Gait And Balance

跌倒的分级评分标准
跌倒的分级评分标准通常使用的是"Gait and balance"评估工具，例如Berg平衡量表或Tinetti平衡和步态评估工具。

这些评估
工具根据跌倒的严重程度评分，常见的标准如下：
1. 级别1：无跌倒。

这表示个体没有经历过任何跌倒事件。

2. 级别2：偶尔跌倒，但没有导致明显损伤。

这表示个体在过
去一年内偶尔出现过跌倒，但没有导致重大损伤。

3. 级别3：频繁跌倒，可能导致轻微损伤。

这表示个体在过去
一年内频繁跌倒，但跌倒事件多数情况下没有导致重大损伤。

4. 级别4：频繁跌倒，且导致严重损伤。

这表示个体在过去一
年内频繁跌倒，且一些跌倒事件导致了较严重的损伤，例如骨折或颅内出血等。

这些分级评分标准可帮助医生或评估者对个体的跌倒风险进行定量评估，并制定相应的干预措施，如推荐特定的康复训练、使用助行器等，以减少跌倒的风险和相关损伤。

需要注意的是，具体的评估工具和评分标准可能会有所不同，具体应根据实际情况选择适用的评估工具和参考标准。

进行性冻结步态1例患者老年女性，因“进行性加重的发作性行走困难2年”入院，2年前患者在行走过程中出现迈步困难，自觉双腿如被地面黏住，持续约数十秒后自行缓解，缓解后行走正常，后步态异常反复发作。

其发作多在紧张或受到惊吓时出现，亦可在人群拥挤、地面不平、路途中有障碍物、通过狭窄门道时出现。

随着病程延长，发作频率渐增多，影响其行走，发作时不能维持平衡，易摔跤，现不能独自出门，出门时需人搀扶或依靠拐杖。

病程中无肌强直、运动减少、震颤等症状。

坐位或平卧位时，双腿活动正常，患者双上肢运动功能无异常。

体格检查：体温36.8℃，脉搏84次/min，呼吸20次/min，血压158/81mmHg。

心肺腹未见明显异常。

专科情况：神志清，查体合作。

理解力、记忆力、计算力等未见异常。

颅神经未见明显异常。

起步及转身明显困难，行走步态正常，姿势正常，协调动作存在，未见静止性震颤。

四肢肌张力正常，四肢肌力5级，共济运动未见异常。

双侧肢体针刺觉对称无减退。

双侧肢体腱反射对称（++），病理反射未引出。

辅助检查：血尿便常规、肝肾功能检查均正常。

头颅MRI示轻度脑萎缩。

口服美多巴1个月改善不明显，改为口服安利申，20天后症状改善，随诊4个月患者症状无明显加重。

讨论：.原发性进行性冻结步态诊断可参考以下标准；1、发病早期表现冻结步态（以冻结步态起病）2、冻结步态为主要临床表现3、无符合PD或任何帕金森叠加综合征的临床表现4、无支持其他疾病的诊断，如脑血管病或脑积水等的表现、影像学和实验室检查结果的证据5、步态障碍对左旋多巴治疗反应性差，无左旋多巴治疗相关已动症或运动波动致步态障碍证据，本病例临床表现和病程特点符合诊断标准。

该病病理生理学机制仍不明确，从临床对左旋多巴治疗无反应性一级无黑质纹状体系统异常影像学证据的有限资料，可以推测原发性进行性冻结步态并非黑质纹状体系统的多巴胺能功能障碍所致。

.曾有研究发现将多巴胺能细胞植入PD壳核不能改善冻结步态，而口服左旋多巴可减轻PD的冻结步态。

老年及重症病人的风险评估与筛查方案背景老年人和重症病人常常面临更高的健康风险和安全问题。

为了有效管理和预防潜在的风险，需要进行风险评估和筛查。

本文档旨在提供老年及重症病人的风险评估与筛查方案，以帮助医务人员采取适当的措施来保护这些患者的安全和健康。

风险评估风险评估是识别和评估患者所面临的潜在风险的过程。

对于老年及重症病人，以下是一些常见的风险评估指标：1. 疾病风险评估：通过评估患者的现有疾病和病史，确定其患病风险的高低。

这可以帮助医务人员制定个性化的治疗计划和预防措施。

2. 跌倒风险评估：老年及重症病人常常存在跌倒的风险。

使用标准的跌倒风险评估工具，如Tinetti Gait and Balance Assessment，可以帮助医务人员评估患者的平衡和行走能力，并采取适当的预防措施。

3. 药物风险评估：老年及重症病人常常同时使用多种药物，这增加了药物相互作用和不良反应的风险。

通过进行药物风险评估，如Beers Criteria，医务人员可以确定患者是否处于药物相关风险之中，并采取相应的干预措施。

筛查方案筛查是指对患者进行简单且迅速的评估，以确定其是否存在特定风险或问题。

对于老年及重症病人，以下是一些常见的筛查方案：1. 疼痛筛查：老年及重症病人常常存在疼痛问题。

使用工具如Visual Analog Scale（VAS）或Numeric Rating Scale（NRS）可以帮助医务人员评估患者的疼痛程度，并采取相应的疼痛管理措施。

