1997年考研阅读真题翻译1

(1997年)Text 1[1]It was 3:45 in the morning when the vote was finally taken.After six months of arguing and final 16 hours of hot parliamentary debates, Australia’s Northern Territory became the first legal authority in the world to allow doctors to take the lives of incurably ill patients who wish to die.The measure passed by the convincing vote of 15 to 10.Almost immediately word flashed on the Internet and was picked up, half a world away, by John Hofsess, executive director of the Right to Die Society of Canada.He sent it on via the group’s on-line service, Death NET. Say s Hofsess: “We posted bulletins all day long, because of course this isn’t just something that happened in Australia. It’s world history.”[2]The full import may take a while to sink in.The NT Rights of the Terminally Ill law has left physicians and citizens alike trying to deal with its moral and practical implications.Some have breathed sighs of relief, others, including churches, right-to-life groups and the Australian Medical Association, bitterly attacked the bill and the haste of its passage.But the tide is unlikely to turn back.In Australia -- where an aging population, life-extending technology and changing community attitudes have all played their part -- other states are going to consider making a similar law to deal with euthanasia.In the US and Canada, where the right-to-die movement is gathering strength, observers are waiting for the dominoes to start falling.[3]Under the new Northern Territory law, an adult patient can request death --probably by a deadly injection or pill -- to put an end to suffering.The patient must be diagnosed as terminally ill by two doctors.After a “cooling off” period of seven days, the patient can sign a certificate of request.After 48 hours the wish for death can be met.For Lloyd Nickson, a 54-year-old Darwin resident suffering from lung cancer, the NT Rights of Terminally Ill law means he can get on with living without the haunting fear of his suffering: a terrifying death from his breathing condition.“I’m not afraid of dying from a spiritual point of view, but what I was afraid of was how I’d go, because I’ve watched people die in the hospital fighting for oxygen and clawing at their masks,” he says.51. From the second paragraph we learn that ________.[A] the objection to euthanasia is slow to come in other countries[B] physicians and citizens share the same view on euthanasia[C] changing technology is chiefly responsible for the hasty passage of the law[D] it takes time to reali ze the significance of the law’s passage52. When the author says that observers are waiting for the dominoes to start falling, he means ________.[A] observers are taking a wait-and-see attitude towards the future of euthanasia[B] similar bills are likely to be passed in the US, Canada and other countries[C] observers are waiting to see the result of the game of dominoes[D] the effect-taking process of the passed bill may finally come to a stop53. When Lloyd Nickson dies, he will ________.[A] face his death with calm characteristic of euthanasia[B] experience the suffering of a lung cancer patient[C] have an intense fear of terrible suffering[D] undergo a cooling off period of seven days54. The author’s attitude towards euthanasia s eems to be that of ________.[A] opposition[B] suspicion[C] approval[D] indifferenceText 2[1] A report consistently brought back by visitors to the US is how friendly,courteous, and helpful most Americans were to them.To be fair, this observation is also frequently made of Canada and Canadians, and should best be considered North American.There are, of course, exceptions. Small-minded officials, rude waiters, and ill-mannered taxi drivers are hardly unknown in the US.Yet it is an observation made so frequently that it deserves comment.[2]For a long period of time and in many parts of the country, a traveler was awelcome break in an otherwise dull existence.Dullness and loneliness were common problems of the families who generally lived distant from one another.Strangers and travelers were welcome sources of diversion, and brought news of the outside world.[3]The harsh realities of the frontier also shaped this tradition of hospitality.Someone traveling alone, if hungry, injured, or ill, often had nowhere to turn except to the nearest cabin or settlement.It was not a matter of choice for the traveler or merely a charitable impulse on the part of the settlers.It reflected the harshness of daily life: if you didn’t take in the stranger and take care of him, there was no one else who would.And someday, remember, you might be in the same situation.[4]Today there are many charitable organizations which specialize in helping theweary traveler.Yet, the old tradition of hospitality to strangers is still very strong in the US, especially in the smaller cities and towns away from the busy tourist trails.“I was just traveling through, got talking with this Ameri can, and pretty soon he invited me home for dinner -- amazing.”Such observations reported by visitors to the US are not uncommon, but are not always understood properly.The casual friendliness of many Americans should be interpreted neither as superficial nor as artificial, but as the result of a historically developed cultural tradition.[5]As is true of any developed society, in America a complex set of cultural signals,assumptions, and conventions underlies all social interrelationships.And, of course, speaking a language does not necessarily mean that someone understands social and cultural patterns.Visitors who fail to “translate” cultural meanings properly often draw wrong conclusions.For example, when an American uses the word “friend,” the cu ltural implications of the word may be quite different from those it has in the visitor’s language and culture.It takes more than a brief encounter on a bus to distinguish between courteous convention and individual interest.Yet, being friendly is a virtue that many Americans value highly and expect from both neighbors and strangers.55. In the eyes of visitors from the outside world, ________.[A] rude taxi drivers are rarely seen in the US[B] small-minded officials deserve a serious comment[C] Canadians are not so friendly as their neighbors[D] most Americans are ready to offer help56. It could be inferred from the last paragraph that ________.[A] culture exercises an influence over social interrelationship[B] courteous convention and individual interest are interrelated[C] various virtues manifest themselves exclusively among friends[D] social interrelationships equal the complex set of cultural conventions57. Families in frontier settlements used to entertain strangers ________.[A] to improve their hard life[B] in view of their long-distance travel[C] to add some flavor to their own daily life[D] out of a charitable impulse58. The tradition of hospitality to strangers ________.[A] tends to be superficial and artificial[B] is generally well kept up in the United States[C] is always understood properly[D] has something to do with the busy tourist trailsText 3[1]Technically, any substance other than food that alters our bodily or mentalfunctioning is a drug.Many people mistakenly believe the term drug refers only to some sort of medicine or an illegal chemical taken by drug addicts.They don’t realize that familiar substances such as alcohol and tobacco are also drugs.This is why the more neutral term substance is now used by many physicians and psychologists.The phrase “substance abuse” is often used instead of “drug abuse” to make clear that substances such as alcohol and tobacco can be just as harmfully misused as heroin and cocaine.[2]We live in a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances (drugs) ispervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerves.When do these socially acceptable and apparently constructive uses of a substance become misuses?First of all, most substances taken in excess will produce negative effects such as poisoning or intense perceptual distortions.Repeated use of a substance can also lead to physical addiction or substance dependence.Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect, and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued.[3]Drugs (substances) that affect the central nervous system and alter perception,mood, and behavior are known as psychoactive substances.Psychoactive substances are commonly grouped according to whether they are stimulants, depressants, or hallucinogens.Stimulants initially speed up or activate the central nervous system, whereas depressants slow it down.Hallucinogens have their primary effect on perception, distorting and altering it ina variety of ways including producing hallucinations.These are the substances often called psychedelic (from the Greek word meaning “mind-manifesting”) because they seemed to radically alter one’s state of consciousness.59. “Substance abuse” (Line 5, Paragraph 1) is preferable to “drug abuse” in that ________.[A] substances can alter our bodily or mental functioning if illegally used[B] “drug abuse” is only related to a limited number of drug takers[C] alcohol and tobacco are as fatal as heroin and cocaine[D] many substances other than heroin or cocaine can also be poisonous60. The word “pervasive” (Line 1, Paragraph 2) might mean ________.[A] widespread[B] overwhelming[C] piercing[D] fashionable61. Physical dependence on certain substances results from ________.[A] uncontrolled consumption of them over long periods of time[B] exclusive use of them for social purposes[C] quantitative application of them to the treatment of diseases[D] careless employment of them for unpleasant symptoms62. From the last paragraph we can infer that ________.[A] stimulants function positively on the mind[B] hallucinogens are in themselves harmful to health[C] depressants are the worst type of psychoactive substances[D] the three types of psychoactive substances are commonly used in groupsText 4[1]No company likes to be told it is contributing to the moral decline of a nation.“Is this what you intended to accomplish with your careers?” Senator Robert Dole asked Time Warner executives last week.“You have sold your souls, but must you corrupt our nation and threaten our children as well?”At Time Warner, however, such questions are simply the latest manifestation of the soul-searching that has involved the company ever since the company was born in 1990.It’s a self-examination that has, at various times, involved issues of responsibility, creative freedom and the corporate bottom line.[2]At the core of this debate is chairman Gerald Levin, 56, who took over for thelate Steve Ross in 1992.On the financial front, Levin is under pressure to raise the stock price and reduce the company’s mountainous debt, which will increase to $17.3 billion after two new cable deals close.He has promised to sell off some of the property and restructure the company, but investors are waiting impatiently.[3]The flap over rap is not making life any easier for him.Levin has consistently defended the company’s rap music on the grounds of expression.In 1992, when Time Warner was under fire for releasing Ice-T’s violen t rap song Cop Killer, Levin described rap as a lawful expression of street culture, which deserves an outlet.“The test of any democratic society,” he wrote in a Wall Street Journal column, “lies not in how well it can control expression but in whether i t gives freedom of thought and expression the widest possible latitude, however disputable or irritating the results may sometimes be.We won’t retreat in the face of any threats.”[4]Levin would not comment on the debate last week, but there were signs that thechairman was backing off his hard-line stand, at least to some extent.During the discussion of rock singing verses at last month’s stockholders’ meeting, Levin asserted that “music is not the cause of society’s ills” and even cited his son, a teacher in the Bronx, New York, who uses rap to communicate with students.But he talked as well about the “balanced struggle” between creative freedom and social responsibility, and he announced that the company would launch a drive to develop standards for distribution and labeling of potentially objectionable music.[5]The 15-member Time Warner board is generally supportive of Levin and hiscorporate strategy.But insiders say several of them have shown their concerns in this matter.“Some of us have known for many, many years that the freedoms under the First Amendment are not totally unlimited,” says Luce.“I think it is perhaps the case that some people associated with the company have only recently come to realize this.”63. Senator Robert Dole criticized Time Warner for ________.[A] its raising of the corporate stock price[B] its self-examination of soul[C] its neglect of social responsibility[D] its emphasis on creative freedom64. According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE?[A] Luce is a spokesman of Time Warner.[B] Gerald Levin is liable to compromise.[C] Time Warner is united as one in the face of the debate.[D] Steve Ross is no longer alive.65. In face of the recent attacks on the company, the chairman ________.[A] stuck to a strong stand to defend freedom of expression[B] softened his tone and adopted some new policy[C] changed his attitude and yielded to objection[D] received more support from the 15-member board66. The best title for this passage could be ________.[A] A Company under Fire[B] A Debate on Moral Decline[C] A Lawful Outlet of Street Culture[D] A Form of Creative FreedomText 5[1]Much of the language used to describe monetary policy, such as “steering theeconomy to a soft landing” or “a touch on the brakes,” makes it sound like a precise science.Nothing could be further from the truth. The link between interest rates and inflation is uncertain.And there are long, variable lags before policy changes have any effect on the economy.Hence the analogy that likens the conduct of monetary policy to driving a car with a blackened windscreen, a cracked rear-view mirror and a faulty steering wheel.[2]Given all these disadvantages, central bankers seem to have had much to boastabout of late.Average inflation in the big seven industrial economies fell to a mere 2.3% last year, close to its lowest level in 30 years, before rising slightly to 2.5% this July.This is a long way below the double-digit rates which many countries experienced in the 1970s and early 1980s.[3]It is also less than most forecasters had predicted.In late 1994 the panel of economists which The Economist polls each month said that America’s inflation rate would average 3.5% in 1995.In fact, it fell to 2.6% in August, and is expected to average only about 3% for the year as a whole.In Britain and Japan inflation is running half a percentage point below the rate predicted at the end of last year.This is no flash in the pan; over the past couple of years, inflation has been consistently lower than expected in Britain and America.[4]Economists have been particularly surprised by favorable inflation figures inBritain and the United States, since conventional measures suggest that both economies, and especially America’s, have little productive slack.America’s capacity utilization, for example, hit historically high levels earlier this year, and its jobless rate (5.6% in August) has fallen below most estimates of the natural rate of unemployment -- the rate below which inflation has taken off in the past.[5]Why has inflation proved so mild?The most thrilling explanation is, unfortunately, a little defective.Some economists argue that powerful structural changes in the world have upended the old economic models that were based upon the historical link between growth and inflation.67. From the passage we learn that ________.[A] there is a definite relationship between inflation and interest rates[B] economy will always follow certain models[C] the economic situation is better than expected[D] economists had foreseen the present economic situation68. According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE?[A] Making monetary policies is comparable to driving a car[B] An extremely low jobless rate will lead to inflation[C] A high unemployment rate will result from inflation[D] Interest rates have an immediate effect on the economy69. The sentence “This is no flash in the pan” (Line 5, Paragraph 3) means that ________.[A] the low inflation rate will last for some time[B] the inflation rate will soon rise[C] the inflation will disappear quickly[D] there is no inflation at present70. The passage shows that the author is ________ the present situation.[A] critical of[B] puzzled by[C] disappointed at[D] amazed at。

