法律英语笔记

法律英语知识点归纳法律英语是指在法律领域中使用的英语语言和术语。

对于从事国际商法、国际仲裁、国际贸易等方面的工作人员来说，掌握法律英语是非常重要的。

本文将详细介绍一些常用的法律英语知识点。

一、法律体系及法律原则1. Common Law（普通法）：源于英国的法律制度，以判例为基础，注重司法判决的先例。

2. Civil Law（民法）：法律体系以法典为基础，强调通过法典和条例规范法律事务。

3. Statute（法令）：由立法机关制定通过的具有法律效力的规定。

4. Case Law（判例法）：法院对特定案件的判决和裁决形成的先例，对类似案件具有法律约束力。

5. Precedent（先例）：判决或裁决后的法律准则，被认为可以指导类似案件的判决。

6. Hierarchy of Laws（法律等级）：指不同法律的优先级别，一般按照宪法、法令、法律、法规、命令、条例等顺序排列。

二、合同法1. Contract（合同）：双方达成的协议，包括权利和义务。

2. Offer（提议）：要约，表明愿意与他人达成协议。

3. Acceptance（接受）：对提议的同意。

4. Consideration（对价）：作为一方履行合同义务的回报。

5. Breach of Contract（违约）：未能按照合同约定履行义务。

6. Force Majeure（不可抗力）：无法预见或控制的事件，免除违约责任。

7. Jurisdiction（管辖权）：法院对案件有管辖权的能力。

8. Damages（赔偿金）：违约方需支付给另一方的经济损失补偿。

9. Termination（终止）：合同约定的条件下，解除合同关系。

三、知识产权法1. Intellectual Property（知识产权）：由创造性思维产生的无形资产。

2. Copyright（版权）：保护个人作品的权益。

3. Patent（专利）：保护新发明的独特性和可产业化的权益。

4. Trademark（商标）：区分商品来源的标志。

张法连.,2016.法律英语精读教程（上）​,北京:北京大学出版社Chapter6E qual P rotectionI ntroduction-t he14th A mendment p rohibits s tates f rom d enying a ny p erson w ithin i ts jurisdiction t he e qual p rotection o f t he l aws-t he l aws o f a s tate m ust t reat a n i ndividual i n t he s ame m anner a s o thers i n s imilar conditions a nd c ircumstances-t he c lause i s n ot i ntended t o p rovide"equality"a mong i ndividuals o r c lasses b ut o nly "equal a pplication"o f t he l aws-t he q uestion a rises w hen a s tate g rants a p articular c lass o f i ndividuals t he r ight t o engage i n a n a ctivity y et d enies o ther i ndividuals t he s ame r ightI.C onstitutional S ource-t he E qual P rotection C lause o f t he14th A mendment h as n o c ounterpart i n t he Constitution a pplicable t o t he f ederal g overnment-h owever,g rossly u nreasonable d iscrimination b y t he f ederal g overnment v i olates t he Due P rocess C lause o f t he5th A mendment(B olling v.S harpe,w here r acial discrimination i n t he p ublic s chools o f t he D istrict o f C olumbia w as h eld a v iolation o f d ue process)-t he C ourt a pplies t he s ame s tandards u nder e ither c lausesII.P roving D iscriminatory C lassification-t he m ere f act t hat l egislation o r g overnmental a ction h as a d iscriminatory e ffect i s not s ufficient t o t rigger s trict s crunity o r i ntermediate s crutiny-t here m ust b e i ntent t o d iscriminate-i ntent c an b e s hown i n t hree w ays:(i)f acial d iscrimination;(ii)d iscriminatory application;o r(iii)d iscriminatory m otive1.F acial D iscrimination-m aking a n e xplicit d istinction b etween c lasses o f p ersons(e.g.b y r ace o r g ender)-> subject t o t he a ppropriate s tandard o f r eview-F acial D iscrimination A bsent R acial L anguage-->i f t he l aw c ould n ot b e e xplained e xcept i n r acial t erms,i t w ill b e h eld t o h ave used a r acial c lassification"on i ts f ace"e ven t hough t he l anguage o f t he l aw d id n ot include r acial l anguage2.D iscriminatory A pplication-a l aw t hat a ppears t o b e n eutral o n i ts f ace m ay b e a pplied i n a d ifferent m anner t o different c lasses o f p ersons-i f i t i s p roved t hat t he g overnment o fficials a pplying t he l aw h ad a d iscriminatory purpose(and u sed d iscriminatory s tandards b ased o n t raits s uch a s r ace o r g ender), the l aw w ill b e i nvalidated-E xamples:-->A l aw p rohibited o perating a l aundry i n w ooden b uildings,b ut g ave a g overnment agency d iscretion t o g rant e xemptions.I t w as s hown t hat t he a gency g ranted exemptions o nly t o n on-Asian a pplicants.S o t he l aw w as d eemed t o i nvolve r acial o r national o rigin c lassificaiton a nd w as i nvalidated(Y i ck W o v.H opkins)-->L aws a llow a ttorneys t o m ove t o s trike p otential j urors f rom a j ury(significantly involving t he s tate)e ither f or c ause o r w ithout c ause(a p eremptory s trike).I n e ither case,t here i s a n e qual p rotection v iolation w hen i t i s p roved t hat a n a ttorney e xcluded a person f rom a j ury o n a ccount o f t he p erson's r ace o r s ex(B aston v.K entucky)3.D iscriminatory M otive-a g overnment a ction t hat a ppears t o b e n etrual o n i ts f ace a nd i n i ts a pplication m ayh a ve d isproportionate i mpact o n a p articular c lass o f p ersons(e.g.a r acial m inority o r women)-s uch a s l aw w ill b e f ound t o i nvolve a c lassification o nly i f a c ourt f inds t hat t helaw-making b ody e nacted o r m aintained t he l aw f or a d iscriminatory p urpose-s tatistical p roof o f t he i mpact i s n ecessary b ut n ot s ufficient-s tatistical e vidence m ay b e c ombined w ith o ther e vidence o f l egislative o r administrative i ntent t o s how t hat a l aw o r r egulation i s t he p roduct o f a d iscriminatory purpose-E xamples o f n on-discriminatory m otive d espite s tatistical p roof:-->A p olice d epartment u sed r esults f rom a w ritten t est a s a c riterion f or h iring p olice officers.M embers o f i dentifiable r acial m inorities c onsistently g ot l ow s cores o n t he t est, although t here w as n o p roof t hat t he t est w as w ritten o r o therwise e mployed f or t he purpose o f d isadvantaging m inority a pplicants.B ecause o f t he a bsence o f n onstatistical proof o f d iscriminatory p urpose,t here w as n o e qual p rotection v iolation(W ashington v. Davis).-->A s tate l aw g ave a p reference i n t he h iring a nd p romotion o f c ivil s ervice e mployees to p ersons w ho w ere h onorably d ischarged f rom t he U nited S tates m ilitary.T he foreseeable a nd a ctual i mpact o f t his l aw w as t o d isadvantage t he f emale p opulation o f job a pplicants,b ecause t he m ajority o f v eterans a re m en.B ecause t here w as n o p roof (other t han t he s tatistical i mpact o f t he l aw)t hat t he l egislature e nacted t he l aw f or t he purpose o f h urting w omen(as o pposed t o t he p urpose o f a iding v eterans),t he l aw w as upheld.