Compliance Enforcement of Temporal and Dosage Constraints

道德和法律的英语作文Morality and law are two fundamental elements that guide the behavior of individuals in a society. They both serve as the cornerstone for maintaining social order and ensuring the wellbeing of the community. Here is an essay discussing the relationship between morality and law their differences and their importance in shaping a harmonious society.Title The Interplay of Morality and Law in SocietyIntroductionIn every society there are norms and rules that dictate how individuals should behave. Morality and law are two such systems that have evolved to govern human conduct. While they share the common goal of promoting social cohesion they differ in their nature enforcement and scope.The Nature of MoralityMorality is a set of cultural and personal beliefs about what is right and wrong. It is often based on religious teachings philosophical principles or societal values. Morality is subjective and can vary greatly from one person to another or even within the same individual over time.Cultural Influence Different cultures may have different moral standards. For example what is considered respectful in one culture may be seen as disrespectful in another.Personal Beliefs An individuals moral compass can be influenced by their upbringing experiences and personal convictions.The Nature of LawLaw on the other hand is a system of rules that are enforced by the state or a governing body. These rules are objective codified and universally applicable within a jurisdiction. Laws are created through a legislative process and are enforced through legal institutions. Universality Laws apply to all individuals within a given jurisdiction regardless of personal beliefs or cultural background.Enforcement Legal systems have mechanisms in place to enforce compliance includingthe police courts and penalties for noncompliance.The Relationship Between Morality and LawWhile morality and law are distinct they are not mutually exclusive. In fact they often influence each other.Law Reflects Morality Many laws are created to codify moral principles. For instance laws against murder and theft reflect the moral consensus that taking someones life or property without consent is wrong.Morality Influences Law Public opinion and moral sentiments can lead to changes in the law. Social movements have often been the driving force behind legal reforms such as the abolition of slavery or the legalization of samesex marriage.The Importance of Both in SocietyBoth morality and law are essential for a wellfunctioning society.Social Order Laws provide a clear framework for behavior ensuring that individuals know the consequences of their actions and promoting predictability and stability.Ethical Development Morality encourages individuals to act with empathy compassion and a sense of responsibility towards others fostering a more caring and cooperative community.ConclusionIn conclusion morality and law are interrelated and serve as complementary forces in shaping human behavior. While law provides the structure and enforcement necessary for a stable society morality offers the ethical foundation that guides our actions beyond the letter of the law. A balance between the two is crucial for a society that is not only orderly but also just and compassionate.。

《时间规划局》观后感,英语After watching "Time Bureau," I was immediately drawn into the unique concept of an organization responsible for managing time travel and ensuring the stability of the timeline. The series cleverly combines elements of science fiction, mystery, and adventure, making it a compelling and engaging watch.One aspect of the show that I found particularly intriguing was the intricate web of rules and regulations governing time travel. The Bureau's strict enforcement of these rules added an extra layer of tension and suspense to the storyline, as agents raced against time to fix temporal anomalies and prevent catastrophic events from altering history.The characters in "Time Bureau" were well-developed and relatable, each grappling with their own personal strugglesand motivations. I found myself rooting for the team of agents as they faced increasingly challenging missions and dilemmas, showcasing both their bravery and vulnerability.The visual effects and production design in the series were also impressive, bringing to life the futuristic technology and elaborate time-travel devices used by the Bureau. The seamless integration of CGI effects with live-action scenes created a vivid and immersive world that captured my imagination.Overall, "Time Bureau" kept me on the edge of my seat with its fast-paced storytelling, compelling characters, and thought-provoking exploration of time travel ethics. I look forward to seeing how the series continues to unfold in future seasons, as the agents navigate the complexities of time and space to preserve the integrity of the timeline.。

Social Accountability 80002023版SA8000 国际标准（最新英中文本）International Standard by Social Accountability InternationalJune 2023SA8000®: 2023Supersedes previous versions: 2023, 2023 and 2023The official language of this Standard and supporting documents is English. In the case of inconsistency between versions, reference shall default to the English version.Contents 内容I. INTRODUCTION 前言1. Intent and Scope 目的与范围2. Management System 管理体系II. NORMATIVE ELEMENTS AND THEIR INTERPRETATION 规范性原则及其解释III. DEFINITIONS 定义IV. SOCIAL ACCOUNTABILITY REQUIREMENTS 社会责任规范1. Child Labour 童工2. Forced or Compulsory Labour逼迫或强制性劳动3. Health and Safety 健康与安全4. Freedom of Association & Right to Collective Bargaining 自由结社及集体谈判权利5. Discrimination 歧视6. Disciplinary Practices 惩戒性措施7. Working Hours 工作时间8. Remuneration 工资9. Management System 管理体系I．INTRODUCTION 前言1. Intent and Scope 目的与范围Intent: The intent of SA8000 is to provide an auditable, voluntary standard, based on the UN Declaration of Human Rights, ILO and other international human rights and labour norms and national labour laws, to empower and protect all personnel within an organisation’s control and influence who provide products or services for that organisation, including personnel employed by the organisation itself and by its suppliers, sub-contractors, sub-suppliers and home workers. It is intended that an organisation shall comply with this Standard through an appropriate and effective Management System.目的：本标准目的在于提供一个基于联合国人权宣言，国际劳工组织（ILO）和其他国际人权惯例，劳动定额标准以及国家法律的标准，授权并保护所有在公司控制和影响范围内的生产或服务人员，涉及公司自己及其供应商，分包商，分包方雇用的员工和家庭工人。

