英语国家社会与文化入门(大学英语专业英美文化概况)unit 16

2.1复习笔记ernment1.The Constitution2.Parliament3.Election4.The Cabinet5.Public servants6.Reform7.The Ombudsman8.Local governmentⅡ.Education1.Early childhood education2.Primary schools and secondary schools3.The Correspondence School4.State schools and private schools5.Special needs education6.Universities and polytechnicsⅢ.Economy1.Agriculture2.Forestry and fishing3.Energy4.Overseas tradeernment（政府）1.The Constitution（宪法）(1)New Zealand has no written constitution.(2)The Constitution Act1986defines the relationship between the legislative, executive and judicial roles of government.(1)新西兰没有成文宪法。

(2)宪法法案1986规定了立法、行政以及司法三者政府职能之间的关系。

2.Parliament（议会）(1)The Head of State is the British monarch,represented in New Zealand by a Governor-General.The Governor-General’s agreement is required for an Act of Parliament to become law.(2)New Zealand is governed by an elected parliament,which has had a single chamber—the House of Representatives—since1950.(3)The functions of Parliament include passing laws,supervising the government’s administration and receiving petitions from citizens.(1)新西兰的国家元首是英国女王，总督是她在新西兰的代表。

美国UNIT 3 1。

What is an American? He is either a European, or the descendant of a European，hence that strange mixture of blood，which you will find in no other country。

He is an American，who leaving behind him all his ancient prejudices and manners, receives new ones from the new mode of life he has embraced，the new government he obeys，and the new rank he holds. .。

Here individuals of all nations are melted into a new race of men，whose labors and posterity will one day cause great changes in the world。

.。

The American is a new man，who acts new principles；he must therefore entertain new ideas，and form new opinions。

4 。

In what way did Puritanism influence American culture？A. Today, Puritans are no longer in existence. But their legacies are still felt in American society and culture。

For example，the Puritans hoped to build ”a city upon hill” an ideal community. Since that time, Americans have viewed their country as a great experiment，a worthy model for other nations. This sense of mission has been very strong in the minds of many Americans。

The largest ethical groups in Canada are English speaking Canadians (Anglophones) and French speaking Canadians (Francophones)
Other ethical groups include Chinese, South Asian, and Latin American communities
Canadian Ethnicity and Multiculturalism
Summary: Canada's vast natural landscape offers a range of outdoor activities for tourists and residents alike
American Pop Culture and Entertainment
Summary: American pop culture is known worldwide for its influence in music, film, television, and more
03
Canadian Society and Culture
Key Events
Some of the significant events in British history include the Industrial Revolution, World War II, and the transition to a post colonial power
Customs and Etiquette
Protocol and etiquette play a significant role in British culture, specifically in formal settings For instance, it is customary to meet royalty with a curtsey or a bow

• Early American film • the Hollywood studio era • the Star System in American film industry • American cinema in the age of globalization • Jazz and American national identity • Alan Freed and the beginning of rock ‘n’ roll • Bob Dylan as a transformative force in U.S. pop
• Hollywood, however, had fully recovered economically by the late 1930s and entered into an artistic golden age.
• Among the 1930s’ most notable actors were the child star Shirley Temple, and the most popular film of this period was Gone with the Wind in 1939.
• Meanwhile, many small film companies moved their studios to Los Angeles’ Hollywood.

I. The Early Years of American Films
Charlie Chaplin （1889-1977）
Greta Garbo （1905-1990）
• In 1928, the first all-talking picture, Lights of New York, was shown. With the talkies new directors, including King Vidor, Frank Capra, and John Ford, achieved prominence.

