中国陶瓷的英文简介

(1)新石器时代

在中国陶瓷的历史上，瓷器起源于陶器，出现得要晚一些。

在早期，人们已经在陶瓷领域取得了辉煌的成就，尤其是在

黄河和长江流域，在那里，大量新石器时代的陶器和陶器碎

片在历史遗迹中被发掘出来。其中的一些不仅是日用品，还

是珍稀的艺术品，比如有古代的彩陶和陶制的小雕像。随着

制陶业的发展，先前的泥条盘筑成形法逐渐演变为拉坯法。

当时，先进的侧烧窑和竖窑取代了地窑。同时人们也在如何

控制温度方面掌握了一些经验。最高的烧制温度已经达到了

1100℃，这十分接近陶器和瓷器之间的烧成温度。

The Neolithic age

In the history of Chinese ceramics,porcelain derived from

pottery and appeared later.In the early years,people have made

splendid achievements in ceramic field especially in Yellow

River and Changjiang River drainage areas where a lot of

potteries and pottery fragments belonging to the Neolithic age

have been excavated at historical sites.Some of them were not

only commodities,but also rare artworks,such as ancient painted

potteries and pottery figurines. With the development of pottery

industry, the previous clay-strip forming technique gradually

evolved into clay-throwing method.At that time,advanced

side-fired kiln and shaft kiln substituted for ground-firing kiln.

People also acquired some experience on how to control the

temperature. The highest firing temperature had reached

1100℃,which was quite close to the firing temperature between

pottery and porcelain.

(2)东汉至魏晋时期

在东汉时期，成熟的越窑青瓷的出现在中国的陶瓷史上是一

个里程碑式的事件。魏晋南北朝时期是瓷器的发展阶段。当

时，青瓷在瓷器中占据重要地位，被普遍烧制。同时，少量

的黑釉瓷和白瓷也出现了。由于各民族的融合以及佛教的引

入，这段时期的瓷器样式变得多种多样。

From Eastern Han to Wei and Jin Dynasties

In the Eastern Han Dynasty, the appearance of mature celadons

in Yue kiln was a milestone in the history of Chinese

ceramics.Wei Dynasty,Jin Dynasty,the South and North Dynasty

were the seedtime of porcelain.At that time,celadon played an

important role in ceramics,which was widely fired.In the

meantime,a small quantity of black glazed porcelain and white

glazed porcelain appeared.Because of the unity of different

nations and the introduction of Buddhism,the ceramic styles

became diverse during the period.

（3）隋唐时期

在隋唐时期，中国的政治、经济、文化和贸易达到了空前的

繁荣，这促进了陶瓷产业的发展、陶瓷市场的扩展以及“南

青北白”局面的形成。青瓷主要出产于中国南部,越窑就是一

个具有高度艺术价值的典型代表。瓷器轻薄精致，釉面透明

细腻。在北方唐朝邢窑的瓷器则是“北白”的代表，这种纯

净透明、洁白无瑕的薄胎瓷器，魅力无穷。瓷体紧致，并且

在敲打时经常会有清脆的声音。

Sui and Tang Dynasties

In Sui and Tang Dynasties,Chinese politics,economy,culture and

trade became unprecedentedly prosperous,which promoted the

development of ceramic industry,the expansion of ceramic

market and the formation of the situation of “celadons in the

south and white porcelains in the north”.Celadons were mainly

produced in the south of China,and Yue kiln was the typical

representative with highly artistic value.This kind of porcelains

were light,thin and delicate；the glaze layer was transparent and

exquisite.And then in the north,the porcelains of Xing kiln in

Tang Dynasty were the representatives of “North white”,and

these egg-shell porcelains ,pure,white and translucent,had an

irresistible charm.The bodies of these porcelains were compact

and usually had a ringing sound when being knocked.

(4)宋代

宋代是封建社会的第三个繁荣时期。技术、文化、艺术和手

工艺都获得了很大的发展。陶瓷业同样很兴盛。带有地域特

色的瓷窑遍布全国，形成了“六大瓷窑派系”和“五大名窑”

的布局。“六大瓷窑派系”是定窑派系、钧窑派系、耀州窑

派系、磁州窑派系、龙泉窑派系和景德镇窑派系。“五大名

窑”是官窑、汝窑、哥窑、定窑和钧窑。在宋朝的官窑建成

之后，大量的民窑也出现了。例如，“瓷都”景德镇在宋元

时期发展很快，它以青花瓷器、釉里红瓷器和蛋白瓷而闻名。

Song Dynasty

Song Dynasty was the third prosperous period of the feudal

society.Technology,culture,art and handicraft developed to a

large extent.The ceramic industry was flourishing as

well.Porcelain kilns with regional features spread all over the

country,which formed the layout of “six kiln factions”and “five

famous kilns”. “Six kiln factions”were Ding kiln faction,Jun

kiln faction,Yaozhou kiln faction,Cizhou kiln faction,Longquan

kiln faction and Jingdezhen kiln faction. “Five famous

kilns”were Guan kiln,Ru kiln,Ge kiln,Ding kiln and Jun

kiln.After the establishment of Guan kilns in Song

Dynasty,numerous folk kilns appeared。For insurance, “the

capital of porcelain”Jingdezhen grew up quickly in Song and

Yuan Dynasties,and it was well-known for its blue-and-white

porcelains,underglazed red porcelains and egg white porcelains.

(5)明清时期

在明清时期，经过了几千年的技术积累，中国的瓷器艺术呈

现出一派灿烂辉煌的样貌。古代的彩瓷兴盛起来，比如，青

花瓷、五彩瓷、粉彩瓷等等。明清时期的彩瓷将陶瓷艺术融

合成了一个整体，并且逐步变得完美。单色釉种类很多：祭

红釉、祭蓝釉、郎窑红釉、孔雀绿釉等等。而且，在陶瓷技

艺方面取得了新的进展。例如，转轮拉坯成型取代了竹刀拉

坯成型。并且，吹釉技术开始被采用。从那时起，瓷器的数

量和质量快速上升。

Ming and Qing Dynasty

In Ming and Qing Dynasties,Chinese porcelain art took on a

brilliant and splendid look after thousands of years of

technology accumulation.Ancient painted porcelains became

prosperous ,such as blue-and-white,wu-cai,fen-cai and so

on.The painted porcelains in Ming and Qing Dynasties merged

the ceramic arts into a whole and gradually became

perfect.Single-color glazes were of various kinds:sacrificial red

glaze,sacrificial blue glaze,Lang kiln red glaze and peacock

green glaze and so on.Besides,new advances had been made in