Compliance Requirements in GovernmentContractsGovernment contracts come with a unique set of compliance requirements that contractors must adhere to in order to fulfill their contractual obligations and avoid potential legal consequences. Compliance requirements in government contracts are put in place to ensure that taxpayer funds are spent appropriately and that contract work is conducted ethically and in accordance with regulations. Failure to comply with these requirements can result in contract termination, financial penalties, and even legal action.One of the key compliance requirements in government contracts is adherence to all applicable laws and regulations. This includes federal, state, and local laws, as well as regulations specific to the agency issuing the contract. Contractors must ensure that they are in compliance with all relevant laws and regulations throughout the duration of the contract. Failure to do so can result in severe consequences, including contract termination and legal action.Another important compliance requirement in government contracts is proper documentation and record-keeping. Contractors must maintain accurate and detailed records of their work, expenses, and subcontractors in order to demonstrate compliance with the terms of the contract. This documentation is often subject to audit by the government agency, and failure to provide adequate documentation can result in financial penalties and other consequences.Additionally, government contractors must comply with specific labor and employment requirements. This includes adhering to wage and hour laws, providing a safe working environment, and ensuring that employees are properly classified and compensated. Failure to comply with these requirements can result in legal action by employees or government agencies, as well as termination of the contract.Ethical considerations are also an important part of compliance requirements in government contracts. Contractors must conduct their work in an ethical manner,avoiding conflicts of interest, bribery, and other corrupt practices. Violating ethical standards can result in harsh penalties, including contract termination and legal action.In order to ensure compliance with all applicable requirements, contractors must establish robust compliance programs and procedures. This includes implementing internal controls, conducting regular audits, and providing training to employees on compliance requirements. By proactively addressing compliance issues, contractors can minimize their risk of noncompliance and protect their reputation and business.In conclusion, compliance requirements in government contracts are essential for ensuring that taxpayer funds are spent responsibly and that contract work is conducted ethically and in accordance with regulations. Contractors must be diligent in adhering to all applicable laws, regulations, and ethical standards, as failure to do so can result in severe consequences. By establishing robust compliance programs and procedures, contractors can mitigate their compliance risk and protect their business interests.。

© ISO 2015Environmental management systems — Requirements with guidance for use Systèmes de management environnemental — Exigences et lignes directrices pour son utilisation Reference number ISO/FDIS 14001:2015(E)INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/FDIS 14001FINAL DRAFTRECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED TO SUBMIT, WITH THEIR COMMENTS, NOTIFICATION OF ANY RELEVANT PATENT RIGHTS OF WHICH THEY ARE AWARE AND TO PROVIDE SUPPOR T INGDOCUMENTATION.IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION ASBEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL, TECHNO­LOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND USER PURPOSES, DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS MAY ON OCCASION HAVE TO BE CONSIDERED IN THE LIGHT OF THEIR POTENTIAL TO BECOME STAN­DARDS TO WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE MADE IN NATIONAL REGULATIONS.ISO/TC 207/SC 1Secretariat: BSI Voting begins on: 2015­07­02Voting terminates on: 2015­09­02ISO/FDIS 14001:2015(E) This final draft has been developed within the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), and pro ­cessed under the ISO-lead mode of collaboration as defined in the Vienna Agreement. The final draft was established on the basis of comments received during a parallel enquiry on the draft.This final draft is hereby submitted to the ISO member bodies and to the CEN member bodies for a parallel two-month approval vote in ISO and formal vote in CEN.Positive votes shall not be accompanied by comments.Negative votes shall be accompanied by the relevant technical reasons.ii © ISO 2015 – All rights reservedCOPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT© ISO 2015, Published in Switzerland All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or anintranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.ISO copyright office Ch. de Blandonnet 8 • CP 401CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva, Switzerland Tel. +41 22 749 01 11Fax +41 22 749 09 47copyright@ ISO/FDIS 14001:2015(E)Contents Page Foreword (v)Introduction (vi)1 Scope (1)2 Normative references (1)3 Terms and definitions (1)3.1 Terms related to organization and leadership (1)3.2 Terms related to planning (2)3.3 Terms related to support and operation (4)3.4 Terms related to performance evaluation and improvement (5)4 Context of the organization (6)4.1 Understanding the organization and its context (6)4.2 Understanding the needs and expectations of interested parties (6)4.3 Determining the scope of the environmental management system (6)4.4 Environmental management system (7)5 Leadership (7)5.1 Leadership and commitment (7)5.2 Environmental policy (7)5.3 Organizational roles, responsibilities and authorities (8)6 Planning (8)6.1 Actions to address risks and opportunities (8)6.1.1 General (8)6.1.2 Environmental aspects (9)6.1.3 Compliance obligations (9)6.1.4 Planning action (9)6.2 Environmental objectives and planning to achieve them (10)6.2.1 Environmental objectives (10)6.2.2 Planning actions to achieve environmental objectives (10)7 Support (10)7.1 Resources (10)7.2 