• There is a major contrast between the Dreaming and Protestantism.
• The Dreaming means that people do not own the land, but the land owns the people who have responsibilities of guardianship towards it.
I. Religion
• The British brought their form of Protestantism, Anglicanism, to its new colony, and this religious culture supported the values of the new Australian ruling class, the Military and Government leaders, the business owners and large scale agriculturalists of the 19th century. (Right: St John Baptist Church built in 1840s)
I. Religion
• Protestantism spread the idea that the people at the top of society, the wealthy and the powerful were successful because they were the ones doing God’s will. The majority of people in this new colony -- the convicts and the poorer free men and women were seen as being, not only lower in the social scale, but lower in the eyes of God. (Right: Convicts)

Political Parties and Elections
The courseware provides an overview of the major political parties, election processes, and the role of citizens in the political system.
American history
Summary
The courseware provides an overview of American history, starting from the early settlement of the country to the present day. It covers key events, people, and themes that have shaped the development of American society.
The American education system
Summary: This section of the courseware provides an overview of the American education system, including its structure, financing, and key educational policies.
03
Canadian Society and Culture
Canadian history
• Summary: The courseware provides an overview of the historical development of Canada, including the country's early settlement, the French and British colonial periods, and the establishment of the Dominion of Canada.

Political party
Liberal conservative party Liberal party Liberal conservative party Liberal conservative party
5
6 7
Mackenzie Bowell
Charles Tupper Wilfrid Laurier
Jean Chrétien
Jean Chrétien was the 20th Prime Minister of Canada. He served in the position for over ten years. Chrétien was strongly opposed to the Quebec sovereignty movement and supported official bilingualism and multiculturalism. He won a narrow victory as leader of the federalist camp in the 1995 Quebec Referendum, and then pioneered the Clarity Act to avoid ambiguity in future referendum questions. He also advanced the Youth Criminal Justice Act in Parliament.
Liberal party Progressive Conservative Party Liberal Party Liberal Party
List of Prime Minister of Canada
16 Joe Clart 1979 1980 Progressive Conservative Party

英国Unit 3 第6题What kind of institution(部门is the House of Lords（上议院）? What role dose it play in 部门) 部门（上议院）British government? A: It consists of the Lords Spiritual(神职议员)who are the Archbishops(大主教) and most prominent （杰出的、卓越的）bishops （主教）of the church of England ;and the Lords Temporal(世俗议员)，which refers to everyone else。

②They inherited(继承) the seat from their forefathers or been appointed by the sovereign （郡主、最高统治者）parliament 议会）they speak and vote .In （as individuals （个人）,not as representatives （代表）of the greater interests of the country. They do not receive salaries and many do not attend Parliament at all.unit5 3.What are the three main areas in national economies？Describe the development of each of the three areas in the UK economy. 答案National economies can be broken down into three main areas,”primary”industries, such as agriculture ,fishing, and mining,”second-ary”industries, which manufacture complex goods from those primary products ;and tertiary industries .often described as services,such as banking, insurance, tourism, and the selling of goods. Britain’s agricultural sector is small （producing 1.4%of the national wealth ）but efficient, producing 58% of the UK’s food needs with only 2%of its workforce.Three quarters of Britain’s land is used for agriculture. With about a quarter of that under crops-wheat and barley are the two commonest. The rest is grazing for animals, including cattle (both dariy and beef), The fishing industry provides 55%of the UK demand for fish Sconish ports land the majority of the fish caught. In the secondary sector of the economy. Manufacturing industry remains important, producing 22% of national wealth. British companies are are active in all major fields of manufacturing industry, but are particularly strong in pharmaceuticals(the British company Glaxo-Wellcrme is the biggest drug company in the world),chemicals([C]is the second largest paint manufacture in the world),aerospace overall the UK industry is third in （size in the world）and food drink (Scotch whisky being a major export). ）unit7 1. (1)What are the purposes of the British education system? (2)Please comment on these purposes. (3)What are the main purposes of the Chinese education system? (4)Are there any differences or similarities in the education of the two nations? 答：(1)The purpose of the British education system is to teach children practical skills and socialize them. (2)Children learn practical skills, and the rules and values they need to become good citizens, to participate in the community, and to contribute to the economic prosperity of an advanced industrial economy.(3)The purpose of the Chinese education is to provide children with literacy and the other basic skills they will need to become active members of society. (4) In china, people think school is just about teaching children what are often called” the three R’s---“reading, writing and ‘arithmetic”(reading, writing and arithmetic). 2. How does the British education reflect social class? British education reflect the deeper divisions in British society in which social class is still very important: class inequality can be erased or continued according to education policy. What’s more, the enduring feature o f British education is the continuing debate over how “equal” educational opportunity should be. In British, the accent you speak with, the clothes you wear, and the schools you attend are all markers that identify your social class. The school (or college)tie is a clear marker of social class. Even on informal occasions you will sometimes see men wearing their school ties as belts to hold up their trousers –proudly displaying their attendance at a certain school. In Britain, where you are educated is very important to you future.3 what are the major changes that have taken place since World war 2? Is British education moving towards more progress or more equality? Pick up some examples from the text toillustrate your points. Other major changes to the British education system were caused by world war Ⅱ。

