange and easy to forget；and ambitious females can repeat it as often as they please and collect their winnings to astronomical 2 ．The husband?s death also brings satisfactory 3 and some ladies prefer to rely 4 this method．They know that the waiting period will not be unduly extended， 5 overwork and hypertension are bound to get the poor devil before long．
Succeeding generations of youthful American males are not frightened in the slightest by this terrifying pattern of divorce and 6 . The higher the divorce rate climbs.
7 they become．Y oung men marry like mice，and a large proportion of them have at least two ex．wives on the payrolls 8 they are thirty-six years old．To support these ladies in the manner 9 they are accustomed，the men must work 1ike slaves，which is of course precisely 10 they are．
1．A．Almost B. Already C. Altogether D. Also 2．A．studies B. areas C．figures D. analyses 3．A．rewards B. awards C．grants D. loans
4. A. to B. in C. for D. upon
5. A. for B. if C. although D. unless
6. A. marriage B. life C. death D. quarreling
7. A. more eager B. more eagerly C. the more eager
D. the more eagerly
8. A. as soon as B. by the time C. the moment D. until 9. A. at that B. to which C. in that D. for which
10. A. who B. whom C. what D. which
三、阅读理解
Scientists who work on animal behavior are always at risk of being fooled by the animals they are studying or, worse，fooling themselves．Whether their experiments involve domesticated laboratory animals or wild creatures in the field，there is no end to the surprises that an animal can think up in the presence of an investigator．Sometimes it seems as if animals are biologically programmed to puzzle human beings，especially psychologists.
The risks are especially high when the scientist is engaged in training the animal to do something or other and must band his professional reputation on the integr ity of his experimental subject. The most famous case in point is that of Clever Hands, the turn-of-the-century German horse now recorded in the language of behavioral science by the technical term, the……Clever Hans Error”.
“The horse，owned and trained by Herr von Osten，could not only solve complex arithmetical problems，but even read the instructions on a blackboard and tap out，with one hoof(蹄子)，the right answer．What is more，he could perform the same computations when total strangers posed questions to him，with his trainer nowhere nearby．For several years Clever Hans was studied intensively by groups of puzzled scientists and taken seriously as a horse with something very like a human brain，quite possibly even better than human.
But finally in 1911，it was discovered by Professor O．Pfungst that Hans was not really doing arithmetic at all; he was simply observing the behavior of the human experimenter. Subtle, unconscious gestures-nods of the head,the holding of breath, the cessation(停止)of nodding when the correct count was reached-were accurately read by the horse as cues to stop tapping.
1. The first sentence implies that the scientists who study animal behaviors ．
A. are always fooled by their colleagues
B．are more likely to make mistakes
C．have more chances to succeed
D．1ive a more dangerous life
2. It can be learned from the first two paragraphs that .
A. the study on animal behavior belongs exclusively to the field of psychology
B. animals always surprise and puzzle the scientists who study their behaviors
C. the intelligence of animals are primarily decided by their genes
D. scientists who study animal behaviors tend to have a bad reputation
3. The word “bank” in Pare 2 can be replaced by . A．pile B．deposit C．build D．defend
4. Which of the following statements about Clever Hans is NOT true?
A. Clever Hans is a very intelligent horse that can do complicated calculations．
B. Clever Hans has puzzled many scientists who have studied him intensively．
C. Clever Hans is good at observing the subtle behaviors of the experimenters．
D．Clever Hans Error has become a technical term in behavioral science
5. The author mentions the case of Clever Hans for the purpose of ．
A. introducing a new way of teaching
B. arguing for the necessity of doing experiments on animals
C．illustrating how scientists are fooled by animals D．proving the high intelligence of a horse
The population is growing more quicklv in some parts of the world than others．The continents with the fastest growth rates are Latin America(2.9 percent)and Africa(2.6 percent)．Asia comes third(2.1 percent)but because its present population is so large it is there that by far the greatest number of people will be added before the end of the century．
The main reason is not so much a rise in birth rates as a fall in death rates as a result of improvements in public health services and medical care．Many more babies now survive infancy, grow up and become parents，and many more adults are living into old age SO that populations are being added to at both ends．In Europe and America the death rate began to fall during the Industrial Revolution．In the developing countries of Africa．Asia and Latin America the fall in death rate did not begin till much later and the birth rate has only recently begun to fall．
This sudden increase in the population of the developing countries has come at a difficuIt time．Even if their population had not grown so fast they would have been facing a desperate struggle to bring the standard of living of their people up to the point at which there was enough food，housing，education．medical care and employment for everyone to have a reasonable life．The poor countries are having to run faster and faster in their economic actively in order to stay in the same place, and the gap in wealth between rich and poor countries grows wider every year.
Statistics show that rapid population growth creates problems for developing countries．So why don?t people have fewer children? Statistics from the developed countries suggest that it is only when people?s living standards begin to rise that birth rates begin to fall．There are good reasons for this．Poor countries cannot afford social services and old age pensions，and people?s incomes are so low they have nothing to spare for savings．As a result，people look to their children to provide them with security n their old age．Having a large family can be a form of insurance．And even while they are still quite young，children can do a lot of useful jobs on a small farm．So poor people in a developing country will need to see clear signs of much better conditions ahead before they will think of having smaller families．But their conditions cannot be improved unless there is a reduction in the rate at which
population is increasing．This will depend on a very much wider acceptance of family planning and this，in turn，will mean basic changes in attitudes.
D．only when the people?S living conditions
1. Which continent has its fastest growth rate of populations?
A. Asia B．Africa C．Latin America D．None of the above
2．Asia will add to itself the greatest number population in the next decade because it has the .
A．highest birth rate
B．lowest death rate
C．fastest growth rate
D．1argest present population
3. In the sentence ……populations are being added to at both ends (paragraph 2), the words “both ends” refer to both .
A．babies and old people
B．poor and rich people
C．developed and developing countries
D．birth rate and death rate
4．According to the statistics from the developed countries，.