2. 营养筛查：老年及重症病人常常存在营养不良的风险。

使用工具如Mini Nutritional Assessment（MNA）可以帮助医务人员评估患者的营养状况，并采取相应的营养支持措施。

3. 心理状态筛查：老年及重症病人常常存在心理问题。

使用工具如Geriatric Depression Scale（GDS）或Hospital Anxiety andDepression Scale（HADS）可以帮助医务人员评估患者的心理状态，并提供合适的心理支持和干预。

A型肉毒毒素局部注射对脑卒中患者下肢肌痉挛和步行能力的改善作用陈晓伟;程士欢;李贺;张春生;衣爱枝;李贞兰【摘要】目的:采用A型肉毒毒素局部注射脑卒中患者偏瘫侧小腿三头肌,观察其对下肢肌痉挛和步行能力的影响,探讨肌张力变化与下肢运动功能的关系,研究其在社区康复中应用的可行性.方法:选取脑卒中小腿三头肌痉挛患者30例,按照患者意愿分为治疗组(n=15)和对照组(n=15).治疗组患者小腿三头肌局部注射A型肉毒毒素后进行常规康复治疗,对照组患者仅进行常规康复治疗.常规康复训练包括偏瘫侧下肢肌肉牵伸、肌力训练、平衡训练和步行训练.治疗前后进行康复评定并于治疗后3个月随访评定.肌张力评定采用改良Ashworth痉挛量表(MAS),下肢运动功能评定采用Fugl Meyer (FM)量表中的下肢部分,步行能力评定采用10米步行测试(10MWT)时间.结果:组内比较,治疗组患者治疗后和治疗后3个月MAS评分低于治疗前(P＜0.05);对照组患者治疗前后MAS评分比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),治疗后3个月MAS随访评分低于治疗前(P＜0.05).2组患者治疗后和治疗后3个月随访FMA评分、10MWT时间均高于治疗前(P＜0.05).组间比较,治疗组患者治疗后和3个月随访MAS评分低于对照组(P＜0.05),而FMA评分、10MWT时间明显高于对照组(P＜0.05).结论:A型肉毒毒素局部注射可快速而持久降低肌张力,结合康复训练可有效改善下肢痉挛状态,提高患者的运动功能和步行能力,适合在社区康复中推广应用.【期刊名称】《吉林大学学报（医学版）》【年(卷),期】2016(042)003【总页数】5页(P582-586)【关键词】脑卒中;肌痉挛;A型肉毒毒素;步行能力;社区康复【作者】陈晓伟;程士欢;李贺;张春生;衣爱枝;李贞兰【作者单位】吉林大学第一医院康复科,吉林长春130021;吉林大学第一医院康复科,吉林长春130021;吉林大学第一医院康复科,吉林长春130021;吉林省长春市宽城区医院康复科,吉林长春130051;吉林省长春市宽城区医院康复科,吉林长春130051;吉林大学第一医院康复科,吉林长春130021【正文语种】中文【中图分类】R743.3脑卒中偏瘫患者下肢“划圈”步态严重影响着步行和运动功能，下肢小腿三头肌痉挛是导致异常步态和影响运动功能恢复的重要因素之一[1]。