• The legacy of the long gone British Empire and joining of the EU have changed Britain’s position in the world.
• The four constituent parts plus post-war immigration from the former colonies have rendered the UK a multiracial society.
• The UK maintains its links with its former colonies through the Commonwealth of Nations.
9
The European Union (EU) is a politico-economic union of 28 member states that are located primarily in Europe. The EU operates through a system of supranational institutions and intergovernmental negotiated decisions by the member states.
• Its largest city is the capital London, which is dominant in the UK in all fields: government, finance, and culture.
• British history has been a history of invasions: Romans, Anglo-Saxons, Vikings and the Normans.

二、考试要求
本课程考试形式为闭卷考试，成绩评估将
综合考虑学生课堂参与表现（20%）、作业 （30%）及期末考试（50%）。记分采用百 分制。
（注：凡旷课三次者，取消期末测试资格。） 。
三、摘 要：
从教学内容和教学方法与手段改革入手，就教 学计划、课程建设展开讨论，探讨了英语专业建设问 题；提出制定科学的专业教学总体计划是专业建设的 基础，课程建设是加强专业建设的根本保证，教材建 设是专业建设的必要保障，教学方法与教学手段的改 革是加强专业建设、提高教学效果和人才培养质量的 必由之路。
American Cultures)。 北京：外语教学与研究出
版社。
11．朱永涛（主编），《英语国家社会与文化入门》 （The Society and Culture of Major EnglishSpeakingCountries），北京：高等教育出版社，2001。
12．肖惠云（主编），《当代英国概况》(Contemporary British Culture and Society (Revised Edition))。 上海：上海 外语教育出版社，2003。
17．胡文仲，跨文化交际学概况，2002年，外语教学与 研究出版社
英文类
1. Bedell, George C. ect. Religion in America, Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc., New
York, 1956. 2. Dinnerstein, Leonard etc. Ethnic Americans: A History of Immigration and Assimilation, Harper & Row Publishers, 1982. 3. Hechinger, Fred and Grace, Education and Society in America, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1975. 4. Henretta, James A. America’s History, The Dorsey Press, 1987 5. Well, J. Gipson ed. Current Issues in marriage and the Family, 3rd. ed. Macmillan Publishing Company, 1983

