A hybrid approach for processing parameters optimization of Ti-22Al-25Nb alloy
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电力故障诊断方法研究的一些参考文献Research on the method of power failure diagnosis has been a crucial area of focus in the field of electrical engineering. One important reference in this area is the paper "Power Proxy: Anomaly Detection in Power Usage Data" by Zhang et al. This paper proposes a novel approach using deep learning techniques to detect anomalies in power usage data, which can aid in the diagnosis of power failures. The authors demonstrate the effectiveness of their method through experiments on real-world power usage datasets.电力故障诊断方法的研究一直是电气工程领域的一个重要研究方向。
张等人的论文《Power Proxy: Anomaly Detection in Power Usage Data》是这方面的一个重要参考文献。
这篇论文提出了一种新颖的方法,利用深度学习技术来检测电力使用数据中的异常,有助于诊断电力故障。
作者通过对真实电力使用数据集的实验验证了他们方法的有效性。
In addition to Zhang et al.'s work, another valuable reference is the paper "A Survey on Fault Diagnosis Techniques Through EE Stream Processing" by Wang et al. This survey paper provides a comprehensive overview of fault diagnosis techniques in the contextof electrical engineering stream processing. The authors discuss various methods such as Bayesian networks, neural networks, and decision trees, highlighting their applications in diagnosing power failures. This paper serves as a useful guide for researchers interested in exploring different fault diagnosis techniques.除了张等人的工作,王等人的论文《A Survey on Fault Diagnosis Techniques Through EE Stream Processing》也是一个很有价值的参考文献。
高中英语作文讨论电子设备阅读现象全文共3篇示例,供读者参考篇1The Digital Reading RevolutionWe live in a world that is becoming increasingly digitized with each passing day. From the way we communicate to how we work and entertain ourselves, digital technology has thoroughly infiltrated almost every aspect of our modern lives. One area where the impact of this digital revolution is particularly evident is reading. Gone are the days when books were solely physical objects made of paper and ink. Nowadays, a huge portion of our reading is done on electronic devices like e-readers, tablets, laptops and smartphones. This phenomenon of digital reading has sparked a heated debate, with staunch advocates on both sides asserting the superiority of their preferred medium. As a student trying to navigate this technological landscape, I have a fairly balanced perspective to offer on this issue.To begin with the advantages of e-reading, the sheer convenience it affords is unparalleled. With a single lightweight device that can store thousands of books, gone are the days oflugging around heavy bags full of textbooks and novels. The ability to instantly download books from anywhere in the world is simply revolutionary. Additionally, many e-reading devices come equipped with features like adjustable font sizes and background lighting that can enhance the reading experience, especially for those with visual impairments. From an academic perspective, the search and annotation capabilities of digital books are invaluable research tools for students like myself.However, I acknowledge that there are some significant drawbacks to reading digitally that should not be ignored. Many argue that reading on a screen, with its glare and lack of paper texture, is physiologically more strenuous on the eyes compared to reading a physical book. There are also well-founded concerns that digital reading diminishes our ability to recall and comprehend what we have read due to increased cognitive loads and the ease of distraction that comes with reading on multipurpose devices. Objectively speaking, the tangibility and tactile experience of holding and flipping through the pages of a real book is something that digital reading fails to replicate.Beyond these technical considerations, what worries me the most about the rise of e-reading is its potential to adversely impact student reading habits and the way we engage withwritten words. With instant access to virtually any text at our fingertips, I fear that we may lose the ability to persevere through lengthy and challenging pieces of literature. The wealth of online distractions a mere click away makes it easier than ever for our minds to wander while reading digitally. As a literature student who cherishes the rewards of truly immersing oneself in a work, I am concerned that the convenience of e-reading may come at the cost of a deeper appreciation for the written word.That being said, I don't believe the digital and print mediums have to be pitted against each other. At the end of the day, they each have their own unique strengths that can be leveraged for different reading needs and scenarios. For instance, when it comes to leisure reading or closely studying works of literature, I still vastly prefer the tangible experience of a physical book. However, for research, travel, or reading materials that I don't intend to preserve for posterity, the exceptional portability and functionality of e-reading is hard to beat.Ultimately, I think we need to strive to strike the right balance by taking advantage of the benefits that digital reading has to offer, while ensuring we don't completely abandon thejoys and irreplaceable value of the printed word. Awell-rounded reading life should incorporate the best that bothmediums have to offer. We should celebrate the fact that we live in an era with unprecedented access to knowledge and stories from every corner of the world in myriad formats. At the same time, we must be thoughtful consumers to maintain healthy reading habits and not allow ourselves to be consumed by the vortex of digital distractions.As a student, I aim to be pragmatic and make judicious use of both physical books and e-reading capabilities based on my needs. When it comes to studying classical works of literature, I prefer to stick to print editions to help me focus and develop a deeper familiarity with the text. But for supplemental readings, research papers or articles, the search tools and portability of digital copies are extremely valuable. By being adaptable and leveraging the strengths of each medium, we can become versatile and effective readers equipped for success in this digital era.The rise of e-reading is simply one part of the larger technological upheaval our society is experiencing. Like any transformative change, it brings with it amazing innovations that can enhance our lives, along with newer challenges we must learn to navigate responsibly. It is up to us as students, thescholars and intellectuals of tomorrow, to be discerning andthoughtful about how we adopt new technologies. We must learn to maximize their utility for our academic pursuits while minimizing potential pitfalls like diminished comprehension or the atrophying of our ability to dive deeply into written works.Reading is fundamental to who we are as human beings. It has allowed us to accumulate the vast reservoir of knowledge that has led to all the progress our species has achieved so far. As such, we have an obligation to ensure that reading, in whatever form it takes, remains a treasured part of our culture that we pass on to future generations. The digital reading revolution is upon us, bringing with it incredible opportunities. By developing a balanced and nuanced approach that respects the VALUE of both new and old media, we can confront this seismic shift in consumption of the written word in a productive manner that prepares us for the future without severing our vital connection to our literary roots.