动车与高速

2024年高速动车组市场发展现状简介高速动车组（High Speed Train）是指能够以较高速度运行的铁路客运列车，具备高度安全性和舒适性。

随着经济发展和人民生活水平的提高，高速动车组在我国的交通领域得到了广泛应用，并呈现出快速发展的趋势。

1. 市场规模高速动车组市场发展迅猛，市场规模不断扩大。

根据数据显示，我国高速动车组市场规模在近年来持续增长，其中包括高铁、动车组等不同类型的列车。

据统计，截至2020年底，我国高速动车组数量超过2500列，覆盖了全国近80%的铁路干线，高速铁路总里程已超过3万公里。

2. 技术升级高速动车组市场发展受益于技术的不断升级。

在过去几十年的发展中，高速动车组经历了从国外技术引进到自主研发的转变。

我国已经建立了完整的研发体系，不断开展新一代高速动车组的研究与实践，使我国高速动车组的技术水平在世界范围内处于领先地位。

3. 增强的舒适性随着高速动车组的市场发展，舒适性已经成为用户选择的重要因素。

高速动车组在车厢设计、座椅舒适度和内部设施等方面进行了持续改进，提供更好的乘坐体验。

例如，高速动车组采用了先进的减震技术，减少了乘客在列车运行过程中的颠簸感；车内座椅设计更加符合人体工程学原理，提供更好的支撑和舒适度；提供了更便捷的购票和服务系统，方便乘客的使用。

4. 市场竞争格局高速动车组市场竞争激烈，各家企业争夺市场份额。

目前，中国南车、中国北车等国内制造商是我国高速动车组市场的主要参与者。

他们通过提供高质量的产品和服务，以及不断创新的技术，赢得了消费者的青睐。

同时，国外企业也不断加强与中国企业的合作，进一步促进了高速动车组市场的发展。

5. 未来发展趋势高速动车组市场有望继续保持快速发展的态势，并呈现出以下几个发展趋势：•技术创新：高速动车组将继续进行技术创新，提升列车速度、安全性和舒适性，推动行业整体发展。