Competence (11)7.3 Awareness (11)7.4 Communication (11)7.4.1 General (11)7.4.2 Internal communication (12)7.4.3 External communication (12)7.5 Documented information (12)7.5.1 General (12)7.5.2 Creating and updating (12)7.5.3 Control of documented information (12)8 Operation (13)8.1 Operational planning and control (13)8.2 Emergency preparedness and response (13)9 Performance evaluation (14)9.1 Monitoring, measurement, analysis and evaluation (14)9.1.1 General (14)9.1.2 Evaluation of compliance (14)9.2 Internal audit (15)9.2.1 General (15)9.2.2 Internal audit programme (15)9.3 Management review (15)© ISO 2015 – All rights reserved iiiISO/FDIS 14001:2015(E)10 Improvement (16)10.1 General (16)10.2 Nonconformity and corrective action (16)10.3 Continual improvement (17)Annex A (informative) Guidance on the use of this International Standard (18)Annex B (informative) Correspondence between ISO 14001:2015 and ISO 14001:2004 (32)Bibliography (34)Alphabetical index of terms (35)iv© ISO 2015 – All rights reservedISO/FDIS 14001:2015(E)ForewordISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see /directives). Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see /patents).Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not constitute an endorsement.For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: /iso/foreword.html. The committee responsible for this document is Technical Committee ISO/TC 207, Environmental management, Subcommittee SC 1, Environmental management systems.This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition (ISO 14001:2004), which has been technically revised.© ISO 2015 – All rights reserved vISO/FDIS 14001:2015(E)Introduction0.1 BackgroundAchieving a balance between the environment, society and the economy is considered essential to meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs. Sustainable development as a goal is achieved by balancing the three pillars of sustainability. Societal expectations for sustainable development, transparency and accountability have evolved with increasingly stringent legislation, growing pressures on the environment from pollution, inefficient use of resources, improper waste management, climate change, degradation of ecosystems and loss of biodiversity.This has led organizations to adopt a systematic approach to environmental management by implementing environmental management systems with the aim of contributing to the environmental pillar of sustainability.0.2 Aim of an environmental management systemThe purpose of this International Standard is to provide organizations with a framework to protect the environment and respond to changing environmental conditions in balance with socio-economic needs. It specifies requirements that enable an organization to achieve the intended outcomes it sets for its environmental management system.A systematic approach to environmental management can provide top management with information to build success over the long term and create options for contributing to sustainable development by:— protecting the environment by preventing or mitigating adverse environmental impacts;— mitigating the potential adverse effect of environmental conditions on the organization;— assisting the organization in the fulfilment of compliance obligations;— enhancing environmental performance;— controlling or influencing the way the organization’s products and services are designed, manufactured, distributed, consumed and disposed by using a life cycle perspective that can prevent environmental impacts from being unintentionally shifted elsewhere within the life cycle;— achieving financial and operational benefits that can result from implementing environmentally sound alternatives that strengthen the organization’s market position;— communicating environmental information to relevant interested parties.This International Standard, like other International Standards, is not intended to increase or change an organization’s legal requirements.0.3 Success factorsThe success of an environmental management system depends on commitment from all levels and functions of the organization, led by top management. Organizations can leverage opportunities to prevent or mitigate adverse environmental impacts and enhance beneficial environmental impacts, particularly those with strategic and competitive implications. Top management can effectively address its risks and opportunities by integrating environmental management into the organization’s business processes, strategic direction and decision making, aligning them with other business priorities, and incorporating environmental governance into its overall management system. Demonstration of successful implementation of this International Standard can be used to assure interested parties that an effective environmental management system is in place.Adoption of this International Standard, however, will not in itself guarantee optimal environmental outcomes. Application of this International Standard can differ from one organization to another due tovi© ISO 2015 – All rights reservedISO/FDIS 14001:2015(E)the context of the organization. Two organizations can carry out similar activities but can have different compliance obligations, commitments in their environmental policy, environmental technologies and environmental performance goals, yet both can conform to the requirements of this International Standard. The level of detail and complexity of the environmental management system will vary depending on the context of the organization, the scope of its environmental management system, its compliance obligations, and the nature of its activities, products and services, including its environmental aspects and associated environmental impacts.0.4 Plan-Do-Check-Act modelThe basis for the approach underlying an environmental management system is founded on the concept of Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA). The PDCA model provides an iterative process used by organizations to achieve continual improvement. It can be applied to an environmental management system and to each of its individual elements. It can be briefly described as follows.— Plan: establish environmental objectives and processes necessary to deliver results in accordance with the organization’s environmental policy.— Do: implement the processes as planned.