A．the death rate in America began to fall only after the Industrial Revolution
B. birth rates will not fall until people?s living standards begin to rise
C. the developing countries are running faster and faster in their economic activity developed countries
D. only when the people?s living conditions begin to rise will the world population stop growing
5．It is not directly stated but is implied that .
A. children of poor families do a lot of useful jobs on their small farms
B．rich people have smaller families
C．rich countries are helping poor people improve their living conditions
D. there is no way to solve the population problem
Some people argue that the pressure on international sportsmen and sportswomen kills the essence(真谛) of sport--the pursuit of personal excellence．Children kick a football around for fun．When they get older and play for local school teams，they become competitive but they still enjoy playing．The individual representing his country cannot afford to think about enjoying himself；he has to think only about winning．He is responsible for entire nation?s hopes，dreams and reputation．
A good example is the Football Word Cup．Football is the world?s most important sport．Winning the World Cup is perhaps the summit of international sporting success．Mention Argentina(阿根廷)to someone and the chances are that he?11 think of football．In a sense，winning the World Cup put Argentina on the map．
Sports fans and supporters get quite unreasonable about the World Cup．People in England felt that their country was somehow important after they won in1966．Last year thousands of Scots sold their cars，and even their houses，and spent all their money traveling to Argentina，where the finals were played.
So，am I arguing that international competition kills the idea of sport? Certainly not! Do the Argentinean really believe that because eleven of their men proved the most skillful at football，their nation is in every way better than all others? Not really, But it's nice to know that you won and that in one way at least your country is the best．
1. What is the author?s main purpose in the passage?
A．To explain the role of sport．
B．To compare Scotland with Argentina．
C．To show that Argentina is better than all
D．To prove that football is the world’s most Important sport．
2．In the second paragraph，the word“summit” means“ ”．
A．award B．summary C．highest point D．mountain top
3．According to the passage，Argentina is world．famous because of its ．
A．obvious position on the map
B．successes in the football World Cup C．excellence at most important sports
D．1arge number of sports fans and supporters
4. According to the passage，if a sportsman only thinks about winning，he will .
A．fail to succeed B．lose enjoyment C．be successful D．be unreasonable
5．What is the author?s attitude towards international games? A．Nations that meet on a football field are unlikely to meet on a battlefield
B．Nations that win the football World Cup are regarded as
best in all aspects．
C．Nations that win in international games prove the best on the sports field at least．
D．Nations that give much attention to international competitions are world-famous in many ways．
四、单词拼写
1.典型的a.t
2.背景n.b
3.警报n.a
4.技术员n.t
5.利益n.b
6.助手n.a
7.期待v.e
8.传统n.t
9.中等的a.m 10.保证，担保v.g_
11.基金;储备n.f 12.平静的;和平的 a. n.d
13 .圆盘;磁盘n.d
14.优点;功绩n.m 15.遥远的,偏僻的a.r 16.组织n.o 17.暴露v.e
18.传记n.b 19.新鲜的a.f 20.绝对的a.a
五、词形转换
1. The nearer a society (approximate)to zero population growth,the older its population is likely to be
2. Now the (benefit)effects of these changing attitudes and behaviors are beginning to appear．
3. The earth is one of the nine planets which (revolve)round the sun．
4. There are several ways in which we can make material more （meaning)．
5．Experts found in an experiment that improved self-control and enhanced creative thinking ability
(result)from daydreaming
6．Chunking consists of (group)separate bits of information，
7．Suppose you (ask)to remember the following list of words。
8．Only by keeping down costs will America maintain its (compete)advantage over other countries。
9．Weinstein?S body,with hands and feet(bind)，was discovered by a hiker.
10．The robots used in nuclear plants to handle the radioactive materials prevent human personnel from (expose)to radiation.
六、汉译英1. 有人认为用动物做实验根本没必要。
2.他本可以取得比赛的胜利，但他太粗心了。
3.有些劳动者抱怨说他们是拿工资的现代奴隶。
4.人的身体需要花时间来适应外界的变化。
5..不管发生什么，你们应该使自己适应新的环境。
七、英译汉
To be successful in a job interview, you should demonstrate certain personal and professional qualities.Y ou need to create a good image in the limited time available，usually from 30 to 45 minutes．Furthermore，you must make a positive impression which the interviewer will remember while he interviews other applicants．At all times，you should present your most attractive qualities during the interview．The appropriate dressing indicates your sound judgment．Y our manner of speaking suggests your friendliness and competes．Y our curiosity and information about the position you are seeking demonstrate your sincerity and potential in the job．If you display these characteristics，with just a little luck，you will certainly succeed in the interview
附录：试题答案
■阶段测验一
一、单项选择题
1.C
2. B
3.A
4.C
5.B
6.A
7.C
8.B
9.A10.A
11.A12.D 13.A14.A15.D
二、完形填空
1. B
2. C
3. B
4. A
5. B
6. B
7. C
8. B 9. C 10. D
三、阅读理解
1.C
2.A
3.D
4.B
5.C
四、单词拼写
1．initiate 2．Medium 3. hatred 4. casually 5. canal 6. mixture 7. perform 8. command 9.nationality 10．illegal
五、词形转换
1．generalized 2．Economical
六、汉译英
1．People have different views on the problem if animal research is relevant to human?s health．
2．Many successful people actually daydreamed their achievements long before they realized them．
七、英译汉
大脑是人类一切潜力之源。根据经验去推理和学习的能力称为智力。在人类文化中，推理能力涉及对事物的想象。想象力对解决现代社会人们面临的种种问题至关重要。在决策时，智力表现为解决问题而获取和应用信息的能力。
无论你现在已取得很大的成绩，在你头脑里仍有新的未经开发的部分，要靠阅读、学习、思考、会话以及对环境的探索来激活。学校教育在培养完成任务所需要的心智方面发挥非常重要的作用。