考研英语黄皮书四篇阅读真题词汇汇总1997年卷黄皮书真题词汇1997年text 1 0717 Take a vote 进行表决legal authority 合法当局incurably ad. 不能治愈地take the lives of…结束…的生命measure n 措施、方法convincing a 令人信服的，有说服力的flash v 飞快的掠过flash back 回溯、回顾pick up sth 见到、听到（尤指借助仪器）举起；学会；得（病）；买到某物；收集某物；吸取某物；发现某物；half a world away 在地球的另一端executive director 执行理事、常务董事society n 社团、协会send sth on 把……发布到……on-line service 在线服务post v 发布、公布bulletin n 公告import n 重要性、意义take a while 花费一些时间sink in 被完全理解，被充分意识到leave sb doing sth 使某人处于不停做某事的状态physician n 医生citizen n 市民alike ad. 同样地、两者都implication n 含义、暗示breathe sighs of relief 如释重负attack the bill 抨击这项法案haste n 匆忙、仓促passage n （法案的）通过tide is unlikely to turn back 潮流无法逆转an aging population 老龄化人口life-extending technology 寿命延长技术community attitude 公众态度play one’s part 发挥……的作用make a law 制定一项法律gather strength 积蓄力量request n 要求deadly a 致命的injection n 注射put an end to 结束……suffering n 痛苦diagnose v 诊断terminally ad. 临终地，晚期地cooling off 冷静certificate n 证明meet one’s wish 满足某人的愿望resident n 居民get on with living 继续生活the haunting feat 挥之不去的恐惧terrifying a 可怕的from a spirtual point of view 从精神层面的角度看fight for 为……而战斗、而挣扎claw at 抓、撕、挠mask n 面具、面罩1997年text 2 0731 courteous a 有礼貌的to be fair 说实话，公平地说observation n 评论，言论small-minded a 小心眼的rude a 粗鲁的ill-mannered a 态度恶劣的comment n 意见、解释、评论、批评for a long period time 长久以来break v 暂停、间歇otherwise ad. 否则、不然dull a 枯燥无味的existence n 生活、生活方式dullness n 枯燥loneliness n 寂寞distant from 远离one another 彼此、互相source n 来源diversion n 消遣、娱乐the harsh realities 严酷现实hospitality n 好客、殷勤turn to 向……求助cabin n 木屋settlement n 定居点charitable a 慷慨的，慈善的impulse n 突如其来的念头、凭冲动行事1997年 text3 0801technicallyad. 确切的说、严格的说 other than而非 functionv 运转、工作（n 功能） mistakenlyad 错误地 termn 词或词组、术语、说法harshnessn 艰难、严酷 in the situation处于……的情况 chairtableoriganization慈善机构 specializ in专门从事 away from远离 tourist trails旅游路线 travel through旅游经过 get talking with和……谈话 pretty soon不久 amazinga 令人惊讶的 uncommona 不寻常的 friendlinessn 亲近、友善 interpretv 领会、理解 superficiala 表面的、肤浅的 artificiala 虚假的、矫揉造作的 as the result of作为……的结果 historically developed历史上形成的 weary adj 疲倦的casual a 非正式的、不经意的 reported v 发出srong v 盛行 ……be true of sth/sb对某人、某物也同样成立 a set of一套 assumptionn 假想 conventionn 习俗、惯例 undetliev 构成……的基础（不能用于不定式） interrelationshipn 相互关系 not necessarily未必、不一定 patternn 模式、方式 draw a conclusion得出结论=arrive at/come to a brief encounter短暂的邂逅 distinguishv 分辨 valuev 重视 except from期望从……得到 fail to 无法yet 不过refer to 涉及、提到、说到到某人某物some sort of 某种illegal a 非法的chemical n 化学药品drug addict 吸毒成瘾的人substance n 物质alcohol n 酒tobacco n 烟草neutral a 中立的、公平的abuse n 滥用instead of 而非……make clear that 把……弄清楚cacaine n 可卡因pervasive a 无处不在的，遍布的（超纲词）quiet a headache 缓解头痛sociable a 友好的，好交际的get going 保持活力nerves n 神经紧张socially ad 社会上地acceptable a 可接受的apparently ad 明显地constructive a 有益的、积极的misuse v 滥用first of all 首先take …in excess 过量服用poisoning n 中毒intense a 剧烈的，强烈的perceptual a 知觉的repeated use of 重复使用mark v 表示，指明tolerance n 抗药性produce the desired effect 产生预期效果withdrawal n 解毒过程、脱瘾过程symptom n 症状discontinue v 停止mood n 情绪be known as 作为……而为人所知group v 分类stimulant n 兴奋剂depressant n 镇定剂initially ad 最初地，首先地speed … up 加速distort v 扭曲in a variety of ways 以各种各样的方式mind-manifestation n 心灵显现radically ad 极端地、彻底地one’s state of consciousness 某人的意识状态1997年text4 0802 contribute v 促成了某事（文中：引起了）moral decline 道德沦丧accomplish v 完成，实现career n 职业、事业senator n 参议员executive n 经理、管理人员corrupt v （使）腐化、堕落a 腐化的，堕落的threaten v 威胁、构成威胁soul-searching n 反省issue n 重要的议题corporate a 公司的bottom line 底线at the core of 在……的中心（指人：焦点人物）chairman n 董事会主席late a 已故的take over 接替、接任on the …front 在……的方面、领域、范围under pressure to do sh 做……有压力mountainous a 巨大的cable n 有线电视deal n 交易sell off 贱价卖掉，property n 财产restructure v 重建、改组、调整结构investor n 投资人impatiently ad 不耐烦地flap n 大众批评make life easier for sb 使某人日子好过一点defend v 捍卫、保卫grounds 原因，理由（说、做、相信某事的）under fire for doing sth 做……受到攻击release v 发行violent a 暴力的outlet n 发泄的出路（精力、强烈情感等）journal column 报刊专栏lie in 在于latitude n 自由（行动、意见的）disputable a 质疑的、争辩的irritating a 令人愤怒的retreat v 撤退in the face of 面对comment on 对……进行评论back off 放弃stand n 立场to some extent 在某种程度上verse n 句、节（诗或歌的）stockholder n 股东assert v 清楚而有力地表明（某事物）为事实、声称、断言cite v 引用balanced struggle 平衡的关系launch a drive 发动一项行动、运动develop standards for 为……设立标准label v 描述某人某事，将某人某事归类potentially ad 潜在的，可能地objectionable a 令人反感的board n 董事会be supportive of 支持strategy n 策略insider n 局内人在这方面表达某人的担忧show one’s concern in thismatterunlimited a 无限制的1997年text5 0804 steer v 操纵、控制、引导a touch on the brakes 踩刹车sound like 听上去像precise a 精确的nothing could be further from the truth 大错特错（事实远非如此）(两者)之间的联系the linkbetween,,,and,,,interest rate 利息率inflation n 通货膨胀uncertain a 不确定的variable a 变化无常的，易变的lag n 时间差（尤指行动与效果之间的）policy changes 政策改变hence ad 因此、所以analogy n 类比、类推liken v 显示两事物的相像blacken v 涂黑windscreen n 挡风玻璃cracked a 破碎的、破裂的rear-view-mirror 后视镜faulty a 有缺陷的streeing wheel 方向盘disadvantage n 缺点central banker 中央银行家boast v 自夸of late 最近、近来average a 平均的industrial economy 工业经济（文中指工业国）close to 接近slightly ad 轻微地、稍微地double-digit rates 两位数的比率forecaster n 预测者panel n 小组poll v 对……进行调查as a wholl 作为一个整体a flash in the pan 昙花一现over the past couple of years 在过去的几年里lower than expected 比预想的低be surprised by…为……感到震惊favourable a 有利的conventional a 传统的measure n 计量制、度量法productive slack 生产萧条capacity n 生产量、生产能力utilization n 利用、使用hit high levels 达到高水平jobless rate 失业率estimate n 估计take off 起飞mild a 缓和的、温和的thrilling a 令人兴奋的defective a 有缺陷的，有瑕疵的argue v 说理、争辩、说明up-end v 颠倒、推翻economic models 经济模式。