— Check: monitor and measure processes against the environmental policy, including its commitments, environmental objectives and operating criteria, and report the results.— Act: take actions to continually improve.Figure 1 shows how the framework introduced in this International Standard could be integrated into aFigure 1 — Relationship between PDCA and the framework in this International Standard 0.5 Contents of this International StandardThis International Standard conforms to ISO’s requirements for management system standards. These requirements include a high level structure, identical core text, and common terms with core definitions, designed to benefit users implementing multiple ISO management system standards.© ISO 2015 – All rights reserved viiISO/FDIS 14001:2015(E)This International Standard does not include requirements specific to other management systems, such as those for quality, occupational health and safety, energy or financial management. However, this International Standard enables an organization to use a common approach and risk-based thinking to integrate its environmental management system with the requirements of other management systems. This International Standard contains the requirements used to assess conformity. An organization that wishes to demonstrate conformity with this International Standard can do so by:— making a self-determination and self-declaration, or— seeking confirmation of its conformance by parties having an interest in the organization, such as customers, or— seeking confirmation of its self-declaration by a party external to the organization, or — seeking certification/registration of its environmental management system by an external organization.Annex A provides explanatory information to prevent misinterpretation of the requirements of this International Standard. Annex B shows broad technical correspondence between the previous edition of this International Standard and this edition. Implementation guidance on environmental management systems is included in ISO 14004.In this International Standard, the following verbal forms are used:— “shall” indicates a requirement;— “should” indicates a recommendation;— “may” indicates a permission;— “can” indicates a possibility or a capability.Information marked as “NOTE” is intended to assist the understanding or use of the document. “Notes to entry” used in Clause 3 provide additional information that supplements the terminological data and can contain provisions relating to the use of a term.The terms and definitions in Clause 3are arranged in conceptual order, with an alphabetical index provided at the end of the document.viii© ISO 2015 – All rights reservedEnvironmental management systems — Requirements with guidance for use1 ScopeThis International Standard specifies the requirements for an environmental management system that an organization can use to enhance its environmental performance. This International Standard is intended for use by an organization seeking to manage its environmental responsibilities in a systematic manner that contributes to the environmental pillar of sustainability.This International Standard helps an organization achieve the intended outcomes of its environmental management system, which provide value for the environment, the organization itself and interested parties. Consistent with the organization’s environmental policy, the intended outcomes of an environmental management system include:— enhancement of environmental performance;— fulfilment of compliance obligations;— achievement of environmental objectives.This International Standard is applicable to any organization, regardless of size, type and nature, and applies to the environmental aspects of its activities, products and services that the organization determines it can either control or influence considering a life cycle perspective. This International Standard does not state specific environmental performance criteria.This International Standard can be used in whole or in part to systematically improve environmental management. Claims of conformity to this International Standard, however, are not acceptable unless all its requirements are incorporated into an organization’s environmental management system and fulfilled without exclusion.2 Normative referencesThere are no normative references.3 Terms and definitionsFor the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.3.1 Terms related to organization and leadership3.1.1management system set of interrelated or interacting elements of an organization (3.1.4) to establish policies and objectives (3.2.5) and processes (3.3.5) to achieve those objectivesNote 1 to entry: A management system can address a single discipline or several disciplines (e.g. quality, environment, occupational health and safety, energy, financial management).Note 2 to entry: The system elements include the organization’s structure, roles and responsibilities, planning and operation, performance evaluation and improvement.Note 3 to entry: The scope of a management system can include the whole of the organization, specific and identified functions of the organization, specific and identified sections of the organization, or one or more functions across a group of organizations.FINAL DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/FDIS 14001:2015(E)© ISO 2015 – All rights reserved 1ISO/FDIS 14001:2015(E)3.1.2environmental management systempart of the management system (3.1.1) used to manage environmental aspects (3.2.2), fulfil compliance obligations (3.2.9), and address risks and opportunities (3.2.11)3.1.3environmental policyintentions and direction of an organization (3.1.4) related to environmental performance (3.4.11), as formally expressed by its top management (3.1.5)3.1.4organizationperson or group of people that has its own functions with responsibilities, authorities and relationships to achieve its objectives (3.2.5)Note 1 to entry: The concept of organization includes, but is not limited to sole-trader, company, corporation, firm, enterprise, authority, partnership, charity or institution, or part or combination thereof, whether incorporated or not, public or private.3.1.5top managementperson or group of people who directs and controls an organization (3.1.4) at the highest levelNote 1 to entry: Top management has the power to delegate authority and