篇2The Digital Reading RevolutionTechnology has drastically transformed the way we live, work, and even read. Gone are the days of dog-earing pages and lugging around heavy books. In today's digital age, e-readers,tablets, and smartphones have taken center stage, revolutionizing the act of reading itself. As a high school student navigating this electronic reading landscape, I can't help but ponder both the benefits and drawbacks of this phenomenon.On one hand, the convenience of digital reading is undeniable. With just a few taps on a screen, I can access an entire library of books, articles, and journals, all neatly stored in a sleek, portable device. No more hauling around bulky textbooks or worrying about damaging fragile pages. The ability to instantly download new reading material is a luxury previous generations could only dream of.Moreover, digital reading platforms often come equipped with features that enhance the reading experience. Built-in dictionaries, adjustable font sizes, and text-to-speech capabilities cater to diverse learning styles and accessibility needs. Highlighting and note-taking tools allow me to actively engage with the text, making studying and retaining information more efficient than ever before.However, as much as I embrace the digital reading revolution, I can't ignore the potential drawbacks that come with it. One major concern is the impact on attention span and comprehension. With the constant barrage of notifications,pop-ups, and distractions inherent in electronic devices, it can be challenging to maintain focus on the reading material. The temptation to switch between apps or browse the internet is ever-present, potentially undermining the depth of understanding and retention.Furthermore, the tactile experience of holding a physical book and turning its pages is lost in the digital realm. For some, this sensory connection plays a crucial role in fostering a deeper appreciation for the written word and enhancing the overall reading experience. The absence of this tangible aspect may diminish the emotional and intellectual connection readers have with the text.Another consideration is the potential strain on our eyes from prolonged screen time. While e-readers with e-ink technology aim to mimic the experience of reading on paper, the backlit displays of tablets and smartphones can cause eye fatigue, headaches, and disrupted sleep patterns, particularly when used extensively or in low-light conditions.Despite these concerns, I believe that the digital reading revolution has the potential to democratize access to knowledge and literature on an unprecedented scale. E-books and online resources often come at a lower cost than their physicalcounterparts, making them more accessible to individuals from diverse socioeconomic backgrounds. Additionally, digital platforms offer a wealth of free or low-cost reading materials, further breaking down barriers to education andself-enrichment.Moreover, the ability to carry an entire library in a single device has profound implications for remote orresource-constrained areas. Students and readers in these regions can now access a vast array of texts that were previously unavailable or prohibitively expensive to obtain in physical form.As with any technological advancement, the digital reading revolution presents both opportunities and challenges. It is crucial for us, as students and avid readers, to strike a balance between embracing the conveniences of digital reading while maintaining a critical eye towards its potential drawbacks.Personally, I have adopted a hybrid approach, seamlessly transitioning between physical books and digital formats depending on the context and my reading goals. For leisurely reading or subjects that demand a deeper level of engagement, I often prefer the tactile experience of a traditional book. However, for research, reference materials, or on-the-go reading, digital platforms offer unparalleled convenience and accessibility.Ultimately, the digital reading revolution is a double-edged sword – a powerful tool that can either enhance or hinder our reading experiences, depending on how we wield it. As students in the digital age, it falls upon us to navigate this landscape mindfully, leveraging the advantages while mitigating the potential pitfalls. By doing so, we can ensure that the joy and benefits of reading remain intact, regardless of the medium through which the words are delivered.篇3Here's an essay on the phenomenon of reading on electronic devices, written from a high school student's perspective (around 2000 words):The Rise of Digital Reading: A Blessing or a Curse?As a high school student navigating the ever-evolving digital landscape, I can't help but ponder the impact of electronic reading devices on our learning experiences. From e-readers to tablets and smartphones, these gadgets have become an integral part of our daily lives, offering a wealth of knowledge at our fingertips. However, as with any technological advancement, there are both advantages and disadvantages to consider.On one hand, the convenience and accessibility of digital reading cannot be overstated. Gone are the days when we had to lug around heavy textbooks or search endlessly for a specific book in a crowded library. With a few taps on our devices, we can access a vast array of literature, from classic novels to the latest academic journals. This digital revolution has democratized knowledge, making it available to anyone with an internet connection, regardless of their location or financial status.Moreover, digital devices offer a plethora of features that enhance our reading experience. Built-in dictionaries,note-taking capabilities, and text-to-speech functions aid in comprehension and retention. Adjustable font sizes andnight-mode settings cater to individual preferences, making reading more comfortable and enjoyable. Additionally, the ability to carry an entire library in our pockets has opened up new avenues for learning on-the-go, whether during commutes or spare moments throughout the day.However, as much as I appreciate the convenience of digital reading, I can't help but wonder if we're sacrificing something profound in the process. There is a certain tactile pleasure in holding a physical book, feeling the weight of its pages, and inhaling the distinct scent of aged paper. This sensory experiencehas been an integral part of the reading journey for generations, and its loss may diminish the emotional connection we form with the written word.Furthermore, the constant distractions posed by our electronic devices can be a double-edged sword. While having access to a wealth of information is invaluable, the temptation to switch between apps, check social media notifications, or browse the internet can disrupt our focus and impede deep reading comprehension. The abundance of digital stimuli can fragment our attention spans, making it challenging to immerse ourselves fully in the narrative or academic text at hand.Additionally, the ease of accessing digital content may inadvertently breed a sense of disposability. With the ability to download countless books and articles with a single click, we may lose the appreciation for the effort and craftsmanship that goes into creating these works. The impermanence of digital formats could undermine the reverence we once held for physical books, which were treated as cherished possessions to be preserved and passed down through generations.Despite these concerns, I believe that the solution lies not in rejecting digital reading altogether but in striking a balance. We must learn to harness the power of technology while retainingthe timeless joys of traditional reading. By fostering a healthy relationship with both physical and digital formats, we can cultivate a love for literature and knowledge that transcends the medium.Perhaps we could incorporate mindfulness practices into our digital reading habits, consciously setting aside dedicated time for focused engagement with texts, free from the lure of notifications and distractions. Alternatively, we could alternate between physical and digital formats, savoring the unique pleasures of each while benefiting from their respective advantages.Ultimately, the rise of digital reading is neither an unequivocal blessing nor a curse; it is a challenge that calls for mindful adaptation and a preservation of the fundamental values that have guided our literary pursuits for centuries. As students in the digital age, it is our responsibility to embrace the opportunities presented by technology while safeguarding the deeper connections that reading has fostered within us –connections that have shaped our identities, enriched our perspectives, and inspired us to seek knowledge and understanding.。