假肢与矫形器专业词汇（英语）abdomen anatomical retainer of the intestinesabdominal related to the abdomenabduct to move (a limb) away from the midline of the bodyabducted gait walking with the legs spread away from the midlinemuscleabductor abductingablatio mammae, mastectomy surgical removal of female breastabove elbow (A.E.) prosthesis prosthesis for transhumeral amputationabove the knee (A.K.) prosthesis prosthesis for transfemoral amputation - (AK)abutment counter piece, counter flare, neckacceleration getting continuously fasteracceleration phase sub-phase in the swing phase of gaitinpelvis, receiving the hip jointsocketacetabulum concaveacetone chemical thinner for laquers and paintsAchilles tendon tendon at distal end of calf muscleacrylic resin thermoplastic resin on acrylic basisacute rapid onset or short duration of a conditionadapter device coupling two different endsadduct to move (a limb) toward the midline of the bodyadductor adducting muscleadductor roll medial-proximally located roll oft soft tissue (TF-prosthetics) adhesion contact socket contact socket, type of suction socketadiposity being too large in abdominal and other circumferences, fat ADL's aids for daily livingadolescent juvenile - phase between childhood and adulthoodadultadolescent youngadult “grown up” - beyond adolescenceaetiology reason or factor causing a diseaseAFO ankle-foot-orthosisagonist muscle being active and result-oriented (opposite:antagaonist) aids for daily living (ADL) tools and devices etc.- modified for the disabledair splint orthoses containing an air chamber to customize fitAK (prosthesis) prosthesis after transfemoral amputationAK-socket above knee (transfemoral) socketalignment assembling O&P components referring to a reference system allergy reaction of the immune system against “foreign” matteralloy a mix of metals, changing the specific characteristics aluminum a light metalambulate / ambulation reciprocal walkingambulator a walking frame, supporting a patient's ambulation amputation surgical removal of a body partamputation surgery surgical act of removing a body segment (extremity) analgesia absence of, or insensitivity to pain sensationanalyse, analysis detailed research on components of a wholeanamnesis background of a diseaseanatomical landmarks (bony) prominences, points of importance in O&Panatomy descriptive or functional explanation of the body properties angularity in the shape of an angleangulus sub-pubicus angle of the pubic ramus, important in IC-socketsjointankle tibio-tarsalankle block connector between prosthetic foot and shinankle joint (talus joint) joint connecting foot and shankankle-foot orthosis (AFO) orthosis with functional impact on ankle and footankylosing to unite or stiffen by ankylosisankylosis immobility, posttraumatic fusion of a jointantagonist muscle opposing agonist action, often controllinganterior in front of, the foremostanteversion to bring (a limb) forward, opposite of retroversion anthropometry taking measurements of the human bodyanti… againstanvil block of iron, surface used in forging metalA-P or a-p antero-posterior, from front to backapex top or summit, the highest point, the peakappliance an instrument, O&P: a prosthesis or orthosis, technical aid application making work or connecting to…learning a professionapprentice somebodyapprentice student learning a profession or craft in a structured approach apprentice student learning a profession or craft in a structured approach apprenticeship (course) training course for vocational educationappropriate best (compromise-) solution for a given problem Appropriate Technology technology appropriate (e.g. for the Third World)arch support shell shell-like custom molded medical shoe insertarteries blood vessels transporting oxygenated blood to the periphery arthritis acute or chronic joint inflammationarthrodesis blocking a joint through surgical procedurearthroplasty reconstruction of a joint through surgical procedure arthrosis, osteoarthritis joint disease - degenerating cartilage and joint surfaceGelenkarticulation Articulatio,aseptic not caused by bacterial infectionASIS / A.S.I.S anterior superior iliac spineassessment evaluation, obtaining information (about a condition) athetosis condition of slow withering movementsathletic arch support custom molded medical shoe insert for the athleteatrophy shrinkage, wastage of biological tissueautonomic nervous system independent nerve tissue, not under voluntary controlaxial rotator joint for socket rotation around the vertical axisback posterior component of the trunkbalance condition of keeping the body stabilized in a desired positionball bearing bearing cage containing rollers, making/keeping axes rotatable ball joint (universal joint) tri-axial jointband, strap, cuff suspension aid (small corset)bandages elastic wrapping, light brace, adhesive wrapping etc.bandaging act of applying bandages, tapingbands m-l connection between orthotic side bars (calf band etc.)bars, side-bars uprights, vertical struts in an orthosisbearing, ball bearing bearing cage containing rollers, making/keeping axes rotatable bed sore pressure/shear related skin trauma of bed-bound individuals below elbow amputation (BE-) forearmamputation (below the elbow joint, transradial, transulnar) below elbow, lower arm arm below the elbow jointbelt suspension component, also light abdominal bandagebench workstation,worktablebench alignment static alignment of prosthetic/orthotic componentsbending providing a shape or contour to sidebars, bands etc.bending iron set of two contouring tools for metal bar bendingbending moment the force or torque bending an objectbending, contouring providing a shape or contour to sidebars, bands etc.BE-prosthesis prosthesis after amputation below the elbow jointbevel to brake an edgebig toe halluxbilateral twosided, double..., relating to “both sides”bio-engineering science of engineering related to living structuresbio-feedback internal autoresponse to a biological eventbiological age the "natural age" - dependent on how a person presentsbiology science related to living structuresbio-mechanics science combining biology and mechanicsbipivotal joint joint with two axesBi-scapular abduction bringing both shoulders forward simultaneously (prosthetic control motion)BK below the kneeBK-prosthesis prosthesis after amputation below the kneeBK-socket below the knee socketblister forming vacuum molding plastic sheet material in a frameblock heels wide basis heelsbody the total appearance of a biological beingbody jacket