-->A s tatistical s tudy s howing t hat b lack d efendants i n c apital c ases a re m uch m ore likely t o r eceive t he d eath p enalty t han a re w hite d efendants i n a s tate w ill n ot i n i tself establish t hat a p articular b lack d efendant w as d enied e qual p rotection b y b eing sentenced t o d eath f or m urder i n t hat s tate.T he s tatistical s tudy i s i nsufficient t o p rove purposeful d iscrimination(M cCleskey v.K emp)III.S uspect C lassifications1.R ace a nd N ational O rigin-a g overnmental a ction i nvolving a s uspect c lassificaiton(r a ce,n ational o rigin,o r alienage)->s trict s crutiny,u nless i t i s n ecessary t o a chieve c ompelling n ational interest(K orematsu v.U nited S tates)-E xample:A s tate c ould n ot d eny c ustody o f a c hild f rom a p revious m arriage t o a w hite mother m erely b ecause h er n ew h usband w as b lack,w here t he m other w as o therwise found t o b e a n a ppropriate p arent.R acial p rejudice a gainst m ixed r ace c ouples d oes n ot justify t aking a c hild f rom h is m other(P almore v.S idoti)a.S chool I ntegration-o nly i ntentional s egregation i n s chools w ill b e i nvalidated-E xample:N o e qual p rotection v iolation w as f ound w here a s chool s ystem e stablished attendance z ones i n a r acially n eutral m anner,b ut r acial i mbalance o ccurred b ecause o f housing p atterns(K eyes v.S chool D istrict N o.1)b."Benign"G overnment D iscrimination-A ffirmative A ction-g overnment a ction t hat f avors r acial o r e thnic m inorities i s s ubject t o s trict s crutiny,a s is g overnment a ction d iscriminating a gainst r acial o r e thnic m inorities1)R emedying P ast D iscrimination-t he g overnment h as a c ompelling i nterest i n r emedying p ast d iscrimination a gainst a racial o r e thnic m inority-a r emedy o f t his t ype i s p ermissible b ecause i t i s n arrowly t ailored t o f urther a compelling i nterest(the e limination o f t he i llegal o r u nconstitutional d iscrimination)-E xample:W hen i t h as b een p roven t hat a p ublic e mployer e ngaged i n p ersistent r acial discrimination,a c ourt m ay o rder r elief t hat e stablishes a g oal f or t he h iring o r p romotion of m inority p ersons s o a s t o e liminate t he e ffects o f t he p ast d iscrimination(U nited States v.P aradise)2)W here T here H as B een N o P ast D iscrimination b y G overnment-a bsent p ast d iscrimination,t he g overnmental a ction m ust b e n arrowly t ailored t o achieve a c ompellling i nterest o f o ther t ypes(C ity o f R ichmond v.J.A.C roson C o.)a)R emedial J ustifications(1)L ocal P rivate D iscrimination-r emedying p ast p rivate d iscrimination w ithin t he g overnmental a gency's j urisdiction is a c ompelling i nterest-E xample:t he C ourt u pheld N ew Y ork's r evised v oting d istrict p lan,b ased s olely o n racial s tatistics,b ecause t he r evisions w ere m ade t o i nsure t hat m inorities t hat h ad previously b een d iscriminzated a gainst i n N ew Y ork w ould b e r epresented i n t he legislature(U nited J ewish O rganizations v.C arey)(2)D iversity i n P ublic E ducation-s chools:a s chool b oard m ay n ot a ssign s tudents t o a s chool o n t he b asis o f r ace unless n ecessary t o a chieve a c ompelling i nterest,s uch a s r emedying p ast unconstitutional(i.e.i ntentional)d iscrimination-c olleges a nd u niversities:t hey h ave a c ompelling i nterest i n h aving a d iverse student b ody(enhancing d iscussions,p romote c ross-racial u nderstanding,a nd b reak down r acial s tereotypes f or t he w orkforce),a lthough e ach a pplicant s hould b e considered a s a n i ndividual a nd r ace s hould n ot b e t he d ominant f actor t o t he assessment(G ratz v.B ollinger)c.D iscriminatory L egislative A pportionment-r ace c an b e c onsidered i n d rawing u p n ew v oting d istricts,b ut i t c annot b e t he predominant f actor-a r edistricting p lan d rawn u p p redominantly o n t he b asis o f r acial c onsiderations w ill violate t he E qual P rotection C lause u nless i t i s n arrowly t ailored t o s erve a compelling s tate i nterest(M iller v.J ohnsen:m aximizing t he n umber o f d istricts w here racial m inority m embers a re t he m ajority i s n ot a c ompelling i nterest)d.P rivate A ffirmative A ction-p rivate e mployers a re n ot r estricted b y t he E qual P rotection C lause,s ince t heir actions a re n ot s tate a ctions-p rivate d iscrimination b y e mployers a re r egulated b y s tatutes b ased o n t he e nabling provisions o f t he13th a nd14th A mendments a nd t he C ommerce C lause,n ot o n t he Equal P rotection C lause2.A lienage C lassificationsa.F ederal C lassifications-r eview s tandard i s n ot c lear,n ever s eem t o b e s ubject t o s trict s crutiny-c lassifications a re v alid i f t hey a re n ot a rbitrary a nd u nreasonable-H ence,f ederal M edicare r egulations c ould e stablish a f ive-year r esidency r equirement for b enefits t hat e liminated m any r esident a liens(M athews v.D iaz)b.S tate a nd L ocal C lassifications-s tate/local l aws a re s ubject t o s trict s crutiny i f b ased o n a lienage-a"compelling s tate i nterest"m ust b e s hown t o j ustify d isparate t reatment-->e.g.a s tate l aw r equiring U S c itizenship f or w elfare b enefits,c ivil s ervice j obs,o r a license t o p ractice l aw w ill b e s truck d own f or l ack o f c ompelling i nterest-E xception-P articipation i n S elf-Government P rocess-->i f a l aw d iscriminates a gainst a lien p articipation i n t he f unctioning o f t he s tate government,t he r ational b asis s tanard i s a pplied-->E xamples:--->1)A s tate c annot r equire a n otary p ublic t o b e a c itizen.A n otary's r esponsibilities are e ssentially c lerical a nd