•线路拓展：我国高速铁路的建设将继续扩大，覆盖更多城市和地区，提供更为便捷的交通服务。

动车列车组的分类动车组是现代高速铁路的代表，其高速、舒适、安全的特点深受广大旅客的喜爱。

而在动车组中，又有着不同的分类，下面就来一一介绍。

一、按速度划分1. 高速动车组高速动车组是指设计时速在250公里以上的列车组。

这类列车组通常采用电力传动，具有高速、舒适、安全等特点，是现代高速铁路的代表。

高速动车组的运营速度通常在300公里以上，最高时速可达400公里，是目前世界上运营速度最快的列车。

2. 中速动车组中速动车组是指设计时速在160公里至250公里之间的列车组。

这类列车组通常采用电力传动或柴油机传动，具有较高的运营速度和较好的舒适性，适用于中长途客运。

3. 普速动车组普速动车组是指设计时速在120公里至160公里之间的列车组。

这类列车组通常采用柴油机传动，具有较好的经济性和适应性，适用于中短途客运。

二、按功能划分1. 动力车组动力车组是指具有自主牵引能力的列车组，通常采用电力传动或柴油机传动。

这类列车组具有较高的运营速度和较好的适应性，适用于长途客运和货运。

2. 动拖车组动拖车组是指由动力车组和拖车组组成的列车组，通常采用电力传动或柴油机传动。

这类列车组具有较高的运营速度和较好的适应性，适用于长途客运和货运。

3. 动卧车组动卧车组是指具有卧铺车厢的列车组，通常采用电力传动或柴油机传动。

这类列车组具有较高的舒适性和适应性，适用于夜间长途客运。

三、按车型划分1. CRH系列动车组CRH系列动车组是中国铁路总公司推出的高速动车组品牌，包括CRH1、CRH2、CRH3、CRH5、CRH6等多个型号。

这些列车组具有高速、舒适、安全等特点，是中国高速铁路的代表。

2. DJ系列动车组DJ系列动车组是中国铁路总公司推出的中速动车组品牌，包括DJ1、DJ2、DJ3等多个型号。

这些列车组具有较高的运营速度和较好的舒适性，适用于中长途客运。

3. DF系列动车组DF系列动车组是中国铁路总公司推出的普速动车组品牌，包括DF4、DF5、DF7等多个型号。

高铁动车的理解
高速铁路,简称高铁,是专门用于高速铁路交通的动车组。

它以每小时时速350公里的速度运行,大大提高了铁路运输的速度。

理解高铁动车对我们理解高速铁路的运行机理和优势意义很大。

高铁动车的主要特点是:
1. 车身轻质。

高铁动车采用的是轻质而富有强度的新型车身材料,比普通旅客列车轻很多,有利于提高运行速度。

2. 动力强劲。

高铁动车采用的是与相似的发动机,能产生极大推力。

此外,车轮也经过特殊设计,有效抓住钢轨,减少空转。

3. 速度稳定。

高铁动车内部采用了自动驾驶和信号控制系统,可以在高速运行时保持车距稳定,减少随意减速增加。

这是高铁能运行350公里的重要保证。

4. 舒适安静。

高铁动车采用了流线型外形及新型减震设计,在高速运行时对乘客影响小,环境安静。

还设有各种旅客服务设施,提升舒适度。

5. 安全可靠。

高铁动车安装了各种环保报警系统,能有效监测运行状况及预警异常。

同时进行全面独立测试,确保在350公里高速下的运行安全性。

理解这些特点可以帮助我们认识高铁的魅力所在,也为乘坐高铁提供更多保障。

高铁的发展必将带动中国交通事业的全面进步。

动车和高铁有什么区别| 高铁和动车谁速度快什么是动车？动车，全称动力车辆，是指轨道交通系统中装有动力装置的车辆，包括机车和动力车厢两大类。

动车装配有驱动车轮，而与之相对应地无驱动装置车辆就是拖车。

列车要能在轨道上正常运行，就必须有动车为整列火车提供足够牵引力，但可以不挂没有动力的拖车。

动车是安装有车轮驱动机器设备的铁路车辆，而不是动车组。

不仅高速列车中有动车，所有火车类型的交通工具、包括常速动车组、普速列车、地铁列车、轻轨列车、单轨列车和磁悬浮列车等都有动车。

什么是高铁？高速铁路，简称高铁，是指设计标准等级高、可供列车安全高速行驶的铁路系统。

其概念并不局限于轨道，更不是指列车。

高铁在不同国家、不同时代以及不同的科研学术领域有不同规定。

中国国家铁路局颁布的《高速铁路设计规范》文件中将高铁定义为新建设计时速为250公里（含）至350公里（含），运行动车组列车的标准轨距的客运专线铁路。

中国国家发改委将中国高铁定义为时速250公里及以上标准的新线或既有线铁路，并颁布了相应的《中长期铁路网规划》文件，将部分时速200公里的轨道线路纳入中国高速铁路网范畴。