英语国家社会与文化入门Introduction to Society and Culture in English-speaking CountriesEnglish-speaking countries, which include the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand, have diverse and rich societies and cultures. These countries share a common language, English, but each has unique social, cultural, and historical characteristics. This article will provide an introduction to the society and culture of these English-speaking countries.1. Language: English is the primary language in these countries, but there are variations in vocabulary, accent, and colloquial expressions. Each country has its own distinct dialect and slang, which contributes to the diversity of the English language.2. Education System: Education plays a crucial role in these countries, and they boast prestigious universities and educational institutions. Access to quality education is considered a fundamental right, and the education systems focus on developing critical thinking, creativity, and independent learning.3. Social Etiquette: Social etiquette varies in each country but generally focuses on politeness, respect for personal boundaries, and punctuality. For example, in the United States, it is common to greet people with a firm handshake and maintain eye contact, while in the United Kingdom, a polite nod or handshake is more common.4. Family Values: Family values differ across these countries, butthe concept of nuclear family is prevalent. Family gatherings and celebrations are important, and family members maintain close relationships. However, there is an increasing trend towards more independent lifestyles and individualism, especially in urban areas.5. Cuisine: The cuisine in English-speaking countries reflects their historical influences and multicultural societies. In the United Kingdom, traditional dishes include fish and chips, roast beef, and afternoon tea. The United States is known for its fast food culture, barbecues, and diverse food options influenced by various cultures. Australia and New Zealand are famous for their seafood, meat pies, and barbecues, while Canada offers a mix of traditional British and French cuisine.6. Sports: Sports play a significant role in the cultures of these countries. Football (soccer), rugby, cricket, and basketball are popular in the United Kingdom. The United States is known for American football, basketball, baseball, and ice hockey. Australia's passion lies in Australian rules football, cricket, and rugby, while Canada excels in ice hockey, lacrosse, and Canadian football.7. Arts and Entertainment: These countries have vibrant art scenes and are known for their contributions to literature, music, and film. British authors like William Shakespeare and Jane Austen have had a significant impact on English literature. Hollywood dominates the film industry, while the music scene in the United States has shaped popular music worldwide. Australia and New Zealand have produced internationally renowned actors, musicians, and writers.8. Festivals and Celebrations: Each country has its own national and cultural festivals and celebrations. In the United Kingdom, notable events include Bonfire Night, Christmas, and the Changing of the Guard at Buckingham Palace. The United States celebrates Thanksgiving, Independence Day, and Halloween, among others. Australia and New Zealand celebrate ANZAC Day, Australia Day, Waitangi Day, and various multicultural festivals. Canada observes Canada Day and celebrates cultural festivities like the Calgary Stampede.These are just a few facets of the society and culture in English-speaking countries. Exploring these countries in depth would reveal even more fascinating aspects of their history, traditions, and contemporary influences.。

Political partys
• • • • Democratic party: Donkey,more liberal party The republic party: Elephant,more conservative
• 美国民主党（DemocraticParty）是美国当代的两大主要 政党之一，虽然“民主党”这个名称是在安德鲁· 杰克逊 （1829-1837）总统任期间所采用的，但它的起源最早可 以追溯至托马斯· 杰斐逊于1792年创立的民主-共和党，使 它成为世界上最古老的政党。自从威廉· 詹宁斯· 布莱恩在 1896年掌控民主党以来，民主党在经济议题上的立场开始 比共和党更为左倾。自从1932年以来，富兰克林· 德拉 诺· 罗斯福将他所提出的新政称为“自由主义”，成为了 之后民主党的主要政策走向。民主党以新政结合的政策主 导了美国政府一直到1964年左右，民主党也支持了1960 年代的民权运动。1960年代的越战则在民主党内部引发了 对国外军事干预的立场分歧，这种分歧并且一直持续至21 世纪。自从1990年代以来，总统比尔克林顿转变了民主党 的政策走向，民主党的意识形态色彩逐渐淡化、并在美国 政治光谱上倾向中间派立场，试图以此吸引更多理念倾向 共和党的选民。
Legislative branch
• • • • The house of representatives The senate The duty of congress:make laws Bill~lobbies
• 美国最高立法机关，由参议院和众议院 组成，国会行使立法权。议案一般经过 提出、委员会审议、全院大会审议等程 序；一院通过后，送交另一院，依次经 过同样的程序，法案经两院通过后交总 统签署；若总统不否决，或虽否决但经 两院2／3议员重新通过，即正式成为法 律；国会还拥有宪法所规定的其他权力， 如对外宣战权、修改宪法权等；两院均 设有许多委员会，还设有由两院议员共 同组成的联席委员会，国会工作大多在 各委员会中进行；委员会分为: ①常设 委员会②特别调查委员会③联席委员会 ④调解委员会