■阶段测验二
一、单选题
1.A
2.C
3.D
4.C
5.A
6.A
7.B
8.C
9.C 10.B
11.C 12.B 13.B 14.B 15.C
二、完形填空
1. B
2.A
3. B
4. A
5.C
6.D
7.C
8.D
9.A10.B
三、阅读理解
1.C
2. D
3.A
4.C
5.A
四、单词拼写
1. conclusion
2.notion
3. grant
4.salient
5. respectively
6.technique
7. delicate
8. occasion
9. establish 10.profit
五、词形转换
1. incapability
2. efficiently
六、汉译英
1. But for the traffic jam, we could have arrived earlier.
2.For your health you should not have taken on such heavy responsibilities．
七、英译汉
如果你在学习中遇到困难，首先要设法自己解决。例如，思考该问题，翻阅该课程的听课笔记，查看教科书的有关章节，或查找其它信息资料。也可以问问别的同学看他们能否解答。还可以利用课堂上的机会，特别是辅导课和习题课的机会提出问题。
多数讲课老师在讲课结束前留几分钟让大家提问题。刚下课时也乐意和学生单独聊聊，以便很快地解决一些不难解答的问题，或者预约一个双方合适的时间答疑。同样，也可在上班时间去办公室找别的老师辅导。随着经验的积累，你就知道什么时间拜访合适，或者需要辅导时怎样和老师预约见面的时间。遇到学习上的问题或影响有效学习的其它个人问题时，你应当寻求指导老师、辅导老师或者其他善解人意、乐于助人的老师的帮助。
■阶段测验三
一、单项选择题
1. B
2. D
3. A
4. A
5. B
6. D
7. C
8. C
9. B
10. B 11. C 12. A13. C 14. A15.D
二、完形填空
1. B
2. C
3. A
4. D
5. A
6.B
7.C
8.C
9.C
10.A
三、阅读理解
1.C
2.D
3.B
4.C
5.A
四、单词拼写
1. microscope
2. sensitive
3. evaluate
4. boring
5. colleague
6. elect
7. degree
8. wing
9. healthcare
10.satisfied
五、词形转换
1．1imitless 2．Settled
六、汉译英
1. The process of shrinking may be so intense that a black hole results．
2. New measures were introduced to help domestic workers.
七、英译汉
我们追求的快乐是至善且自然的，正因为如此，我们并不选择每一种快乐，而是偶尔放弃多种快乐，因为这些快乐会带来更大的不安；同样，我们认为许多痛苦优于快乐，因为当我们长期忍受痛苦之后，更大的快乐便随之而来。就我们与自然之联系而言，每一种快乐都是善的，然而并非每一种快乐都是可取的；同理，虽然每一种痛苦都是使人不舒服的，但并非每一种痛苦从本质上都应当加以躲避。不过，我们必须依据某种鉴别的尺度，通过权衡利弊来形成对一切事物的判断。因此我们有时将好事视为坏事，反之则将坏事视为好事。
■模拟试题
一、单项选择题
1.A
2.D
3.D
4.A
5.B
6.B
7.B
8.D
9.A10.C
二、完形填空
1．B 2．C 3．A 4. D 5．A6．C 7．C
8. B 9．B 10．C
三、阅读理解
1. B 2．B 3．C 4．A5．C
1．C 2．D 3．A4．B 5．B
1．A2．C 3．B 4．B 5．C
四、单词拼写
1．typical 2．background 3．Alarm 4．technician 5．benefit 6. assistant 7．expect 8．tradition 9．moderate 10.guarantee 11.fund 12．Peaceful 13. disk/disc 14. merit 15．remote https://www.doczj.com/doc/8d10212177.html,anization
1 7．expose 18．Biography 19. fresh 20．absolute
五、词形转换
1．approximates 2．beneficial 3．revolve 4．meaningful 5．resulted 6．grouping 7. are asked 8．competitive 9. bound 10. being exposed 六、汉译英
1．There are those who think the test on animals is simply unnecessary．
2．He could have won the competition，but he was too careless．
3．Some laborers complain that they are modem wage slaves．
4．It takes time for human bodies to adapt to the changes in the outside world．
5．Y ou should adapt yourselves to the new environment，no matter what happens．
七、英译汉
你若在求职面试中获得成功，就应该展示某些个人素质和专业素质。你必须在有限的时间内，通常是30到45分钟，树立起一个良好的形象。除此之外，你必须给面试官留下一个好的、较深刻的印象，使他在面试其他求职者时还能记住你。面试时你应该从头到尾逐个展示你最具魅力的个人特征。得体的穿着表明你有良好的判断力。你的谈吐说明你的友好态度和能力。对所求之职的好奇心和有关信息展示了你的诚恳和工作潜力。如果你展示这些特点，再加上小小的运气，你在求职中定会成功。
00015英语二课文精讲讲义（Unit4） Unit 4 The Joy of Work (工作的快乐) Text A Work is Blessing(工作是福) 共7个自然段，领读课文和单词。 一：本课重点词汇讲解，学习 1.blessing: n好事；动词：bless: v 祝福，保佑 如：1). The rain will be a blessing for the farmers. 2). May God bless you with a long life! https://www.doczj.com/doc/8d10212177.html,plain: v 抱怨，埋怨；名词：complaint 如：1). I’m going to complain to the manager about this. 2). The most common complaint is about poor service. https://www.doczj.com/doc/8d10212177.html,mitted: adj 尽心尽力的，坚定的；动词：commit犯罪，做错事；承诺，使…承担义务如：1). I have never committed any crime. 2). I would like to commit myself to teaching all my life. 3). She is a committed policewoman. 4.remind: v提醒; reminder: n 提醒物 如：Will you please remind me of his name? 5.victim: n 受害者，牺牲品 如：He said the female victim was his girlfriend。 6.terrorism: n 恐怖主义；terrorist: 恐怖分子 7.depression: n 萧条，不景气，萎靡不振，沮丧。 如：1). She suffered from severe depression after losing her job. 2). He never forgot the hardships he witnessed during the Great Depression （经