1997年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section IV English-Chinese TranslationDirections:Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese. Your translation must be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points) Do animals have rights? This is how the question is usually put. It sounds like auseful, ground-clearing way to start. 71) Actually, it isn’t, because it assumes thatthere is an agreed account of human rights, which is something the world does nothave.On one view of rights, to be sure, it necessarily follows that animals have none.72) Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract, as part ofan exchange of duties and entitlements. Therefore, animals cannot have rights. Theidea of punishing a tiger that kills somebody is absurd, for exactly the same reason, sois the idea that tigers have rights. However, this is only one account, and by no meansan uncontested one. It denies rights not only to animals but also to some people -- for instance, to infants, the mentally incapable and future generations. In addition, it is unclear what force a contract can have for people who never consented to it: how do you reply to somebody who says “I don’t like this contract”?The point is this: without agreement on the rights of people, arguing about the rights of animals is fruitless. 73) It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all. This is a false choice. Better to start with another, more fundamental, question: is the way we treat animals a moral issue at all?Many deny it. 74) Arguing from the view that humans are different from animalsin every relevant respect, extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice. Any regard for the suffering of animals is seen as a mistake -- a sentimental displacement of feeling that should properly be directed to other humans.This view, which holds that torturing a monkey is morally equivalent to chopping wood, may seem bravely “logical.” In fact it is simply shallow: the confused center is right to reject it. The most elementary form of moral reasoning -- the ethical equivalent of learning to crawl -- is to weigh others’ interests against one’s own. This in turn requires sympathy and imagination: without which there is no capacity for moral thought. To see an animal in pain is enough, for most, to engage sympathy. 75) When th at happens, it is not a mistake: it is mankind’s instinct for moral reasoning in action, an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at.。

北京第二外国语学院1997研究生入学考试试题考试科目：翻译一、将下列三部分汉语译成英语（50分）（一）（10分）1．中央政治局常务委员会11．房地产业2．十四届六中全会12．中外合资法律3．弘扬民族优秀文化13．关税及贸易总协定4．廉洁奉公14．扭亏增盈5．出口创汇型企业15．纠正党风6．晚婚晚育16．经济特区7．闭关自守17．创新精神8．清理“三角债”18．解放和发展生产力9．使人民的小康生活更加宽裕19．证券市场10．科教兴国战略20．闯红灯（二）（15分）一个人的生命究竟有多大意义，这有什么标准可以衡量呢?提出一个绝对标准当然很困难; 但是，大体上看一个人对待生命的态度是否严肃认真，看他对待劳动、工作等等的态度如何，也就不难对这个人的存在意义做出适当的估计了。