动车和高铁有什么区别？1、定义不同。

在日常生活当中，我们会把以字母G开头的高速动车组列车简称为“高铁”，把以字母D开头的普通动车组列车简称为“动车”。

2、速度不同。

动车的最高营运速度在200公里/小时~250公里/小时，而高铁的最高营运速度在300公里/小时~350公里/小时。

3、等级不同。

动车和高铁的等级与二者的速度有很大关系，速度越高，等级就会越高。

当高铁和动车在同一轨道会车（相遇）时，等级低的动车需要临时停车避让等级高的高铁，让高铁先行。

其实就是，速度慢的列车让路，速度快的列车先行。

4、耗时不同。

当高铁和动车在跑同一条路线时，由于高铁的速度比动车快、在出现会车时动车需要避让高铁，所以高铁跑完同一路线的耗时相对较短的。

5、席别不同。

部分动车除了有商务座、一等座、二等座之外，还有卧铺（动卧、高级动卧），而高铁没有卧铺。

动车组列车的运行特点与技术要求动车组列车作为现代铁路运输的重要组成部分，在我国的高速铁路发展中扮演着重要角色。

它以其高速、高效、舒适、安全的特点得到了广大乘客的青睐。

本文将就动车组列车的运行特点和技术要求进行探讨。

1. 运行特点1.1 高速运行动车组列车的一大特点就是高速运行。

它融合了高铁列车的设计和技术，具备了较高的运行速度。

一般而言，动车组列车的设计速度可达到350公里/小时以上，甚至高达400公里/小时。

高速运行使得动车组列车能够在较短的时间内覆盖长距离，提升了铁路运输的效率。

1.2 舒适乘坐动车组列车的设计追求舒适乘坐体验。

它采用了减少颠簸和噪音的技术，如空气悬挂系统、减震装置等。

乘客在车内的行驶过程中可以减少不适感，旅途更加舒适。

此外，车厢内设备齐全，如舒适的座椅、卫生间、餐车等，为乘客提供了更好的服务。

1.3 安全保障动车组列车采用了多种技术手段来保障运行的安全性。

首先，列车设有高级别的监控系统，能够实时监测列车的运行状态和乘客的安全。

其次，列车装备了自动防撞系统和紧急制动系统，一旦遇到危险情况，能够及时响应并采取相应措施，保障乘客的生命财产安全。

2. 技术要求2.1 动力系统动车组列车的动力系统是其高速运行的基础。

为了实现高速的目标，动车组列车采用了电力传动技术。

每节车厢都装有电机，由线路供电给电机提供动力，并通过牵引变流器来控制电机的运行。

这种电力传动技术具备灵活性和高效性，可以实现列车的高速运行。

2.2 列车控制系统为了保证列车运行的平稳性和安全性，动车组列车配备了先进的列车控制系统。

列车控制系统包括列车检测系统、列车控制器和列车监控系统等，能够实现列车的自动驾驶、自动调速和自动制动等功能。

这可以提高列车运行的效率，减少人为因素对运行的影响。

2.3 安全系统动车组列车的安全系统十分重要。

它包括了列车防撞系统、紧急制动系统、火警报警系统等。

列车防撞系统能够通过雷达等传感器实时感知前方障碍物，一旦发现危险情况，则会自动采取紧急制动措施。

外文翻译---高速铁路与动车组附录A 外文翻译High-speed Rail and Multiple UnitsHigh-speedHigh-speed rail is public transport by rail at speeds in excess of 200 km/h. Typically, high-speed trains travel at top service speeds of between 250 km/h and 300 km/h- The world speed record for a conventional wheeled train was set in 1990，by a French TGV (Train a Grande vitesse) that reached a speed of 513.5km/h，and an experimental Japanese magnetic levitation train has reached 581 km/h.The International Union of Railway’high-speed task force provides definitions of high-speed rail travel. There is no single definition of the term, but rather a combination of elements—new or upgraded track, rolling stock, operating practices一that lead to high-speed rail operations. The speeds at which a train must travel to qualify as “high-speed”vary from country to country, ranging from 160 km/h to over 300 km/h.There are constraints on the growth of the highway and air travel systems，widely cited as traffic congestion, or capacity limits. Airports have limited capacity to serve passengers during peak travel times, as do highways. High-speed rail，which has potentially very high capacity on its fixed 4 corridors，offers the promise of relieving congestion on the other systems. Prior to World War II, conventional passenger rail was the principal means of intercity transport. Passenger rail services have lost their primary role in transport, due to the small proportion of journeys made by rail.High-speed rail has the advantage over automobiles in that it can move passengers at speeds far faster than those possible by car, while also avoiding congestion. For journeys that do not connect city centre to city centre，the door to door travel time and the total cost of high-speed rail can be comparable to that of driving. A fact often mentioned by critics of high-speed trains. However, supporters argue that journeys by train are less strenuous and more productive than car journeys.While high-speed trains generally do not travel as fast as jet aircraft, they have advantages over air travel for relatively short distances. When traveling less thanabout 650 km, the process of checking in and going through security screening at airports, as well as the journey to the airport itself, makes the total journey time comparable to high-speed rail. Trains can be boarded more quickly in a central location，eliminating the speed advantage of air travel. Rail lines also permit far greater capacity and frequency of service than what is possible with aircraft.High-speed trains also have the advantage of being much more environmentally friendly, especially if the routes they serve are competing against clogged highways.The early target areas，identified by France，Japan，and the U.S.，were connections between pairs of large cities. In France this was Paris-Lyon, in Japan Tokyo-Osaka, and in the U.S. the proposals are in high-density areas. The only high-speed rail service at present in the USA is in the Northeast Corridor between Boston, New York and Washington, D.C,；it uses tilting trains to achieve high speeds on existing tracks, since building new，straighter lines was not practical, given the amount of development on either side of the right of way.Five years after construction began on the line，the first Japanese high-speed rail line opened on the eve of the 1964 Olympics in Tokyo, connecting the capital with Osaka. The first French high-speed rail line was opened in 1981，the French rail agency, planning starting in 1966 and construction in 1976. The opening ceremonies were significant events, being reported internationally, but not associated with a major showpiece such as a World’s Fair or Olympic Games.Market segmentation has principally focused on the business travel market. The French focus on business travelers is reflected in the nature of their rail cars. Pleasure travel is a secondary market, though many of the French extensions connect with vacation beaches on the Atlantic and Mediterranean, as well as major amusement parks. Friday evenings are the peak time for TGVs. The system has lowered prices on long distance travel to compete more effectively with air services，and as a result some cities within an hour of Paris by TGV have become commuter communities, thus increasing the market, while restructuring land use, A side effect of the first high-speed rail lines in France was the opening up of previously isolated regions to fast economic development. Some newer high-speed lines have been planned primarily for this purpose.Multiple UnitsThe term Multiple Unit or MU is used to describe a self-propelling train unitcapable of coupling with other units of the same or similar type and still being controlled from one cab.1 The term