Unit 1 The Power of Language Text A Pre-reading Questions 1.Do you usually challenge the idea an author represents? What do you think is active reading? 2.What suggestions do you expect the author will give on reading critically? Critical Reading Critical reading applies to non-fiction writing in which the author puts forth a position or seeks to make a statement. Critical reading is active reading. It involves more than just understanding what an author is saying. Critical reading involves questioning and evaluating what the author is saying ,and forming your own opinions about what the author is saying. Here are the things you should do to be a critical reader. 批判性阅读 批判性阅读适合于那种作者提出一个观点或试图陈述一个说法的纪实类写作。批判性阅读是积极阅读。它不仅仅包括理解作者说了些什么，还包括质疑和评价作者的话，并对此形成自己的观点。成为一名批判性阅读者需要做到以下几点。 Consider the context of what is written. You may be reading something that was written by an author from a different cultural context than yours. Or, you may be reading something written some time ago in a different time context than yours. In either case, you must recognize and take into account any differences between your values and attitudes and those represented by the author. 考虑写作背景。你所读的可能是与你有不同文化背景的人所写的，或者是与你有不同时代背景的人多年以前所写的。无论哪种情况，你都必须注意并考虑你的价值观和态度与作者所代表的价值观和态度有何不同。 Question assertion s made by the author. Don’t accept what is written at face value. Before accepting what is written, be certain that the author provides sufficient support for any assertions made. Look for facts, examples, and statistics that provide support. Also, look to see if
2018年4月高等教育自学考试全国统一命题考试 英语(二) 试卷 (课程代码 00015) 满分l00分，考试时间l50分钟。 考生答题注意事项： 1．本卷所有试题必须在答题卡上作答。答在试卷上无效，试卷空白处和背面均可作草稿纸。2．第一部分为选择题。必须对应试卷上的题号使用2B铅笔将“答题卡”的相应代码涂黑。3．第二部分为非选择题。必须注明大、小题号，使用0．5毫米黑色字迹签字笔作答。4．合理安排答题空间，超出答题区域无效。 选择题区 第一部分：阅读判断(第1～l0题，每题l分，共10分) 下面的短文后列出了l0个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子作出判断：如果该旬提供的是正确信息，选择A；如果该句提供的是错误信息，选择B；如果该旬的信息文中没有提及，选择C。在答题卡相应位置上将答案选项涂黑。 Life on the Farm Life on a farm is always changing. New technologies and a rising interest in healthier and organic eating have had a huge impact on how farms do business. At the same time, a growing population has put more demands on farmers. They need to find ways to increase their production levels. The small family farms that used to produce most of the products have been largely replaced by factory farms. Small family farms that are still operating are struggling to keep up. Technology has made most aspects of farm life easier than it has ever been before. Bigger and more efficient equipment makes work such as plowing up fields and sowing the seeds easier. Such tasks used to take two or three times as long. These advances have allowed farmers to work faster and more efficiently than ever before. In addition to newer technology, factory farms produce more products for less money than traditional farming would require. Modern farm life, despite the introduction of new technologies, has not changed much from what has always been. Farmers still wake up early, and spend their days doing hard work. There are animals to feed, cows to be milked, and fields to be plowed. Farm still requires a lot of hard work and sacrifice. The main change in modern farm life is still in the way farms are run. It is common for even small farms to have several hired workers and even an animal manager. Family-run farms are becoming rarer. Factory farms, with other larger farm corporations, are becoming the norm. Although there are still many traditional family farms, they are quickly dying as modern practices change farm life forever. 1.Factory farms now produce most of the products A.True B. False C. Not given 2.Farmers prefer to grow healthy and organic food. A.True B. False C. Not given
00015英语二 重点语法（结合考题讲解） 综合英语（二）常考的语法为：名词单数变复数，定语从句，虚拟语气，反意疑问句，非谓语动词，时态，名词性从句，形容词副词的比较级，主谓一致，倒装等等。下面我们把这些语法项目进行详细的有重点的讲解。 名词 1. 大多数集体名词可作单数，也可作复数，如：army ，audience ，class ，committee ，crew ( 全体船员，乘务员) ，crowd ，faculty ，family ，government ，group ，orchestra ，team ，union 等。强调整体时谓语动词用单数，强调个体时谓语动词用复数。如： The government is paying close attention to economic development. The government are having a heated discussion on this matter. 2.有些名词形式为复数，却用作单数，如:electronics( 电子学) ，mathematics( 数学) ，optics( 光学) ，politics ，statistics( 统计学), economics （经济学）, physics 等。例如: Linguistics is a difficult subject to study. 3. 名词作定语时，除了man和woman要和中心词一起变成复数之外，其它修饰词不能变成复数。例如 a woman teacher ---- two women teachers a man doctor ---- two men doctors a girl student ---- five girl students a boy student ----six boy students 4. 复合名词的复数只把其中所包含的主体名词变成复数。如: looker(s)-on ，runner(s)-up ， sister(s)-in-law ，editor(s)-in-chief ， passer(s)-by ，grand-child(ren) ， shoe lace(s) ，blood type(s) 等。 5. 如果没有主体名词，就在最后一个词上加复数词尾。如: go-between(s) ，drawback(s), grown-ups “Of+抽象名词”相当于形容词 Of interest----interesting Of importance---important Of value---valuable Of necessity---necessary Of possibility---possible Of great importance--- greatly important/very important Of no value---valueless 切记invaluable=priceless