古来一切有成就的人，都很严肃地对待自己的生命，当他活着一天，总要尽量多劳动、多工作、多学习，不肯虚度年华，不让时间白白地浪费掉。

我国历代的劳动人民以及大政治家、大思想家等等都莫不如此。

（三）（25分）人类自有文化就有文化交流。

人类文化从总体上来说，是各国、各民族文化汇聚和交流的产物。

在现代国家中，绝对不受外来影响的固有文化是不存在的。

事实也近乎如此。

中国古代的四大发明曾经给古代世界的文化发展以巨大的推动。

汉唐文化对朝鲜、日本等毗邻国家的文化发展，更是给予了深刻而又久远的影响。

同样，近代和现代西方的许多重要科学成果，也改变了并继续改变着当代中国人的生活。

对外开放成了我国将要长期坚持不变的基本国策。

这就为我们的国际文化交流，开辟了更为广阔的前景。

我们向世界各国借鉴一切对我们有益的东西，用以建设自己的物质文明和精神文明。

同时，我们又向各国人民介绍他们感兴趣的事物。

通过相互交流，增进了解和友谊，促进科学文化的共同发展。

二、TRANSLATE THE FOLLOWING INTO CHINESE （50 分）The second admirable quality of our gentry and professional class is the refusal to take bribes. Perhaps “refusal”is too strong a word, for he would be a daring man who even attempted to bribe this type of gentleman. "It would be like violating a nun!" as a "crook" once said to me, when for a moment he contemplated buying a private advantage from an English official. It is seldom thought of, and it is hardly ever done. Our Civil Servants in India, for instance, have repeated opportunities of making a lot of money by taking bribes, but I remember only one case of even a suspicion of corruption. This reputation for incorruptibility is the greatest of our advantages in administering the Empire. Its rarity among nearly all the other peoples I have known raises our officials almost to the level of divine superiority, and without it we could not hold the Empire together, nor would it be worth the pains. A business man who has worked long under the system of concessions in Russia tells me that it is now impossible to bribe the Commissar or other high officials there. That is an immense advance, for under Tsarism one had only to signify the chance of a good bribe and one got what one wanted. But nowadays on the suspicion of bribery both parties are shot off-hand. It is a drastic way of teaching what we have somehow learnt so smoothly that we are scarcely conscious ofthe lesson or of our need of it . Yet there was need. Less than two centuries ago, bribery ran riot among our aristocracy and politicians, so that a Prime Minister could boast that every man had his price. The change is remarkable, and in spite of all that can be justly said against our Public Schools, I think it may be traced to an unconscious sense of honour somehow instilled among the boys.Key一、.（一） 1. the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of CPC Central Committee2. the Sixth Plenary Session of the 14th Central Committee3. enhance the elite national culture4. honest, clean and self-decipline in performing one's offical duties5. enterprises which export to earn foreign exchanges6. late marriage and childbirth7. close the country to international intercourse8. clear up triangle debts9. be comparatively better-off10. rejuvenation of the country through science and education11. real estate12. law of joint-ventures13. GATT14. turn loss into gain15. rectify the Party working style16. special economic zones17. spirits of bringing forth new ideas18. liberate and develop the productive forces19. stock market20. run the red light(二) Is there a standard to evaluate how significant the meaning of one's life is? Ofcourse it is by no means easy to advance an absolute one. It is not, however,difficult to work out an evaluation of one's existance by judging from, in general,whether he has a serious attitude towards his life, his attitudes towards physicallabor and work, etc.All the accomplished, since ancient times, have had serious attitudes towards their life. So long as he lives for a day, he endeavors to labor, work and sturdy asmuch as possible without passing his years in vain or frittering away his time.None of the working people, great statesmen and thinkers of each dynasty in ourcountry has been an exception yet.（三）Since civilization came into being, cultural exchanges commenced. Human culture on the whole has resulted from the accumulation and exchanges of eachcountry and nation. In the modern world, there is no innate culture without anyforeign influence, and the fact is almost so. The four great ancient Chineseinventions gave an enormous push to the world's ancient cultural development,and Han and Tang culture had an even more profound and perpetual influence onthe neibouring countries，such as Japan and Korea．Similarly，many importantmodern and contemporary western scientific achievements have been changingthe present-day Chinese life．The open-door-to-the-outside-world policywhich we will abide long，becomes a fundemental policy of our country，whichwill usher in a brighter future for our international cultural exchanges．We shouldmake use“everything that may benefit US from every foreign country applying itto our material and spirital civilization．Simultaneously we should introduce tothe other countries the things they show interest in．Thus through mutualcommunications，understandings and friendships are to be enchanced and theworldwide development of science and culture accelerated．二、“斥绝”贿赂是我们的中上层官员及专业人员的第二种令人钦佩的品质。

1997年阅读真题Questions 21 to 25 are based on以…为基础，基于the following下面的passage 一段（文章）1 :∙To us it seems似乎；像是；装作so natural自然的；天生的to put up an umbrella to keep the water off避开; 让开; 不让…接近when it rains. But actually the umbrella was not invented as protection保护；防卫；护照against rain. Its first use was as a shade树荫；阴影；阴凉处；遮阳物against the sun.∙Nobody knows who first invented it, but the umbrella was used in very ancient古代的；古老的times. Probably大概；或许；很可能the first to use it were the Chinese, way back好久以前，老早就in the eleventh century B.C.公元前（Before Christ）；中心间距（Between Centers）；化学学士（Bachelor of Chemistry）；商学士（Bachelor of Commerce）∙division 除法of labor劳动劳动分工and to explain part of its advantages优势；特点；有利；利益. He gives as an example the process过程，进行；方法，步骤；by which pins插脚，针；精确的综合导航系统were made in England.∙“One man draws out取出；拟订；拉长；导致the wire电线；金属丝；电报; another strengthens加强it; a third cuts it; a fourth points it; a fifth grinds磨碎；磨快it at the top to prepare准备；使适合；装备；起草it to receive the head. To make the head requires需要；要求；需求two or three operations运营；运作. To put it on is a separate分开；隔开；分居operation, to polish磨光，使发亮the pins is another. And the important business of making pins is, in this manner以这种方式；如此, divided into把……分成about eighteen operations, which in somefactories are all performed执行，表演，完成，机器运转by different people, though in others the same man will sometimes perform two or three of them.”Ten man, Smith said, in this way,这样，用这种方法turned ou t 打扮好的；穿戴好的；结果证明twelve pounds of pins a day or about 4,800 pins per每；经；按照；每一worker. But if all of them had worked separately分别地；分离地；个别地and independently独立地；自立地without division of labor, none of them could have made twenty pins in a day and perhaps也许；可能not even one.∙There can be no doubt that毫无疑问division of labor is an efficient有效率的；有能力的；生效的way of organizing组织；使有系统化work. Fewer people can make more pins. Adam停∙or假∙to make an appointment约会，预约too far in advance预先，提前because plans which are made for a date more than a week away tend to be forgotten. The meaning of time differs in不同在，在…地方不同different parts of the world. Thus, misunderstandings arise出现误解between people from cultures文明，文化that treat探讨；请客time differently; promptnes (准时) is valued highly in American life, for example. If people are not prompt准时地, they may be regarded as impolite无礼的；粗鲁的or not fully充分地；完全地；彻底地responsible负责的，可靠的. In the U. S. no one would think of keeping a business friend waiting for an hour; it would be too impolite.A person who is 5 minutes late is expected to有望做某事、被期待做某事make a short apology.If he is less than 5 minutes late, he will say a few words of explanation说明，解释；辩解, though perhaps he will not complete完全的；彻底的the sentence句子，命题；宣判，判决.Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage:∙The United States is a country made up of由…组成，由…构成many different races竞赛（race的复数形式）；赛马会. Usually they are mixed混合的；形形色色的；弄糊涂的together and can't be told from one another告诉彼此. But many of them still talk about where theirancestors祖先，上代；先祖came from. It is something they are proud of自豪，高兴；以……而骄傲.The original原件；原作；原物；原型Americans, of course were the Indians. The so-called 所谓的；号称的white men who then came were mostly from England. But many came from other∙∙∙Many people still come from other countries to help the United States grow. A good example is the American project设计；计划；表达；投射that let a man walk on the moon. It wasa scientist科学家from Germany who was most responsible for对……负责；是……的原因doingthat. It is certain that毫无疑问…肯定… in the future the United States will still need the help of people from all racial groups to remain a great country.。

1997年全国攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试英语试题题解(试题请见5大学英语61997第2期)PartÑStructure and Vocabulary王育华任静明S ection C21.=译文>雇主们发现,当工会把工人组织起来后,要解雇工人就很难。

=题解>选A.off。

此题测试考生掌握运用短语动词的能力。

lay off (=stop employing usually temporarily)解雇;lay aside(=storefor future use)储存;lay out(=spread out or arrange)陈设、安排;lay dow n(=put dow n;plan or begin building)放下;计划或开始建造。

据此可知,选项y off符合题干的逻辑意义。

22.=译文>衡量一个国家的富有程度,要看其国民的体质和精神生活,也要看其生产物质财富的能力。

=题解>选B.in terms of。

此题考不同成语的含义。

就本题来说,重点在于如何区分A,B两项。

in line w ith1)与,一致(作表语),如:That isn.t in line w ith my idea s at all.2)按照(作状语)如:In line w ith t he custom of the school,the stude nts had aholiday betw een Christmas and New Year.s Day.这里的-inline w ith.有-遵循.的含义。

in terms of就,而论、谈到,,如:In terms of money we.re rich,but not in terms of ha pp-iness.由此可知,in terms of可将此题前后两句从逻辑意义上联系起来,故B为正确答案。

没有in regard w ith这个短语,只有in regard to(至于、鉴于)。

1997考研‎英语阅读真题‎解析T ext 1核心词汇bitter‎［5bitE］a.(有)苦(味)的;痛苦的,厉害的;严寒的，刺骨的calm［ka:m］a.(天气,海洋等)静的n.平静v.(使)平静certif‎icate［sE5tif‎ikit］n.证书(certif‎（y）+ic+ate)，certif‎y证明， ic形容词后‎缀， ate作名词‎后缀表“物”，于是“具证明性质的‎东西”→证书diagno‎se［5daiE^nEuz］ v.诊断domino‎［5dCmin‎Eu］n.多米诺骨牌euthan‎asia［7ju:WE5nei‎ziE］n.安乐死(eu+than+asia)，eu谐音“已有”，than比，asia亚洲‎，“安乐死在亚洲‎之外的地方已‎有了”incura‎bly［in5kju‎ErEbli‎］ad.不能矫正地，不可治地（in不+curabl‎y）即in+cur+ably，in 否定前缀，cur词根“治疗”， ably可……地；形容词形式为‎i ncura‎ble←in+cur+able object‎ion［Eb5dVe‎kFEn］n. 反对,异议, 缺陷, 妨碍, 拒绝之理由。