US-American term for symmetrical spinal orthosesbody powered operated by human power (as opposed to outside energy) bolts machine screw and similarbonding agent connective glue, cement etc.bone single part of the skeletal systembone loss syndrome reduction of bony massbone spur a protrusion of bone or fragment of bonebonification, calcification change into bony tissuebony bridge surgical bony fusion between e.g. tibia and fibulabony landmark anatomically protruding bony surfaces (as the fibula head) bony lock (ischial containment) m-l tight locking design in ischial containment sockets bordering providing a smooth trim line or brimbordering, trimming providing a well-rounded trim line or smooth brimBoston Brace spinal orthosis developed in Boston, USA (scoliosis, kyphosis treatment)bouncy mechanism flexion device for limited flexion in prosthetic kneesbow leg genu varum, o-shaped legs, enlarged distance between knees brace, splint, caliper supportive device, old-fashioned for “orthosis”brain, cerebrum main switch board of the central nervous systembrazing heat supported metal solderingbrazing tool, soldering iron tool for heat supported metal solderingbrim proximal socket area, casting tool / templatebrooch / hook hooks holding a lace, closure of shoes etc.buffing creating a shiny surface finishbuild-up (of a material) location of added plaster in modifications of plaster castsburn heat related injurybursa anatomic padding cavity containing liquidby-law (USA: bill) lawCAD CAM Computer Aided Design, Computer Aided Manufacture cadence rhythm of walkingcalcaneus heelbonecalculation doing mathematical operationscalf band m-l connection between side bars (KAFO)calf corset enclosure of calf and shin (in an orthosis)calf muscle, triceps surae plantar flexor of the foot, muscle in the lower legcaliper measuring tool, precision instrumentcaliper, brace, splint old fashioned term for joint stabilizing lower limb orthoses Canadian Hip Disarticulation Pr. external shell prosthesis for hip disarticulationscane walkingstickcap band finishing element of trim lines, brims of corsetscarbon fiber structural reinforcement in plastic compositescardanic two axes, aligned in 90 degrees toward each othercardio-vascular related to heart and blood circulationcarve shaping by taking material off (chipping off, sanding off)cast positive (plaster or similar) moldcast modification functional changing of the shape of a castcast removal removal of plaster bandage from a poured plaster castcast taking act of taking a plaster- or similar impressioncasters freely moving front wheels at a wheel chaircasting and measurement taking getting 3-dimensional body impressions and measurements casting procedures technique of getting 3-dimensional body impressions caudal direction, toward distal end of the vertebral column (tail)c-clamp clamping tool (woodwork)CDH congenital dislocation of the hipcell (biological and technical) smallest living unit; hollow technical unitcellular made up from cellscelluloid one of the first plastic materials availablecement, glue bonding agentcenter of gravity (COG) mathematic-physical mass concentration in one point center of mass calculated concentration of mass (in bio-mechanics) center of mass (COM) mathematic-physical mass concentration in one point centrode graph for the path of the instantaneous centers of rotation cerebral related to the cerebrum, braincerebral palsy loss of neural muscle control by congenital brain damage cerebral paresis dysfunction of muscle tissue related to cerebral trauma cerebro vascular accident vascular bloodclotting in a part of the brainbraincerebrum thecerebrum / cerebral brain / related to the braincervical related to the neckcervical collar (cervical brace) orthosis for the neck (after whiplash syndrome)cervical spine most proximal segment of the spinal columnchairback brace posterior semi-shell trunk orthosischamfer to thin out the edges of a materialCharcot joint rapid progressive degeneration of a joint (foot)check-, or diagnostic socket transparent or translucent socket for diagnosis of fit chiropedist (Canada) medical doctor specialized in foot careChopart amputation tarsal (partial) foot amputation at the Chopart joint line Chopart joint tarsal joint line of several bones in the footchronic long term (disease; opposite of acute)circumduction semi-circular (mowing) forward swing of a leg circumference the measurment around a physical bodyclam shell design longitudinally split socket or shellclosure mechanism used to closeclub foot, talipes varus pes equino varus, a congenital (or acquired) foot deformity CNC Computer Numeric Controlled design and manufacturing CO cervical orthosis, orthosis for neck immobilizationCO - CP - CPO Certified ... Orthotist..Prosthetist..Prosthetist/Orthotist coating surface cover (as plasticising metal surfaces)coccyx Anatomy: the “tailbone”coefficient of friction number determining forces between sliding surfacescollar cervical orthosis, orthosis for neck immobilization collateral ligaments ligaments bridging the side of jointscompatible fitting to each othercompliance measure of willingness to follow a therapeutic ordercomponents single parts of a whole, construction parts, pre-fab partscomposite reinforced plastic component, matrix and fillercompound result of a chemical binding processcompression panty hose orthotic garment to treat varicosisconcave inwardly shaped, hollow (opposite of convex)condyle massive rounded end of bone, basis for forming a joint surfacewithborncongenital beingconstant friction continuous application of a braking forcecontact cushion distal contact padding in prosthetic socketcontact measuring measuring while touching the object measuredcontact pad contact cushion (prosthetics)continuous passive motion (CPM) keeping a joint mobile through passive motion in motorized device contour (the) the outer perimeter of a bodycontour (to) creating a shape by forming, bendingcontour drawing draft of the outer perimeter of a bodycontracture condition of motion limitation in jointsconvex outwardly shaped, bulged (opposite of concave)cork bark of a tree, natural cellular leight weight materialcoronal plane frontal planecorrection, rectification modification (of shapes, designs etc.) in order to improvecorrosion deterioration of materials by chemical influence (as oxdation)corset therapeutic circular enclosement of body segmentscorset, fabric corset lumbar brace made from textile materialcountersinking taking the edge off a drilled hole, creating circular