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1-2+科技英语的常用句型和翻译技巧s

1-2+科技英语的常用句型和翻译技巧s
1-2+科技英语的常用句型和翻译技巧s

《专业英语(制药工程)》

【科技英语的常用句型和翻译技巧】

一、概述

1. 翻译的要求The Criteria of Translation:信、雅、达

2. 科技英语词汇(上节课已经介绍)

3. 科技英语句子的特点

二、科技英语常用句型及翻译

1. 被动语态

1)被动语态的常用原因

常用被动语态主要见于以下几个方面:

①不必或无法说出主动者

For a long time aluminum has been thought as an effective material for preventing metal corrosion.

长期以来,铝被当作一种有效的防止金属腐蚀的材料。

?The book has already been translated into many languages.

②强调行为对象,而非行为者,将行为对象作为句子的主语

Three machines can be controlled by a single operation.

三台机器能由一个操作者操纵。

?The work must be finished at once.

③为了更好的联系上下文

?They are going to build a library here next year. It is going to be build beside the classroom building.

2)被动语句的翻译方法

(1)仍译为被动句

最常见的是在谓语前加上助词“被”,也可使用“受到,遭到,得到,叫,称,让,给,加以,为……所”等句式。偶尔也可不加任何词直接译出。

We remember how air can be made into a liquid. If the liquid is warmed again, it “boiled”and turns back into a gas.

我们记得是如何把空气制成液体的。如果给这种液体重新加热,它“沸腾汽化”,就又还原成气体。

?Every thing is built up of atoms.

?The process by which energy is changed from one form into another is called the transformation of energy.

Water is usually considered as being a compound of two elements.

(2)译为主动句,中国汉语的习惯

①译成无主语的主动句

Measures have been taken to diminish air pollution.

已经采取了一些措施来减少空气污染。

?If the product is a new compound,the structure must be proved independently.

?Quality must be guaranteed first.

②加上不确定主语的主动句

Salt is known to have a very strong corroding effect on metals.

大家知道,盐对金属有很强的腐蚀作用。

?All bodies are known to possess weight.

?If one or more electrons are removed, the atom is said to be positively charged.

③由by短语中的动作发出者作为主语

Heat and light are given off by the chemical reaction.

这种化学反应能发出热和光。

?The planets are held together by attractive forces.

?Every day, new compounds are produced in the laboratory by the synthetic organic chemist. (3)译成判断句

Currently most solar cells are made from crystals of high-purity silicon.

目前,绝大多数太阳能电池是用高纯度的硅晶体制成的。

?Large quantities of oil are refined locally at Abadan, Iran, in Bahrain and elsewhere.

Produced by electrons are the x-ray, which allow the doctor to took aside a patient’s body. (4)译成因果句

The crops were badly damaged by a flood. 农作物因水灾而毁坏。

The multiplicity of carbon compounds is explained in the exceptional ability of carbon atoms to combine with one another.

碳化合物之所以为数众多,是因为碳原子相互结合的能力特别强。

?The existence of organic chemistry is further justified by the importance of carbon compounds or mixtures in our lives.

2. 从句

科技英语大量使用复合句是其重要的特征之一,一个复合句可能由主句和多个主句组成。理解和掌握各种从句的译法对理解和翻译科技英语是非常重要的。

1)主语从句

①基本句型:连词(连接代词、连接副词)+主语+谓语+谓语

Why dinaucers became extinct remained a mystery for a long time.

恐龙为什么绝迹长期以来是个谜。

?Whether there is life on the Mars is a disputable topic.

②用what引起的主语从句

What we call weight is really the gravitational pull on an object.

我们所称之重量实际上是对某一物体的地心引力。

?What cannot be seen with the eye can be easily found with a radar instrument.

③用it做主语的复合句

?It is important that the metal for making aeroplanes should resist corrosion.

?It is said that all matters is made up of atoms.

2)宾语从句

①带有宾语从句的复合句:一般按原句顺序翻译

A product must be carefully tested to determine if it will perform its job properly and reliably.

产品必须自己检查,以确定是否合格可靠。

?Newton believed that gravitation is everywhere——that is, it is universal.