00015英语二课文精讲讲义（6） Unit 6 The Value of Money(金钱的价值) 一提到“金钱”，我的脑海中马上会浮现出很多有关金钱的英语谚语，如： Money is not everying, but without money, everying is nothing. 钱不是万能的，但是没有钱是万万不能的。 Money makes the mare to go.有钱能使鬼推磨 诸如此类的等等，可见金钱对于人们的重要，该如何花钱才最明智呢？ Text A Teaching Children to Spend Pocket Money Wisely(教给孩子如何明智地使用零花钱) 短文共6个段落，领读课文和单词！ 一：本课重点词汇讲解，学习 1.allocate: v分配；名词：allocation 如：I can never think quickly to allocate my time properly. 2. formation: n 组成，形成；动词：form；若当做名词是形式的意思。 如：1). This article has analyzed the formation of crime psychology theoretically. 2).Children should form good habits from the very beginning. 3.opt: v选择，名词：option 如：1).Opt for a walk in an air - conditioned mall on hot, humid days 2).You will have to pay them; you have no option. 4.constraint: n 限制，限定；动词constrain 如：The boy felt constraint in her presence. 5.budget: n预算；v谨慎花钱； 如：It is essential to balance one's budget. 6.indulge: v沉迷于...overindulge: v 过多地享用；形容词：indulgent；放纵的，纵容的；名词：indulgence 如：1). He had been a strict father but was indulgent to his grandchildren. 2). I never indulge children with plenty of pocket money. 7.short-sighted: adj 目光短浅的，近视的；far-sighted有远见的，慎重的，远视的 如：1).Only a short - sighted man will lose sight of the importance of education. 2). the most far-sighted of politicians (最有远见的政治家) 8.mentality:n心态，心理；同根词mental: adj精神的
2018年10月高等教育自学考试全国统一命题考试 英语(二) 试卷 (课程代码00015) 本试卷共8页。满分l00分，考试时间l50分钟。 考生答题注意事项： 1.本卷所有试题必须在答题卡上作答。答在试卷上无效，试卷空白处和背面均可作草稿纸。 2.第一、二部分在“选择题答题区”作答。必须对应试卷上的题号使用2B铅笔将“答题卡的相应代码涂黑。 3.第三一七部分在“非选择题更真题资料请咨询Q或微信28225803答题区”作答。必须注明大、小题号，使用0．5毫米黑色字迹签字笔作答。 4．合理安排答题空间，超出答题区域无效。 第一部分：阅读判断(第l～l0题，每题l分，共10分) 下面的短文后列出了10个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子作出判断：如果 该句提供的是正确信息，选择A；如果该旬提供的是错误信息，选择B；如果该句的信息文中没有提及，选择C。在答题卡相应位置上将答案选项涂黑。
第二部分：阅渎选择(第11～15题，每题2分，共l0分) 阅渎下面短文，请从短文后所给各题的4个选项(A、B、C、D)中选出1个最佳选项，并在答题卡相应位置上将该项涂黑。
第三部分：概括段落大意和补全句子(第16～25题，每题l分，共10分) 阅读下面短文，请完成短文后的2项测试任务：(1)从第l6～20题后所给的6个选项中为第1～5段每段选择1个正确的小标题；(2)从第21～25题后所给的6个选项中选择5个正确选项，分别完成每个句子。请将正确选项的字母写在答题卡上。
第四部分：填句补文(第26～30题，每题2分，共10分) 下面的短文有5处空自，短文后有6个句子，其中5个取自短文，请根据短文内容将其分别放回原有位置，以恢复文章原貌，请将正确选项的字母写在答题卡上。
全国4月自考00015英语二试题及答案解析完整版
4月高等教育自学考试全国统一命题考试 英语（二）试题 （课程代码：00015） 第一部分：阅读判断题（每题1分，共10分） 下面的短文后列出了10个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断：如果该句提供的是正确信 息，选择A；如果该句提供的是错误信息，选择B；如果该句的信息文中没有提及，选择C。 Running: Sport or Way of Life? You go through the channels several times and find that once again there's nothing on TV that interests you. Not a problem! Just put on some running shoes and comfortable clothes and go for a run. One of the best things about the sport of running is that you don't need expensive equipment. All you need is a good pair of running shoes and a safe environment. But don't be fooled into thinking the sport of running is easy, It requires discipline and concentration. Running is good for you both physically and mentally. It strengthens your heart, lungs, and muscles? It makes you more aware of your body. Running also improves your body so that you don't get sick as easily. It can even help you to stay more focused in school because exercise helps you to think more clearly. How do you get engaged in the sport if you don't know much about it? Most schools offer running programs. A simple internet search can help some in your find area. Then programs show you how running can offer competition or just be for fun. They also teach runners to set practical goals and take care of their bodies. Runners have great respect for each other because they know how difficult the sport can be. If you go to a race, you'll see people cheering for all the runners. Running isn't al ways about how fast you are or how far you're going. It's about getting out there and doing it. Participation is more important than competition, and effort is recognized over talent. If you're looking for more than just a sport, running may be the perfect choice for you 1. You may find it interesting in go for A run. A. True B. False C. Not Given 2. The sport of running is easy.