同根词：reject‎→re （=back）+ject→扔回去→拒绝；inject‎→in+ject→向里扔→注入parlia‎mentar‎y［7pB:lE5men‎tEri］a.议会的，国会的(parlia‎ment+ary)suspic‎ion［sEs5pi‎FEn］n.怀疑，猜疑；一点儿，少量（sus+spic+ion→在下面看→怀疑）terrif‎y［5terif‎ai］v.使害怕,使惊恐（terr+ify动词后‎缀）territ‎ory［5terit‎Eri］n.领土;版图;领域,范围（terr+itory表‎示场所范围→地的范围→领土）难句剖析难句1Aft‎er six months‎ of arguin‎g and final 16 hours of hot parlia‎mentar‎y debate‎s, Austra ‎l ia’s Northe‎rn Territ‎ory became‎ the first legal author‎ity in the world to allow doctor ‎s to take the lives of incura‎bly ill patien‎ts who wish to die.［分析］句子主干是“...Austra‎lia’s Northe‎rn Territ‎ory became‎ the first legal author ‎i ty...”，其中，句首是表示时‎间的介词词组‎作状语：after six months‎ of arguin‎g and final 16 hours of hot parlia‎mentar‎y debate‎s，后面的动词不‎定式to allow doctor‎s to take the lives of incura‎bly ill patien‎ts who wish to die相当于‎定语从句wh‎ich allows‎ doctor‎s to...，修饰lega‎l author‎ity，who引导定‎语从句who‎ wish to die修饰前‎面的pati‎ents。