d o n ot f all w ithin t he e xception f or p ositions r elated t o participation i n t he g overnmental p rocess,a nd t here i s n o c ompelling g overnment interest j ustifying s uch a r equirement(B ernal v.F ainter)--->2)A s tate c an v alidly r efuse t o h ire a liens a s p olice o fficers a nd p rimary a nd secondary s chool t eachers a nd f or a ll o ther p ositions t hat h ave a d irect e ffect o n t he functioning o f g overnment(A mbach v.N orwich)c.U ndocumented A liens1)P unitive L aws A gainst"Ilegal"A lien A dults-t he C ourt h as n ot h eld t hat u ndocumented("illegal")a liens a re a s uspect c lassification -s uch l aws m ight b e u pheld u nder t he r ational b asis t est2)E ducation R ights o f A lien C hildren-d enying u ndocumented a lien c hildren s tate-supported p rimary o r s econdary e ducation violates t he E qual P rotection C lauseIV.Q uasi-Suspect C lassifications-i ncluding g ender a nd l egitimacy-s ubject t o i ntermediate s tandard o f r eview-s truck d own u nless s ubstantially r elated t o a n i mportant g overnment i nterest-t he g overnment i nterst m ust b e g enuine,n ot r elying o n o verbroad g eneralizations about m ales a nd f emales t hat w ill c reate o r p erpetuate t he l egal,s ocial,a nd e conomic inferiority o f w omen(U nited S tates v.V irginia)1.G ender-t he g overnment b ears t he b urden o f p roof-s tandard o f p roof:a n"e xceedingly p ersuasive j ustificaiton"(United S tates v. Virginia)a.I ntentional D iscrimination A gainst W omen-g enerally b e i nvalid-E xamples:-->1)A s tatute g iving t he h usband,a s h ead o f t he h ousehold,t he r ight t o u nilaterally dispose o f p roperty j ointly o wned w ith h is w ife v iolates e qual p rotection(K irchberg v. Feenstra)-->2)A s tatute g iving p reference t o m ales o ver f emales t o a ct a s a dministrator o f a n estate v iolates e qual p rotection(R eed v.R eed)-C ompare:-->1)A s tate l aw t hat e xcluded f rom s tate d isability i nsurance b enefits"disabilities" arising f rom n ormal p regnancy a nd c hildbirth w as u pheld o n a h olding t hat i t d id n ot constitute a g ender c lassification a nd s o d id n ot c onstitute i ntentional d iscrimination(G eduldig v.A iello)-->2)A s tate s tatute g ranting a h iring p reference t o v eterans w as u pheld e ven t hough the r esult w ould d isadvantage w omen s ince m ost v eterans a re m en.T he C ourt f ound that t he p urpose o f t he s tatute w as t o h elp v eterans,n ot t o d iscriminate a gainst w omen (P ersonnel A dminstrator o f M assachusetts v.F eeney)b.A ffirmative A ction B enefiting W omen-c lassifications b enefiting w omen t hat a re d esigned t o r emedy p ast d iscrimination against w omen w ill g enerally b e u pheld-E xamples:-->1)S ocial S ecurity a nd t ax e xemptions t hat e ntitle w omen t o g reater b enefits t o m ake up f or p ast d iscrimination i n t he w orkplace a re v alid(C alifano v.W ebster)-->2)A N avy r ule g ranting f emale o fficers l onger t enure t han m ales b efore m andatory discharge f or n onproduction i s v alid t o m ake u p f or p ast d iscrimination a gainst f emales in t he N avy(S chlesinger v.B allard)c.I ntentional D iscrimination A gainst M en-g enerally i nvalid-h owever,a n umber o f l aws h aven b een h eld v alid a s b eing s ubstantially r elated t o a n imporant g overnment i nterest1)I navlid D iscriminationa)D enial t o a dmit m ales t o a s tate u niversity o r n ursing s choolb)L aw t hat p rovides t hat o nly w ivies a re e ligible f or a limony(扶养费)c)L aw t hat p ermits u nwed(未婚的)m other,b ut n ot u nwed f ather,t o s top a doption of o ffspringd)L aw p roviding a h igher m inimum d rinking a ge f or m en t han f or w omen2)V alid D iscriminationa)L aw p unishing m ales b ut n ot f emales f or s tatutory r ape(sexual i ntercourse w ith a minor)b)M ale-only d raft r egistrationrc)A l aw g ranting a utomatic U nited S tates c itizenship t o n onmarital c hildren b orn abroad t o A merican m others,b ut r equiring A merican f athers o f c hildren b orn a broad t o take s pecific s teps t o e stablish p aternity i n o rder t o m ake s uch c hildren U S c itizens2.L egitimacy C lassifications-s ubject t o i ntermediate s crutiny s tandard-m ust b e s ubstantially r elated t o a n i mportant g overnmental o bjectivea.N o P unitive P urpose-n ot u phold d iscriminatory l egislation i ntended t o p unish t he o ffspring o f i llicit relationships1)I nheritance f orm F ather-c annot a bsolutely e xclude i llegitimate c hildren f rom i nheriting f rom t heir i ntestate fathers2)S tatute o f L imitations o n P aternity S uits M ay B e D iscriminatory-i mposing s uch l imitations n ot r elated t o s tate i nterest o f p reventing s tale o r f raudulent claimsb.I mmigration P reference t o L egitimate C hildren-P ermissible-u pheld a f ederal l aw g ranting i mmigration p erferences t o l egitimate c hildrenV.O ther C lassifications-A ll o ther c lassifications a re r eviewed u nder t he r ational b asis s tandard a nd w ill b e upheld u nless t hey b ear n ot r ational r elationship t o a ny c onceivable l egitimate government i nterest-E xamples:-->1)...t he g overnment h as n o l egitimate i nterest i n p rohibiting m entally r etarded persons f rom l iving t ogether(C leburne v.C leburne L iving C enter,I nc.)-->2)...a s tate c onstitutional p rovision t hat i dentifies p ersons b y a s ingle t rait o f homosexual o r b isexual o rientation a nd t hen d enies t hem t he r ight t o s eek a ny s pecific protection f rom t he l aw i s s o u nprecedented a s t o i mply a nimosity t oward s uch p ersons and i s t hus n ot r elated t o a ny l egitimate s tate i nterest(R omer v.E vans)-A ge a nd w ealth a re n ot a s uspect c lassifications,s ubject o nly t o t he r ational b asis standard。