Unit 1 Text A How Difficult Is English? 英语有多难 Like the national push for Asian literacy in Australia，there has been foreign languages fervor in China，with English on top of the list. English is not only taught at schools，colleges and universities，but also at evening classes，on radio and TV．Parents hire private tutors for their school children；adult English learners would sacrifice the weekend at an English corner in a public park practicing their spoken English with peop1e of the same interest and determination .Is English such a difficult language that it really demands people to invest a large amount of time and energy before it is mastered ? The answer，if I am asked to offer，is undoubtedly，yes. 就如澳大利亚在全国推行学亚洲语言一样，中国也掀起一股外语热，在这股热潮中，英语高居榜首.不仅各级学校教英语，夜校、电台、电视台也都设有英语课程。父母为学龄的孩子聘请英语家教，成年英语学习者会牺牲周末休息日，到公园参加英语角，与志趣相投的英语学习者练习口语。英语真的有这么难，需要人们投入大量的时间和精力才能掌握吗? 如果我被问及这个问题，那么毫无疑问，我的答案是：是的。 From my personal experience, I think learning English means far more than learning its pronunciation，its grammatical rules，its words，etc．It involves learning everything about the countries where it is used and the people who use it．Without such a complete understanding of the language, the English a foreigner speaks will inevitably sound strange or even unintelligible though there is not anything wrong with his pronunciation，sentence structure and the words he uses． 从我个人的经验来看，英语学习不仅仅是学习英语发音、语法规则、词汇等，它包括学习与使用该语言的国家和民族有关的所有内容。对英语没有这样全面的理解，即使发音、句子结构、措辞毫无错误，一个外国人所讲的英语也难免听起来稀奇古怪甚至难以理解。 The social customs and habits of the English-speaking people contribute a lot to the difficulty a foreigner has in learning it．Take the Chinese English learners for example．" Hello "and "Good morning" may sound a little bit simple to Chinese people．It is totally beyond the understanding of a Chinese English learner that native English speakers would be annoyed when they're addressed "Where are you going?"，which is a commonly used addressing among the Chinese．Is there anything wrong with the English sentence structure ? Of course not．It takes quite some time for a Chinese English learner to understand the western concept of privacy being violated in this address. By the same token，"Have you eaten?"(which is another addressing term the Chinese people usually use)will sound to native English speakers that the Chinese are so hospitable that they invite people to meals off-handedly. Meanwhile，the Chinese would be shocked to hear，"Oh，it's very nice of you．When?"，if the addressee happens to have a craving for Chinese cooking and has not had his dinner yet. 讲英语民族者的社会风俗习惯增加了外国人学习英语的难度。以学英语的中国人为例，"你好"和"早上好"是非常简单的。"你去哪儿?"是中国人常用的问候语，若英语母语者被问及"你去哪儿?"，他们会因此感到不悦，这一点让中国的英语学习者大为不解。这个英语句子结构不对吗? 当然不是。学英语的中国人得费点儿时间才能理解这一问候语侵犯了西方人的隐私。同样，英语母语者听到"你吃了吗?"(中国人常用的另外一个问候语)，会觉得中国人非常好客，会在事先毫无准备的情况下请人吃饭。如果听话者此刻正希望品尝一下中国美食，又碰巧没有吃饭，他会回答"太好了，什么时候?"，中国人为此也会大吃一惊。 "We can say we are going to have chicken for dinner．Why can't we say pig，bull or sheep for dinner instead of pork，beef or mutton?" Chinese English learners may raise such questions．Figuring out the reasons for the peculiar English vocabulary is no easy task for Chinese English learners．But the problem is that memorizing English words mechanically would be devastating and inefficient if they did not know what had happened in British history．Thus learning English(and other languages as well)involves learning the history of the countries where it is spoken．A task of this kind is more difficult for Chinese English learners than for people who speak a western language other than English because Chinese has nothing in common with the alphabetic English and China had little contact with the Western world in modern history．Consequently， the background knowledge of English fascinates large numbers of interested and determined English learners in China but at the same time disheartens quite a few． 中国的英语学习者可能会这样问："我 们可以说吃鸡，为什么不能说吃猪、 吃牛、吃羊，而要说吃猪肉、牛肉、 羊肉呢?"对学习英语的中国人来说，为 这些特殊的英语词汇找出理由并非易 事。问题在于如果不懂英国历史，死 记硬背英语单词毫无效率。所以说， 学英语(其他语言亦如此)还包括学习 使用该语言国家的历史知识。学习英 语的中国人要做到这一点比其他非英 语国家的西方人要困难得多，因为汉 字和英语这种拼音文字毫无共同之 处，并且中国和西方世界在近代史上 很少接触。所以，在中国，英语背景 知识既吸引了大量英语爱好者，也使 许多人丧失信心。 The Western and Oriental values are found to be in confrontation in learning English．Native English speakers may complain about Chinese confusion when using "he" and "she"，for the two words sound the same，though，different in written forms in Chinese．As a result， some native English speakers conclude that the Chinese are unable to tell the difference between the two sexes．But native English speakers are more gender blind than the Chinese when they mention their cousins．The confusion caused by the confrontation of Western and Chinese values，to a certain extent， affects the Chinese English learner's comprehension of what he／she reads and hears．Only by developing an understanding and tolerance（忍受）of different cultural values can a Chinese English learner reach the goal of communicating with native English speakers． 英语学习中，东西方的价值观念是相 互冲突的。英语母语的人会混淆汉语 中"他""她"的用法，因为这两个字尽管 字形不同，读音却相同，他们因此常 常抱怨。结果有些英语母语的人得出 结论，认为中国人不区分两种性别。 但是在涉及表亲的时候，英语母语的 人更是混淆性别。东西方价值观的冲 突造成的语言上的混淆，在一定程度 上影响学习英语的中国人对自己所读 或所听到的内容的理解.学习英语的中 国人只有增加不同文化价值观之间的 理解和宽容，才能达到与英语母语者 交流的目标。 A Chinese English learner could not have a good command of Eng1ish unless he overcomes the cultural barriers(not all，of course!)in learning English．Many Chinese translate what they think about in Chinese into English when they talk or write．