provide resources within the organization.Note 2 to entry: If the scope of the management system (3.1.1) covers only part of an organization, then top management refers to those who direct and control that part of the organization.3.1.6interested partyperson or organization (3.1.4) that can affect, be affected by, or perceive itself to be affected by a decision or activityNote 1 to entry: To “perceive itself to be affected” means the perception has been made known to the organization. EXAMPLE Customers, communities, suppliers, regulators, non-governmental organizations, investors and employees.3.2 Terms related to planning3.2.1environmentsurroundings in which an organization (3.1.4) operates, including air, water, land, natural resources, flora, fauna, humans and their interrelationshipsNote 1 to entry: Surroundings can extend from within an organization to the local, regional and global system. Note 2t o e ntry: S urroundings c an b e d escribed i n t erms o f b iodiversity, e cosystems, c limate o r o ther c haracteristics.3.2.2environmental aspectelement of an organization’s (3.1.4) activities or products or services that interacts or can interact with the environment (3.2.1)Note 1 to entry: An environmental aspect can cause (an) environmental impact(s) (3.2.4). A significant environmental aspect is one that has or can have one or more significant environmental impact(s).Note 2 to entry: Significant environmental aspects are determined by the organization applying one or more criteria.2 © ISO 2015 – All rights reserved3.2.3environmental conditionstate or characteristic of the environment (3.2.1) as determined at a certain point in time3.2.4environmental impactchange to the environment (3.2.1), whether adverse or beneficial, wholly or partially resulting from an organization’s (3.1.4) environmental aspects (3.2.2)3.2.5objectiveresult to be achievedNote 1 to entry: An objective can be strategic, tactical, or operational.Note 2 to entry: Objectives can relate to different disciplines (such as financial, health and safety, and environmental goals) and can apply at different levels (such as strategic, organization-wide, project, product, service and process (3.3.5)).Note 3 to entry: An objective can be expressed in other ways, e.g. as an intended outcome, a purpose, an operational criterion, as an environmental objective (3.2.6), or by the use of other words with similar meaning(e.g. aim, goal, or target).3.2.6environmental objectiveobjective (3.2.5) set by the organization (3.1.4) consistent with its environmental policy (3.1.3)3.2.7prevention of pollutionuse of processes (3.3.5), practices, techniques, materials, products, services or energy to avoid, reduce or control (separately or in combination) the creation, emission or discharge of any type of pollutant or waste, in order to reduce adverse environmental impacts (3.2.4)Note 1 to entry: Prevention of pollution can include source reduction or elimination; process, product or service changes; efficient use of resources; material and energy substitution; reuse; recovery; recycling, reclamation; or treatment.3.2.8requirementneed or expectation that is stated, generally implied or obligatoryNote 1 to entry: “Generally implied” means that it is custom or common practice for the organization (3.1.4) and interested parties (3.1.6) that the need or expectation under consideration is implied.Note 2 to entry: A specified requirement is one that is stated, for example in documented information (3.3.2). Note 3 to entry: Requirements other than legal requirements become obligatory when the organization decides to comply with them.3.2.9compliance obligations (preferred term)legal requirements and other requirements (admitted term)legal requirements (3.2.8) that an organization (3.1.4) has to comply with and other requirements that an organization has to or chooses to comply withNote 1 to entry: Compliance obligations are related to the environmental management system (3.1.2). Note 2 to entry: Compliance obligations can arise from mandatory requirements, such as applicable laws and regulations, or voluntary commitments, such as organizational and industry standards, contractual relationships, codes of practice and agreements with community groups or non-governmental organizations.© ISO 2015 – All rights reserved 33.2.10riskeffect of uncertaintyNote 1 to entry: An effect is a deviation from the expected — positive or negative.Note 2 to entry: Uncertainty is the state, even partial, of deficiency of information related to, understanding or knowledge of, an event, its consequence, or likelihood.Note 3 to entry: Risk is often characterized by reference to potential “events” (as defined in ISO Guide 73:2009, 3.5.1.3) and “consequences” (as defined in ISO Guide 73:2009, 3.6.1.3), or a combination of these. Note 4 to entry: Risk is often expressed in terms of a combination of the consequences of an event (including changes in circumstances) and the associated “likelihood” (as defined in ISO Guide 73:2009, 3.6.1.1) of occurrence.3.2.11risks and opportunitiespotential adverse effects (threats) and potential beneficial effects (opportunities)3.3 Terms related to support and operation3.3.1competenceability to apply knowledge and skills to achieve intended results3.3.2documented informationinformation required to be controlled and maintained by an organization (3.1.4) and the medium on which it is containedNote 1 to entry: Documented information can be in any format and media, and from any source. Note 2 to entry: Documented information can refer to:— the environmental management system (3.1.2), including related processes (3.3.5);— information created in order for the organization to operate (can be referred to as documentation);— evidence of results achieved (can be referred to as records).3.3.3life cycleconsecutive and interlinked stages of a product (or service) system, from raw material acquisition or generation from natural resources to final disposalNote 1 to entry: The life cycle stages include acquisition of raw materials, design, production, transportation/ delivery, use, end-of-life treatment and final disposal.