concavitycoupler a connective devicecoxitis/coxarthritis inflammation of the hip jointCPM, continuous passive motion keeping a joint mobile through passive motion in motorized device CPO Certified Prosthetist / Orthotistcraft & trade European (German) vocational structuring systemcranial relating to the headcrossline filing using a handheld file in a 90 degrees offset directioncruciates, cruciate ligaments crossed ligaments at the knee centerCRW Community based Rehabilitation Worker (WHO Geneva)CT, computer tomography a method to take X-rays in "slices"Orthosis CTLSO Cervico-Thoraco-Lumbo-SacralOrthosisCTO Cervico-Thoracocuff, band, strap suspension aid (small corset)cup, connection cup socket connector in prostheticscure (med.) medical therapeutic measurecure (techn.) to set, hardencushion, pad upholstering device, providing soft surfacecustom made made to measurements as a single unitdeceleration to become continuously slowerdeceleration phase sub-phase in the swing phase of human gaitdecree, directive, regulation text in the lawbooks or regulation with law-like characterdeficiency lack of necessary function or ability by physical impairmentdeflector plate a leaf spring design in prosthetic feet, energy return devicedeformity malformation of form, may be influencing functiondegeneration biological wear and tearDelrin a plastic material, used as a flexible, energy returning keeldensity foaming hard foam block on a socket as a connector to componentsdeposit (biological or pathological) storage mechanism, sedimentdermatitis skin disease, infection of the skinderotating orthosis (scoliosis) orthosis for derotation - one of the priciples of scoliosis treatment design construction, functional lay-out and planningdexterity, manual skill skill of creating by hand, craftsman skilldiabetes mellitus carbohydrate metabolism disorder (frequent amputation reason) diabetic gangrene death of tissue caused by diabetesdiagnosis searching and finding a cause and details of diseasediaphysis shaft of a long bonedimension seize as measureddimensional stability keeping the dimensionsdiplegia paralysis, affecting both sides of the bodydirect socket technique manufacture of a prosthetic socket directly on the amputee's limb directive information or order on how to …..directive, regulation, decree text in the lawbooks or regulation with law-like characterdisability handicap, functional loss of abilitydisabled person a person with a disability, handicapdisabled, handicapped handicapped, having a functional loss of ability"amputation"directly through a joint linedisarticulation thedisc, intervertebral disc intervertebral cartilaginous cushioning elementdislocation joint injury resulting in complete discontiuity of joint surfaces dislocation overstretching or rupture of ligaments, also in combination with fracture doff US-colloquial: do - off = take offdoffing a prosthesis taking off a prosthesiscontrollingdominant leading,don US-colloquial: do - on = put ondonning a prosthesis putting on a prosthesisdonning aid aid to don a prosthesis as pull sock, stockinette, silk tie etc.dorsal related to the dorsum = back, posteriorly locateddorsiflexion lifting the forefoot, correct would be “dorsal extension”, lift of footdraft first drawing of a new ideadrawer effect a-p instability of the knee caused by slack cruciatesdrill (to) to machine a holeDS(L)T Direct Socket (Lamination) TechniqueDUCHENNE's disease severe progressive form of muscular dystrophyDUCHENNE's sign trunk bends lateral toward stance leg during stance phaseDUPUYTREN’sche Kontraktur fibrosis, flexion contracture of fingers into palmstiffnessdurometer hardness,duroplastic resin synthetic resin, not thermoplastic after initial curingdystrophy pathologic loss of muscle massCommunityEC Europeanedema, oedema swelling, high concentration of fluids in the soft tissueelastic capable of recovering form and shape after deformation elastic anklet ankle foot orthosiselastic bandage, ACE-bandage stretchable, expandable bandageelastic knee sleeve knee supporting soft orthosis, tt-prosthetic suspensionelbow splint old-fashioned term for: elbow orthosiselectrical stimulation neuromuscular stimulation by electric impulses electromyography recording of electrical activity of a muscleembedding enclosing, encapsulating, (German: socket retainer function) embossing manual shaping of sheet metal by special hammerEMG recording of electrical activity of a muscleendo-skeletal pylon type prosthetic components covered by external cover energy consumption use of energy in physical activitiesenergy expenditure spending of energy in physical activitiesenergy return energy output, achieved by spring-like design in O&PorthosisEO elbowepicondylitis stress related inflammation of the elbow, (tennis)epiphysis dist./prox. End of a bone, zone of longitudinal growth equilibrium keeping of balanceequinovalgus combined drop foot and valgus deformityequinovarus combined drop foot and varus deformityeversion rotation of hand or foot around long axis of the limbeversion turning foot outward and up (opposite of inversion)EWHO elbow wrist hand orthosisexamination, assessment evaluation, obtaining information (about a condition)exo-skeletal prosthetics: external structural components (opposite: modular) extension straightening motion of a jointextension assist strap or other means assisting joint extensionextension moment force (torque) causing extension (straightening) of joints extension stop bumper or other means of extension limitationextensor muscle causing extensionexternal related to the outside (opposite: internal)external fixation outside orthotic fixation (of a fracture or a surgical result) extremity upper or lower extremities: arms or legsfabric corset textile orthosis for the abdomen or trunkfabrication the procedure of mechanically creating a devicefatality mortality, death ratefatigue (material) time-dependent alteration of typical material propertiesfatigue (muscles) time-dependent slow down of muscle actionFederal Trade Association German professional trade associationfeedback return of informationfelt material made up from compressed, interwoven hair or fiber female the woman species in a creature (opposite: male)femoral channel dorso-lateral convex channel in a prosthetic socketfemoral condyles the distal ends (close to the knee joint) of the femurfemur the thigh boneFES functional electrical stimulationfibre glass (fiber glass) glass reinforcement component in compositesfibula calfbone, the lesser of two bones in the calffibular