人权情况 • 绝大部分美国人认为美国是自由的国家，也认为美国已经 建立了一个为人权和民权提供保护的法律传统。美国开国 元勋在制订宪法时就认为限制政府的权力是保证人民的自 由的必要措施。权利法案的目的就是保护公民不受联邦政 府侵犯。其中最著名的第一修正案的目标是保护言论自由、 出版自由、宗教自由和其他的权利。其他的修正案保护公 民受审判团审判的权利、不受无证件的搜查和扣押的权利 等等各个方面。 • 西方世界各国普遍把美国看作人权领袖的模范，并认为上 面文件所列举出来的权利是世界上人权中最重要的。
Alternative to the ―melting pot ‖as national self-image
• • • • • • Doom to lose Muticultural Saladbowl-decay mosaic Kaleidoscope vacuum
A 21st-century metaphor for american life
One-line stereotypes about the USA
• • • • • • Stereotype All Americans are rich American society is violent American families are in disarray Americana are all religious Americans are optimistic
• • • • • • • • • • • • •
社会阶层 2004年美国社会学家 Leonard Beeghley 调查出的五类美国社会阶层分布如下[61]，收 入单位都是美元： 位于加州圣何塞郊区的一片中产家庭聚集区 高收入家庭占5%——家庭净财富在100万以上，普遍具有大学以上文化；

英语国家社会与文化入门前言：在综合英语中，以往英美文化概况占40分，在2014年占到30分。

2010年地理、历史、政治、社会生活、文学、科技都涉及到了，偏重的话没有，几乎分值差不多。

从近五年（2009年至2014年）来看，这部分比跟专八难一些，而且题型不同。

英美概况就把课文中的重点提取出来，加上课后习题，就已经够了。

但是鉴于近年来这部分的考到课外的也比较多，所以建议在看外给定的参考书之外，也买《星火专八人文知识》那本来看看，并做完里面的练习，因为2012年有些选择题是从里面原题出的。

首先我们先来看看近四年来英美概况部分的题型。

2009年—2014年英美概况题型—————————————————————————————————————2009年：判断，填空，作家与作品连线2010年：填空，作家与作品连线，简答题2011年：选择题，填空，简答题2012年：选择题，填空，简答题2013年：填空题，判断，问答题2014年：填空题，判断，问答题—————————————————————————————————————从上表可以看出，近几年来该部分的题型还是一直有在变化，但是不变的是考点，把考点记住了，随便你怎么考。

你看课后习题，出题点就是本文的重点了。

其实你要好好看课后习题，把每一题的知识点都要把握住，特别是做错的题。

好，接下来我们来看看这份弥足珍贵的英美概况笔记：该笔记完全按照《英语国家社会与文化》（第三版）（朱永涛著）上下两册书编写的。

这两本书也是华南师范大学外国语言文化学院研究生入学考试指定的参考书之一。

因此，为了考个好分数，这两本书不得不看，而且不得不讲效率地看。

该笔记一共40个章节，但不是与课本设置的章节一一对应：—————————————————————————————————————课本：上册Chapter 1-20 （英国、爱尔兰、澳大利亚）下册Chapter 1-20 （新西兰、美国、加拿大）笔记：Chapter 1-12（美国）Chapter 13-24（英国）Chapter 25-28 （澳大利亚）Chapter 29-30（新西兰）Chapter 31-36（加拿大）Chapter 37-40（爱尔兰）—————————————————————————————————————笔记的章节之所以这样设置是有道理的，把美国与英国放在前面是因为这两个国家是重考点出现最频繁的国家，俗话说“一年之计在于春，一天之计在于晨”，不过这跟本文没有任何联系。