法律英语的课堂笔记一、Characteristics of legal English 法律英语的特点Lengthy and complex sentences 长句和复杂句Archaic words and expressions 古词语表达Latin Words 拉丁语使用（如Versus，Per se 本身，De facto De facto marriage 事实婚姻，Stare Decisis 遵循先例原则，Pro forma等）二、Plain English and Terms 简明法律英语Ask RequestBecause In view of the fact thatBefore Prior toCarry out ImplementCause Give rise toCome EmanateExplain ClarifyGive Make a donation ofIf In the event of三、Terms in Legal Context 专业术语He possesses a good title to the house complete ownershipThey initiated a class action in the courtBoth his personal property and real property have been involved in the lawsuitThe invention should be different from the prior art 现有技术四、Terms with Special Meanings 特殊意义的词侵权tort/infringement - （IPR Intellectual Property Rights）the infringement against the copy right （patent，trademark，etc）裁决verdict/judgment verdict （made by jury）/ judgment （made by judge）起诉状：information/indictment information （charging document issued by prosecutor）/indictment（issue by grand jury）规定stipulates（in contract）/ prescribe（in Law）起诉sue（civil cases）/charge（criminal cases）Frisk and stop （criminal procedure）Arrest （criminal procedure）来源：法律英语翻译。

法律知识点总结英语Laws and legal systems play a pivotal role in our society by ensuring order, protecting rights, and facilitating justice. With the increasing globalization and cross-cultural interactions, having a fundamental understanding of legal concepts and principles becomes increasingly important. In this article, we will delve into some key legal knowledge points in English, providing a brief overview of various legal topics.1. Contract Law:Contract law governs agreements between parties, outlining their respective rights and obligations. Four essential elements must be present for a contract to be valid: offer, acceptance, consideration, and intention to create legal relations. Breach of contract occurs when one party fails to fulfill their agreed-upon obligations, leading to potential legal remedies such as damages or specific performance.2. Tort Law:Tort law deals with civil wrongs that cause harm to individuals or their property. It includes negligence, intentional torts, and strict liability. Negligence occurs when someone breaches their duty of care, causing harm or injury to another party. Intentional torts refer to purposeful acts resulting in harm, such as assault or defamation. Strict liability holds individuals accountable for any harm caused by their actions, regardless of intent or negligence.3. Criminal Law:Criminal law focuses on offenses against society at large. It distinguishes between felonies (serious crimes) and misdemeanors (lesser offenses). Criminal cases are prosecuted by the government, and if found guilty, defendants may face penalties ranging from fines to imprisonment. Important principles include presumption of innocence, burden of proof, and the right to legal counsel.4. Intellectual Property Law:Intellectual property refers to intangible creations of the mind, such as inventions, literary works, or symbols. Intellectual property rights, including patents, copyrights, and trademarks, protect creators' exclusive rights over their creations. Patent law safeguards new inventions and technological advancements, while copyright law preserves original creative works. Trademark law prevents unauthorized use of symbols or names that identify specific products or services.5. Constitutional Law:Constitutional law establishes a nation's fundamental principles and outlines the powers and limitations of its government. It safeguards individual rights and governs the relationships between citizens and the state. Key elements include separation of powers, checks and balances, and the protection of fundamental rights such as freedom of speech, religion, and the right to a fair trial.6. Family Law:Family law covers legal matters related to marriage, divorce, child custody, adoption, and domestic relationships. It ensures the protection andwelfare of family members. Family courts handle cases such as divorce settlements, child support, and visitation rights.7. Employment Law:Employment law regulates the relationship between employers and employees, encompassing various aspects such as hiring, termination, and workplace safety. It addresses issues such as discrimination, harassment, minimum wage, and working hours. Employment contracts and collective bargaining agreements establish the rights and obligations of both parties.8. Environmental Law:Environmental law focuses on the protection of natural resources, ecosystems, and the environment as a whole. It covers areas such as pollution control, conservation, and sustainable development. Environmental regulations aim to prevent and mitigate harmful impacts on the environment.9. International Law:International law governs the relationships between nations and provides guidelines for diplomatic interactions. It covers areas such as treaties, trade agreements, human rights, and armed conflicts. International courts, such as the International Court of Justice, settle disputes between countries.In conclusion, understanding these essential legal knowledge points in English can significantly benefit individuals in today's interconnected world. By familiarizing ourselves with these concepts, we can navigate legal issues, protect our rights, and contribute to a fair and just society.。

1、通过司法考试，加强英语，尤其是法律英语的学习，Pass the judicial examination to strengthen the learning of English, especially legal English2、成为“万事通”还是“一事精”Become a "Master of Everything" or "One Thing"3、从知识时代到信息时代From Knowledge Age to Information Age4、在世界上有什么样的部门法，就有什么样的国际法What kind of departmental law is there in the world? What kind of international law is there?5、一带一路One Belt One Road6、分成学习小组和写学习计划Divide into study groups and write study plans7、滴水不漏hold water；工欲善其事，必先利其器If a worker wants to do good, he must first sharpen his tools.8、法律的生命力是实践The life of the law lies not in logic but in experience9、熟悉研究材料和技能。

更好地了解最有用的网站familarize research materials and skills.better to know the most useful websites10、平民情怀，国际视野Civilian sentiment, international perspective11、欣赏原汁原味的法律英语经典和当代著作Enjoy authentic English legal classics ,contemporary great writings and handle hot words of recent years12、Speak like a international lawyer13、入乡随俗Do as the Romans do；条条大路通罗马All roads lead to Rome14、马克思主义和中国特色社会主义思想Marxism and Socialism with Chinese Characteristics15、熟能生巧Practice makes perfect；mal-practice失职行为16、无罪推定Presumption of innocence；中国特色Chinese characteristics；一带一路倡议Belt and Road Initiative；良药苦口Good medicine always tastes bitter17、识时务者为俊杰smart guys know the ins and outs18、与时俱进keep up with the times如何成为国际法律人才文章来源: 中国法律, 2011, 第5期, P0-0作者: 刘思达正文怎样有针对性地学习才能为今后成为国际法律人才做好充分准备，我觉得主要有以下几个方面。

法学考研必备——法律英语单词汇总1. Abandon [ə'bændən]：放弃2. Abduction [æb'dʌkʃən]：绑架3. Accessory [ək'sesəri]：从犯4. Acquittal [ə'kwitl]：无罪判决5. Adjudication [ə,dʒudi'keiʃən]：裁决6. Affidavit [æfə'deivət]：宣誓书7. Agency ['eidʒənsi]：代理关系8. Appeal [ə'pi:l]：上诉9. Arbitration [ˌɑ:bɪ'treɪʃn]：仲裁10. Arrest [ə'rest]：逮捕11. Arson ['ɑ:sən]：纵火罪12. Assault [ə'sɔ:lt]：袭击13. Bankruptcy ['bæŋkrʌptsi]：破产14. Bona fide [ˌbəʊnə'faɪdi]：真实的15. Bribe [braib]：贿赂16. Capital punishment ['kæpətl 'pʌniʃmənt]：死刑17. Case [keis]：案件18. Civil law ['sɪvəl lɔ]：民法19. Claim [kleim]：要求20. Class action [klæs 'ækʃən]：集体诉讼23. Confidential ['kɔnfɪ'denʃl]：机密的24. Consent [kən'sent]：同意25. Consideration [kənˌsɪdə'reɪʃən]：对价26. Constitution [ˌkɔnstɪ'tʊʃən]：宪法27. Contract ['kɔntrækt]：合同28. Contrary ['kɔntrəri]：相反的29. Conviction [kən'vikʃən]：定罪30. Corroborating [kə'rɔbəreitiŋ]：证实的31. Court ['kɔ:rt]：法院32. Crime [kraim]：犯罪33. Criminal ['krɪmɪnəl]：犯罪的34. Damages ['dæmidʒiz]：损害赔偿35. Defendant [di'fendənt]：被告36. Defense [di'fens]：辩护37. Deposition [,depə'ziʃən]：证词38. Detention [dɪ'tenʃən]：拘留39. Disbarment [dɪs'bɑ:rmənt]：取消律师资格40. Discrimination [dɪɪskrɪmə'neɪʃən]：歧视41. Docket ['dɑkɪt]：案卷42. Due process [dju: 'prəʊses]：正当程序43. Eminent domain ['emɪnənt də'mein]：征用44. Enforce [ɪn'fɔ:s]：强制执行45. Evidence ['evɪdəns]：证据46. Extradition [ˌekstrə'dɪʃən]：引渡47. Felony ['feləni]：重罪48. Forfeit ['fɔ:fit]：没收49. Fraud [frɔ:d]：欺诈50. Guilty ['ɡɪlti]：有罪的51. Habeas corpus ['heibiəs 'kɔ:pəs]：人身保护令52. Hearing ['hɪərɪŋ]：听证会53. Immunity [ɪ'mju:nəti]：豁免权54. Indemnify [ɪn'dɛmnəˌfaɪ]：赔偿55. Indictment [ɪn'daɪtmənt]：起诉56. Injunction [ɪn'dʒʌŋkʃən]：禁令57. Judgment ['dʒʌdʒmənt]：判决58. Jurisdiction [,dʒurɪs'dɪkʃən]：管辖权59. Jus primae noctis [dʒʌs praimiː 'nɒktis]：初夜权60. Jury ['dʒʊəri]：陪审团61. Justice ['dʒʌstɪs]：公正62. Law ['lɔ:]：法律63. Lien ['li:ən]：留置权64. Litigation [ˌlɪtɪ'ɡeɪʃən]：诉讼65. Malfeasance [mæl'fi:zns]：渎职66. Manslaughter ['mænˌslɔ:tər]：过失杀人67. Negligence ['neɡlɪdʒəns]：过失68. Oath [əʊθ]：誓言69. Objection [əb'dʒekʃən]：异议70. Offender [ə'fendər]：犯罪者71. Ordinance ['ɔ:rdinəns]：法规72. Parole [pə'roʊl]：假释73. Pardon ['pɑrdn]：赦免74. Perjury ['pɜrdʒəri]：伪证罪75. Petit jury [ˈpɛti dʒʊəri]：陪审团76. Plaintiff ['pleɪntɪf]：原告77. Plea [pli:]：答辩78. Precedent ['prisɪdənt]：先例79. Preliminary [priː'limɪneri]：初步的80. Probate ['probeit]：遗嘱认证81. Pro bono ['proʊˈboʊnoʊ]：免费的82. Prosecutor ['prɑsɪˌkjuːtər]：检察官83. Racketeering [ˌrækɪ'tiəriŋ]：敲诈勒索84. Rape [reɪp]：强奸85. Rebuttal [ri'bʌtl]：反驳86. Reasonable ['riznəbl]：合理的87. Rebuttable [rɪ'bʌtəbəl]：可辩驳的88. Sentence ['sen(t)əns]：判决89. Smuggling ['smʌɡlɪŋ]：走私90. Statute ['stæčut]：法令91. Subpoena [sə'pinə]：传票92. Summons ['sʌmənz]：传票93. Testimony ['testə'məʊnɪ]：证词94. Tort [tɔːrt]：侵权行为95. Trial ['traɪəl]：审判96. Trustee [ˌtrʌ'sti:]：受托人97. Unconstitutional [ˌʌnkɒnstɪ'tjuʃənl]：违宪的98. Verdict ['vɜrdɪkt]：裁定99. Victim ['vɪktɪm]：受害者。