②用what引起的宾语从句

常有“the thing which”的含义,译为“所……的东西(或事物)”:

The computer can only do what they are told to do.

计算机只能做人们所要它做的事情。

?When the atoms of different elements combine or react chemically, they form what are called “molecules”.

③介词所带的宾语从句

除动词外,介词也可带有宾语从句,这时从句不能用that引导,而是连接代词或连接副词引导,翻译时要把宾语从句处理成一个短语。

Energy is rather difficult to define, but most of us have a concept of what it is.

给能量下定义是相当不容易的,但我们大多数人对这一概念都有所了解。

?The value of a machine depends on how much work it can do per hour, or per second.

④符合宾语中的宾语从句

?Time and again Newton made it clear that motion is relative.

?Ancient people believed it to be true that the sun turned around the earth.

3)表语从句

①表语从句一般译法

?One of the most important facts about light is that it travels in straight line.

?Why don’t we fall off the earth? The answer is that gravity keeps us from falling off.

②由what引起的表语从句

Oil coming from the ground is what we call crude oil.

从地下喷出的石油就是我们所说的原油。

?Carbon is what makes up a major ingredient in coal, wood, gasoline, oil, or any other fuel. 4)同位语从句

①把同位语从句译在其先行词之前,二者之间用“这一”或“的”连接。

The question whether there is life on Mars is still disputable.

火星是否有生命这一问题仍在争论之中。

?The distilling unit separates oil into different products by taking advantage of the fact that the hydrocarbons boils at different temperatures.

②按照原文顺序翻译,在先行词前加“这一”等次,其后加冒号或破折号,然后译出同

位语从句,这种方法只能用在同位语从句及其先行词不在句首的复合句中。

?We are thus led to the conclusion that friction is not always something undesirable.

We are all familiar with the fact that nothing in nature will either start or stop moving of itself 5)定语从句

①限制性定语从句

a)限制性定语从句是句中不可缺少的部分,如果除去它整个句子就可能失去意义。在翻译

时通常省去关系代词而把定语从句放在所修的名词之前。

?Anything that takes up space and has weight is matter.

任何占据空间、具有重量的东西都是物质。

b)在限制性定语从句中,做宾语的关系代词有时省去。

?The heat energy we get from the sun may be changed into other forms of energy.

我们从太阳得到的热能可以变成其他形式的能。

②非限制性定语从句

a)译为并列句,关系代词译作它所替的词,前面加上“这个”“这些”,也可以不重复所替

代的词,而用“它们”等表示。如:

?The most familiar ferrous alloy is steel, which contains iron and a very small proportion of carbon.

b)有时主句和从句之间有转折或连续关系,在翻译时除照上述方法外,还以可以加上“而,

可是,但”等连词,如:

?An atom consists of a nucleus, which contains protons and neutrons, surrounded by electrons in one or more shells.

c)有时定语从句含有原因、让步、条件等意义,这时可以将其译成相应的状语,如:

Computers, which have many advantages, cannot take the place of man. They can only do what they are told to do.

计算机虽然有许多优点,却不能代替人。它只能做人们要它做的事情。

?The water still cooled off quickly at night through the glass, which was exposed to the cold night air.

③关系代词which前有介词的译法

a)介词是从句中的某个动词或短语所要求,翻译时把介词作为短语的一部分,不专门译出。

The degree to which they impede the flow of current is called resistance.

阻碍电的流动的程度叫做电阻。

?Electricity is a subject about which many books have been written.

有的介词用于其本身含义,表示地点、时间、原因等,应按其含义译出。

?A machine is a mechanical contrivance by means of which a force is used to overcome a resistance.机器是一种借助它施加力以克服阻力的机械装置。

b)在which前用of表示“部分”概念时,关系代词常译为“其中”。

?An acid was originally defined as a compound containing hydrogen, some or all of which could be replaced by a metal to form a new compound known as a salt.

Fluids comprise both liquids and gases, the most common examples of which are water and air.

