微观经济学课件中英文13

Economic profit is smaller than accounting profit.
经济利润小于会计利润。 经济利润小于会计利润。
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
Economic Profit versus Accounting Profit
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
Marginal Product
边际产量
The marginal product of any input in the production process is the increase in the quantity of output obtained from an additional unit of that input. 任何一种生产过程中的投入要素的边 任何一种生产过程中的投入要素的边 际产量是指增加一个单位的该要素投 际产量是指增加一个单位的该要素投 入所引起的产量增加。 入所引起的产量增加。
Total Revenue,Total Cost,and profit 总收入、 总收入、总成本与利润 Total Revenue 总收入
The amount that the firm receives for the sale of its output. 企业销售产品所得
Total Cost 总成本
产出 0 50 90 120 140 150
劳动的边 际产量 50 40 30 20 10
工厂成本 $30 30 30 30 30 30

Nash Equilibrium:
I’m doing the best I can given what you are doing. You’re doing the best you can given what I am doing.
The Product Choice Problem
Two breakfast cereal companies face a market in which two new variations of cereal can be successfully introduced.
You (Company A) will not know the results of the exploration project when submitting your price offer, but Company T will know the results when deciding whether to accept your offer. Also, Company T will accept any offer by Company A that is greater than the (per share) value of the company under current management.
You are considering price offers in the range $0/share (i.e., making no offer at all) to $150/share. What price per share should you offer for Company T’s stock?
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall • Microeconomics • Pindyck/Rubinfeld, 7e.

● Costs of production may be divided into fixed costs and variable costs.
Copyright © 2006 Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Ltd.
Fixed and Variable Costs
PART 5
FIRM BEHAVIOR AND THE ORGANIZATION OF INDUSTRY
The Costs of Production
Copyright © 2006 Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Ltd.
13
Learning Objectives
Copyright © 2006 Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Ltd.
Figure 1 Economic versus Accountants
How an Economist Views a Firm
How an Accountant Views a Firm
● Total Cost
➢ The market value of the inputs a firm uses in production.
Copyright © 2006 Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Ltd.
Total Revenue, Total Cost, and Profit
● Accountants measure the accounting profit as the firm’s total revenue minus only the firm’s explicit costs.

Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 btors of production
labor,L
capital，K
natural resource，N entrepreneur, E
So ….. production function Q=f( K , L, N, E)
TC TVC
TFC Q
Average cost
Average Fixed Costs (AFC)
Average Variable Costs (AVC)
Average Total Costs (AC)
AC = AFC + AVC
A F C = F ixed co st = F C Q u an tity Q
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
Total cost
Total Fixed Costs (TFC) Total Variable Costs (TVC) Total Costs (TC)
–
–
–
–
30 30 60 90
19 24.5 30 54.5
16 21.7 20 41.7
15 20 15 35
20 20 12 32
24 20.7 10 30.7
26 21.4 8.6 30
30 22,5 7.5 30
35 23.9 6.7 30.6
40 25.5 6 31.5
45 27.3 5.5 32.8
Explicit costs Vs. Implicit costs