A Hybrid Approach for Gene Expression Data ClusteringGeorge Barreto Bezerra & Leandro Nunes de Castro{bezerra,lnunes}@dca.fee.unicamp.brABSTRACTThis work proposes a new approach for gene expression data clustering. The technique proposed is based on a com-bination of two algorithms – aiNet and the minimal span-ning tree (MST) – through a complementary hybrid analy-sis. The aiNet (Artificial Immune NETwork) [1,2] is an artificial immune system inspired by the immune network theory, originally proposed by N iels Jerne (1974) [4]. It is an iterative clustering algorithm that performs data com-pression using a pattern recognition process inspired by the human immune system. In the biological system, specific antibodies are produced to recognize disease-causing agents, broadly named antigens. In the present work, the “antigens” correspond to the gene expression data, and the antibodies are the aiNet cells, which will be representative of the gene expression data. The aiNet algorithm thus plays two i m portant roles. First, it simplifies the complexity of the problem by compressing the input data set, filtering out outliers and using multiple prototypes for representing dif-ferent classes of data. Second, aiNet places the prototypes (network cells or antibodies) in regions of the input space relevant for the clustering of multivariate data in spaces of very high dimension, such as gene expression data.The next step in the analysis is to use the minimal spanning tree to detect inherent separations between the subsets pre-sent in the spatial distribution of the network of antibodies. The MST is a tool from graph theory that proved to be a powerful artifice for data clustering [6]. Roughly, given a set of points (data), a MST is built linking all these points, and those links considered inconsistent are removed from the tree, resulting in a disconnected graph. Each of the sub-graphs generated correspond to one cluster. There are sev-eral forms of evaluating the inconsistency of edges in an MST. It has even already been used for gene expression data analysis [5], but with methods of identification and removal of inconsistent edges com pletely different from the method used here, which is based on a local criterion originally pr oposed by Zahn (1971) [6]. In our approach, it is possible to explore cluster boundaries by taking into ac-count their relative densities, thus preserving the inherent structure of the data spatial distribution. Another important aspect of our proposal is that the MST is built on the anti-body network, and not directly on the data set. This charac-teristic has a major impact in the clustering process, be-cause the data compression performed by the aiNet and the prototype positioning reduces the levels of noise and r e-dundancy in the data set and discovers key portions of the input space for the detection and representation of clusters. Therefore, the aiNet makes it possible for the MST to de-tect inherent separations within the data set. The hybrid method proposed was applied to a bench-mark data set of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae gene expression levels obtained in [3]. Four clusters previously detected in [3] were chosen for the analy-sis: clusters C, E, F and H, totalizing 68 genes in 79 different experimental conditions. These clusters were the same used in the analysis performed in [5]. Using the correlation coefficient as distance measure, the hybrid algorithm was capable of d etecting correctly the four clusters in ten test cases, with an average data compression of 21%. Building the MST directly on the data set and applying the proposed inconsi stency criterion, the clusters E, F and H were perfectly iden-tified, but cluster C was divided into two subsets. This may be due to the absence of the robustness in-troduced by the aiNet, making the MST susceptible to noise. This result, together with other empirical inves-tigations currently being performed, suggest that aiNet plays a key role in the detection of important portions of the input space, and thus to be used in the clustering process.The results also demo nstrate the feasibility of the proposed method as a clustering technique. It is capa-ble of accurately detecting the presence of clusters within the data sets studied. Another remarkable ad-vantage of this algorithm is that no knowledge about the number of clusters is required a priori, as the most classical approaches do, such as the hierarchical clus-tering techniques [3].REFERENCES[1] de Castro, L. N. & Von Zuben, F. J. (2001), “aiNet: Anartificial Immune Network for Data Analysis”, In Data Mining: A Heuristic A pproach, H. A. Abbass, R. A.Saker, and C. S. Newton (Eds.), Idea Group Publish-ing, USA, Chapter XII, pp. 231-259.[2] de Castro, L. N. & Von Zuben, F. J. 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探索个性化学习风格:英语学习的多维之旅In the journey of English language learning, the role of learning styles cannot be overstated. Each learner possesses a unique blend of preferences and strengths that shape their approach to acquiring new knowledge. Understanding and embracing one's learning style not only enhances the learning experience but also acts as acatalyst for deeper comprehension and long-term retention. Visual learners thrive in environments rich with visuals and images. For them, diagrams, charts, andcolorful presentations are not just aids but essentialtools for comprehension. When studying English, they might find it beneficial to use visual aids like storyboards or concept maps to organize information and visualize language structures. For instance, by creating a visual timeline of historical events in English literature, they can better grasp the chronological development of themes and styles. Auditory learners, on the other hand, prefer to learn through listening and speaking. Podcasts, audiobooks, and lectures hold a special appeal for them. In the context ofEnglish learning, they might excel at language immersion techniques like listening to English podcasts or watching English movies with subtitles. Through constant exposure to the language, they can improve their listening comprehension and pronunciation skills.Kinesthetic learners are hands-on, preferring physical activities and interactions. They learn best through doing, making, and experiencing. In English learning, they might find it more engaging to participate in role-plays, dramas, or physical games that involve language use. For instance, they could act out scenes from famous English plays or create physical props to illustrate vocabulary words.Logical learners excel at analyzing and understanding patterns, systems, and principles. They thrive in environments that offer opportunities for logical reasoning and problem-solving. When it comes to English, they might be drawn to grammar rules, sentence structure, and vocabulary relationships. They might enjoy challenges like creating their own sentences following a specific grammatical rule or analyzing the literary devices used in a poem.The beauty of understanding learning styles is that it encourages a personalized approach to learning. Instead of following a one-size-fits-all method, learners can tailor their learning experiences to align with their unique strengths and preferences. They can blend different learning styles to create a hybrid approach that suits them best. For instance, a visual learner might use charts to organize information while listening to an audiobook in English. Or a kinesthetic learner might act out scenes from a story while simultaneously analyzing the literary devices used.In conclusion, understanding and embracing one's learning style is crucial for effective English language learning. It not only makes the learning process more enjoyable but also leads to deeper understanding and long-term retention. By understanding their preferred learning styles, learners can customize their learning experiences to maximize efficiency and enjoyment. In this multidimensional journey of English learning, the key is to find the right blend of styles that works best for each individual learner.**探索个性化学习风格:英语学习的多维之旅**在英语学习之旅中,学习风格的作用不容忽视。