法律英语常用词汇和句型总结常用术语总结一、基本概念及用法债权人：obligee债务人：obligor一方：one party对方\相对人：the other party；善意相对人：the other party in good faith债权：creditor’s right; right to performance; right债务/义务： obligation标的物：subject matter责任：liability要约：offer;承诺：acceptance;要约邀请：invitation to offer;要约人：offeror受要约人：offeree收件人：recipient代理人：agent被代理人/本人：principle行为人：person performing (such) act代理权：agency authority应当：shall可以：may不能：may not不正当：improperly有权做. . .：may; is entitled to do履行义务：perform obligation, render performance订立合同：enter into a contract; conclude a contract; form acontract带来损失：cause loss to . . .损害利益：harm somebody’s interest赔偿损失：indemnify the other party for its loss由某人承担费用：expenses shall be borne by sb.承担损害赔偿责任：be liable for damages各自承担相应的责任：bear their respective liabilities accordingly要求承担违约责任：hold . . . liable for breach of contract享有权利、承担义务：assume right and obligation二、各个条文中的术语合同订立采取. . .方式： a contract is concluded by the exchange of. . .(e.g. by the exchange of an offer and an acceptance; by the exchange of electronic messages). . .的意思表示：manifestation of intention to do something 做出表示：manifest his intention (to do)接受履行：accept the performance订立合同时：in the course of concluding/ negotiating a contract; at the time of its conclusion 符合．．．规定：meet the requirement of . . .承诺的撤回：withdrawal of acceptance书面形式：in writing合同书形式：memorandum of contract具有本法. . .条规定的情形：fall into any of the circumstances set forth in Article. . .撤回：withdraw; 撤销：cancel拒绝追认：decline; 拒绝履行：reject受约束：be bound；is binding upon somebody表明：indicate价目表：price list拍卖公告：announcement of auction招标公告：call for tender招股说明书：prospectus商业广告：commercial advertisement数据电文：electronic message指定特定系统：designate a specific system快速通讯方式：instantaneous communication device国家指令性任务或国家订货任务：state mandatory plan or state purchase order根据需要/要求：in light of its requirement格式条款：standard terms条款：provision提请注意义务：duty to call attention应. . .要求，做. . .：do something upon the request of . . .与对方协商：negotiate with the other party预先拟定：prepare in advance重复使用：repeated use提供格式条款一方：the party supplying standard terms免除或限制责任：exclude or limit liability加重对方责任：increase the liabilities of the other party排除对方主要权利：deprive the other party of material rights 合理的方式：in a reasonable manner对格式条款的理解：construction of standard term通常理解：common sense不一致：discrepancy between… and …解释：interpret缔约过失责任：pre-contract liabilities恶意磋商：negotiate in bad faith以. . .名义：under the pretext of隐瞒与. . .有关的重要事实：conceal material facts relating to . . .提供虚假情况：supply false information商业秘密：trade secret泄露或不正当使用商业秘密：disclose or improperly use trade secret在订立合同的过程中获悉：become aware of in the course of negotiating a contract生效条件：conditions precedent解除条件：conditions subsequent阻止／促成条件成立：impair/facility satisfaction of a condition对合同的效力约定附条件：prescribe that the effectiveness of a contract be subject to certain conditions附生效/解除条件的合同：a contract subject to condition precedent/subsequent条件成立：condition is satisfied附期限的合同：contract term生效/失效期限：a time of commencement/expiration限制民事行为能力人：a person with limited capacity for civil act法定代理人：legal agent追认：ratify纯获利益的合同：a contract from which such person accrues benefits only与其年龄、智力、精神健康状况相适应：be appropriate for his age, intelligence, mental health催告法定代理人在一个月内予以追认：demand legal agent to ratify the contract within one month视为拒绝追认：is deemed to decline ratify the contract撤销的权利：somebody is entitled to cancel. . .以通知的方式做出：be effected by notification以. . .的名义：on one’s behalf没有代理权：lack agency authority超越代理权：act beyond his agency authority代理权终止：agency authority is extinguished请求人民法院或仲裁机构变更或撤销：petition the People’s court or an arbitration institution for amendment or cancellation 重大误解：material mistake显失公平：grossly unconscionable欺诈：fraud胁迫：duress乘人之危：take advantage of the other party’s hardship真实意思：true intention受损害方：aggrieved party合同无效、被撤销或者终止：invalidity, cancellation or discharge of a contract不影响. . .条款的效力：not impair the validity of the contract provision concerning. . .争议解决方法：the method of dispute resolution返还财产：make restitution of property过错方：the party at fault折价补偿：allowance be made in money based on the value of the property在合同约定的交付期间：during the prescribed period of delivery交付时的价格：price of delivery迟延交付标的物/提取标的物/付款：delay in delivering the subject matter; delay in taking delivery; delay in making payment 同时履行： simultaneous performance互负债务：owe performance toward each other没有先后履行顺序：there is no order of performance履行不符合约定：render non-conforming performance拒绝其相应的履行要求： reject its corresponding requirement for performance部分履行：partial performance债务人部分履行给债权人增加的费用：additional expenses incurred by obligee due to obligor’s partial performance 代位权：subrogation怠于行使到期债权：delay in exercising its creditor’s right that was due专属于. . .人本身：exclusively personal to somebody转让债权：assign a right受让人取得与债权有关的从权利：assignee assumes any incidental right associated with the obligee’s right让与人与受让人：assignor, assignee接到. . . 通知：upon receipt of notice of assignment债务人可以向受让人主张抵销：the obligor may avail itself of any set-off against the assignee对某人享有债权：have right to performance by/against somebody合并/分立：a party has effected combination/division合并/分立后的法人：legal person resulting from combination/division行使合同权利，履行合同义务：assume the rights and obligations享有连带债权，承担连带债务：jointly and severally assume the rights and obligations合同解除：terminate合同终止：discharge债务互相抵销：obligations were set off against each other将标的物提存：place the subject matter in escrow免除债务：release the obligor from performance毁损、灭失的风险：the risk of damage or loss孳息：fruits of subject matter违约责任：liabilities for breach of contract履行合同义务：perform obligations under a contract符合约定的履行合同义务：perform obligations in accordance with the contract; render conforming performance继续履行：specific performance采取补救措施：cure of non-conforming performance赔偿损失：payment of damages预期违约：anticipatory breach明确表示：expressly state行为表明：indicate by conduct违约金：liquidated damage一定数额：a certain sum/amount of …根据违约情况：in the light of degree of breach因违约产生的损失赔偿额的计算方法：a method for calculation of damages for the loss resulting from a party’s breach.适当减少：decrease the amount as appropriate公平原则：the principle of fairness诚实信用原则：the principle of good faith三、“效力”的词汇. . .的效力：effectiveness/validity of . . .e.g. effectiveness of contract/offer生效：become effective失效：extinguish有效：valid无效：invalid四、时间的词汇到达时间：time of arrival承诺期限：the period for acceptance信件载明的日期或电报交发之日：date shown on the letter or the date on which the telegram is handed in for dispatch 邮戳日期：the posting date stamped on the envelop超过承诺期间：after expiration of the period for acceptance 履行期限：time of performance. . .期间自…开始计算：the period for. . . commences on the date when. . ./once . . .五、常用句型：●Ａ符合Ｂ情况的，视为Ｃ：A is deemed as C, if B.●表示假设，用”where” or ”if”●如果是个长句子，内容为：在一个大前提A下，又有几个不同的条件(B、C)，每个条件下的结果（D是B的结果，E是C的结果）都不同。