1997考研英语一阅读理解逐句翻译1997 Text 1Paragraph 11、It was 3: 45 in the morning when the vote was finally taken.（凌晨3：45终于进行了投票）1.1 take the vote=take votes投票vote for投票支持……tote against投票反对……vote for independence 投票支持独立rules and regulations 规矩,规章制度2、After six months of arguing and final 16 hours of hot parliamentary debates, Australia's Northern Territory became the first legal authority in the world to allow doctors to take the lives of incurably ill patients who wish to die. （经过6个月争论和最后16个小时的国会激烈辩论,澳大利亚北部地区（澳北州）成为世界上第一个允许医生根据绝症病人个人意愿来结束其生命的合法当局.）2.1 self-restraint自我约束territory ['ter?t(?)r?] 领土,领域；范围district区域；地方；行政区2.2 authority权威；权力；当局assumption/assume假设The Greeks assume that 希腊人认为……2.3 be to=be going to=be about to（将）要做某事incurably 难以治愈的terminal 终端的,期末的2.4 patient患者,病人1）the incurably ill patients绝症患者2）the terminally ill patients晚期患者3）the late stage patients 晚期患者stage阶段,舞台on and off stage舞台上下primary stage初期late stage晚期2.5安乐死euthanasia [,ju?θ?'ne?z??]=physician-assisted suicide=doctors take the lives of the incurably ill patients who wish to die2.6 Europe欧洲euro 欧元euro zone欧元区EU(European Union)欧盟2.7 physician医生physical身体的Physical Education 体育assist帮助suicide 自杀2.8 argue 主张,认为,争论,争吵debate辩论2.9 议会congress（美）国会National People's Congress全国人民代表大会parliament ['pɑ?l?m(?)nt]（英/澳大利亚）议会,国会assembly国会,装配,集会,集合assemble聚集3、The measure passed by the convincing vote of 15 to 10. Almost immediately word flashed on the Internet and was picked up, half a world away, by John Hofsess, executive director of the Right to Die Society of Canada. He sent it on via the group's on-line service, Death NET.（这一法案是以令人信服的15票对10票通过.几乎同时,该消息就出现在互联网上.身处地球另一端的加拿大死亡权利执行主席约翰·霍夫塞斯在收到该消息后便通过协会的在线服务死亡之网发了公告.）3.1 measure（上下文推断=law=bill法案）take effective measure to do sth.3.2 by the convincing vote of 15 to 103.3 举例子 A convincing illustration occurring to me goes to ＋人名（anacquaintance of mine）,who……我能想到的一个有说服力的例子是……3.4 occur to sb.某人想起be convince that相信,确信3.5Almost immediately几乎顷刻之间word（引申为消息）Word came that the Chinese team won the match.3.6A novel idea flashed through his mind.novel小说,新颖的pick up the wallet=purse钱包3.7 half a world away世界的另一端executive执行的,执行官CEO首席执行官(Chief Executive Officer) exe. 可执行程序的扩展名direction方向,指导in the direction of 朝着……的方向director导演,主任（行政）dean系主任3.8the Right to Die Society死亡权利协会clubs and society社团和协会Red Cross Society红十字会Cross十字架,跨越crossing十字路口right权利（法律上）rights and obligations权利和义务the right to appeal to the higher court向更高法院申诉3.9 via通过,经由fly to Taipei via HK经由香港飞往台北municipal government 市政府4、Says Hofsess: We posted bulletins all day long, because of course this isn't just something that happened in Australia. It's world history.（他说：我们整天都在发布公告,因为这件事的意义不在于它是在澳大利亚发生的事情,而是因为这是世界历史的一件大事.）4.1 post bulletins发公告post张贴poster海报paste浆糊,膏状物,黏贴toothpaste牙膏China Post中国邮政post office邮局bulletin公告4.2 of courseParagraph 21、The full import may take a while to sink in. （这件事情的全部意义可能需要一段时间）1.1 important=significance=import重要意义It takes two or three years to get a master's degree.攻读硕士学位需要两三年.2、The NT Rights of the Terminally Ill law has left physicians and citizens alike trying to deal with its moral and practical implications. （澳北州晚期病人权利法使得无论是内科医生还是普通市民都同样地力图从道义和实际意义两方面来对待这一问题）2.1 leave sb. 是某人处于……的境地moral道德implication意义,含义imply暗含,意味2.2 citizens alike民众alike之流的人们physicians and citizens alike医生和市民之类的人们3、Some have breathed sighs of relief；others, including churches, right-to-life groups and the Australian Medical Association, bitterly attacked the bill and the haste of its passage.（一些人如释重负,另一些人,包括教会,生命权利组织以及澳大利亚医学会成员都对这一决议及其仓促的通过进行了猛烈的抨击）3.1 breathe sighs [saiz] of relief松了口气breath呼吸（名词）breathe呼吸（动词）sigh叹息sign v.签字,n.迹象,符号A heavy snow is a good sign for a harvest year.瑞雪兆丰年snowstorm暴风雪rainstorm暴风雨relieve 减轻,缓解（动词）relief 减轻,缓解（名词）relieve the burden of pupils 减轻学生的负担relieve the pains and sufferings of the incurably ill patient.3.2to ones relief/anxiety/disappointment,＋句子令某人感到轻松/焦虑/失望的是……3.3 attack抨击,进攻ignorance无知ignore忽略church教会3.4 bill n.法案；广告；账单；[金融] 票据；钞票；清单,vt. 宣布；开账单；用海报宣传3.5 More haste, less speed.=Haste makes waste.欲速则不达proverb谚语,格言3.6 pass通过passage一段（文章）；走廊；通路,通过3.7 association协会CFA（Chinese Football Association）中国足球协会clubs and societies社团和协会4、But the tide is unlikely to turn back. （但这一潮流已无法逆转）4.1 tide潮流,趋势,潮汐follow the tide追随潮流likely=possible 可能的5、In Australia—where an aging population, life-extending technology and changing community attitudes have all played their part—other states are going to consider making a similar law to deal with euthanasia.（在澳大利亚,人口老龄化,延长寿命技术和公众态度的变化都发挥着各自的作用.其他州也将考虑制定类似的法律来处理安乐死问题）5.1 consider doing sth. 认真考虑……6、In the US and Canada, where the right-to-die movementis gathering strength, observers are waiting for the dominoes to start falling.（在美国和加拿大,死亡权利运动正在积蓄力量.观察家们正在等待多米诺骨牌产生的效应）Paragraph 31、Under the new Northern Territory law, an adult patient can request death—probably by a deadly injection or pill—to put an end to suffering. （根据澳北州所通过的这项新法案,成年病人可以要求安乐死-可能是通过注射致死药剂或服用致死药片来结束痛苦）1.1 the effect taking process生效过程take effect= come into effect生效side-effect副作用1.2 share分享,共同的. We share one world；We share one dream. 同一个世界,同一个梦想.1.3 chief 主要地,首要的CEO 首席执行官；执行总裁（chief executive officer）1.4 adult成年人youngster年轻人Effective measures should be encouraged to put an end to such an upsetting phenomenon/trend/tide.我们应该积极行动起来,采取有效措施来使这种现象不再发生.1.5 letter of request求助信letter of inquiry咨询信letter of complaint投诉信2、The patient must be diagnosed as terminally ill by two doctors. After a cooling off period of seven days, the patient can sign a certificate of request. （但此前病人必须由两名医生诊断其确实已病入膏肓,然后再经过7天的冷静思考期,方可签署一份申请证明）2.1 diagnose诊断（动词）diagnosis诊断（名词）dialogue对话2.2 certificate craze考证热3、After 48 hours the wish for death can be met. （48小时后,才可以满足其安乐死的愿望）3.1 meet the wish=meet one's wish（requirement/need/demand）满足某人的愿望4、For Lloyd Nickson, a 54-year-old Darwin resident （who is）suffering from lung cancer, the NT Rights of Terminally Ill law means he can get on with living without the haunting fear of his suffering: a terrifying death from his breathing condition.（对于居住于达尔文现年54岁的肺癌患者利奥德·尼克森来说,这个法律意味着他可以平静地生活下去而无须整天惧怕即将来临的苦难：因呼吸困难而在煎熬中痛苦地死去）4.1calm平静be characteristic of ……所特有的experience 经历,经验expert 专家,熟练的4.2 intense competition/fear/pain激烈的竞争/极其害怕/剧痛4.3 undergo=experience=go through经历terrible=terrifying 可怕的die from/of 死于……4.4 haunting不易忘怀的,萦绕于心头的；给人以强烈感受的4.5 resident居民5、I'm not afraid of dying from a spiritual point of view, but what I was afraid of was how I'd go, because I've watched people die in the hospital fighting for oxygen and clawing at their masks, he says.（从思想上说,我并不害怕死,但我怕的是怎样死,因为我在医院看到过病人在缺氧时苦苦挣扎,用手抓他们的面罩时的情景）5.1 from a spiritual point of view从精神的角度5.2主语1）从句2）动名词短语3）不定式短语4）It形式主语5）名词/代词5.3 what I am afraid of is……我所害怕的是……fight for为……而抗争oxygen 氧气claw抓mask面具,口罩Hallowmas万圣节treat or trick？款待或恶作剧？5.4 I will treat you我请客5.5 oppose→opposition反对suspect→suspicion怀疑approval赞同,批准,认可在作者态度题中,以下永远不选1）indifference= indifferent=carefree不关心,不在乎,冷漠2）puzzled=confused=perplexed困惑2）biased=prejudiced=subjective有偏见的,主观的1997 Text 2Paragraph 11、A report consistently brought back by visitors to the US is how friendly, courteous['k??tj?s], and helpful most Americans were to them.（去美国访问的人经常带回报告说,大多数美国人对他们友善、好客、乐于助人）1.1 visitors to the US去美国的游客technique技巧,技术；手法1.2 mental illness=mental disorder精神病mentally ill精神病患者function功能1.3 consistent policy一贯的政策consistently=always=frequently常常,一直The scientists have put forward unquestioned claims so consistently that they believe themselves.1.4 convince sb. that 使……相信I am convinced that相信court 法庭,法院,球场courteous有礼貌的；谦恭的1.5 hostile敌对的,不友好的,敌对2、To be fair, this observation is also frequently made of Canada and Canadians, and should best be considered North American. （公正的说,人们对加拿大人也有这样的评论,因而,应当认为这是北美普遍的现象）2.1 to be brief简言之to be frank坦诚的讲2.2 consistently=always=frequently常常,一直2.3 make observation做评论observation=comment=remark=review评论2.4 arts review文艺评论peer review同行评议pair一对,一双,一把3、There are, of course, exceptions. Small-minded officials, rude waiters, and ill-mannered taxi drivers are hardly unknown inthe US. （当然也有例外.在美国,心胸狭隘的官员,举止粗鲁的招待和毫无礼貌的出租车司机也并非罕见）3.1 There are, of course, exceptions.当然也有例外exceptions can be found to any rule.任何规则都有例外.3.2 Small-minded小心眼的rude粗鲁的ill-mannered不礼貌的3.3 hardly=not 否定are hardly unknown并不少见It is well-known that……4、Yet it is an observation made so frequently that it deserves comment.（尽管有不如意的地方,但因为人们常常得出美国人好客的观察意见,因而也就值得议论一番了）4.1 deserve值得,应该得到You deserve it.你应得的.4.2 comment=review=remark评论Paragraph 21、For a long period of time and in many parts of the country,a traveler was a welcome break in an otherwise dull existence. （过去很长一段时间,在美国很多地方,旅行者的到来因暂时打破原本的单调生活而受人欢迎）1.1 otherwise否则/原来,本来otherwise+句子（翻译为否则）otherwise跟名词短语（翻译为原本、本来）1.2 dull无聊的existence存在,生活dull/busy existence 无聊的/忙碌的生活2、Dullness and loneliness were common problems of the families who generally lived distant from one another. （无聊、孤独是居住相对遥远的家庭的普遍问题）2.1common共同的Xi Jinping exchanged opinions with visiting Russian President Putin on issues of common interest.习近平与来访的俄罗斯总统普京在共同关心的问题上交换意见.2.2 distant 遥远的distance距离generally通常；普遍地,一般地3、Strangers and travelers were welcome sources of diversion, and brought news of the outside world.（陌生人和旅行者很受欢迎,他们带来了娱乐消遣,还带来了外面世界的消息）3.1 diversion娱乐diverse多样性的Paragraph 31、The harsh realities of the frontier also shaped this tradition of hospitality. （边境地区的严酷生活现实也促成了这一好客的传统）1.1 shape 塑造fat脂肪/胖的frontier边界.国境,边界的1.2 harsh realities严酷的现实harsh remarks严厉的评论harsh remarks against 对……严厉的评论1.3 machine 机器mechanistic机械论的,机械学2、Someone traveling alone, if hungry, injured, or ill, often had nowhere to turn except to the nearest cabin or settlement. （一个独自旅行的人,如果挨饿、受伤或生病,通常只能向最近的小屋或村落求助.）2.1 have nowhere to turn to无处求助settle down定居settlement住所settler定居者bay海湾,狗吠声3、It was not a matter of choice for the traveler or merely a charitable impulse on the part of the settlers. （对旅行者来说,这不是一个选择的问题；而对当地居民来说,这也并非是行善的一时冲动）3.1 merely仅仅charitable impulse慈善的冲动health impulse=Positive Energy正能量3.2 in my opinion（口语化）=on my part=on the part of me=for me我认为4、It reflected the harshness of daily life: if you didn't take in the stranger and take care of him, there was no one else who would. And someday, remember, you might be in the same situation.（它反映了日常生活的严酷：如果你不收留他,那他便无处求助了.请记住,有一天你也可能处于相同的境遇）Paragraph 41、Today there are many charitable organizations which specialize in helping the weary traveler. （如今,有了很多的慈善组织专门帮助疲惫的旅行者）1.1 weary =exhausted=tired筋疲力尽的1.2 charitable organizations慈善组织2、Yet, the old tradition of hospitality to strangers is still very strong in the US, especially in the smaller cities and towns away from the busy tourist trails. （不过,热情接待陌生人的传统在美国仍然很盛行,尤其是在远离旅游热线的小城镇）2.1 tourist=traveler=sightseer游客sightseeing观光、旅游2.2 tourist trails 旅游线路tourist stream客流3、I was just traveling through, got talking with this American, and pretty soon he invited me home for dinner-amazing. (我只是路过,和这个美国人聊了聊,很快,他就请我到他家吃饭-这真令人惊奇)3.1 travel through路过walk through穿越pretty soon相当快take off起飞see sb. off送行set off 出发4、Such observations reported by visitors to the US are not uncommon, but are not always understood properly. （来美国的旅客谈论此类事件很普遍,但并非总能得到正确理解）4.1 proper正确的,有效的,适当的5、The casual friendliness of many Americans should be interpreted neither as superficial nor as artificial, but as the result of a historically developed cultural tradition.（很多美国人不经意表现的友好不应被认为是表面或虚假的应酬,而应该看成是文化传统的历史发展结果）5.1 casual 随意的the casual friendliness of many American许多美国人随意表现出的友善5.2 artificial 假的,人造的Paragraph 51、As is true of any developed society, in America a complex set of cultural signals, assumptions, and conventions underlies allsocial interrelationships. （同任何发达国家一样,一系列复杂的文化特征,信念和习俗构成了美国所有社会交往的基础）1.1 signal 信号assumption假设convention惯例,会议2、And, of course, speaking a language does not necessarily mean that someone understands social and cultural patterns. （当然,会讲一种语言并不意味着就理解该语言的社会和文化模式.）3、Visitors who fail to translate cultural meanings properly often draw wrong conclusions. （不能正确诠释文化含义的旅行者往往得出错误的结论）3.1 interpret =translate翻译、解释4、For example, when an American uses the word friend, the cultural implications of the word may bequite different from those it has in the visitor's language and culture. （例如,美国人所说的朋友一词,其文化含义可能与旅行者语言和文化中的朋友大相径庭）4.1 cultural meanings=cultural implications文化含义5、It takes more than a brief encounter on a bus to distinguish between courteous convention and individual interest. （要想正确区分礼貌是出于文化习俗还是个人兴趣,单凭一次公共汽车上的偶遇是不够的）5.1 encounter =come across偶遇、相逢6、Yet, being friendly is a virtue that many Americans value highly and expect from both neighbors and strangers.