本地计算英语Local computing is a term that refers to the use of computer hardware and software that is physically located on the user's premises, rather than being accessed remotely via a network or the internet. This type of computing has been around since the early days of personal computers, and it remains an important aspect of modern technology. In this essay, we will explore the key aspects of local computing, including its advantages, disadvantages, and the ways in which it is evolving to meet the changing needs of users.One of the primary advantages of local computing is the level of control and customization it offers. When a user has a computer or server physically located on their premises, they have direct access to the hardware and software, allowing them to configure and optimize it to their specific needs. This can be particularly important for businesses or individuals who have specialized requirements or need to ensure the security and privacy of their data. With local computing, users can choose the hardware and software that best suits their needs, rather than being limited to what is available through a third-party cloud service.Another advantage of local computing is the potential for faster performance. When a user's data and applications are stored and processed on a local device, there is no need to rely on a network connection or remote server, which can introduce latency and slowdown. This can be especially important for tasks that require real-time processing, such as video editing, gaming, or scientific simulations. By keeping the computing power and data close to the user, local computing can provide a more responsive and efficient experience.Additionally, local computing can offer greater reliability and availability. When a user's data and applications are stored on a local device, they are less vulnerable to network outages, server failures, or other external disruptions that can affect cloud-based services. This can be particularly important for mission-critical applications or in areas with unreliable internet connectivity. Local computing can provide a more stable and dependable computing environment, ensuring that users can access their data and applications even in the event of a network or internet outage.However, local computing also has its drawbacks. One of the primary disadvantages is the need for users to manage and maintain their own hardware and software. This can be time-consuming and require specialized technical knowledge, which can be a barrier forsome users. Additionally, the cost of purchasing and maintaining local computing hardware and software can be higher than relying on cloud-based services, which often offer more affordable and scalable options.Another disadvantage of local computing is the limited ability to access data and applications from multiple devices or locations. With cloud-based services, users can access their data and applications from any device with an internet connection, allowing for greater mobility and flexibility. In contrast, local computing typically requires users to access their data and applications from a specific device or location, which can be a limitation for those who need to work remotely or on the go.Despite these drawbacks, local computing remains an important aspect of the technology landscape. In recent years, there has been a growing trend towards hybrid computing models, which combine the benefits of local and cloud-based computing. These models allow users to take advantage of the customization and control offered by local computing, while also leveraging the scalability and accessibility of cloud-based services.One example of this hybrid approach is the use of edge computing, which involves processing data and running applications on devices or servers that are located closer to the source of the data, ratherthan in a centralized cloud. This can help to reduce latency, improve performance, and enhance the security and privacy of data. Edge computing is particularly useful in applications such as IoT (Internet of Things) devices, autonomous vehicles, and industrial automation, where real-time processing and local control are critical.Another example of a hybrid computing model is the use of local storage and backup solutions that integrate with cloud-based services. These solutions allow users to maintain a local copy of their data for faster access and better control, while also leveraging cloud-based storage and backup services for added redundancy and accessibility.As technology continues to evolve, it is likely that the role of local computing will continue to evolve as well. While cloud-based services may become more dominant in many areas, there will always be a need for local computing solutions that offer the benefits of customization, control, and performance. By embracing a hybrid approach that combines the strengths of local and cloud-based computing, users can enjoy the best of both worlds and ensure that their computing needs are met in the most efficient and effective way possible.。
毕业后找工作还是创业英语作文英文回答:The daunting question of whether to pursue a traditional job or embark on an entrepreneurial path confronts every graduate. While both options offer unique rewards and challenges, the decision hinges on a multitude of factors, including personal aspirations, financial circumstances, and risk tolerance.In the realm of employment, graduates can expect a steady income and the security of an established career path. Corporate giants often provide comprehensive benefits packages, mentorship opportunities, and the chance to collaborate with experts in their field. However, the rigid structure and limited upward mobility of traditional jobs can be stifling for ambitious individuals.Entrepreneurship, on the other hand, offers the exhilarating allure of freedom and the potential forlimitless earning power. The opportunity to shape an idea into a tangible enterprise, driven by passion and creativity, can be immensely fulfilling. However, the path is fraught with risk, financial uncertainty, and the burden of long hours. Not all ventures succeed, and the emotional toll of entrepreneurship can be significant.The decision between employment and entrepreneurship is not always clear-cut. Many graduates opt for a hybrid approach, working within a traditional job while nurturing their entrepreneurial aspirations on the side. This provides a safety net while allowing them to explore their entrepreneurial potential without compromising financial stability.Ultimately, the best choice for each individual depends on their unique circumstances and aspirations. Graduates should carefully weigh the pros and cons of each option, considering their risk tolerance, financial situation, and long-term goals. With careful planning and a healthy dose of both realism and optimism, they can pave the path thatbest aligns with their passions and values.中文回答:毕业后找工作还是创业,这是每一个毕业生都会面临的难题。
创新英文翻译Innovation in English TranslationIntroductionTranslation plays a vital role in bridging the gap between languages and cultures. It enables communication and facilitates the exchange of ideas, knowledge, and information across different linguistic communities. As the world becomes increasingly globalized, the demand for quality translation is growing rapidly. In response to this demand, translation services have evolved, and innovative approaches to English translation have emerged. This document aims to explore the concept of innovation in English translation and highlight some of the innovative practices being adopted in the field.Understanding Innovation in TranslationInnovation can be defined as the introduction of new ideas, methods, or practices that result in significant improvements or advancements. In the context of translation, innovation refers to the creative and novel approaches used toovercome linguistic and cultural barriers, enhance translation quality, and improve overall efficiency.Innovation in English Translation Techniques1. Neural Machine Translation (NMT):Neural Machine Translation is a cutting-edge technique that uses artificial intelligence and deep learning models to produce high-quality translations. Unlike traditional rule-based or statistical approaches, NMT leverages neural networks to learn the patterns and structures of languages, resulting in more accurate and nuanced translations. This innovation has revolutionized the translation industry by significantly reducing errors and improving fluency in translated texts.2. Crowdsourcing Translation:Crowdsourcing is a collaborative approach that involves engaging a large group of people, typically through online platforms, to contribute to the translation process. This method harnesses the collective intelligence of the crowd, allowing for faster translation turnaround times and access to a larger pool of translators with varied expertise. Crowdsourcing promotes transparency, scalability, and cost-effectiveness, making it an innovative solution in English translation.3. Post-Editing Machine Translation (PEMT):Post-editing machine translation is a hybrid approach that combines the speed and efficiency of machine translation with the human touch of expert editors. With PEMT, machine-generated translations are initially produced and then edited by professional translators, ensuring the accuracy and fluency of the final output. This technique speeds up the translation process while maintaining high