词汇总结老师分享版总结Unit 1—5mon law普通法2.equity law衡平法3.precedent 先例4.stare decisis 遵循先例原则5.res judicata一案不再审6.jurisdiction 管辖权,管辖区,司法区7.trial court 初审法院8.Court of Appeals, appellate court 上诉法院9.appellant/appellee, petitioner/respondent 上诉人/被上诉人,申诉人/被申诉人10.Supreme Court最高法院, SPS, SPP, Procuratorate Chief Justice检察院首席大法官11.court of last resort, first instance终审法院,初审12.court of general jurisdiction 普通管辖权法院13.circuit court巡回法院14.per curiam法官共同决议意见15.concurring opinion附随意见/并存意见16.dissenting opinion反对意见17.prosecutor procuratorate 公诉人/检察官检察院18.affirm, reverse, remand维持,撤销,发回重审19.reversal, overruling撤销判决,推翻判决20.en banc全院审判,集体听讼21.holding, dicta 判决,附带意见22.day in court 出庭应诉23.forum审判地24.venue审判地25.certiorari调卷令26.legal remedy relief 法律救济27.equitable remedy 衡平法上的救济28.injunction 禁制令29.the legislative立法机构, legislation立法legislature立法机关30.the judicial judiciary 司法,司法系统31.the executive行政, execute处死,执行execution死刑/enforcement执行, executor 遗嘱执行人administer 执行32.statute成文法statutory right 法定权利33.attorney, barrister/advocate, solicitor, trial advocacy, counsel 律师34.damages 损害赔偿金punitive damages 惩罚性损害赔偿金35.bench trial 法官审判,王座法庭无陪审团的法官审jury trial 陪审团审判36.civil action 民事诉讼tortious act侵权行为tort action侵权诉讼37.substantive law 实体法procedural law 程序法38.diversity of citizenship 州籍不同39.impeachment 弹劾40.separation of powers分权41.checks & balances 制衡42.due process of law 法律正当程序43.bill of rights 权利法案44.judicial interpretation/construction 司法解释construe解释literal文字的/liberal慷慨的45.veto power, right to vote否决权46.litigant 诉讼当事人litigation 诉讼litigator诉讼人47.infamous crime不名誉罪fraud欺诈perjury 伪证罪treason叛国罪perjure作伪证defraud 诈骗defrauded欺骗48.civil law system大陆法系49.amendment 修正案50.judicial review 司法审查51.Congress/Parliament,senate 国会/议会,参议院52.bring/file/institute/initiate/commence an action, suit, lawsuit, litigation, proceedings诉讼53.binding precedent 有拘束力的先例54.persuasive precedent 有说服力的先例55.Miranda Warnings米兰达警告45. misdemeanor 轻罪felony 重罪56.probation 缓刑probate 见证人,见证程序57.parole假释rceny theft 盗窃罪59.deceased 死者,被继承人decedent 死者60.mens rea 犯意61.actus reus犯罪行为62.causation因果关系, intervening factor 介入因素63.felony-murder rule重罪谋杀规则64.punitive damages 惩罚性赔偿65.civil wrong 民事违法criminal offense 刑事犯罪66.homicide 杀人罪67.justifiable homicide可证明为正当的杀人罪, excusable可原谅的68.murder谋杀/谋杀罪69.voluntary manslaughter故意杀人罪70.involuntary manslaughter 过失杀人罪71.Redress赔偿compensation 赔偿reimburse 偿还,赔偿72.Warrant逮捕令73.self-defense正当防卫74.liability 责任liable有责的75.probable cause 正当理由,合理根据76.death penalty死刑77.imprisonment, confinement, incarceration, detention监禁78.forfeiture 没收79.aggravating circumstances加重情节80.mitigating/extenuating circumstances减轻情节81.enter a guilty plea plead guilty 做出有罪答辩82.plea bargaining辩诉交易83.interstate commerce州际贸易84.drug trafficking贩毒counterfeit goods假冒商品85.illegitimate child私生子,非婚生子86.conviction 有罪裁决acquittal 无罪裁决87.inquisitorial system纠问制/ adversary对抗制/adversarial对抗制88.summons传票, subpoena传票, process传票,诉讼过程中的各种命令, citation罚单89.service of process 送达程序pulsory process强制到庭程序91.voir dire陪审团资格审查92.peremptory challenge无因回避93.challenge for cause有因回避94.jury charge/instruction 指示陪审团95.rebuttal evidence 反驳证据96.pretrial motions审前动议move步骤post-trial审判后动议97.discovery, disclosure证据开示98.cross-examination交叉询问99.motion for directed verdict申请驳回起诉的动议100.mistrial 无效判决101.hung jury/ deadlocked jury陪审团僵局102.hearsay 传闻证据103.jury deliberation 陪审团审议104.in personam/personal jurisdiction 属人管辖权105.in rem jurisdiction对物管辖权106.subject matter jurisdiction事务管辖权107.fact-finder事情调查者,检察员, trier 审判者108.objection反对, exception 异议,例外109.plaintiff, 原告defendant被告110.prosecution 控诉defense 辩解111.affirmative defense积极性抗辩112.statute of limitations 诉讼时效113.entrapment 陷阱114.alibi 不在场证据115.intoxication喝醉116.insanity精神失常117.indictment大陪审团起诉书/information 公诉书plaint 刑事控告书、自诉书119.accusatorial system诉讼程序120.criminal charge 刑事指控121.prima facie case 初步证明的案件122.bail保释,保证金123.arraignment 传讯124.privilege against self-incrimination不得自证其罪的权利125.double jeopardy clause双重追诉条款126.confrontation clause 质证条款,对质条款127.presumption of innocence无罪推定128.grand jury 大陪审团程序129.beyond a reasonable doubt 排除合理怀疑130.by the preponderance of the evidence/ preponderant evidence优势证据131.balance of the probabilities可能性权衡132.burden of proof 举证责任133.standard of proof 证明标准134.criminal justice system 刑事司法体系135.burglary 盗窃罪136.statutory crime 法定犯罪rceny盗窃罪stolen goods 赃物138.injunctive relief 禁令救济,申请制止侵权的权利139.standing to sue原告资格140.discovery 证据开示141.long-arm statute长臂管辖法142.forum shopping挑选有管辖权的法院143.cause of action原告的起诉理由144.direct examination 直接询问145.jury verdict 陪审团裁决146.admit 供认admissible可接纳的inadmissible不可接纳的admissibility 证据的可采性147.applicable law 可适用的法律148.default judgment缺席判决149.judgment debtor 判决确定的债务人creditor 债权人150.rebuttal