is commonly used to denote passenger trainsets that consist of more than one carriage, but single self-propelling carriages, can be referred to as multiple units if capable of operating with other units.Multiple units are of three main types：Electric Multiple Unit (EMU),Diesel Multiple Unit (DMU),Diesel Electric Multiple Units (DEMU).Multiple unit trainset has the same power and traction components as a locomotive, but instead of the components concentrating in one carbody，they are spread out on each car that makes up the set 2 Therefore these cars can only propel themselves when they are part of semi-permanently coupled.For example, a DMU might have one car carry the prime mover and traction motors, and another the engine for head end power generation；an EMU might have one car carry the pantograph and transformer, and another car carry the traction motors.AdvantagesMultiple units have several advantages over locomotive-hauled trains.Energy efficiency—MUs are more energy efficient than locomotive-hauled trains. They are more nimble, especially on grades, as much more of the train’s weight ( sometimes all of it) is carried on power-driven wheels, rather than suffer the dead weight of unpowered hauled coaches. In addition, they have a lower weight-per-seat value than locomotive-hauled trains since they do not have a bulky locomotive that does not itself carry passengers but ecmtributes to the total weight of the train. This is particularly important for train services that have frequent stops,since the energy consumed for accelerating the train increases significantly with an increase in weight.No need to turn locomotive~Most MUs have cabs at both end, resulting in quicker turnaround times, reduced crewing costs i and enhanced safety. The faster turnaround time and the reduced size (due to higher frequencies) as compared to large locomotive -hauled trains, has made the MU a major part of suburban commuter rail services in many countries, MUs are also used by most rapid transit systems.Composing can be changed mid journey~MUs may usually be quickly made up or separated into sets of varying lengths. Several multiple units may run as a single train，then be broken at a junction point into smaller trains for different destinations.Reliability—Due to having multiple engines the failure of one engine does notprevent the train from continuing its journey. A locomotive drawn train typically only has one power unit whose failure will disable the train. Some locomotive hauled trains may contain more than one power unit and thus be able to continue at reduced speed after the failure of one.Safety—Multiple units normally have completely independent braking systems on all cars meaning the failure of the brakes on one car does not prevent the brakes from operating on the other cars.Axle load—Multiple units have lighter axle loads, allowing operation on lighter tracks, where locomotives are banned. Another side effect of this is reduced track wear, as traction forces can be provided through many axles, rather than just the four or six of a locomotive.Easy and quick driving~Multiple units generally have rigid couplers instead of the flexible ones on locomotive hauled trains. That means brakes or throttle can be more quickly applied without excessive amount of jerk experienced in passenger coaches.Disadvantages：Multiple Units do have some disadvantages as compared to locomotive hauled trains.Maintenance—It may be easier to maintain one locomotive than many self-propelled cars.Safety—In the past it was often safer to locate the train's power systems away from passengers. This was particularly the case for steam locomotives, but still has some relevance for other power sources. A head on collision involving a multiple-unit is likely to result in more casualties than one with a locomotive*Easy replacement of motive power~Should a locomotive fail, it is easily replaced. Failure of a multiple unit train-set will often require a whole new train or time-consuming switching.Efficiency—Idle trains do not waste expensive motive power resources. Separate locomotives mean that the costly motive power assets can be moved around as needed.Flexibility—Large locomotives can be substituted for small locomotives where the gradients of the route become steeper and more power is needed.5 Also, different types of passenger cars can be easily added to or removed from a locomotive hauled train. However, it is not so easy for a multiple unit since individual cars can beattached or detached only in a maintenance facility.Noise and Vibration—The passenger environment of a multiple unit is often noticeably noisier than that of a locomotive-hauled train, due to the presence of underfloor machinery. The same applies to vibration. This is particular problem with DMUs.Obsolescence cycles—Separating the motive power from the payload-hauling cars means that either can be replaced when obsolete without affecting the other.It is difficult to have gangways between coupled sets, and still retain an aerodynamic leading front end.FeaturesIt is not necessary for every single car in a MU set to be motorized. Therefore MU cars can be motor units or trailer units. Instead of motors, trailing units can contain some supplemental equipment such as air compressors, batteries, etc.In some MU trains，every car is equipped with a driving console, and other controls necessary to operate the train. Therefore every car can be used as a cab car whether it is motorised or not, if on the end of the train. However, other EMUs can be driven/controlled only from dedicated Cab cars.Well-known examples of MUs are the Japanese Shinkansen and the last generation German ICE. Most trains in the Netherlands and Japan are MUs, making them suitable for use in areas of high population density. A new high-speed MU was unveiled by France’s Alstom on February 5th, 2008• It has a claimed service speed of 360 km/h..from：Railway signals professional Englis中文翻译：高速铁路与动车组高速铁路高速铁路是一种运行时速超过200千米的公共轨道交通。