head the proximal thicker portion of the fibulafit compatibility between patient and device in function/comfortflab abundance of soft tissueflaccid paralysis, paresis non-spastic paralysis, loss of voluntary muscle innervationflare even anatomical surface (as the tibial flare)flat evenflat foot foot deformity, loss of medial-longitudinal arch heightflatfoot, talipes planus foot deformity, loss of any medial-longitudinal arch heightflexion joint motion, buckling or bending a jointflexion assist device assisting (joint) flexionflexion moment force (torque) causing flexionflexor muscle creating a flexion motionfloor reaction orthosis orthosis utilizing floor reaction forces for patient stabilizationFO (either) finger orthosis (or) foot orthosisfoam a cellular resin (polyurethane foam hard or soft)foaming act of manual creation of a prosthetic foam connectorchildfoetus unbornfollow-up continuous control and maintenance, aftertreatmentfoot cradel anatomically adapted plantar foot supportfoot deformity misalignment (functional misshape) of the footfoot flat stance phase: sole of the foot getting in complete ground contact foot slap stance phase: uncontrolled quick foot flat motionforce cause or reason for acceleration, deceleration, movementforging non-chipping iron shaping process under the influence of heat fracture traumatic breaking of a boneframe the outer supportive, stiffening elementframe socket the outer supportive, stiff element as a retainer for a flexible socket freehand drawing, draft manual first draft or drawingcounter-acting sliding movement, "rubbing"friction forcefrontal plane, coronal plane reference plane as seen from the frontfulcrum center of a single axis joint, center of rotationfully synthetical man-made (material)functional component i.e. joints etc. (as opposed to structural components)functional level degree of function a disabled patient still achievesfunctional needs component need to satisfy specific needsfundamental of basic importanceambulationgait walking,gait analysis research of gait patterns and time-related specificsgait deviation pathological changes in normal walking patternsgait pattern physiological or pathological walking characteristicsgait trainer somebody teaching how to walkgait training lessons in learning how to walkgalvanization surface protection of metalsgangrene local death of soft tissue due to lack of blood supply gastrocnemii, “gastrocs” double-headed calf musclegauge measuring instrument (measures width / thickness)gear train joint joint components, forcing each other trough toggled connection gel man-made or natural material, consistency similar to gelantine genu kneegenu recurvatum hyper-extended knee joint (frequently seen in poliomyelitis) genu valgum/knock knee knock knees, knees frequently touching each other medially genu varum/bowleg bow legs, knee distance too large (opposite of genu valgum) geometric locking locking systematic of polycentric knee jointsgeometrical stance control locking systematic for the provision of stance stabilitygeriatric elderly, old, aged,glue, cement bonding agentgoniometer instrument (tool) for measuring anglesgrease fat, as lubricant or tissuegrid particle size indication in abrassive materialsgrind surface modification by abrasion, sanding etc.ground reaction force force directed from the ground toward the body Haemo.., haema... related to the bloodhallux, halluces big toeHalo brace cranial/cervical orthoses, ring fixed at proximal cranium hamstrings popliteal tendons, insertion of flexor muscleshand splint old fashioned for hand orthosishard and soft foaming technique of using hard and soft PU-foams in combinationhd extra sturdy version of…..disarticulationHD hipHDPE HighPolyethyleneDensityHD-socket pelvic socket of the hip disarticulation prosthesisheavy metals a specific group of metals (heavy in weight)heel clamp prosthesis a partial foot prosthesis, suspension by a posterior "clamp" heel cup foot orthosis, Berkely cupheel off / heel rise moment in stance phase when the heel risesheel spur bony protrusion at the distal-medial aspect of the calcaneus heel strike moment in stance phase when the heel touches the ground heel wedge heel bumper in foot or length compensation, absorbs shockHelfet’s heel cup foot orthosis, similar Berkely cupremoving the distal half of the bodysurgery,hemicorporectomy amputationhemipelvectomy amputation surgery removing one half of the pelvis hemipelvectomy-prosthesis artificial leg after hemipelvectomyhemiplegia paralysis of one half side of the bodyheredetary congenital by transmission from parent to offspringhernia subcutaneous protrusion of intestinshindfoot posterior 1/3 of the foot (heel and tarsus)hinge simple joint, single axiship dysplasia pathological development of hip socket leading to dislocation hip hiking exaggerated movement (lifting) of the hip joint in gaithip joint, articulatio coxae proximal joint of the leg, leg-pelvis jointhip positioning orthoses a brace controlling functional alignment of the hip jointhip socket concave component of the hip jointhip spica cast applied to pelvis and legHKAFO Hip-Knee-Ankle-Foot-OrthosisHO (either) Hand Orthosis (or) Hip Orthosis (!!)hobby-handicraft hobbyists work also meaning: non-professional resulthook and eyelet closure closure of textile fabric corsetshook and pile closure Closure material with interlocking surfaces (e.g. Velcro)hook and pile, Velcro self-adhesive strap materialhorizontal plane reference plane as seen from the tophosiery, medical hosiery medical compression hosiery (phlebology)humerus bone in the upper armhybrid something having properties of at least two different resources hydraulic joint control cylinder/piston device controlling prosthetic joint motion hyper… more of somethinghyperextension over-stretching (of a joint)hyperextension orthosis a spinal brace serving for reclination of the thoracic spinegrowthhyperplasia increasedhyper-reflexia pathologically exaggerated reflexeshypertonia elevated blood pressurehypertonicity increased muscle tone or muscle tensionhypertrophy growth of tissue by enlargement of cellshypo… less of somethinghypoplasia biological structure significantly diminished in sizehypotonia low blood pressurehypotonicity loss of muscle tone (or tension)ContainmentIC IschialICRC International Committee of the Red CrossICRC Ischial and ramus containmentIC-socket ischial containment socketidiopathic scoliosis adolescent scoliosis without a known causeilium, os ilium the medial or lateral "wing-shaped" bone in the pelvis。