quality, making it an innovative solution in the translation industry.4. Natural Language Processing (NLP):Natural Language Processing is a subfield of artificial intelligence that focuses on the interaction between computers and human language. By using NLP techniques, translators can automate certain parts of the translation process, such as terminology extraction, text alignment, and quality evaluation. This automation not only saves time but also enhances consistency and accuracy in translation, making NLP a valuable innovation in English translation.Innovation in Translation Tools1. Translation Memory (TM) Software:Translation memory software is an innovative tool that stores previously translated sentences, phrases, and segments in a database. When a similar sentence appears in a new translation project, the software suggests previously approved translations, allowing for consistent terminology and faster translation. TM software enhances efficiency, reduces costs, and improves the overall quality of translations.2. Computer-Assisted Translation (CAT) Tools:CAT tools are computer software designed to assist translators by automating repetitive tasks and providing features like translation memory, terminology management, and glossary creation. These tools enhance translation productivity, consistency, and accuracy, ultimately resulting in higher-quality translations. Continual advancements in CAT tool technology contribute to innovation within the translation industry.3. Cloud-Based Translation Platforms:Cloud-based translation platforms allow for seamless collaboration among translators, project managers, and clients. These platforms provide a centralized space for file sharing, real-time collaboration, and project management,making the translation process more efficient and transparent. Cloud-based translation platforms have revolutionized the way translation projects are managed, ensuring greater accuracy and faster delivery of translations.ConclusionInnovation in English translation is essential for meeting the growing demands of a globalized world. The use of advanced techniques such as Neural Machine Translation, crowdsourcing, and post-editing machine translation, paired with innovative translation tools like translation memory software, CAT tools, and cloud-based translation platforms, have significantly improved the quality, efficiency, and accessibility of translated content. As technology advances, it is expected that further innovations will continue to shape the field of English translation, enabling effective communication and understanding across cultural and linguistic boundaries.。
ICML2014ICML20151. An embarrassingly simple approach to zero-shot learning2. Learning Transferable Features with Deep Adaptation Networks3. A Theoretical Analysis of Metric Hypothesis Transfer Learning4. Gradient-based hyperparameter optimization through reversible learningICML20161. One-Shot Generalization in Deep Generative Models2. Meta-Learning with Memory-Augmented Neural Networks3. Meta-gradient boosted decision tree model for weight and target learning4. Asymmetric Multi-task Learning based on Task Relatedness and ConfidenceICML20171. DARLA: Improving Zero-Shot Transfer in Reinforcement Learning2. Model-Agnostic Meta-Learning for Fast Adaptation of Deep Networks3. Meta Networks4. Learning to learn without gradient descent by gradient descentICML20181. MSplit LBI: Realizing Feature Selection and Dense Estimation Simultaneously in Few-shotand Zero-shot Learning2. Understanding and Simplifying One-Shot Architecture Search3. One-Shot Segmentation in Clutter4. 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Bayesian Model-Agnostic Meta-Learning2. The Importance of Sampling inMeta-Reinforcement Learning3. MetaAnchor: Learning to Detect Objects with Customized Anchors4. MetaGAN: An Adversarial Approach to Few-Shot Learning5. Regret bounds for meta Bayesian optimization with an unknown Gaussian process prior6. Meta-Gradient Reinforcement Learning7. Meta-Reinforcement Learning of Structured Exploration Strategies8. Meta-Learning MCMC Proposals9. Probabilistic Model-Agnostic Meta-Learning10. MetaReg: Towards Domain Generalization using Meta-Regularization11. Zero-Shot Transfer with Deictic Object-Oriented Representation in Reinforcement Learning12. Uncertainty-Aware Few-Shot Learning with Probabilistic Model-Agnostic Meta-Learning13. Multitask Reinforcement Learning for Zero-shot Generalization with Subtask Dependencies14. Stacked Semantics-Guided Attention Model for Fine-Grained Zero-Shot Learning15. Delta-encoder: an effective sample synthesis method for few-shot object recognition16. One-Shot Unsupervised Cross Domain Translation17. Generalized Zero-Shot Learning with Deep Calibration Network18. Domain-Invariant Projection Learning for Zero-Shot Recognition19. Low-shot Learning via Covariance-Preserving Adversarial Augmentation Network20. Improved few-shot learning with task conditioning and metric scaling21. Adapted Deep Embeddings: A Synthesis of Methods for k-Shot Inductive Transfer Learning22. Learning to Play with Intrinsically-Motivated Self-Aware Agents23. Learning to Teach with Dynamic Loss Functiaons24. Memory Replay GANs: learning to generate images from new categories without forgettingICCV20151. One Shot Learning via Compositions of Meaningful Patches2. Unsupervised Domain Adaptation for Zero-Shot Learning3. Active Transfer Learning With Zero-Shot Priors: Reusing Past Datasets for Future Tasks4. Zero-Shot Learning via Semantic Similarity Embedding5. Semi-Supervised Zero-Shot Classification With Label Representation Learning6. Predicting Deep Zero-Shot Convolutional Neural Networks Using Textual Descriptions7. Learning to Transfer: Transferring Latent Task Structures and Its Application to Person-Specific Facial Action Unit DetectionICCV20171. Supplementary Meta-Learning: Towards a Dynamic Model for Deep Neural Networks2. Attributes2Classname: A Discriminative Model for Attribute-Based Unsupervised Zero-ShotLearning3. Low-Shot Visual Recognition by Shrinking and Hallucinating Features4. Predicting Visual Exemplars of Unseen Classes for Zero-Shot Learning5. Learning Discriminative Latent Attributes for Zero-Shot Classification6. Spatial-Aware Object Embeddings for Zero-Shot Localization and Classification of ActionsCVPR20141. COSTA: Co-Occurrence Statistics for Zero-Shot Classification2. Zero-shot Event Detection using Multi-modal Fusion of Weakly Supervised Concepts3. Learning to Learn, from Transfer Learning to Domain Adaptation: A Unifying Perspective CVPR20151. Zero-Shot Object Recognition by Semantic Manifold DistanceCVPR20162. Multi-Cue Zero-Shot Learning With Strong Supervision3. Latent Embeddings for Zero-Shot Classification4. One-Shot Learning of Scene Locations via Feature Trajectory Transfer5. Less Is More: Zero-Shot Learning From Online Textual Documents With Noise Suppression6. Synthesized Classifiers for Zero-Shot Learning7. Recovering the Missing Link: Predicting Class-Attribute Associations for UnsupervisedZero-Shot Learning8. Fast Zero-Shot Image Tagging9. Zero-Shot Learning via Joint Latent Similarity Embedding10. Learning to Read Chest X-Rays: Recurrent Neural Cascade Model for Automated ImageAnnotation11. Learning to Co-Generate Object Proposals With a Deep Structured Network12. Learning to Select Pre-Trained Deep Representations With Bayesian Evidence Framework13. DeepStereo: Learning to Predict New Views From the World’s ImageryCVPR20171. One-Shot Video Object Segmentation2. FastMask: Segment Multi-Scale Object Candidates in One Shot3. Few-Shot Object Recognition From Machine-Labeled Web Images4. From Zero-Shot Learning to Conventional Supervised Classification: Unseen Visual DataSynthesis5. Learning a Deep Embedding Model for Zero-Shot Learning6. Low-Rank Embedded Ensemble Semantic Dictionary for Zero-Shot Learning7. Multi-Attention Network for One Shot Learning8. Zero-Shot Action Recognition With Error-Correcting Output Codes9. One-Shot Metric Learning for Person Re-Identification10. Semantic Autoencoder for Zero-Shot Learning11. Zero-Shot Recognition Using Dual Visual-Semantic Mapping Paths12. Matrix Tri-Factorization With Manifold Regularizations for Zero-Shot Learning13. One-Shot Hyperspectral Imaging Using Faced Reflectors14. Gaze Embeddings for Zero-Shot Image Classification15. Zero-Shot Learning - the Good, the Bad and the Ugly16. Link the Head to the “Beak”: Zero Shot Learning From Noisy Text Description