• 1.此刻打盹，你将做梦；而此刻学习，你将圆梦。 2.我荒废的今日，正是昨日殒身之人祈求的明日。 3.觉得为时已晚的时候，恰恰是最早的时候。 4.勿将今日之事拖到明日。 5.学习时的苦痛是暂时的，未学到的痛苦是终生 的。 6.学习这件事，不是缺乏时间，而是缺乏努力。 7.幸福或许不排名次，但成功必排名次。 8.学习并不是人生的全部。但，既然连人生的一 部分——学习 也无法征服， 还能做什么呢？ 9.请享受无法回避的痛苦。 10.只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成 功的滋味。
Education for all
• In 1994 :GI Bill of Rights~Financial aid – soldiers • A few years later • Women & black • The end of 1960s:Affirmative action programs • 1970s • success
•
美国的高等教育大致分为研究生课程和 本科课程。其中，研究生课程又分为学术 性较强的学术研究生院(Graduate School) 和职业研究生院(Professional School)两大 类。 • 美国的大学一般采用学期制(Semester)和季 度制(Quarter)。学期是自该年的8月底至来 年的5月20日左右的这段时间，以圣诞节至 1月15日左右的假期为届，分为秋学期和春 学期2个学期，每学期17-18周。季度制是 将一年分成4个阶段，夏季学期主要是暑假 时间或组织暑期补习班，每学期11周左右。 约有70%的大学采用学期制。
• 11.谁也不能随随便便成功，它来自彻底的 自我管理和毅力。 12.时间在流逝。 13.现在淌的哈喇子，将成为明天的眼泪。 14.狗一样地学，绅士一样地玩。 15.今天不走，明天要跑。 16.投资未来的人是，忠于现实的人。 17.教育程度代表收入。 18.一天过完，不会再来。 19.即使现在，对手也不停地翻动书页。 20.没有艰辛，便无所获。

At the peak of its power, it was often said that "the sun never sets on the British Empire" because its span across the globe ensured that the sun was always shining on at least one of its numerous colonies or subject nations.
Unit 1 A Brief Introduction of the UK
Major points
A complicated country with a complicated name and complicated population make-up
The imperial past and its effects on today’s UK Its class and race Its regions
National Emblem
“Union Jack” --- National Flag
The UK flag consists of three elements: • the cross of St. George (red on white) for England, • the cross of St. Andrew (white diagonal on blue) for Scotland, • and the cross of St. Patrick (red diagonal on white) for Ireland.
The imperial effects on today’s UK

• Railroads beginning • Transpation link – increase business activity • Farming – thereafter industry • Spared devastation-two world war • Auto industry appear- high technology & high-tech • Post-industry era
• • • • • • • •
Economic difficulty begin – early 1980s Exports declined Smaller farms are disappearing Not full-time Critics accuse Farming aid – indispensable Problems – harm ,diseases This bond linking past,present and future is fundamental to the American way of life
American Agriculture
• • • • • • • Heart – earliest days Outwards – changed GNP Virtus of farmer – infancy Agribusiness Standard high, new technology Alternate period- prosperity and recession
• 亚当· 斯密（1723～1790）是经济学的主要创立者。1723 年亚当斯密出生在苏格兰法夫郡（County Fife）的寇克卡 迪（Kirkcaldy）。亚当· 斯密的父亲也叫亚当· 斯密，是律 师、也是苏格兰的军法官和寇克卡迪的海关监督，在亚当 斯密出生前几个月去世；母亲玛格丽特（Margaret）是法 夫郡斯特拉森德利（Strathendry）大地主约翰· 道格拉斯 （JohnDouglas）的女儿，亚当斯密一生与母亲相依为命， 终身未娶 • 主要领域：政治哲学、伦理学、经济学 • 著名思想：古典经济学、现代自由市场、劳动分工 • 国富论&道德情操论 • 分工理论，货币理论，价值论，分配理论，资本积累理论， 赋税理论，