闭眼单脚站立的时间越长，平衡能力越好。

加大测试难度可改为“闭眼单脚站立成鹰姿测试”。

踏木保持平衡的时间越长，平衡能力越好。

群；②运动员指从事对平衡能力要求较高的运动项目运动员，如太极拳、平衡木等。

若有前庭功能障碍，将向患侧偏倒；转动头部时，偏倒方向也随之改变。

若小脑有病变，将向患侧或后方偏倒，头部转动时不会引起偏倒方向的改变。

受试者采用足尖接足跟，两足一前一后直立的方式，记录维持此种站立姿势稳定性的时间、睁闭眼时身体的摆动。

受试者单脚站立，双手叉腰，观察睁眼、闭眼保持平衡的时间。

时间越长，平衡能力越好过指试验又称错指物位试验。

受试者与检查者相对而坐，对侧上肢前平举，食指伸出，指尖相互接触，其他四指握拳。

受试者抬高上肢，然后恢复水平位，使食的椅子即可完成，应用非常简便。

量表包括14 个条目：由坐位到站位、持续无支持站立、持续无支持坐位、由站到坐动作、床椅转移、闭眼无支持持续站立、无平衡测试部分共有10 个项目，主要包括站位平衡、座位平衡、立位平衡、转立平衡、轻推反应等，测试一般需要15min，满分16 分；步态评测表是为评测老年人的步行质量而设计的，共有8 个项目，分别有步行的启动、步幅、摆动足高度、对ABC 量表是一份平衡自信量表，主要评价完成量表条目要求并保持平衡的信心。