④关系代词whose在定语从句中作定语的译法

可译为“它的,它们的,其”

?All matter comprises atoms and molecules, whose spacing depends on the strength of the intermolecular forces.所有物质都由原子和分子组成,其间距取决于分子间诸力的大小。

⑤由where引导的定语从句

Naturally, solar water heaters work best in climates where there is a lot of sunshine and where the temperatures are quite warm.

当然,在阳光充足、温暖和煦的天气,太阳能热水器效果最好。

?See Table 4, where all metals are listed in the order of their specific weight.

⑥由which引导的特种定语从句

All matter has mass, which is known to all.

一切物质都有质量,这是众所周知的。

?The specific heat of water is 1, which means that it requires one calorie of heat to raise one gram of water one degree.

⑦用as引导的特种定语从句

As we know, the conductivity of semi-conductors increase with the increase of temperature.

正如我们所知,半导体的导电性随着温度的升高而增大。

?Power equals the square of the current multiplied by the resistance, as (is) indicated in the formula P=I2R.

6)状语从句

①时间状语从句

a)英语中时间状态从句可以放在句首、句中或句末,译成汉语时时间状语从句通常放在主

句之前。

When we speak of a force being responsible for motion, it is not enough for us to tell only its

magnitude.

当我们谈到一个力引起运动时,只谈力的大小是不够的。

An electromagnet is only a magnet while a current is flowing.

只有电流通过时,电磁铁才有磁性。

b)用until或till连接的从句一般在翻译时放在主句之后,译为“直到……为止”。

A theory in physics does not become a law until it has been tested and shown to apply in many previously untested areas.

物理学中的理论要经过检验并证明可以在许多以前未试验过的领域中应用才能变成定律。

?The development stage lasts as long as it needs to, until the working device has been constructed and tested.

c)英语中有的短语也可以起到时间状语连词的作用,这种从句在译成中文时要放在主句之

前。常见的这类短语有:

each time 每当every time 每当the moment 一……就

the minute 一……就by the time 到……时

By the time protons come out of the cyclotron, their speed has become nearly equal to that of light. 到质子离开回旋加速器时,其速度已接近于光速。

②地点状语从句

Where pipelines cross swamps, rivers, or lakes they must be encased in concrete.

在管道通过沼泽、河流或湖泊的地方,必须用混凝土把管道包起来。

?Wherever you and I and the rest of the people on the earth go there is always gravity to keep us from falling off.

③条件状语从句

a)条件状语可以放在句首、句中或句末,译成中文时一般放在句首。

If you were in a frictionless world, you would not be able to walk, no wheels would turn, and no vehicles could come to you.

如果处在一个没有摩擦的世界,你就会无法走路,车轮就无法转动,也就不会有车来接你。

b)连词as long as及so long as译为“只要”。

?A fan which is moving the air in a room helps us to feel cooler, so long as the air temperature is not warmer than that of the skin.

c)Provided及providing (that)译为“如果,假如,只要”。如果译成“条件是”则从句须后

置。

It is possible to establish an electric current in any material provided that sufficient voltage is available.

只要有足够的电压,就可以在任何材料中建立电流。

d)Unless,译为除非,如果不

Unless measures are taken at once, there is a food chance that all the oceans of the world be heavily polluted by the year 2000.

若不立即才去措施,全世界的海洋到2000年很可能受到严重的污染。

④原因从句

Because aluminium is a good conductor of electricity it is often used for cables to carry telegraph and telephone messages.

因为铝是电的良导体,常常用作传送电报和电话信息的电缆。

As heat makes things move, it is a form of energy.

由于热能使物体运动,所以它是能量的一种形式。

Why can an airplane fly up since it is much heavier than air?

既然飞机比空气重得多,为什么能飞上天空呢?

?Now that man has left his footprints on the moon, where will he go next?

⑤结果状语从句

The difficulties encountered have been such that little progress has yet been made.

所遇到困难非常之大,以致于进展甚微。

?Most cells are so small that you need a powerful magnifying lens to see one.

⑥目的状语从句

We have no protect the steel from contact with air when we heat or cool it lest oxidation should take place.

将钢加热或冷却时必须使之不与空气接触,以免发生氧化。

?They use helium rather than hydrogen for fear that explosion should take place.