at PartPrecision17. Semantically Consistent Regularization for Zero-Shot Recognition18. Semantically Consistent Regularization for Zero-Shot Recognition19. Zero-Shot Classification With Discriminative Semantic Representation Learning20. Learning to Detect Salient Objects With Image-Level Supervision21. Quad-Networks: Unsupervised Learning to Rank for Interest Point DetectionCVPR20181. A Generative Adversarial Approach for Zero-Shot Learning From Noisy Texts2. Transductive Unbiased Embedding for Zero-Shot Learning3. Zero-Shot Visual Recognition Using Semantics-Preserving Adversarial EmbeddingNetworks4. Learning to Compare: Relation Network for Few-Shot Learning5. One-Shot Action Localization by Learning Sequence Matching Network6. Multi-Label Zero-Shot Learning With Structured Knowledge Graphs7. “Zero-Shot” Super-Resolution Using Deep Internal Learning8. Low-Shot Learning With Large-Scale Diffusion9. CLEAR: Cumulative LEARning for One-Shot One-Class Image Recognition10. Zero-Shot Sketch-Image Hashing11. Structured Set Matching Networks for One-Shot Part Labeling12. Memory Matching Networks for One-Shot Image Recognition13. Generalized Zero-Shot Learning via Synthesized Examples14. Dynamic Few-Shot Visual Learning Without Forgetting15. Exploit the Unknown Gradually: One-Shot Video-Based Person Re-Identification byStepwise Learning16. Feature Generating Networks for Zero-Shot Learning17. Low-Shot Learning With Imprinted Weights18. Zero-Shot Recognition via Semantic Embeddings and Knowledge Graphs19. Webly Supervised Learning Meets Zero-Shot Learning: A Hybrid Approach for Fine-Grained Classification20. Few-Shot Image Recognition by Predicting Parameters From Activations21. Low-Shot Learning From Imaginary Data22. Discriminative Learning of Latent Features for Zero-Shot Recognition23. Multi-Content GAN for Few-Shot Font Style Transfer24. Preserving Semantic Relations for Zero-Shot Learning25. Zero-Shot Kernel Learning26. Neural Style Transfer via Meta Networks27. Learning to Estimate 3D Human Pose and Shape From a Single Color Image28. Learning to Segment Every Thing29. Leveraging Unlabeled Data for Crowd Counting by Learning to Rank。
A hybrid approach for processing parameters optimization of Ti-22Al-25Nb alloy during hot deformation using arti ficial neural network and genetic algorithmYu Sun a ,Weidong Zeng a ,*,Xiong Ma a ,Bin Xu a ,Xiaobo Liang b ,Jianwei Zhang ba State Key Laboratory of Solidi fication Processing,Northwestern Polytechnical University,Xi ’an 710072,China bCentral Iron and Steel Research Institute,Beijing 100081,Chinaa r t i c l e i n f oArticle history:Received 22December 2010Received in revised form 12February 2011Accepted 5March 2011Available online 31March 2011Keywords:A.Titanium aluminides,based on Ti 3AlB.Deformation mapC.Plastic forming,hota b s t r a c tIn the present investigation,isothermal compression tests of Ti-22Al-25Nb alloy were carried out under various hot deformation conditions,including the deformation temperature range of 940e 1060 C and the strain rate range of 0.01e 10s À1.The constitutive relationship of Ti-22Al-25Nb alloy was developed using arti ficial neural network (ANN).During training process,standard error back-propagation algo-rithm was employed in the network model using experimental data sets.Based on the fitness function obtained from established ANN model,the optimization model of hot processing parameters for Ti-22Al-25Nb alloy was successfully created using genetic algorithm (GA).The optimal results achieved from the integrated ANN and GA optimization model were tested by using processing map.Consequently,it can be suggested that the combined approach of ANN and GA provides a novel way with respect to the opti-mization of processing parameters in the field of materials science.Crown Copyright Ó2011Published by Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved.1.IntroductionWith the rapid advancement of aeroengine industry in recent years,the requirement that higher service temperature should be superior to the capabilities of traditional titanium alloys has been proposed.Traditionally,the application of most titanium alloys are restricted in that they cannot be served for a long time over the temperature of 600 C.Instead,Ti 2AlNb base alloys can be employed in the temperature range of 600e 700 C,which will probably replace the high temperature alloys so as to reduce the structure weight [1].Although it is a little weak in terms of ductility,toughness and workability,yet Ti-22Al-25Nb alloy has excellent potential to be applied in the engineering practice [2,3].Therefore,it is actively considered as one of the candidate materials for high temperature applications in the aviation field.Previously,a number of bene ficial researches were extensively conducted and well documented by various materials scientists.For instance,Zeng et al.[4]studied the hot deformation characteristics of Ti-22Al-25Nb alloy using pro-cessing maps developed on the basis of dynamic material model and presented the instability region and safe region,respectively.Dey et al.[5]investigated the evolution of crystallographic texture in the orthorhombic phase of Ti-22Al-25Nb alloy,which is consisted oforthorhombic (O)and bcc (b /B2)phases.The oxidation tests on cast Ti-22Al-25Nb matrix material were carried out by Leyens et al.[6]in laboratory air 650and 800 C up to 4000h,and the long-term environmental resistance of high niobium-containing Ti-22Al-25Nb alloy was accessed.However,few scienti fic reports involving the optimization of hot processing parameters concerning the present alloy is referred.Basically,the processing window of Ti-22Al-25Nb alloy is quite narrow,the microstructures and properties are also considerably associated with the processing parameters (strain,strain rate and deformation temperature).Thus it is quite imperative to develop the optimization model of processing parameters in pursuit of desired property.Unfortunately,the most of investiga-tions with regard to the optimum processing parameters for this type of alloy were accomplished by some trial-and-error testing approaches,which cost much time and depended signi ficantly on the workers ’experience and skills.Recently,with the proliferation of arti ficial intelligent (AI)inmultifarious research areas,arti ficial neural network (ANN)and genetic algorithm (GA)are increasingly applied in term of materials processing for prediction and optimization.ANN is an advanced computational structure that can well match patterns in input variables to patterns in outcome variables [7].Initially,professional knowledge does not need to be provided in this network model,but it can be trained to make determination by mapping example sets of input data into output data.The weights will be adjusted continu-ously in order that the model is able to map each input data set into the corresponding output data set.Then a good knowledge and*Corresponding author.Tel.:þ862988494298.E-mail addresses:sunyu.npu@ (Y.Sun),zengwd@ (W.Zeng).Contents lists available at ScienceDirectIntermetallicsjournal homepage:www.elsev /locate/intermet0966-9795/$e see front matter Crown Copyright Ó2011Published by Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved.doi:10.1016/j.intermet.2011.03.008Intermetallics 19(2011)1014e 1019internal correlation regarding the research object is automatically saved in the network structure[8].In general,by virtue of its outstanding generalization capability and analyzing complicated data information,ANN can be fairly robust against missing or noisy data and establish accurate relation model in non-linear dynamical system.The basic theory and detailed information have been introduced in the literature[9].On the basis of such advantages of ANN,it has been successfully applied in the diverse research areas of materials science,including development of constitutive laws[10e12],property prediction[13e15],modeling the correlation of processing-microstructure-property[16e18].Based on quasi-Darwinian evolutionary principles,genetic algorithm(GA),which is designed to mimic the principle of bio-logical evolution in natural genetic system,has been originally developed by Holland in the past decades as a simple yet powerful global optimization tool[19].GA performs random searches via a given set forfinding the most excellent criteria of goodness.The criteria are commonly expressed as an objective orfitness function, which is defined as to be either minimized or maximized[20].In the present investigation,thefitness function is obtained from artificial neural network model.Generally,the developed genetic algorithm requires the determination of following fundamental steps:the initialization of a random population of GA model;ordering the model on the basis of an evaluation of success in approximating the ideal solution,namely selection;the crossover and mutation,in which the best exemplars of the last generation have chance to produce a descendant under the application of some GA operators. The principle of GA has been interpreted in the literature[20]. Compared with many conventional search algorithms,genetic algorithm is regarded as an optimum approach that directly with strings of characters representing the parameters instead of them-selves.Also,multiple objectives could be optimized simultaneously in the large search space so that the occurrence of converging to local optima could be reduced.In the past few years,a number of favor-able researches have been carried out with the help of hybrid system of combining GA and ANN in thefield of materials science.R.G.Song et al.