《动车组技术》课程论文高速铁路和动车组浅析班级：交通设备姓名：学号：任课老师：刘堂红时间：2013/12/30摘要本文首先简要介绍了我国机车车辆的发展概况，导出发展高速动车组的必要性。

接着介绍各国高速铁路的概况，指出日、德、法等高速动车组技术领先国家最具特色的技术，引出中国从这些国家引进系列动车组关键技术并消化吸收再创新实现我国铁路跨越式发展的必然。

其次重点介绍了我国CRH系列动车组总体、转向架、交流传动、制动、节能环保等几大关键技术。

最后展望了中国高速铁路和动车组未来的发展方向。

关键词：机车车辆；动车组；高速铁路；技术；发展ABSTRACTThis article briefly describes the development of rolling stock, the need to export the development of high-speed EMU's move. Then introduce the countries high-speed rail overview, noting Japan, Germany, France and other EMU technology leader in the country's most distinctive technique, leads to China from these countries to introduce the series EMU key technologies and absorption and innovation to achieve China's railway leapfrog development inevitable. Secondly highlights of CRH series EMU overall, bogie, AC drive, braking, energy saving and environmental protection several key technologies. Finally, some future development direction of China's high-speed trains.Key words:rolling stock；EMU；high-speed rail；technology；development目录１、我国机车车辆的发展状况．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．１1.1 我国机车车辆的发展历程．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．１1.2 我国动车组的发展历程．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．１２、高速铁路及高速列车概论．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．３2.1 我国高速铁路概况．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．３2.2 日本新干线．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．４2.3 法国GTV．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．４2.4 德国ICE．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．４2.5 中国CRH．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．５３、CRH关键技术．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．７４、我国高速铁路和动车组展望．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．９５、结束语．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．10 参考文献．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．11１.我国机车车辆的发展概况1.1我国机车车辆的发展历程我国铁路机车车辆工业的发展，大体经历3阶段：一是通过仿制起步，培育开发能力，闯过产业发展的幼稚期。