⑦比较状语从句

Aluminum has a higher resistance to corrosion than many other metals.

铝的抗腐蚀能力比许多其他金属高。

Aluminum is not so expensive as copper or silver.

铝的价格不如铜或银那样贵。

?The oxygen atom is nearly 16 times as heavy as the hydrogen atom.

The body must dissipate heat as fast as it produces it.身体排出热量的速度必须和产生热的速度一样快。

⑧方式状语从句

Here on the earth we usually talk as if weight and mass were the same thing.

在地球上我们通常说起来仿佛重量和质量是一回事。

?All active metals react slowly with oxygen in the air, just as iron does.

⑨让步状语从句

Glass is a mixture of silicates, usually of sodium and calcium, although many variations are possible.

玻璃是硅酸盐的混合物,通常为硅酸钠和硅酸钙,不过也可能有许多其它品种。

Small as an atom is, it consists of smaller particles.

原子尽管很小,它却由更小的粒子组成。

?Pure water, no matter what its source, can always be decomposed into oxygen and hydrogen.

3. 长句(难句)

使用长句是科技英语特点之一,长句能体现科技工作者严密的逻辑推理思维。造成句子长的原因有很多,但主要的原因语言结构层次多而复杂,句中并列成分多,大量使用后置定语、各种短语和复杂的包孕结构。

原文一:Aluminum remained unknown until the nineteenth century, because nowhere in nature is it found free, owing to its always being combined with other elements, most commonly with oxygen, for which it has a strong affinity.

分析:在翻译长句时,首先,不要因为句子太长而产生畏惧心理,因为,无论是多么复杂的句子,它都是由一些基本的成分组成的。这个句子由一个主句,两个原因状语和一定定语从句,全句共有四个谓语结构,共有五层意思:

A.铝直到19世纪才被人发现;

B.由于在自然界找不到游离状态的铝;

C.由于它总是跟其他元素结合在一起;

D.最普遍的是跟氧结合;

E.铝跟氧有很强的亲和力。

长句的翻译方法:

①分切法:英语的长句往往借助于各种修饰成分,把句子主干连接起来,表达复杂意思。

而汉语确可以用简单句,一层层的展示思想。一般对于长句先将整个英语长句译成几个独立的句子,并按一定的顺序连接起来。

②顺序法:如果能英语原句结构的顺序与汉语相同,层次分明,译成汉语时可依次排序,

一气呵成。

③变序法:对于不能顺序法翻译的,就改变原句的顺序,汉译时符合中文由远及近,层层

展开,最后画龙点睛的表达。这时需要将原文从中间断开,原句的句首内容最后叙述。

原文二:An “alloy”steel is one which, in addition to the contents of carbon, sulphur and phosphorus, contains more than 1 percent of manganese, or more than 0.3 percent of silicon, or some other elements in amounts not encountered in carbon steels.

译文二:如果一种钢除含有碳、硫、磷以外,还含有1%多的锰或0.3%多的硅或者一些碳素钢中不包含的其他元素,那么这种钢便是“合金钢”。

英语四级翻译常用词汇及基本句型

英语四级段落翻译常用词汇:中国历史与文化 京剧Peking opera 秦腔Qin opera 功夫Kungfo 太极Tai Chi 口技ventriloquism 木偶戏puppet show 皮影戏shadowplay 折子戏opera highlights 杂技acrobatics 相声witty dialogue comedy 刺绣embroidery 苏绣Suzhou embroidery 泥人clay figure 书法calligraphy 中国画traditional Chinese painting 水墨画Chinese brush painting 中国结Chinese knot 中国古代四大发明the four great inventions of ancient China 火药gunpowder 印刷术printing 造纸术paper-making 指南针the compass 青铜器bronze ware 瓷器porcelain; china 唐三彩tri-color glazed pottery of the Tang Dynasty 景泰蓝cloisonne 秋千swing 武术martial arts 儒家思想Confucianism 儒家文化Confucian culture 道教Taoism 墨家Mohism 法家Legalism 佛教Buddhism 孔子Confucius 孟子Mencius 老子Lao Tzu 庄子Chuang Tzu 墨子Mo Tzu 孙子Sun Tzu 象形文字pictographic characters 文房四宝(笔墨纸观)the Four Treasures of the Study (brush, ink stick, paper, and ink stone) 《大学》The Great Learning

