托福阅读解题技巧
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TOEFL iBT阅读技巧—关键词法解题
关键词在阅读理解中的重要作用：
key words—结构〔structure〕
—推断〔inference〕
1. key words—结构〔structure〕
针对题型：大意概括题
解题步骤：1.找结构关键词〔but, and, as ,while, so, to……〕;
2.分析句子结构; (并列，递进，从属，因果……)
3.结合文本大意选出正确选项。
例1
TPO34 Islamic Art and the Book
Papermaking spread quickly to Egypt – and eventually to Sicily and Spain – but
it was several centuries before paper supplanted parchment for copies of the
Koran, probably because of the conservative nature of religious art and its
practitioners.
Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the
highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in
important ways or leave out essential information.
A) It was several centuries before papermaking techniques spread to
faraway areas where parchment was popular and used widely in art.
B) Although papermaking came to Egypt quickly, it took much longer for
paper to be used when copying the Koran, probably because of the conservative
nature of religious art.
C) Papermaking spread beyond Egypt, Sicily, and Spain, but it was not
widely used by artists for centuries, probably because of the conservative nature
of art in those countries.
D) Paper replaced parchment in copies of the Koran, probably at the
request of conservative practitioners in areas like Egypt, Sicily, and Spain.
[解析]
关键词：but, because of. But 连接的是两个句子的转折，而because of 是对这种转折的原因的解释。 所以这个句子可以看成一个转折加上了一个因果解释。即：快速传播，但是花了很久才取代，这样的原因是。。。
回到题干，答案的结构中应该包含转折和因果，马上排除A,D , C项信息超出了原文内容〔注意beyond〕，排除，所以选B.
例2
TPO33 The First Civilizations
While some of these urban centers were identified with a particular economic
function, such as proximity to gold or iron deposits or a strategic location on a
major trade route, others served primarily as administrative centers or the site of
temples for the official cult or other ritual observances.
Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the
highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning
in important ways or leave out essential information.
A) Some cities were associated with economic activities, while others
were government or religious centers.
B) Emerging cities generally served strategic administrative, economic,
and religious purposes.
C) The creation of an economic or administrative activity led to the
emergence of a city for its proper supervision.
D) Some cities emerged as economic centers and later became the sites
of administrative or religious activities.
[解析]
关键词: while,others 比照关系，一些怎么样，而另一些怎么样，立即可以找出A选项，检查一下句子意思，符合原文，答案就是A.
例3
TPO 33 Extinction Episodes of the Past
However, no group or species can maintain its dominance indefinitely, and
when, after over 200 million years, the age of dinosaurs came to a dramatic end
about 65 million years ago, mammals began to flourish, evolving from relatively
few types of small terrestrial animals into the myriad of diverse species, including
bats and whales, that we know today
Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information
in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the
meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
A) The dominance of dinosaurs came to an end 65 million years
ago, at which time mammals began to flourish and diversify.
B) Because no group of species can remain dominant forever,
mammals became the dominant group when dinosaurs became extinct.
C) After being the dominant group for more than 200 million years,
the age of dinosaurs came to a dramatic end 65 million years ago.
D) The diverse group of mammals that we know today, including
bats and whales, evolved from small terrestrial forms that had been
dominated by dinosaurs.
[解析]
关键词: and when; 该句子有多个插入语和伴随状语，看似较复杂，其实抓住and when就很简单。首先and是该句子两部分的并列，即第一句没有物种能够永远主宰以及when引导的时间状语从句。而这两个部分是概括和具体的关系，when引导的从句是来解释第一句话的，相当于一个主旨句和一个解释句。 When引导的从句就是恐龙灭绝时哺乳动物兴起这样一个并列结构。所以答案选项总体上是一个由具体到概括的结构，而具体的例子是个并列的结构。
B选项，一个because一个when, 很好地吻合了原文的and when。答案即选B。
2. key words—推断〔inference〕
针对题型：定位题
解题步骤：1.找题干句关键词〔指代，承接，解释，转折……〕;
2.找原文关键词 (指代，承接，解释，转折…….)
3.通过关键词匹配准确定位。