附录A 外文翻译High-speed Rail and Multiple UnitsHigh-speedHigh-speed rail is public transport by rail at speeds in excess of 200 km/h. Typically, high-speed trains travel at top service speeds of between 250 km/h and 300 km/h- The world speed record for a conventional wheeled train was set in 1990，by a French TGV (Train a Grande vitesse) that reached a speed of 513.5km/h，and an experimental Japanese magnetic levitation train has reached 581 km/h.The International Union of Railway’high-speed task force provides definitions of high-speed rail travel. There is no single definition of the term, but rather a combination of elements—new or upgraded track, rolling stock, operating practices一that lead to high-speed rail operations. The speeds at which a train must travel to qualify as “high-speed”vary from country to country, ranging from 160 km/h to over 300 km/h.There are constraints on the growth of the highway and air travel systems，widely cited as traffic congestion, or capacity limits. Airports have limited capacity to serve passengers during peak travel times, as do highways. High-speed rail，which has potentially very high capacity on its fixed4corridors，offers the promise of relieving congestion on the other systems. Prior to World War II, conventional passenger rail was the principal means of intercity transport. Passenger rail services have lost their primary role in transport, due to the small proportion of journeys made by rail.High-speed rail has the advantage over automobiles in that it can move passengers at speeds far faster than those possible by car, while also avoiding congestion. For journeys that do not connect city centre to city centre，the door to door travel time and the total cost of high-speed rail can be comparable to that of driving. A fact often mentioned by critics of high-speed trains. However, supporters argue that journeys by train are less strenuous and more productive than car journeys.While high-speed trains generally do not travel as fast as jet aircraft, they have advantages over air travel for relatively short distances. When traveling less than about 650 km, the process of checking in and going through security screening at airports, as well as the journey to the airport itself, makes the total journey time comparable to high-speed rail. Trains can be boarded more quickly in a centrallocation，eliminating the speed advantage of air travel. Rail lines also permit far greater capacity and frequency of service than what is possible with aircraft.High-speed trains also have the advantage of being much more environmentally friendly, especially if the routes they serve are competing against clogged highways.The early target areas，identified by France，Japan，and the U.S.，were connections between pairs of large cities. In France this was Paris-Lyon, in Japan Tokyo-Osaka, and in the U.S. the proposals are in high-density areas. The only high-speed rail service at present in the USA is in the Northeast Corridor between Boston, New York and Washington, D.C,；it uses tilting trains to achieve high speeds on existing tracks, since building new，straighter lines was not practical, given the amount of development on either side of the right of way.Five years after construction began on the line，the first Japanese high-speed rail line opened on the eve of the 1964 Olympics in Tokyo, connecting the capital with Osaka. The first French high-speed rail line was opened in 1981，the French rail agency, planning starting in 1966 and construction in 1976. The opening ceremonies were significant events, being reported internationally, but not associated with a major showpiece such as a World’s Fair or Olympic Games.Market segmentation has principally focused on the business travel market. The French focus on business travelers is reflected in the nature of their rail cars. Pleasure travel is a secondary market, though many of the French extensions connect with vacation beaches on the Atlantic and Mediterranean, as well as major amusement parks. Friday evenings are the peak time for TGVs. The system has lowered prices on long distance travel to compete more effectively with air services，and as a result some cities within an hour of Paris by TGV have become commuter communities, thus increasing the market, while restructuring land use, A side effect of the first high-speed rail lines in France was the opening up of previously isolated regions to fast economic development. Some newer high-speed lines have been planned primarily for this purpose.Multiple UnitsThe term Multiple Unit or MU is used to describe a self-propelling train unit capable of coupling with other units of the same or similar type and still being controlled from one cab.1 The term is commonly used to denote passenger trainsets that consist of more than one carriage, but single self-propelling carriages, can bereferred to as multiple units if capable of operating with other units.Multiple units are of three main types：Electric Multiple Unit (EMU),Diesel Multiple Unit (DMU),Diesel Electric Multiple Units (DEMU).Multiple unit trainset has the same power and traction components as a locomotive, but instead of the components concentrating in one carbody，they are spread out on each car that makes up the set2 Therefore these cars can only propel themselves when they are part of semi-permanently coupled.For example, a