[21]utilized the genetic algorithm to search for the optimum hot treatment parameters of7175aluminum alloy based on artificial neural network model.A.J.Li et al.[22]developed a model of arti-ficial neural network and genetic algorithm for the prediction and optimization of the correlation between CVI processing parameters and physical properties in carbon/carbon composites.In the present investigation,a hybrid ANN and GA methodology will be applied to develop an optimization model for Ti-22Al-25Nb alloy in order to obtain the reasonable and desired hot processing parameters.2.Experimental procedureThe starting experimental material was provided by Central Iron and Steel Research Institute(CISRI),the detailed chemical analysis of which is given in Table1.Cylindrical specimens of8mm height and 12mm diameter were machined along the compression axis on the low-speed wire electrical discharge machine(WEDM).In order that the friction could be reduced during the compression tests,concentric grooves of0.2mm in depth were machined at the specimens’both ends to effectively facilitate the retention of the glass lubricant.The isothermal compression tests were conducted in the temperature range of940e1060 C at intervals of30 C and the strain rate range of 0.01e10sÀ1on a Gleebe-1500thermo-mechanical simulator.The specimens were deformed to total true strain of approximately0.7 and then quenched in water for the sake of preserving hot-deformed microstructure.The true stress-strain curves were recorded auto-matically during isothermal compression.Because the quality of input data is of crucial significance for the reliability of the optimi-zation model,good care should be taken to obtain the data with high accuracy,which is measured during hot compression tests.As a result, theflow stress values were corrected for adiabatic temperature deviations.These data will be employed for ANN model to predict flow stresses and GA model will be used for optimization.The data sets for this investigation in a primary statistical term are listed in Table2.3.Modeling optimum hot processing parameters of Ti-22Al-25Nb alloy using artificial neural network and genetic algorithm3.1.Modeling using artificial neural networkConstitutive relationship of materials usually presents the quite complicated and highly non-linear relation offlow stress as function of strain,strain rate and deformation temperature,which describes fundamental information of materials deformation andfinite element simulation[23,24].During hot deformation of materials,flow stress is affected by various factors.The constitutive equation at all strains cannot be established conveniently using traditional regression method.In the meantime,when a new experimental data is added,the regression constants are supposed to be recalculated, which costs much time during computation.Fortunately,artificial neural network(ANN)technique has been proposed as a new branch of soft computing,which have shown remarkable performance when applied to model multivariable and complex non-linear relationships. Especially,because ANN possesses the ability to learn by example and to recognize patterns in a series of input and output values from example cases,it presents the strong benefits in thefield of simula-tions of any correlation which is difficult to describe with physical models.In the present work,the neural network models were designed and implemented using software developed in MATLAB 6.1Òpackage.It is fairly important to determine the learning method for ANN model.One of the most typical methods of supervised learning algorithm is the back-propagation algorithm,which is a class of gradient descent technique used to minimize the instantaneous error in a particular training pattern.Additionally,because the network weight of each layer in backward process is continuously adjusted,the output value could be desirably close to the target value.A general scheme of the BP neural network model for this research is demonstrated in Fig.1.The input parameters of the model are hot processing parameters(3,_3and T),and the output of the ANN isflow stress(s).The tansig and logsig function were employed as the activation functions between input-hidden layer Table1Chemical composition of the Ti-22Al-25Nballoy(at.%).Ti BalAl22.3Nb25.7O0.00043N0.000052H0.000009Table2Statistical analysis of the input and output variables used to develop the optimiza-tion model for Ti-22Al-25Nb alloy.Input/Output parameters Statistical analysisMinimum Maximum Mean Standard Deviation Strain0.10.70.40.20Strain rate(sÀ1)0.0110 2.78 4.19Temperature( C)9401060100042.43Flow stress(MPa)43.20567.93212.41129.84Y.Sun et al./Intermetallics19(2011)1014e10191015and hidden-output layer,respectively.The convergence criterion for the network was determined by the mean square error (MSE )between the desired and predicted output values.E MSE¼1N X N i ¼1ðE i ÀP i Þ2(1)where E and P are the experimental and predicted value,respec-tively.N is the total number of training data employed in the investigation.In all the calculations involved in this model,a convergence criterion of 0.1%MSE has been set.Before training the neural network model,in order to ensure learning ef ficiency of the algorithm and prevent a speci fic factor from dominating the learning for the model,the data ought to be normalized within the range of 0.1e 0.9asZ 0¼0:1þ0:8ÂZ ÀZ min max ÀZ min(2)where Z max and Z min indicate the maximum and minimum value of Z ,respectively.Z 0represents the uni fied value of the corresponding Z .A total of 140data sets were produced from the isothermal compressiontests;data sets at any strain were randomly selected for testing,and the remaining data sets at other strains were used for training.The hidden layer and the number of neuron in this layer can extract internal characteristic knowledge implied between input and output data [9].Thus it is the hidden layer that gives the ANN model the ability to deal robustly with non-linear and complex problems.A tradeoff exists between generalization performance and the complex training procedure when designing the structure of an ANN.In the present study single hidden layer is chosen and the number of hidden layer neuron was achieved based on the computer program edited by ourselves.Neurons in the hidden layer were varied from 1to 18,while neurons more than 18were not taken into account in order to avoid over fitting.Fig.2shows the in fluence of the number of neuron on the performance of network model.It can be observed from this figure that an ANN model with 12hidden neurons produced impeccable performance.Therefore,the ideal ANN model was considered to be obtained with single hidden layer and 12neurons in it.3.2.Processing parameters optimization using genetic algorithmAfter establishing the constitutive relationship of Ti-22Al-25Nb alloy between flow stress and hot processing parameters (strain,strain rate and deformation temperature)by using ANN model,a non-linear function containing 3variables,such as s ¼f ð3;_3;T Þwas constructed.The objective of the present investigation is to find anappropriate match of strain (3),strain rate (_3)and deformation temperature (T )to obtain the higher flow stress (s ),which is a non-linear and complex multiple objective optimization problem solved by using GA model.The flow chart of the integration of