[SOURCE: ISO 14044:2006, 3.1, modified ― The words “(or service)” have been added to the definition and Note 1 to entry has been added.]3.3.4outsource (verb)make an arrangement where an external organization (3.1.4) performs part of an organization’s function or process (3.3.5)Note 1 to entry: An external organization is outside the scope of the management system (3.1.1), although the outsourced function or process is within the scope.4 © ISO 2015 – All rights reserved3.3.5processset of interrelated or interacting activities which transforms inputs into outputsNote 1 to entry: A process can be documented or not.3.4 Terms related to performance evaluation and improvement3.4.1auditsystematic, independent and documented process (3.3.5) for obtaining audit evidence and evaluating it objectively to determine the extent to which the audit criteria are fulfilledNote 1 to entry: An internal audit is conducted by the organization (3.1.4) itself, or by an external party on its behalf. Note 2 to entry: An audit can be a combined audit (combining two or more disciplines).Note 3 to entry: Independence can be demonstrated by the freedom from responsibility for the activity being audited or freedom from bias and conflict of interest.Note 4 to entry: “Audit evidence” consists of records, statements of fact or other information which are relevant to the audit criteria and are verifiable; and “audit criteria” are the set of policies, procedures or requirements (3.2.8) used as a reference against which audit evidence is compared, as defined in ISO 19011:2011, 3.3 and 3.2 respectively.3.4.2conformityfulfilment of a requirement (3.2.8)3.4.3nonconformitynon-fulfilment of a requirement (3.2.8)Note 1 to entry: Nonconformity relates to requirements in this International Standard and additional environmental management system (3.1.2) requirements that an organization (3.1.4) establishes for itself.3.4.4corrective actionaction to eliminate the cause of a nonconformity (3.4.3) and to prevent recurrenceNote 1 to entry: There can be more than one cause for a nonconformity.3.4.5continual improvementrecurring activity to enhance performance (3.4.10)Note 1 to entry: Enhancing performance relates to the use of the environmental management system (3.1.2) to enhance environmental performance (3.4.11) consistent with the organization’s (3.1.4) environmental policy (3.1.3). Note 2 to entry: The activity need not take place in all areas simultaneously, or without interruption.3.4.6effectivenessextent to which planned activities are realized and planned results achieved3.4.7indicatormeasurable representation of the condition or status of operations, management or conditions [SOURCE: ISO 14031:2013, 3.15]© ISO 2015 – All rights reserved 53.4.8monitoringdetermining the status of a system, a process (3.3.5) or an activityNote 1 to entry: To determine the status, there might be a need to check, supervise or critically observe.3.4.9measurementprocess (3.3.5) to determine a value3.4.10performancemeasurable resultNote 1 to entry: Performance can relate either to quantitative or qualitative findings.Note 2 to entry: Performance can relate to the management of activities, processes (3.3.5), products (including services), systems or organizations (3.1.4).3.4.11environmental performanceperformance (3.4.10) related to the management of environmental aspects (3.2.2)Note 1 to entry: For an environmental management system (3.1.2), results can be measured against the organization’s (3.1.4) environmental policy (3.1.3), environmental objectives (3.2.6) or other criteria, using indicators (3.4.7).4 Context of the organization4.1 Understanding the organization and its contextThe organization shall determine external and internal issues that are relevant to its purpose and that affect its ability to achieve the intended outcomes of its environmental management system. Such issues shall include environmental conditions being affected by or capable of affecting the organization.4.2 Understanding the needs and expectations of interested partiesThe organization shall determine:a) the interested parties that are relevant to the environmental management system;b) the relevant needs and expectations (i.e. requirements) of these interested parties;c) which of these needs and expectations become its compliance obligations.4.3 Determining the scope of the environmental management systemThe organization shall determine the boundaries and applicability of the environmental management system to establish its scope.When determining this scope, the organization shall consider:a) the external and internal issues referred to in 4.1;b) the compliance obligations referred to in 4.2;c) its organizational unit(s), function(s), and physical boundaries;d) its activities, products and services;e) its authority and ability to exercise control and influence.6 © ISO 2015 – All rights reserved。

汉译英pope gregory changedPope Gregory VII and His Influence on the Catholic ChurchIntroductionPope Gregory VII, born as Hildebrand of Sovana in Italy, is widely recognized for his significant impact on the Catholic Church during the 11th century. Through his various decrees and reforms, Pope Gregory VII brought about lasting changes in the governance, structure, and principles of the Church. This article aims to explore some of his key contributions and assess their importance in shaping the Catholic Church as we know it today.Gregorian Reforms1. Investiture ControversyOne of Pope Gregory VII's most notable actions was his conflict with Emperor Henry IV of Germany over the right to appoint bishops, known as the Investiture Controversy. Pope Gregory believed that spiritual authority, including the power to appoint church officials, should solely rest with the Pope. This conflict highlighted Gregorian reforms' central theme: the separation of church and state. By emphasizing the Pope's supreme authority within the Church, Pope Gregory aimed to curtail secular influence on religious matters.2. Clerical CelibacyAnother significant reform undertaken by Pope Gregory was the push for clerical celibacy. Prior to his papacy, some clergy members married and had families, leading to concerns about nepotism and the inheritance of churchlands. By enforcing celibacy among priests, Pope Gregory sought to ensure that the focus of the clergy remained on their spiritual duties and the purity of their calling.3. Papal PrimacyPope Gregory VII strengthened the concept of papal primacy, asserting that the Pope held the highest authority within the Church, even over temporal rulers. This belief was supported by the