DMU might have one car carry the prime mover and traction motors, and another the engine for head end power generation；an EMU might have one car carry the pantograph and transformer, and another car carry the traction motors.AdvantagesMultiple units have several advantages over locomotive-hauled trains.Energy efficiency—MUs are more energy efficient than locomotive-hauled trains. They are more nimble, especially on grades, as much more of the train’s weight ( sometimes all of it) is carried on power-driven wheels, rather than suffer the dead weight of unpowered hauled coaches. In addition, they have a lower weight-per-seat value than locomotive-hauled trains since they do not have a bulky locomotive that does not itself carry passengers but ecmtributes to the total weight of the train. This is particularly important for train services that have frequent stops,since the energy consumed for accelerating the train increasessignificantly with an increase in weight.No need to turn locomotive~Most MUs have cabs at both end, resulting in quicker turnaround times,reduced crewing costs i and enhanced safety. The faster turnaround time and the reduced size (due to higher frequencies) as compared to large locomotive -hauled trains, has made the MU a major part of suburban commuter rail services in many countries, MUs are also used by most rapid transit systems.Composing can be changed mid journey~MUs may usually be quickly made up or separated into sets of varying lengths. Several multiple units may run as a single train，then be broken at a junction point into smaller trains for different destinations.Reliability—Due to having multiple engines the failure of one engine does not prevent the train from continuing its journey. A locomotive drawn train typically only has one power unit whose failure will disable the train. Some locomotive hauled trains may contain more than one power unit and thus be able to continue at reduced speedafter the failure of one.Safety—Multiple units normally have completely independent braking systems on all cars meaning the failure of the brakes on one car does not prevent the brakes from operating on the other cars.Axle load—Multiple units have lighter axle loads, allowing operation on lighter tracks, where locomotives are banned. Another side effect of this is reduced track wear, as traction forces can be provided through many axles, rather than just the four or six of a locomotive.Easy and quick driving~Multiple units generally have rigid couplers instead of the flexible ones on locomotive hauled trains. That means brakes or throttle can be more quickly applied without excessive amount of jerk experienced in passenger coaches.Disadvantages：Multiple Units do have some disadvantages as compared to locomotive hauled trains.Maintenance—It may be easier to maintain one locomotive than many self-propelled cars.Safety—In the past it was often safer to locate the train's power systems away from passengers. This was particularly the case for steam locomotives, but still has some relevance for other power sources. A head on collision involving a multiple-unit is likely to result in more casualties than one with a locomotive*Easy replacement of motive power~Should a locomotive fail, it is easily replaced. Failure of a multiple unit train-set will often require a whole new train or time-consuming switching.Efficiency—Idle trains do not waste expensive motive power resources. Separate locomotives mean that the costly motive power assets can be moved around as needed.Flexibility—Large locomotives can be substituted for small locomotives where the gradients of the route become steeper and more power is needed.5 Also, different types of passenger cars can be easily added to or removed from a locomotive hauled train. However, it is not so easy for a multiple unit since individual cars can be attached or detached only in a maintenance facility.Noise and Vibration—The passenger environment of a multiple unit is often noticeablynoisier than that of a locomotive-hauled train, due to the presence ofunderfloor machinery. The same applies to vibration. This is particular problem with DMUs.Obsolescence cycles—Separating the motivepower from the payload-hauling cars means that either can be replaced when obsolete without affecting the other.It is difficult to have gangways between coupled sets, and still retain an aerodynamic leadingfront end.FeaturesIt is not necessary for every single car in a MU set to be motorized. Therefore MU cars can be motor units or trailer units. Instead of motors, trailing units can contain some supplemental equipment such as air compressors, batteries, etc.In some MU trains，every car is equipped with a driving console, and other controls necessary to operate the train. Therefore every car can be used as a cabcar whether it is motorised or not, if on the end of the train. However, other EMUs can be driven/controlled only from dedicated Cab cars.Well-known examples of MUs are the Japanese Shinkansen and the last generation German ICE. Most trains in the Netherlands and Japan are MUs, making them suitable for use in areas of high population density. A new high-speed MU was unveiled by France’s Alstom on February 5th, 2008• It has a claimed service speed of 360 km/h..from：Railway signals professional Englis中文翻译：高速铁路与动车组高速铁路高速铁路是一种运行时速超过200千米的公共轨道交通。