ANN and GA for optimization model is shown as Fig.3.However,the conventional gradient approaches extensively utilized usually encounter such dif ficulty that they search the optimum results in a local maximum instead of global search area.By contrast,premised on the evolu-tionary ideas of natural selection and genetic in nature,genetic algorithm can deal with non-linear problems by exploring all areas of the search space and exploiting promising areas through genetic procedures,including mutation,crossover,selection and reproduc-tion operations [25].It starts with an initial set of random solution,which is namely population.Each individual in the population is called a chromosome,which evolves through successive iterations (generations).Generations of new chromosomes,which are created from the initial population,will not be over until a desired termina-tion criterion is reached.In this work,in order to ensure the ef ficiency of the optimization model,a real-coded GA is employed and the chromosome structure is described as vector.The number of indi-viduals in the population (population size)was 80and the maximum number of generations was initialized as 100.Among the genetic operators,the crossover rate was set as 0.8and the mutation rate was 0.2.Additionally,there are some constraints which affect the selection of the optimal hot processing variables conditions and will be thus taken into account.They are the allowed values for the materials design,and restricted by the lowest and highest permissible limits.P ¼f max ðs Þ(3a)E min E À3;_3;T ÁE max (3b)s min s s max(3c)4.Results and discussionDuring the training process,the error function was continuouslyminimized with an increasing number of iterative epochs,whichFig.1.Schematic diagram of the ANN model for prediction of flow stress of Ti-22Al-25Nballoy.Fig.2.Variation of MSE with neurons in the hidden layer.Y.Sun et al./Intermetallics 19(2011)1014e 10191016means a cycle that is finished when all the available training input data sets have been presented to the network model once.It was found that the model was trained for 98iterations when error met setting precision (0.001).Further training does not improve the modeling performance of the network.After training process was completed,the established network model was tested for its accuracy.In general,various standard statistical performance criteria evaluation measures have been employed to quantify the model performance.The correlation coef ficient (R )and average error rate (AER )are mostly for performance evaluation of ANN models,which are expressed as:R ¼P Ni ¼1ðE i ÀE ÞðP i ÀP ÞffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiP N i ¼1ðE i ÀE Þ2P N i ¼1ðP i ÀP Þ2q (4)AER ¼1N X N i ¼1j E i ÀP i jE i(5)where E and P are the mean values of E and P ,respectively.As the Rapproaches 1and the AER approaches 0,the model achieves better performance.Some data samples reserved as testing samples are used to verify the predicted accuracy of the network.Taking the data sets at strain of 0.6as the example (which were not used during training),the predicated results are illustrated as shown in Fig.4.As can be seen from this figure that the correlation coef ficient for the neural network model was 0.996and the AER was 0.095,which establishes con fidence in the predictive capabilities of the neural network model.In order to check the generalization ability of thedeveloped network model at all strains (0.1e 0.7),Fig.5shows the predicted and experimental flow curves with different strain rates (0.01e 10s À1)at selected deformation temperatures of 970 C.It is markedly revealed that the neural network predictions are in good agreement with experimental flow stress values in nearly all the cases,indicating that the trained neural network model has excellent prediction performance of flow stress of Ti-22Al-25Nballoy.Fig.3.Flow chart of optimization procedure for integrating the arti ficial neural network and geneticalgorithm.Fig.4.Performance of ANN model for prediction of flow stress for testing data sets at strain of 0.6.Y.Sun et al./Intermetallics 19(2011)1014e 10191017The development of optimization of hot processing parameters using genetic algorithm is implemented based on the fitness func-tion which is constructed by each individual obtained from trained ANN model.For mechanical properties of Ti-22Al-25Nb alloy,the fitness function usually is represented by higher flow stress in ANN model.Fig.6shows the maximum performance of the fitness function for the 100individuals according to each generation.In the first generation,the value of each variable was distributed randomly in the search area.Nevertheless,it converged not to a single point but to a speci fic range as generations progressed.At the 90th generation,the optimal point that had the maximum fitness func-tion value was selected.Hence,the processing variable values opti-mized by the genetic algorithm are deformation temperature 940 C,strain rate 0.1s À1and strain 0.6.The result of corresponding optimum property obtained from network model is 564.1MPa.In accordance with the research results above,it can be considered as the optimal deformation conditions with high strain,low strain rate,and low deformation temperature.In order to test whether the optimal results are appropriate,the processing map at a strain of 0.6was constructed on the basis of Dynamic Material Model (DMM).Fig.7shows the processing map of Ti-22Al-25Nb alloy (3¼0.6).Itcan be clearly observed that maximum power dissipation ef ficiency domain with peak ef ficiency of 41%at lower strain rate (<1s À1)and deformation temperature (<950 C),which is considered to be a desired processing region for the Ti-22Al-25Nb alloy.Hence,it is suggested that the optimal hot processing parameters achieved from combined ANN and GA model are quite consistent with those exhibited in processing map.Importantly,it is imperative to emphasize that the accuracy of model operation is subject to the range of the data sets which are analyzed as Table 2.5.ConclusionsIn this study,isothermal compression tests for Ti-22Al-25Nb alloy were performed according to various hot processing parameters (strain,strain rate and deformation temperature).The constitutive relationship of the present alloy was established using arti ficial neural network model,which was trained by error back-propagation algorithm.The generalization performance of the network model was quantitatively evaluated using the correlation coef ficient and the average error rate,respectively.It was found the fact that neural network presents the powerful bene fit to construct the complex and highly non-linear relationship between processing variables and properties.In addition,based on the fitness function obtained from ANN,the hot processing parameter optimization model using the approach of GA has been successfully proposed.The optimum pro-cessing variables acquired through genetic algorithm process were strain 0.6,strain rate 0.1s À1and deformation temperature 940 C.The processing map at strain of 0.6was also constructed in order to verify the optimal result of the developed optimization model,indicating that the desired processing parameters achieved from model are consistent with that exhibited in processing map.In conclusion,the integration of neural network and genetic algorithm can serve as an effective and impeccable tool in the field of pro-cessing optimization for materials.AcknowledgmentsThis work was supported by the Major State Basic Research Development Program of China (973Program)with No.2007CB613807,the National Natural Science Foundation of China with Grant No.51075333and the fund of the State Key Laboratory of Solidi fication Processing in NWPU with No.35-TP-2009.Fig.6.Variation of the performance of fitness function with generation forGA.Fig.7.Processing map at a strain of 0.6for Ti-22Al-25Nballoy.Fig.5.Predicted and experimental true stress-strain curves for various strain rates at 970 C.Y.Sun et al./Intermetallics 19(2011)1014e 10191018References[1]Nandy TK,Banerjee D.Creep of the orthorhombic phase based on the inter-metallic Ti2AlNb.Intermetallics2000;8:915e28.[2]Germann L,Banerjee D,Guédou JY,Strudel JL.Effect of composition on themechanical properties of newly developed Ti2AlNb-based titanium aluminide.Intermetallics2005;13:920e4.[3]Gogia AK,Nandy TK,Banerjee D,Carisey T,Strudel JL,Franchet JM.Micro-structure and mechanical 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