从句知识点总结
- 格式:doc
- 大小:87.00 KB
- 文档页数:6
从句知识点总结
一、从句的概念。
从句是复合句中不能独立成句,但具有主语部分和谓语部分,由that、who、whom、when、why、where、how、which等引导词(Connective)引导的非主句部分。它在整个句子中充当一个句子成分,如主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语等。
二、从句的分类。
1. 名词性从句。
- 主语从句。
- 定义:在复合句中充当主语的从句。
- 引导词:that(无意义,不充当成分,只起连接作用,但不可省略,在口语或非正式文体中that可省略的情况除外)、whether(是否)、if(是否,只能用于宾语从句,且不与or not连用)、连接代词(what、who、whom、which、whose等,在从句中充当主语、宾语、表语或定语)、连接副词(when、where、why、how等,在从句中充当状语)。
- 例如:That he will come to the party is certain.(that引导主语从句,位于句首时不能省略)
- 注意:为了避免句子头重脚轻,常用it作形式主语,而将主语从句后置。例如:It is certain that he will come to the party.
- 宾语从句。
- 定义:在复合句中充当宾语的从句。
- 引导词:与主语从句基本相同。 - 例如:I don't know whether/if he will come.(whether和if都可以表示“是否”,引导宾语从句)
- 注意:
- 宾语从句要用陈述句语序。例如:He asked me what my name was.(不能说He asked me what was my name.)
- 当主句是一般现在时,宾语从句可以根据实际情况使用各种时态;当主句是一般过去时,宾语从句要用相应的过去时态(客观真理除外)。例如:He said that he
was reading a book at that time.(主句是过去时,从句用过去进行时);The
teacher told us that the earth goes around the sun.(“地球绕着太阳转”是客观真理,从句仍用一般现在时)
- 表语从句。
- 定义:在复合句中充当表语的从句。
- 引导词:与主语从句基本相同。
- 例如:The problem is who can help us.(who引导表语从句,在从句中作主语)
- 注意:表语从句位于系动词之后,常见的系动词有be、look、seem、sound、taste、feel等。
- 同位语从句。
- 定义:在复合句中,用来对名词作进一步解释说明的从句,这个名词称为同位语先行词,同位语从句一般跟在fact、idea、news、promise、thought等抽象名词后面。
- 引导词:that(无意义,不充当成分,只起连接作用,不可省略)、whether(是否)等。 - 例如:The news that our team has won the game is exciting.(that引导同位语从句,说明news的具体内容)
2. 形容词性从句(定语从句)
- 定义:在复合句中,用来修饰名词或代词的从句,被修饰的名词或代词称为先行词。
- 引导词:
- 关系代词(who、whom、which、that、whose):
- who指人,在从句中作主语或宾语(作宾语时可省略)。例如:The man who
is standing there is my father.(who在从句中作主语);The boy (who) I met
yesterday is my friend.(who在从句中作宾语,可省略)
- whom指人,在从句中作宾语(可省略,在介词后不能省略)。例如:The man
to whom I talked just now is my teacher.(whom在从句中作宾语,且位于介词to之后,不能省略)
- which指物,在从句中作主语或宾语(作宾语时可省略)。例如:The book
which/that I bought yesterday is very interesting.(which/that在从句中作宾语,可省略)
- that既可以指人也可以指物,在从句中作主语或宾语(作宾语时可省略)。例如:The person that/whom you saw just now is my sister.(that/whom在从句中作宾语,可省略)
- whose表示“……的”,既可以指人也可以指物,在从句中作定语。例如:The
girl whose mother is a doctor is my classmate.(whose在从句中作定语,修饰mother)
- 关系副词(when、where、why): - when指时间,在从句中作时间状语,先行词往往是表示时间的名词(如time、day、year等)。例如:I still remember the day when we first met.(when在从句中作时间状语)
- where指地点,在从句中作地点状语,先行词往往是表示地点的名词(如place、city、country等)。例如:This is the place where I was born.(where在从句中作地点状语)
- why指原因,在从句中作原因状语,先行词往往是reason。例如:The reason
why he was late is that he missed the bus.(why在从句中作原因状语)
3. 副词性从句(状语从句)
- 定义:在复合句中作状语的从句,用来修饰主句中的动词、形容词或副词等。
- 分类及引导词:
- 时间状语从句。
- 引导词:when(当……时候)、while(当……时候,强调主句和从句的动作同时进行,从句中动词一般为延续性动词)、as(当……时候,强调两个动作同时进行,可译为“一边……一边……”)、after(在……之后)、before(在……之前)、since(自从……以来)、until/till(直到……为止)等。
- 例如:When I got home, my mother was cooking.(when引导时间状语从句);While I was reading, he was writing.(while引导时间状语从句,强调同时进行)
- 地点状语从句。
- 引导词:where(在……地方)、wherever(无论在哪里)。
- 例如:You should put the book where you can find it easily.(where引导地点状语从句);Wherever you go, I will follow you.(wherever引导地点状语从句) - 原因状语从句。
- 引导词:because(因为,强调直接原因)、since(既然,通常表示已知的原因)、as(由于,通常表示显而易见的原因)。
- 例如:I didn't go to school because I was ill.(because引导原因状语从句);Since you are here, you can help me.(since引导原因状语从句)
- 目的状语从句。
- 引导词:so that(以便,为了)、in order that(为了)。
- 例如:He got up early so that he could catch the first bus.(so that引导目的状语从句);In order that we can pass the exam, we should study
hard.(in order that引导目的状语从句)
- 结果状语从句。
- 引导词:so...that...(如此……以至于……)、such...that...(如此……以至于……)。
- 例如:He ran so fast that he won the race.(so...that...引导结果状语从句);It was such a fine day that we went out for a picnic.(such...that...引导结果状语从句)
- 条件状语从句。
- 引导词:if(如果)、unless(除非,如果不)、as long as(只要)等。
- 例如:If it rains tomorrow, we will stay at home.(if引导条件状语从句);Unless you work hard, you won't pass the exam.(unless引导条件状语从句)
- 让步状语从句。 - 引导词:although/though(虽然,尽管)、even if/even though(即使)、while(虽然,用于句首)等。
- 例如:Although/Though it was raining heavily, he still went to school.(although/though引导让步状语从句);Even if/Even though he is rich, he is
not happy.(even if/even though引导让步状语从句)
三、从句的注意事项。
1. 从句的语序:除了特殊情况(如部分感叹句结构等),从句一般都要用陈述句语序。
2. 从句与主句时态的呼应:根据不同类型的从句和主句的时态关系,按照语法规则进行正确的时态搭配。
3. 引导词的选择:要根据从句在句子中的功能、先行词的类型(在定语从句中)以及语义关系等因素准确选择引导词。