This kind of English inevitably affects the fluency and flow of speech， the amount of information conveyed， and，above all，the quality of communication． 学习英语的中国人，只有在学习英语 的过程中克服文化障碍才能很好地掌 握英语。(当然不可能是克服全部文化 障碍!) 很多中国人说话或写作的时 候，将自己汉语思维的内容翻译成英 语，这势必会影响英语表达的流畅、 传达的信息量，最重要的是，影响交 流的质量。 The above is，not wholly，how difficult English is．Some native speakers might have said，"You foreigners don't use good English! " at the time a foreigner fails to understand what he is saying．"Why should l?"1 would protest，though．Still，I have to keep asking myself：Is it possible for a foreigner to command English? 尽管不完全，以上就是学习英语的困 难。英语母语者被外国人误解的时候 可能会说："你们外国人不懂地道的英 语!" 我要反驳："我们为什么要懂?"我还要 问：一个外国人可能精通英语吗? Text B Learning a Language 学 语言 Most students would like to know how to learn a 1anguage more easily. Most linguists and language teachers would also like to know this．Linguists are working on this problem in two ways．First，they are trying to understand how children learn to speak and understand their native language. They are also trying to learn how people learn a second language． 大部分学生都想知道如何能够轻松地 学好一门语言，大部分语言学家和语 言教师也想弄清楚这个问题。语言学 家从两个方面研究这个问题。一方面， 他们致力于弄清楚儿童是如何学会母 语、理解母语的。另一方面致力于研 究人是如何学习第二语言的。 Linguists are not sure how children learn to speak．Some linguists think that children are born with an ability to learn and use a 1anguage．This does not mean that they come into the world knowing their native language. It means that， along with many other things，they are born with the ability to learn their native language. With just a little exposure to the language，and a little help from their parents，they are able to learn to speak．Another group of linguists does not think this is correct． 语言学家并不确定儿童是如何学说话 的。一些语言学家认为儿童生来就有 学习和使用语言的能力。这并不是指 一个人的母语是与生俱来的；而是指 一个人生来具有学习其母语的能力， 这种能力与人在其他方面表现出来的 能力是相同的。孩子只要与要学习的 语言有一定接触，在父母的些许帮助 下就能够学会说话。另外一派语言学 家则对此持有异议。 This second group of linguists thinks that children learn to use a 1anguage from their parents．They believe that parents teach their children to produce sounds and words in their language．When children know some words，their parents will begin to teach them to say sentences．These linguists do not think that parents teach their children in the same way that adults are taught a second language．Instead， parents probably teach their children by talking to them and correcting their use of 1anguage. These linguists feel that children learn their language mainly from the environment . In this case，the environment is their family and their home. As you see，the first group of linguists disagrees． 持反对意见的语言学家认为儿童是跟 着父母学会使用语言的。他们认为父 母首先教孩子发声、吐字。当孩子掌 握一定词汇以后，父母就开始教他们 如何组织句子。但是他们认为，父母 教孩子的方式不同于教成年人学习第 二语言的方法。相反，父母是通过与 孩子交谈并纠正他们的语言错误来教 孩子说话的。这一派语言学家认为， 儿童主要通过语言环境学会使用语言 的。这种情况下，语言环境是家庭和 生活环境。可以看出，第一派语言学 家对此并不赞同。 There are some other theories about how children learn a language．Many people are studying the process of language learning by children．This work is being done in many countries．Linguists are not the only people who are interested in this process．Many psychologists，doctors， and parents are also interested．People who teach foreign languages are interested, too． 关于儿童如何学习语言还有一些其他 理论。许多国家中有很多人正着手研 究儿童学习语言的过程。不仅语言学 家，许多心理学家、医生和父母都对 儿童的语言学习过程感兴趣。外语教 师也对这一过程很感兴趣。 Foreign language teachers are interested in how children learn to speak their native language for a very important reason．If they knew how children learn their native language，perhaps they would have an easy way to teach adults， as well as children, a second language．This is a very interesting idea．Some foreign language teachers believe that adults learn a second language the same way children learn their native language . These teachers try to make their students' learning similar to that of children．These teachers speak only the foreign language in the classroom．They will not talk to students in the native language．They try to expose them to as much of the spoken foreign language as possible．They do not teach them any rules for using the language．Most parents don't teach their children rules for language usage，either. They simply tell them how to say something correctly．Foreign language teachers using this spoken language method do the same thing. For some students，this method is successful．They learn to speak quickly and easily．They seem to enjoy using the language，and they do not pay much attention to whether they use exactly the right rules for what they say．Some students, however，cannot learn a language this way．Linguists are trying to find another way to teach them a language． 外语教师对儿童如何学说母语感兴 趣，有其很重要的原因。他们如果知 道儿童如何学习母语，就可能找到一 种简便的方法教儿童和成年人学习第 二语言。这是一种非常有意思的想法。 有些外语教师认为成年人学习第二语 言的过程和儿童学习母语的过程是相 同的。这部分外语教师模仿儿童学习 语言的过程组织教学：课堂上只讲外 语，不与学生讲母语。他们使学生尽 可能多地接触所学外语的口语形式， 不教学生语言使用的规则。外语教师 采用这种口语教法是因为大多数父母 在教孩子说话的时候也不教孩子语言 使用规则，而只是告诉孩子怎样讲话 是正确的。对一些学生来说，这种方 法是成功的，他们能够轻而易举地、 很快地学会所学的语言。他们似乎很 喜欢去用所学的语言，并不很在意是 否使用了正确的语言规则。另外一些 学生则不适合这种方法，语言学家着 手寻找一种适合他们的教学方法。 A second method，the rule-learning method，sometimes works better with these students．Some linguists believe that learning a foreign language is different from learning to speak one's native language．They feel that students must learn the rules for using the language by memorizing them and must practice saying things in the language and using the rules correctly．These linguists try to teach students the rules of the language they want to learn．Then they give them many sentences in the language to say over and over again．The students are encouraged to make up new sentences， using the rules that they have learned and the words that they know． 