该量表共包括16 个条目，每个条目11 个等级，每10 分一个等级，评分范围0—100 分，评分后再计算均分。

16 个条目分别为：在房间里散步；上下楼梯；弯腰共包括3 大领域（由易到难分别为坐位平衡、站位平衡、行走功能），12 个项目。

每个项目给受试者3 次通过机会，评分包括两个级别：不能通过0 分；能通过1分。

满分为12 分。

评估时，由受试者对12 个项目的难易程度进行主观判断，受包括8 个项目：不同速度行走、步行中转头、跨越及绕行障碍物、上下台阶、快速转身等。

每个项目0—3 分共4 个等级分数，满分为24 分，分数越高表示平衡能。

步态评估量表T i n e t t i量表Tinetti量表（Tinetti Balance and Gait Analysis）姓名：性别：年龄：病区：床号：病案号：临床诊断：一、平衡测试患者坐在没有扶手的硬椅子上1.坐位平衡(0) 斜靠或从椅子上滑下(1) 稳定2.起身(0) 没有帮助就无法完成(1) 用胳膊帮助才能完成(2) 不用胳膊就能完成3.试图起身(0) 没有帮助就无法完成(1) 需要尝试1次以上才能完成(2) 1次尝试就能完成4. 立即站起来时平衡功能（站起的头5秒）(0) 不稳（摇晃，移动脚步，明显躯干摆动）(1) 稳定，但是需要助行器或手杖，或抓住其他物体支撑(2) 稳定，不需要助行器或手杖，或抓住其他物体支撑5.坐下时平衡(0)不稳(1) 稳定，但是两脚距离较宽【足跟中点间距离大于4英寸（1英寸=2.54cm）】，或使用手杖、助行器或其他支撑(2) 稳定，两脚距离较窄，且不需要支撑6.轻推（患者双脚尽可能靠拢站立，用手轻推3次）(0)开始就会摔倒(1)摇晃并要抓东西，但是只抓自己(2)稳定7.闭眼（同第6姿势）(0)不稳(1)稳定8.转身360°(0)不连续的步骤(1)不稳定（手臂及身体摇晃）(2)稳定9.坐下(0)不安全(1)用胳膊或动作不连贯(2)安全且动作连贯备注：根据后退的危险性，如果从后方拉患者可能更安全总分(满分16分)二、步态测试以舒适速度，使用辅具________，走三公尺，需________秒。

测试项目1.起步(0)有迟疑，或须尝试多次方能启动(1)正常启动2.抬脚高度a.左脚跨步(0)脚拖地，或抬高大于1-2英寸(1)脚完全离地，但不超过1-2英寸b.右脚跨步(0)脚拖地，或抬高大于1-2英寸(1)脚完全离地，但不超过1-2英寸3.步长a.左脚跨步(0)跨步的脚未超过站立的对侧脚(1)有超过站立的对侧脚b.右脚跨步(0)跨步的脚未超过站立的对侧脚(1)有超过站立的对侧脚4.步态对称性(0)两脚步长不等(1)两脚步长相等5.步伐连续性(0)步伐与步伐之间不连续或中断(1)步伐连续6.走路路径（行走大约三公尺长）(0)明显偏移到某一边(1)轻微/中度偏移或使用步行辅具(2)走直线,且不需辅具?7.躯干稳定(0)身体有明显摇晃或需使用步行辅具(1)身体不晃，但需屈膝或有背痛或张开双臂以维持平衡(2)身体不晃，无屈膝，不需张开双臂或使用辅具8.步宽(脚跟距离)(0)脚跟分开(步宽大)(1)走路时两脚跟几乎靠在一起总分(满分12分)治疗师签名Tinetti量表（Tinetti Balance and Gait Analysis）：包括平衡和步态测试两部分，满分28分。

跌倒风险评估量表6个跌倒风险评估量表是一种常用的评估工具，用于帮助评估个体跌倒的风险程度。

下面将介绍六个常用的跌倒风险评估量表。

1. Berg平衡量表（Berg Balance Scale）Berg平衡量表是一种评估老年人平衡能力的量表，共有14项任务，包括从坐姿到站立，行走和转身等动作。

每项任务的评分范围是0到4分，总分越高，表示平衡能力越好，跌倒风险越低。

2. Tinetti步态和平衡量表（Tinetti Balance and Gait Scale）Tinetti量表主要评估老年人的步态和平衡能力。

包括在坐姿和站姿下进行一系列动作，如站立时间、步态稳定性、行走步态等。

总分低于19分表示高跌倒风险。

3. 老年人跌倒风险评估量表（The Falls Risk Assessment Tool）该量表使用15个问题评估老年人的跌倒风险。

这些问题包括医疗状况、用药情况、生活方式以及站立和行走时的困难程度等。

根据回答的问题获得的总分可确定个体的跌倒风险等级。

4. 梅利肯跌倒风险评估量表（Melnyk Falls Risk Assessment Tool）该量表包括22个问题，评估个体的跌倒风险及可能的干预措施。

问题包括个体的近期跌倒史、活动能力、感觉能力和认知功能等。

根据总分确定个体的跌倒风险等级。

5. 诺顿跌倒风险量表（Norton Fall Risk Scale）该量表包括五个项目，评估个体的视觉、听觉、步态、行动能力和认知状况。

每个项目得分范围从0到4，总分越高，跌倒风险越低。

6. STRATIFY跌倒风险评估量表（STRATIFY Falls Risk Assessment）STRATIFY量表通过评估个体的跌倒史、移动能力和认知状况等方面的问题来评估个体的跌倒风险。

根据总分确定个体的跌倒风险等级。

以上六个跌倒风险评估量表是常用的评估工具，可以帮助医护人员评估个体的跌倒风险，并采取相应的预防措施。