实用科技英语翻译-期末考试复习题

2009-2010学年第2学期 《实用科技英语翻译》期末考试题型和复习题 I Answer the following questions related to EST Translation (30’)(2个题) 1. What’s the definition of EST (English of Science & Technology)? EST (English for Science & Technology or Technical English or Scientific English) is a special language variety widely used in the fields of science and technology. It’s believed that it first came to being in the 1950s along with the rapid development of science and technology, and it many researchers and scholars began to conduct investigation of this common feature of this special genre including reading comprehension, writing and even translation. 2. What are stylistic features of EST? Completely different from other genres such as everyday English, literature English, EST has its own stylistic features due to the specialty in content, field and discourse functions, and partly due to the unique habits of EST writers, which are mostly represented in lexical level and syntactical level. 3. What are the general features of Compound Technical Terms? A. accuracy(确切性): accurately reflect the nature of the concept B. monosemy(单义性): one sense for one word C .systematization(系统性):the individual technical terms in a given field should be in a specific level so as to constitute a common system D. linguistically correct(语言的正确性): in accordance with the word-formation in the same language E. conciseness(简明性): concise and easy to remember F. motivation(理据性): just as the name implies, one can know the meaning of the word.

科技英语翻译的原则_方法及技巧.

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小议科技英语翻译技巧

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高中英语基本句型天天练 (一)主谓结构 1.她昨天回家很晚。 2.会议将持续两个小时。 3.在过去的十年里,我的家乡已经发生了巨大的变化。 4.这种事情全世界各地每天都在发生 5.1919年,在北京爆发了“五.四”运动。 6.这个盒子重五公斤。 7.秋天有些鸟飞到南方去。 8.我的爷爷早晨起得很早。 9.每天下午有许多学生到图书馆来借书。 (二)系表结构 1.冬季白天短,夜晚长。 2.布朗夫人看起来很健康。 3.十五岁他就成为有名的钢琴家了。 4.她的工作是在幼儿园里照看儿童。 5.他失业了。 6.树叶已经变黄了。 7.这个报告听起来很有意思。 (三)主谓宾结构 1.昨晚我写了一封信。

3.你们必须在两周内看完这些书。 4.Jim还不会自己穿衣服。 5.我们大家都相信Jack是一个诚实男孩。 6.他不知道说什么好。 7.我开窗户你在意吗? 短语动词 1.他指出了我的作文中的错误。 2.圣诞节我们将去看望外籍教师。 3.五分钟内我们是不可能解出这道题来的。 4.他们高度赞扬了英雄的业迹。 5.这位护士会好好照顾你父亲的。 6.你在工作中可依靠他。 7.写完作文后,我们必须把它从头到尾看一遍。 8.脱掉你的外套,走前再穿。 9.我们必须派人去请医生。 (四)复合宾语结构 1.他的父母给他取名为John. 2.我们大家都认为他是诚实的。 3.他们把门推开了。 4.我们要使学校变得更美丽。

6.明天我要找人来修理机器。 7.每天早晨我们都听到他大声朗读英语。 8.痛苦使得他叫喊起来。 9.我们不会让她在晚上外出的。 10.他每个月理一次发。 11.我要请人把我的录音机修理一下。 12.那可怕的声音把孩子们吓坏了。 13.她正在听人家讲故事。 14.我从来没看见这个字这样用过。 15.他感到很难跟你交谈。 16.我认为有可能用另一种方法解题。 17.学校定了一条规则,开始上课时学生要起立。 18.我认为与那个人谈话是无益的。 (五)Therebe句型 1.今晚没有会。 2.这个村子过去只有一口井。 3.这个学校有一名音乐老师和两名美术老师。 4.客人当中有两名美国人和两名法国人。 5.天气预报说下午有大风。 6.灯亮着,办公室里肯定有人。

英语翻译常用句型(加精)