另外一种方法--语言规则学习法--更适 合这部分学生。一些语言学家认为学 习外语不同于学习母语。学生必须通 过记忆来学习语言使用规则，必须练 习使用这种语言，练习正确地使用这 些规则。语言教师首先教学生要学的 语法规则，再给学生一些例句让他们 反复练习，同时鼓励学生使用所学过 的语法规则和他们所掌握的词造句。 Some students are very successful with this second, rule-learning method．They learn the language quite quickly and can use it well. They know the rules for using the language and can speak the language and understand it，too．For many students, this is the best way to learn a foreign language．For some students, both of these methods may work. Sometimes teachers use a combination of these methods in class， hoping that everyone will be able to learn the language with one method or the other. Some people can go to a country and "pick up" the language simply from hearing it and trying to communicate in it．These people are rare． 一些学生使用这种语法规则学习法效 果非常好，他们学得很快，用得也好。 他们掌握了语言使用规则，能够使用 所学的语言，也能够理解别人的话。 对一些学生来说，这是学外语最好的 方法。对另外一些学生来说，两种方 法都行之有效。有时候，老师在课堂 上将两种方法结合起来用，目的是让 每个学生都能受益。有些人能够到国 外通过倾听，与人交流等手段自然而 然的学会那个国家的语言。但这毕竟 是少数人。 Most people try to learn a language by taking classes and studying it in some way. Most teachers will try different ways to help students learn a language quickly and easily．Linguists and psychologists are trying to understand how people learn and use a language．Perhaps language 1earning will be easier when they have a clear understanding of how people learn and use a language． 大多数人还是通过课堂或者其他方式 来学语言的。大多数老师也通过不同 的教法来帮助学生轻松快速的学会一 门语言。语言学家和心理学家正致力 于弄清楚人是如何学会并使用语言 的。也许在解决了这个问题之后，语 言学习会变得容易一些。 Unit 2 Text A Caught Between Two Cultures 夹在两种文化之间 I was born and raised in Hong Kong. For the past six years I’ve been living in the United States．I work as a salesgirl in a large department store. Right now I’m going through a difficult period of my life which is hard for me to talk about． 我是土生土长的香港人。六年来一直 生活在美国，是一家大百货商店的女 售货员。目前我正经历人生中一段痛 苦，自己也很难讲述。 A few months ago 1 went to Hong Kong for a visit．It was the first time I’d gone back there since coming to the United States．I was eager to see my parents， my brothers and sisters，and my friends． 几个月前，我回香港探亲，这也是我 到美国后第一次回家探亲。我期待着 见到我的父母、兄弟姐妹和我的朋友。 I really got a shock when I arrived．Hong Kong was not the same city that I left six years ago．Things had changed so much that I didn’t recognize parts of it．My elementary school was gone．The houses on the street where I used to live had been torn down and replaced by office buildings． 到达时，我确实大吃一惊。香港已经 不是六年前我离开时的那座城市了。 这儿发生了巨大的变化，一些地方都 认不出来了。我读书的那所小学已经 不复存在。曾经住过的那条街上的房 子已被拆掉，代之而起的是办公大楼。 The shock from the physical changes in the city，however，was nothing compared to the confusion and hurt I soon began to feel in my parents’ home．My family greeted me warmly when I arrived．While my mother was busy preparing a special dinner in my honor，the rest of the family eagerly asked me questions about my life in the United States．I felt happy that day and for a couple of days after，but then I began to feel that something was wrong．I noticed that my family， especially my mother, would sometimes glance at me in a strange way when I was speaking．They gradually became less warm and friendly toward me，and I became uncomfortable and confused as to（至于）why they were behaving that way. 但是，我到了父母亲家里不久，就发 现了一些令我想不通的问题，情感上 也受到了挫伤。与之相比，香港外观 上的变化给我的震惊算不得什么。我 的家人热情地迎接我回家。我母亲忙 着备饭为我接风，家里其余的人迫不 及待地问我在美国的生活。那天和之 后的几天我都非常高兴, 但是不久我 就开始感觉到事情有些不对劲儿。我 注意到，在我讲话的时候，我的家人， 尤其是我母亲，会以一种奇怪的目光 看我。渐渐地，大家对我疏远起来， 不像开始时那么热情、友好了, 我感到 不舒服，弄不明白他们为什么这样对 待我。 I decided to talk to my mother．She asked me，“Have you forgotten your Chinese way ?”I asked her what she meant．She said．“You’ve forgotten the place of women in a Chinese home．You talk when you should remain silent．You speak on matters that are of concern only to men．You speak openly of your inner feelings and desires．That’s not the way of a Chinese woman．We keep our thoughts and feelings to ourselves．” 我决定和母亲谈一谈。她问我：“你忘 了中国的规矩了吗?”我问她指的是什 么。她回答说：“你忘了中国家庭里女 人的地位了。应该保持沉默的时候， 你却在讲话。你就那些只与男人有关 的事情发表见解。你直言不讳你的内 心感受和愿望，这不是中国女人的做 法。我们的想法和感情都不说出来。” As my mother spoke，I realized what had happened to me．American including American women，are much freer in expressing their thoughts and feelings．Also American women feel as free as men to speak or give an opinion about any subject．They don’t take a silent back seat during a discussion．I guessed that through my association with Americans during the past six years，，I had gradually adopted some of their ways． 听着母亲这样讲，我意识到了是怎么 回事。美国人，包括美国女性，都非 常自由地表达自己的思想和感情。美 国男女一样，对任何问题都自由地发 表见解。在讨论中，她们不会做一个 沉默的旁观者。我想，过去六年和美 国人的交往中, 我渐渐学了他们的一 些做法。 During the next few days I tried to be a Chinese woman．But it didn’t work．My family remained distant from me．They could no longer accept me fully as one of them．I became more uncomfortable and hurt as things were said and done that made me feel that I was an outsider,a stranger in my own country． 接下来的几天，我尽力作一名中国女 性，可是没用。家人和我疏远。他们 无法完全把我当作自己人。身在家乡 却被视为外人，这使我更加不自在， 感觉受到了深深的伤害。 I cut my visit short by three weeks and came back to the United States．But coming back here didn’t lessen the confusion and pain．In fact，I feel more confused than before．I now feel homeless．I don’t feel like an American．Americans haven’t accepted me．The women I work with at the store are polite enough，but they don’t try to get close to me or let me get close to them．During the morning coffee break they make plans to have lunch together and go shopping．On Fridays they talk about the disco place they’re going to that night．My accent，my name，and 1