Investiture Controversy mentioned earlier. Pope Gregory's efforts to solidify the Pope's position as the ultimate spiritual leader helped to establish the papacy as an institution separate from secular powers, ensuring the Church's autonomy.4. Canon LawDuring his papacy, Pope Gregory VII also played a pivotal role in codifying canon law. Canon law refers to the laws and regulations governing the Catholic Church. By standardizing and organizing these laws, Pope Gregory ensured a consistent application of the Church's principles and doctrines across different regions. This significant development contributed to the consolidation of Church authority and the strengthening of the Pope's role as the supreme interpreter and enforcer of religious law.Legacy and Continued InfluencePope Gregory VII's reforms had a lasting impact on the structure, functioning, and identity of the Catholic Church. His efforts to separate the Church from secular influence and assert the Pope's authority significantly shaped the development of the papacy and the Church's relationship with political powers.Furthermore, Pope Gregory's emphasis on celibacy laid the foundation for the establishment of the Roman Catholic Church's mandatory celibacy requirement for priests, which remains in effect today. This requirement is seen as a symbol of the clergy's commitment to their religious vocation and undivided loyalty to the Church.ConclusionPope Gregory VII's papacy marked a turning point in the history of the Catholic Church. His reforms, such as the Investiture Controversy, enforcement of clerical celibacy, strengthening of papal primacy, and codification of canon law, transformed the Church into a more centralized and independent institution. His actions set a precedent for future popes, shaping the papacy's authority and the Church's relationship with secular powers. Pope Gregory VII's enduring legacy highlights his vital role in defining the Catholic Church as it stands today.。

学术英语写作杨新亮课文翻译In recent years there has been considerable interest in explorin g the nature of expert performance across domains ( e.g.,Ericsson, Hoffman,Charness,Feltovich.2006;Ericsson Williams, 2007).For example,scientists with an interest in sports have analyzed the perceptualcognitive skills underpinning anticipation in this domain and identified how these processes are acquired through prolonged engagement in practice (for reviews, see Hodges, Huys, Starkes, 2O 07: Williams Ford. 2008 : Williams Ward, 2007 ).The scientific study of skill acquisition has along history in experimental psychology,dating back to the early st udies of Bryan and Harter (1899).In more recent times, Poulton (19 57) was the firstto systematically discriminate between different types of anticipati on judgements using experimetal methods common to this discipl ine. The scientific study of anticipation as a field of inquiry in its ow n right in sport psychologyhas a much shorter history, emergingprimarily in 1970s ( far a historical overview, see Williams. Davids. Williams, 1999).The majority of sport psychologists work in multi_d isciplinary departments where research in traditional discipline area s,such as physiology. psychology. and biomechanics, often develops somewhat independently of academic endeavour within the main disciplines themselves. The empirical findings that have been reported on anticipation in the field of sport psychology could therefore contribute to the generation of new knowledge on this topic in the parent discipline area, and part icularly in applied cognitive psychology.近年来，在探索专家性能的跨域的性质得到了相当大的兴趣（例如，爱立信，霍夫曼，feltovich查尼斯， 2006；爱立信威廉姆斯，2007）。

【关键字】合同CONTENT目录(共十六章385条)Chapter 1 MEANING OF TERMS第一章合同条款的含义Chapter 2 FORMA TION OF CONTRATCTS------PARTIES AND CAPACITY第二章合同的订立——当事人及其缔约能力Chapter 3 FORMA TION OF CONTRACTS---MUTUAL ASSENT第三章合同的订立——意思表示一致CHAPTER 4 FORMA TION OF CONTRACTS—CONSIDERA TION第四章合同的订立——约因CHAPTER 5 THE STATUTE OF FRAUDS第五章防止欺诈条例CHAPTER 6 MISTAKE第六章错误CHAPTER 7 MISREPRESENTATION, DURESS AND UNDUE INFLUENCE第七章虚假的意思表示，胁迫以及不当影响CHAPTER 8 UNENFORCEABILITY ON GROUNDS OF PUBLIC POLICY第八章合同因公共政策而不可执行CHAPTER 9 THE SCOPE OF CONTRACTUAL OBLIGA TIONS第九章合同义务的范围CHAPTER 10 PERFORMANCE AND NON-PERFORMANCE第十章合同的履行与不履行CHAPTER 11 IMPRACTICABILITY OF PERFORMANCE ANDFRUSTRATION OF PURPOSE第十一章履行不能和履行目的落空CHAPTER 12 DISCHARGE BY ASSET OR ALTERATION第十二章双方合意或变更合同以解除合同义务CHAPTER 13 JOINT AND SEVERAL PROMISORS AND PROMISEES第十三章连带允诺人和受允诺人CHAPTER 14 CONTRACT BENEFICIARIES第十四章合同受益人CHAPTER 15 ASSGINEMNT AND DELEGATON第十五章合同权利的转让与合同义务的转托CHAPTER 16.REMEDIES第十六章违约救济Chapter 1 MEANING OF TERMS第一章合同条款的含义§1. CONTRACT DEFINED 合同定义A contract is a promise or a set of promises for the breach of which the law gives a remedy, or the performance of which the law in some way recognizes as a duty.合同指的是一个允诺或一组允诺，如果违反此允诺，则法律给与救济；如果其履行了允诺，则法律以某种方式将其视为一项义务。

一、Ethical and Professional Standards1.: Code of EthicsA.: State the four components of the Code of Ethics.Members of AIMR shall:1.Act with integrity, competence, dignity, and in an ethical manner when dealing with thepublic, clients, prospects, employers, employees, and fellow members.2.Practice and encourage others to practice in a professional and ethical manner that willreflect credit on members and their profession.3.Strive to maintain and improve their competence and the competence of others in theprofession.e reasonable care and exercise independent professional judgment.to launch Standards of Practice2-I.: Standards of Professional Conduct: I. Fundamental ResponsibilitiesA.: Know the laws and rules.Standard: Maintain knowledge of and comply with all applicable laws, rules, and regulations (including AIMR’s Code of Ethics and Standards of Professional Conduct) of any government, government agency, regulatory organization, licensing agency, or professional association governing the members’ professional activities.Compliance: Members can acquire and maintain knowledge about applicable laws, rules, and regulations by:∙Maintaining current files on applicable statutes, rules, and regulations.∙Keeping informed.∙Reviewing written compliance procedures on a regular basis.B.: Don't break or help others break the law.Standard: Not knowingly participate or assist in any violation of such laws, rules, or regulations.Compliance: When members suspect a client or a colleague of planning or engaging in ongoing illegal activities, members should take the following actions:∙Consult counsel to determine if the conduct is, in fact, illegal.