evidence反驳证据Unit 6wsuit诉讼2.substantive law/ procedural law实体法／程序法3.formality手续4.lease or deed of land土地租赁或转让契约5.administrative law行政法6.civil/criminal procedure民事／刑事程序7.conflicts of law法律冲突8.client 当事人9.emotional distress精神伤害10.breach of contract 违反合同约定11.file bankruptcy 申请破产12.invasion of privacy 侵犯隐私13.subject matter/personal jurisdiction诉讼标的／属人管辖权14.serve a summon 送达传票pliant/ answer 起诉书／答辩状16.default judgment 缺席审判17.demurrer抗辩18.affirmative defense积极的抗辩19.statute of limitation诉讼时效20.motion denied/granted 被否决的动议／被允许的动议21.negligent/ negligence过失形容词／过失名词22.inadmissible evidence不予采信的证据23.objection by defendant’s counsel被告律师的抗辩24.hearsay 传闻证据25.present evidence举证26.call witness传唤证人27.counsel for plaintiff原告律师28.burden of proof举证责任29.charge to the jury/ jury instruction 下指令给陪审团／陪审团发出的指令30.litigation 诉讼31.deliberation 陪审团审议32.general/special verdict 一般／特别的裁决33.reasonable person 有理性的人34.judgment non obstante verdicto 与陪审团相反的判决35.judgment for plaintiff原告胜诉的判决36.res judicata 已决案件37.execution of the jurgement判决的执行38.sheriff治安官39.proceeds收益40.insolvency 清偿41.pleading 诉讼请求42.brief诉讼要点43.transcript of the testimony 证词的记录44.court’s ruling法院的裁决Unit 8 Text B1.Drive-through 免下车的,可坐在汽车里购物的路边商店麦当劳得来速汽车餐厅pensatory and punitive damages3.Cause of action 诉讼理由；诉因指原告起诉时的根据;具体指原告起诉寻求司法救济所依据的事实,如侵权行为和损害后果等;4.Out-of-state 外州的5.Recuperate vt. 康复6.Out-of-pocket 自掏腰包的7.summary dismissal 拒绝立案8.deter 威慑9.runaway 逃跑者,漏网之鱼10.undisclosed a. 不公开的11.Fahrenheit 华氏温度180 degrees Fahrenheit=82.2 摄氏度160 degrees Fahrenheit=71.1摄氏度12.Styrofoam 泡沫塑料13.Proceed to trial 提起诉讼14.Proceeding n. 程序诉讼程序15.Procedure n. 指进行民事或刑事诉讼应遵守的司法规则、模式、步骤16.Defective product 缺陷产品17.Withstand scrutiny 经得起推敲18.Scrutiny 详细审查；周密调查Intervening causes介入因素All-or-nothing-at-all 全有或全无BlastKeep wild animals: Every dog is allowed his first bite. 初犯者从宽;As long as no harm occursPrivity n. 契约关系contractual relationshipAbsolute liability 绝对责任Agreement 协议AssumptionBasic assumption基础认知Egg-shell skull 可预见的伤害转化成不可预见的严重伤害Unit 9 Text A1.promise/ promisor/ promise 承诺／承诺人／受承诺人2.promissory obligation 约定义务3.quasi contract 准契约4.unjust enrichment 不当得利5.assignee受让人6.the third party beneficiary第三方受益人7.offer/counter offer/ offeror/ offeree要约／反要约/发要约人／受要约人8.acceptance 承诺9.bargain 讨价还价10.bilateral contract/ unilateral contract双务合同／单务合同11.irrevocable offer不可撤销的要约12.contract of adhesion 格式合同13.consideration 对价14.gratuitous promise单方获益的承诺15.enforceable contract可强制执行的合同16.estoppel禁止反言17.immunity 豁免权18.frustration/impossibility/ discharge of contract中止／不能履行／终止的合同19.binding agreement 有约束力的协议20.freedom of contract 缔约自由21.Statute of Frauds防止诈欺条例当事人拒绝履行契约的借口22.Express/implied 明示/默示offer 要约23.Express: explicitly stated24.Quasi-contract 准契约系欠缺构成要件的行为;基于衡平原则,当一方自他方取得利益致后者受损失则法律给予双方的行为具有准契约的效果,使前者必须就所得利益的价值给付后者;25.Unjustly enriched 不当得利的26.Foreseeable person27.Oxymoron 矛盾修辞法28.Inadequacy of consideration 约因的不足29.Minors/infants 未成年人30.V oid/voidable contract 无效/可撤销合同31.Mutual assent共同同意32.Rescind the contract 撤销契约33.Affirm/disaffirm 确认/否认34.Enforceable/unenforceable contract 违反法定要件缺强制力的合同Unit 9 Text B1.Enforcement 施行2.Plain meaning 字面含义3.Discourage 阻止,劝阻4.Penalize v. 对予以惩罚5.Deceptive 欺骗的6.Unforeseen 不可预见的7.Preference n. 偏爱优待8.Accommodate 适应9.Modification 修订plexity 复杂11.Subjectivity 主观12.Performance/fulfillment 履行成功地执行合同义务,即完全履行,通常可因此解除履行人的义务;13.Honor agreed-upon promise 依约履行协议14.Projected-loss of profits 预计损失的利润15.Aggrieved party 受害人16.Specific performance 实际履行17.Mutual mistake 双方错误指各方当事人对主要事实、合同用语或文书内容等有相同的误解18.Erroneous assumption 错误的假设19.Material to the contract 对合同有实质影响20.Duress 胁迫21.Undue influence 不当影响22.Material provision 实质条款23.Misrepresentation 虚假陈述Unit 12corporation 法人公司在法律上被认为是单一法律实体的、由个人组成的团体或某一职位的持有人; 为了与自然人natural person区别,法人又称为拟制人artificial person,法律上的人juristic person或团体人corporate person;incorporate v. 成立公司,设立公司intermediary 中间人a lawyer for the situation 情势律师capital structure of corporation 公司资本结构equity financing 股权融资debt financing 债券融资corporate financing 公司融资articles of incorporation 公司章程powers of corporation 公司权力ultra vires doctrine 越权原则serve v. 送达service of process 送达程序customize 定制,改制MBCA 美国标准公司法bylaws 内部章程细则voting by proxy 代理投票internal affairs doctrine 内部事务原则公司内部事务;公司内部事务是指公司内部,公司本身与其董事、股东、中小股东、高级管理人员相互之间的权利、义务关系;内部事务的范围相当广②,大体可分为不影响第三人权利的内部事务和影响第三人权利的内部事务;前者例如股东的累积投票权；后者如股东对公司债务的个人责任,是否揭开公司面纱,追究股东责任对公司债权人利益影响重大;公司内部事务适用其属人法,美国绝大多数州以公司注册成立地为其属人法,以注册成立地公司法调整内部事务关系;特拉华州现象;许多公司竞相选择特拉华州作为公司成立地,在内部事务上适用该州公司法,这被公司法及国际私法学者称为特拉华州现象;公司章程是规范公司与股东、董事之间,股东与股东,股东与董事之间关系的法律文件,公司章程是他们权利和义务的源泉之一;tangible evidence 实物证据real evidence: real thing 实物证据demonstrative evidence确证: tangible material used for explanatory or illustrative purposes onlyreversible error 可更改的错误。