（不过,友好是很多美国人推崇的美德,同时希望邻居和陌生人也能如此）1997 Text 3Paragraph 11、Technically, any substance other than food that alters our bodily or mental functioning is a drug. (从专业角度说,除食品外,任何能改变我们生理和心理机能的物质都是药物)1.1 technically从专业的角度来说/从专业技术的角度来说substance物质substantial大量的1.2drug药物drug store药店alter=change改变body身体bodily=physical身体的physician 医生mental心理的How to be mentally healthy 如何做到心理健康. Physically healthy身体健康mentally ill 心理疾病1.3 function功能alter改变shift改变2、Many people mistakenly believe the term drug refers only to some sort of medicine or an illegal chemical taken by drug addicts. （很多人错误地认为药物这个词仅仅指某些药品或是吸毒者服用的违禁化学品）2.1 the term 这一术语sort =kind=type种类,类型chemistry化学chemical化学的2.2addict=drug addict吸毒的人,瘾君子It takes two or three generations to contract a new educational system.3、They don't realize that familiar substances such as alcohol and tobacco are also drugs. （他们没有意识到诸如酒精、烟草这些我们熟悉的物质也是药物）3.1 take in excess过度服用smart phones=mobile phones=cell phones手机3.2 family家庭familiar 熟悉的,常见的,常客neutral中性的,中立的3.3 alcohol酒精tobacco烟草4、This is why the more neutral term substance is now used by many physicians and psychologists. （这也是现在许多内科医生和心理学家使用物质这个更加中性的词的原因）4.1 neutral['nju?tr(?)l]中性的,中立的5、The phrase substance abuse is often used instead of drug abuse to make clear that substances such as alcohol and tobacco can be just as harmfully misused as heroin and cocaine.（他们常用物质滥用而不用药物滥用来清楚表明滥用酒精、烟草这样的物质如同滥用海洛因和可卡因一样有害）5.1 phrase短语word 单词idiom成语expression表达5.2 abuse 滥用,虐待abuse of power滥用权力abuse captives['k?ptiv]俘虏；专属公司（captive 的复数）5.3 minister牧师,部长,大臣father父亲,神父harmful=poisonous['p??z?n?s]（有毒的,有害的）Paragraph 21、We live in a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances (drugs) is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerves. （我们生活在一个物质（药物）在医疗和社交方面的使用都很广泛的社会里：用来缓解头痛的阿斯匹林,用来应酬的酒,早晨用来提神的咖啡,还有定神用的香烟）1.1 substance物质medicine药物clinical临床的pervasive=prevalent=widespread普遍的,广泛的1.2 The given phenomenon is so pervasive that a great deal of attention should be paid to it.1.3 quiet安静的、使安静下来alcohol白酒beer啤酒wine葡萄酒nerve神经nervous紧张的1.4 cell phone=mobile phone=smart phone手机take some medicine and you will feel better.1.5 have breakfast/lunch/dinner吃饭take medicine吃药2、When do these socially acceptable and apparently constructive uses of a substance become misuses? （使用这些物质得到了社会认可,且显然具有积极的作用,但什么时候就变成滥用了呢）2.1 apparently=clearly=obviously=evidently=conspicuously 明显地,清楚地construct建设、建造、打造3、First of all, most substances taken in excess will produce negative effects such as poisoning or intense perceptual distortions. （首先,大多数物质的过量使用都会产生负面影响,如中毒或严重的感知错乱）3.1 aspirin阿司匹林sleeping pills安眠药4、Repeated use of a substance can also lead to physical addiction or substance dependence.（反复使用一种物质可以导致成瘾或对该物质的依赖）4.15、Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect, and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued.（依赖的最初表现是不断增长的耐药量,要产生预期的效果需要的药剂量越来越大,而一旦中断使用就会出现难受的停药症状）5.1Paragraph 31、Drugs (substances) that affect the central nervous system and alter perception, mood, and behavior are known as psychoactive substances.（影响中枢神经系统、改变感知觉和行为的药物（物质）属于对神经起显著作用的物质）1.1 affect=influence=impact影响（动词）effect=influence=impact影响（名词）1.2 central nervous system中枢神经系统perceive[p?'si?v]察觉,感觉；理解；认知perception 感觉,知觉,看法,洞察力alter=change 改变1.3 alter perception, mood, and behavior [b??he?vj?]改变认知、情绪和行为1.4 commonly=generally通常,总的来说2、Psychoactive substances are commonly grouped according to whether they are stimulants, depressants, or hallucinogens.（它们通常分为兴奋剂、镇静剂和幻觉剂）2.1 stimulate ['st?mj?le?t]刺激supply and demand需求stimulant兴奋剂depress使压抑depressant镇静剂hallucinogen致幻剂,迷幻剂illusion幻觉2.2 GDP国内生产总值（Gross Domestic Product）2.3 other than 而不是3、Stimulants initially speed up or activate the central nervous system, whereas depressants slow it down. （兴奋剂主要起到加速或激活中枢神经系统的作用,而镇静剂则相反：减缓它的活动）3.1 activate刺激,激活,有活力host主办,主人host country主办国,东道主host city 东道主,主办城市3.2 initial 初步的,最初的His gift in the piano was initially manifested in the fact that3.3manifest=revealed=show=demonstrate=indicate=suggest显示,显现,表明4、Hallucinogens have their primary effect on perception, distorting and altering it in a variety of ways including producing hallucinations. （幻觉剂主要影响人的感知,通过多种方式对感知加以扭曲或改变,其中包括产生幻觉）4.1 distort and alter扭曲和改变5、These are the substances often called psychedelic (from the Greek word meaning mind-manifestation) because they seemed to radically alter one's state of consciousness.（这些物质常被认为能引起幻觉（psychedelic一词源于希腊语,意为心灵显现）,因为它们似乎能改变人的意识状态）1997 Text 4Paragraph 11、No company likes to be told it is contributing to the moral decline of a nation. （没有一家公司乐意听到别人说自己引起了社会的道德败坏）1.1 moral decline道德衰退on the decline在衰退/走下坡路decline the invitation 婉拒邀请2、Is this what you intended to accomplish with your careers? Senator Robert Dole asked Time Warner executives last week. You have sold your souls, but must you corrupt our nation and threaten our children as well? （参议员罗伯特?多尔上星期质问时代华纳公司高级人员时说：难道这就是你们要成就的事业吗？你们已经出卖了自己的灵魂,难道你们还非要腐化我们的国家,威胁我们的孩子不成？）2.1 senator参议院senior高级的,辈分高的junior初级的,辈分低的2.2 executive执行官,执行的sell卖（sold,sold）soul 灵魂serve the people with heart and soul全心全意为人民服务2.3 corrupt腐蚀,腐败的threaten=endanger威胁threat威胁danger危险2.4 what I intend to accomplish（with my career）is that……我职业生涯想要完成的是……3、At Time Warner, however, such questions are simply the latest manifestation of the soul-searching that has involved the company ever since the company was born in 1990. It`s a self-examination that has, at various times, involved issues of responsibility, creative freedom and the corporate bottom line.（不过,对于成立于1990年的时代华纳公司而言,这样的质问仅仅只是公司自我反思的最新表白,是在不同时期涉及责任、创作自由和公司底线问题的自我反省）3.1 manifestation显示、表明manifest清楚的、明显的,v.显示、表明latest最近的examine检查examination考试assist帮助assistance帮助assistant助手smog 烟雾haze 阴霾fog and haze 雾霾3.2 core核心、核心的debate争论,争议、争吵a hotly debated topic一个热议的话题Paragraph 21、At the core of this debate is chairman Gerald Levin, 56, who took over for the late Steve Ross in 1992.（于1992年接替已故董事长斯蒂夫·罗斯的56岁的现任董事长杰拉德·莱文是争论的焦点人物）1.1 take over接替,接管hand over交出turn over移交the late Chinese leader已故的中国领导人2、On the financial front, Levin is under pressure to raise the stock price and reduce the company`s mountainous debt, which will increase to $ 17.3 billion after two new cable deals close. （财政方面,他承受着抬高股价,减少公司巨额债务的压力,在两笔新的有线电视交易谈妥后,债务将达到173亿美元）2.1 frontier ['fr?nt??; fr?n't??]边界、国界,边界的、开拓的2.2 deal交易exchange交易,交换,交流cable电缆CNN美国有线电视新闻网络（Cable News Network）2.3 VOA美国之音(Voice Of America) BBC英国广播公司（British Broadcasting Corporation）3、He has promised to sell off some of the property and restructure the company, but investors are waiting impatiently.（他也答应出售部分财产并重组公司,但现在投资者们仍在焦急地等待着）3.1 property财产intellectual property知识产权；著作权private property私有财产；私有制3.2 restructure调整；重建structure结构patient有耐心的,患者the incurable ill patients绝症患者Paragraph 31、The flap over rap is not making life any easier for him. Levin has consistently defended the company`s rap music on the grounds of expression. （人们对说唱音乐的焦虑并没使他的日子变得好过.莱文一向以它是一种富于表现力的演唱方式为理由来捍卫公司的说唱音乐）1.1 ×××is not making life any easier for him某事并没有使他的日子变得好过.1.2 rap 说唱rapid迅猛的make rapid progress取得迅速的进步rock and roll摇滚乐hip-hop街舞hip臀部hop跳job-hopping跳槽job-hippers跳槽者heap一堆,堆积hip臀部1.3defend=justify捍卫,保卫、辩护monitor班长,显示器critic 批评者criticism 评论,批评arts criticism=arts review艺术评论accuse/charge起诉attack抨击1.4 consistent policy一贯政策on the grounds of基于……的理由on the grounds that＋句子以……为根据2、In 1992,when Time Warner was under fire for releasing Ice-T`s violent rap song Cop Killer, Levin described rap as lawful expression of street culture, which deserves an outlet. （1992年公司因出品Ice-T乐队狂暴的说唱歌曲《警察杀手》后备受谴责时,莱文说这是街头文化的合法表达方式,它应该有自己的宣泄途径）2.1legal=lawful=legitimate expression合法的表达deserve应该得到,值得You deserve it.你应该得到.2.2street culture街头文化outlet出口,发泄口,批发商店release [r?'li?s]发行release a song/movie发行音乐/电影2.3 bitterly attack 猛烈抨击under fire受到严厉批评；遭到攻击violent rap song 宣扬暴力的说唱歌曲2.4 violence暴力,暴乱violate ['va??le?t]违反,违犯violate the law违反法律2.5 cop=police警察copper n. 铜；铜币；警察adj. 铜制的3、The test of any democratic society, he wrote in a Wall Street Journal column, lies notin how well it can control expression but in whether it gives freedom of thought and expression the widest possible latitude, however disputable or irritating the results may sometimes be. （他在《华尔街日报》一篇专栏文章中写道：任何一个民主社会的检验不在于它能多有效地控制各种情感的表达,而在于是否给予了人们思考和表达的最广泛的自由,尽管有时这种结果会引起争论和愤怒）3.1 column专栏Wall Street Journal华尔街日报test测试,考试,检测democracy 民主democratic民主的science3.2 the Democratic Progressive Party民进党the liberal democratic party 自民党the Communist Party共产党3.3lie in 在于……longitude ['l?n(d)??tju?d; 'l??g?-]经度latitude 纬度,幅度give freedom of thought and expression the widest possible latitude给思想和表达自由尽可能广泛的空间3.4 however后跟有逗号,表示转折（然而,但是）. 没有逗号（无论多么,尽管）small-minded心胸狭窄的3.5 However powerful China become,it will never threaten other nation.无论中国多么强大,它永远不会威胁其他国家. threaten our nation威胁我们的国家corrupt our nation腐蚀我们的国家3.6 irritate ['?r?te?t]令人恼火的think tank智囊团disputable有讨论余地的；真假可疑的,有争议的4、We won`t retreat in the face of any threats.（我们不会在任何威胁面前退却）4.1retreat= withdraw撤退,后退threat威胁predominance [pr?'d?m?n?ns]优势,卓越achieve predominance达到辉煌the retreat from predominance从辉煌退下shrink收缩,畏缩Paragraph 41、Levin would not comment on the debate last week, but there were signs that the chairman was backing off his hard-line stand, at least to some extent. During the discussion of rock singing verses at last month`s stockholders`meeting. （莱文不愿对上周的辩论做出评论,但有迹象表明这位董事长的强硬立场起码在一定程度上有所缓和.在上个月的股东会议上,大家就摇滚乐的歌词进行了讨论）1.1signs of recovery 复苏的迹象signs of the slowdown/slack经济放缓的迹象back off=retreat后退,撤退1.2 to some extend在某种程度上hard line stand强硬立场stockholder=shareholder股东stock=share股票1.3 stock market swings股市波动stock exchange股票交易2、Levin asserted that music is not the cause of society`s ills and even cited his son, a teacher in the Bronx, New York, who uses rap to communicate with students. （莱文宣称音乐不是社会问题的病因,他甚至还以自己为例.他的儿子是纽约州布朗克斯的一个教师,用说唱乐的表达方式与学生进行交流）2.1 assert维护,坚持；断言；主张；声称humanity人类；人道；仁慈；2.2 cure=treatment=therapy=remedy治愈,补救cite[sa?t]引用；传讯；想起；表彰3、But he talked as well about the balanced struggle between creative freedom and social responsibility, and he announced that the company would launch a drive to develop standards for distribution and labeling of potentially objectionable music. （但他也谈到了创作自由和社会责任之间要保持平衡的问题.他还宣布公司将致力于为一些人们可能会反感的音乐制定发行和标识的标准）3.1 balance struggle between平衡……之间的斗争strive努力struggle斗争,奋斗3.2 initiate= launch发起,开始,发射launch a nationwide campaign to curb internet addiction发起全国范围的运动来控制网络成瘾launch a drive to发起一场运动,3.3 distribute分配；散布；分开；把…分类label标签distribution and labeling 发行和标识3.4 object to=oppose to反对objectionable讨厌的；会引起反对的；有异议的3.5 potential 潜在的potential customers潜在的客户potentialobjectionable music潜在的令人讨厌的音乐Paragraph 51、The 15-member Time Warner board is generally supportive of Levin and his corporate strategy. （总的来说,时代华纳公司的15位董事是支持莱文和公司的经营策略的.）1.1 corporate strategy公司策略corporation 公司member会员,成员marketing strategy市场营销战略1.2 clubs and societies社团和协会member country会员国1.3 be supportive of=support支持in favor of=favor 支持object to=oppose to 反对2、But insiders say several of them have shown their concerns in this matter. Some of us have known for many, many years that the freedoms under the First Amendment are not totally unlimited, says Luce. I think it is perhaps the case that some people （who are）associated with the company have only recently come to realize this.（但内部人士透露其中几位对此事表示担忧.我们中的一些人多年来就知道宪法第一修正案所说的自由并非毫无限制,鲁斯说,我想与公司有关系的一些人可能是最近才意识到这一点.）2.1 the First Amendment宪法第一修正案the Constitution宪法perhaps可能2.2 be associated with=be related to与…有关come to realize 认识到1997 Text 5Paragraph 11、Much of the language used to describe monetary policy, such as steering the economy to a soft landing or a touch on the brakes, makes itself sound like a precise science. （很多用来描述货币政策的词,如引导经济软着陆,触动经济刹车,听起来像是一门精确的科学.）1.1 Much of the language=much language许多语言many of。