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英语基本句型翻译练习

英语基本句型翻译练习 句式1主谓结构(主语+不及物动词) ★此句型常用不及物动词或相当于不及物动词的动词短语做谓语。如:He laughed.他笑了。Spring is coming.春天快来了。 ★注意:该句型的谓语由于是不及物动词,所以是没有被动语态的。如, 事故发生在那个街角。 应该是:The accide nt happe ned at that street corner. 不可以:The accide nt was happe ned at that street corner. 过去30年中国发生了巨大的变化。 可以说:Great cha nges have take n place in the past 30 years in China. 不可以: Great cha nges have bee n take n place in the past 30 years in China. ★翻译下列句子: 1. 经理还没来。______________________________________________________________________________ . 2. 汽车突然停下了。_________________________________________________________________________ 3. 2003年战争爆发了。______________________________________________________________________ 4. 你应该努力学习。__________________________________________________________________________ 5. 她昨天回家很晚。__________________________________________________________________________ . 6. 那天早上我们谈了很多。____________________________________________________________________ 7. 会议将持续两个小时。______________________________________________________________________ 8. 在过去的十年里,我的家乡已经发生了巨大的变化。 9. 这种事情全世界各地每天都在发生。_________________________________________________________ 10. 1919年,北京爆发了“五四”运动。________________________________________________________ 11. 每天八时开始上课。_______________________________________________________________________ . 12. 这个盒子重五公斤。_______________________________________________________________________ . 13. 五年前我住在北京。_______________________________________________________________________ . 14. 爱丽丝很会游泳。__________________________________________________________________________ . 15. John的父亲昨晚去世了。__________________________________________________________________ . 16. 秋天有些鸟飞到南方去。___________________________________________________________________ . 仃.我的爷爷早晨起得很早。 ____________________________________________________________________ . 18. __________________________________________________________________________________ 学生们听得很认真。 _____________________________________________________________________________ 19. 我们早饭后8点出发,下午回来。 20. 时间很快就过去了。

英语高考常用句型翻译

英语高考常用句型翻译 Document number:WTWYT-WYWY-BTGTT-YTTYU-2018GT

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. 汉译英 1.好朋友就是能和你分享快乐和忧伤的人 . 2.这是他第一次用电子邮件与笔友交流 . 3. 网络使人们即使身处世界的不同角落也完全可能面对面地交流. 4.现在 , 每年有超过 100 万的旅客来广州观光旅游. 5. 世界淡水资源十分有限,因此我们必须充分利用. 6. 不管你相不相信 , 我们已经逐渐地可以用英语流利地表达自己了.

. 7.实际上学好英语有很多简单的方法 , 例如看英文电视或和外国朋友在线聊 天. 7. 即使这工作要花掉我六个星期的时间,我仍决心要完成这份工作. 8.全体同学都要准时参加明天举行的会议 . 9.花了一周时间才把衣物和药品送达灾区 . 10.请耐心点。火车十分钟后到 . 11.消防员没有多考虑个人的安危 , 像平常一样将困在大火中的人员援救出来 . 12. 一些人破门设法从失火的房子里逃了出来.

13. 上一次考试考砸了之后,那个男孩向父母许诺今后会努力学习. 14.约翰要给捡到他钱包的出租司机一百元作为酬劳 . 15. 除非我们净化我们的环境,否则人类可能将无法生存. 16.这是目前为止我所看过的最好的电影中的一部 . 17.我家门前的漂亮新车是我邻居的,不是我的 . 18.当午餐的铃声敲响的时候 , 学生们一个接一个走出教室 . 19.经理不在时 , 他负责这个商店 .

20.他最终向警察承认他也加入了犯罪活动 . 21. 他训练了很长的一段时间,所以获得比赛的胜利是他应得的. 22.这个母亲正看护着她熟睡的孩子 . 23.由于人类的过度猎捕,许多动物都已经灭绝了 . 24.开车的时候,你应该注意路标 . 25. 政府提出了一项新的政策,旨在保护城市里一些重要的历史遗迹. 26. 根据气象报告,今天将会是一个晴朗的日子.

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