英文法律文书课堂笔记第一章会议纪要写作性质：会议纪要是律师的工作文件之一，是律师参与会议并根据会谈笔录整理的文件，能体现双方的交易意向，但在一般情况下对双方没有法律约束力(non-legally binding)。

第一部分：名称会议纪要的抬头通常写为：Summary of Talks on XXX例如：(1)Summary of Talks on Technology Transfer(2)Summary of Talks on the Purchase and Sale of Computers第二部分：引言会议纪要的引言主要包括：主体的描述、会议时间、地点等信息。

大家可以按以下方式写引言部分，具体内容可根据具体交易变更（下同）：A trade talks on computer purchase was being held in Beijing International Trade Center, by and between ABC Company, with is registered office at ( ), Beijing, China(Party A) and XYZ Company, with is registered office at ( ), New York, USA(Party B) on Dec. 25, 2005. After sound and definite negotiations, both parties have achieved complete success and reached an identity of the following view:第三部分：正文部分正文部分是会议纪要最重要的部分，体现了交易双方的交易意向。

由于具体交易的内容不同，所以该部分也没有一种特定的格式。

只需要把内容分项说清即可。

该部分应特别注意两点：一是该部分常用到“应当如何如何”的表述，可以表述为shall be或者should be。

法学知识点英语总结初中1. Introduction to LawLaw is a system of rules that are created and enforced through social or governmental institutions to regulate behavior. It is a body of rules that are created and enforced by a country’s government concerning the regulation of conduct of the members of that society. The main purpose of law is to maintain order, resolve disputes, and protect individual rights and liberties.2. Types of LawThere are various types of law, including civil law, criminal law, constitutional law, administrative law, and international law. Civil law deals with disputes between individuals and organizations, while criminal law deals with offenses against the state or society. Constitutional law governs the relationship between the government and the citizens, while administrative law regulates the operations of government agencies. International law deals with the relations between different countries and their citizens.3. Sources of LawThe sources of law include legislation, which is the body of laws enacted by a governing body, such as a parliament or a congress. Another source of law is judicial decisions, which are the decisions made by judges in court cases that become precedents for future cases. Additionally, customary law, which is law that is based on custom and usage, and international agreements and treaties are also sources of law.4. Legal SystemsThere are different legal systems around the world, including common law, civil law, and religious law systems. Common law is based on judicial decisions and precedents, while civil law is based on codified laws and statutes. Religious law is based on religious texts and traditions, and it is used in countries with a strong religious influence.5. Legal Rights and ResponsibilitiesLegal rights are entitlements that are recognized and protected by the law, while legal responsibilities are the duties and obligations that individuals and organizations have under the law. Legal rights include the right to freedom of speech, the right to a fair trial, and the right to property. Legal responsibilities include obeying the law, paying taxes, and respecting the rights of others.6. The Legal SystemThe legal system is the framework of rules and institutions that create, interpret, and enforce the law in a society. It includes the legislative, executive, and judicial branches ofgovernment, as well as law enforcement agencies, courts, and legal professionals. The legal system ensures that the law is applied and enforced fairly and impartially.7. Legal ProfessionalsLegal professionals, such as lawyers, judges, and legal scholars, play a crucial role in the legal system. Lawyers provide legal advice and representation to clients, judges preside over court cases and make legal decisions, and legal scholars conduct research and analysis of legal issues. Legal professionals help ensure that the law is upheld and applied effectively.8. Criminal LawCriminal law is the branch of law that deals with offenses against the state or society. It includes crimes such as murder, theft, and assault, and it prescribes the punishment for those who commit such crimes. The purpose of criminal law is to maintain public order and safety, and to protect individuals and society from harm.9. Civil LawCivil law is the branch of law that deals with disputes between individuals and organizations. It includes cases such as contract disputes, property disputes, and family law matters. Civil law aims to provide a fair and just resolution to such disputes, and it often involves remedies such as monetary compensation or specific performance.10. Constitutional LawConstitutional law is the branch of law that governs the relationship between the government and the citizens. It includes the interpretation and application of the constitution, as well as the protection of fundamental rights and liberties. Constitutional law ensures that the government operates within the limits of its power and respects the rights of the citizens.11. Administrative LawAdministrative law is the branch of law that regulates the operations of government agencies. It includes the powers and duties of administrative agencies, as well as the procedures for administrative decision-making. Administrative law ensures that government agencies act within the law and are held accountable for their actions.12. International LawInternational law is the branch of law that deals with the relations between different countries and their citizens. It includes treaties, agreements, and conventions that govern international relations, as well as the resolution of disputes between countries. International law aims to promote peace and cooperation among nations.13. Legal EthicsLegal ethics is the code of conduct and professional responsibility that governs the behavior of legal professionals. It includes principles such as honesty, integrity, and confidentiality, as well as the duty to provide competent and zealous representation. Legal ethics ensures that legal professionals act ethically and in the best interests of their clients.14. The JudiciaryThe judiciary is the branch of government that interprets and applies the law through the court system. It includes judges who preside over court cases and make legal decisions, as well as the court staff and administration. The judiciary ensures that the law is upheld and justice is served.15. Legal ProcedureLegal procedure is the process by which legal disputes are resolved through the court system. It includes the filing of a lawsuit, the gathering of evidence, the presentation of arguments, and the rendering of a verdict. Legal procedure ensures that disputes are resolved fairly and according to the law.16. Legal EducationLegal education is the process of training and learning about the law and its principles. It includes law school, where students study the theory and practice of law, as well as professional training and continuing education for legal professionals. Legal education ensures that individuals are knowledgeable about the law and its applications.17. Legal ReformLegal reform is the process of making changes to the law and the legal system in order to improve its effectiveness and fairness. It includes legislation, court decisions, and administrative changes that aim to address shortcomings and promote justice. Legal reform ensures that the law evolves to meet the changing needs of society.In conclusion, law is a complex and multifaceted system that governs the behavior of individuals and society. It encompasses various branches and concepts, and it is essential for maintaining order, resolving disputes, and protecting individual rights and liberties. Understanding the key points and concepts of law is important for anyone seeking to navigate the legal system and contribute to a just and orderly society.。