2000-1997考研英语真题阅读理解翻译2000 Passage 1一段长时间并且不费力而成功的历史可能成为一种可怕的不利因素，但若处理得当，这种不利因素也有可能转化为一种积极的推动力。

二战结束后，美国恰好进入了这样的一个辉煌时期，当时，它拥有比任何竞争者大8倍的市场，这使其工业经济具有前所未有的规模经济。

美国的科学家是世上最优秀的，它的工人是最富于技术的。

美国的国富民强是那些经济遭到战争破坏的欧亚诸国做梦也无法达不到的。

随着其他国家日益强盛，美国的这一优势地位逐渐下降是不可避免的。

从优势地位上退出的痛苦也同样是不可避免的。

到了80年代中期，面对其日益衰退的工业竞争力，美国人感到不知所措。

面对国外竞争，一些大型的美国工业，如消费电子产业，已经萎缩或渐渐消失。

到1987年，美国只剩下Zenith这一家电视生产商。

(现在一家也没有了:Zenith于当年7月被韩国LG电器公司收购。

)外国制造的汽车和纺织品正在大举进入国内市场。

美国的机床工业也即将灭亡。

人们曾一度感觉下一个在海外品牌面前全军覆没的似乎该轮到美国的半导体制造业了，而在新计算机时代有着核心作用的半导体正是美国人发明的。

所有这一切导致了信任危机。

美国不再视繁荣为理所当然之事。

他们开始相信自己的商业经营方式不灵了，也相信不久他们的收入也会因此而下降。

80年代中期，人们对美国工业衰退的成因作了一次又一次的探寻。

在美国人那些有时耸人听闻的发现中充满着对其他国家日益增长的经济竞争的警告之词。

情况的变化真快～1995年，当日本还在奋力拼搏的时候，美国却可以对5年的稳固发展作一回顾了。

没几个美国人将这一巨变单纯归因于美元贬值或商业周期循环这些显而易见的原因。

到如今，对自身的怀疑已被盲目乐观所取代。

“美国的工业已经改变了结构，消除了滞胀，学会了明智”，这是哈佛大学肯尼迪管理学院行政院长理查德?卡佛纳的看法。

华盛顿特区的智囊团——卡托研究院的史蒂芬?莫尔说:“看到我们的企业正在提高自身的生产率，作为一个美国人，我感到自豪。