∙Disassociate from any illegal or unethical activity. When members have reasonable grounds to believe that a client’s or employee’s activities are illegal or unethical, themembers should dissociate from these activities and urge their firm to attempt to persuade the perpetrator to cease such activity.2-II.: Standards of Professional Conduct: II. Relationships with and Responsibilities to the ProfessionA.: Use of Professional DesignationII(A.1)AIMR members may reference their membership only in a dignified and judiciousmanner. The use of the reference may be accompanied by an accurate explanationof the requirements that have been met to obtain membership in theseorganizations.II(A.2)Those who have earned the right to use the Chartered Financial Analyst designationmay use the marks “Chartered Financial Analyst” or “CFA” and are encouragedto do so, but only in a proper, dignified, and judicious manner. The use of thedesignation may be accompanied by an accurate explanation of the requirementsthat have been met to obtain the right to use the designation.II(A.3)Candidates in the CFA Program, as defined in the AIMR Bylaws, may reference theirparticipation in the CFA Program, but the reference must clearly state that anindividual is a candidate in the CFA Program and cannot imply that the candidatehas achieved any type of partial designation.B.: Professional MisconductII(B.1)Members shall not engage in any professional conduct involving dishonesty, fraud,deceit, or misrepresentation or commit any act that reflects adversely on theirhonesty, trustworthiness, or professional competence.II(B.2)Members and candidates shall not engage in any conduct or commit any act thatcompromises the integrity of the CFA designation or the integrity or validityof the examinations leading to the award of the right to use the CFA designation. Compliance:1.Make clear that dishonest personal behavior reflects poorly on the profession.2.Adopt a code of ethics to which every employee must subscribe.3.Conduct background checks on potential employees to ensure that they are of good characterand eligible to work in the investment industry.C.: Prohibition against PlagiarismStandard: Members shall not copy or use, in substantially the same form as the original, material prepared by another without acknowledging and identifying the name of the author, publisher, or source of such material. Members may use, without acknowledgment, factual information published by recognized financial and statistical reporting services or similar sources.??Compliance:1.Maintain copies of materials that were relied on in preparing the research report.2.Attribute quotations (and projections, tables, statistics, models, and methodologies)used other than recognized financial and statistical reporting services.3.Attribute paraphrases and summaries of material prepared by others.2-III.: Standards of Professional Conduct: III. Relationships and Responsibilities to the EmployerA.: Inform your Employer of the Code and StandardsIII(A.1)Members shall inform their employer in writing, through their direct supervisor,that they are obligated to comply with the Code and Standards and are subjectto disciplinary sanctions for violations thereof.III(A.2)Members shall deliver a copy of the Code and Standards to their employer if theemployer does not have a copy.Compliance: Members should notify their supervisor in writing of the Code and Standards and the member’s responsibility to follow them. The member should also suggest that the employers adopt the Code and Standards and disseminate it throughout the firm. If the employer has publicly acknowledged, in writing, that they have adopted AIMR’s Code and Standards as part of the firm’s policies then the member need not give the formal written notification as required by III(A).B.: Duty to EmployerStandard: Members shall not undertake any independent practice that could result in compensation or other benefit in competition with their employer unless they obtain written consent from both their employer and the persons or entities for whom they undertake independent practice.??Compliance:1.Members who plan to engage in independent practice for compensation should provide writtenstatements to their employer describing the types of services they will perform, the expected duration of the services, and the compensation they will receive.2.Members should also disclose to their prospective clients the identity of their employer,the fact that they are performing independently of the employer, and what their employer would charge for similar services.3.Members seeking new employment should not contact existing clients or potential clientsprior to leaving their employer or take records/files to their new employer without the written permission of the previous employer.C.: Disclose Conflicts between you and your EmployerIII(C.1):Members shall disclose to their employer all matters, including beneficialownership of securities or other investments, that reasonably could be expectedto interfere with their duty to their employer or ability to make unbiased andobjective recommendations.III(C.2):Members shall comply with any prohibitions on activities imposed by theiremployer if a conflict of interest exists.Compliance: Members should report to their employers any beneficial interest and any special relationships, like corporate directorships, that may reasonably be considered a conflict of interest with their responsibilities. Members should also discuss the situation with their firm’s compliance officer before taking any action that could lead to a conflict of interest.D.: Disclose Additional Compensation from Outside the Firm to your EmployerStandard: Members shall disclose to their employer in writing all monetary compensation or other benefits that they receive for their services that are in addition to compensation or benefits conferred by a member’s employer.Compliance: Members should make an immediate written report to their employer specifying any compensation or benefits they receive or propose to receive for services in addition to what their employer is to give them. This written report should state the terms of any oral or written agreement, the amount of compensation, and the duration of the agreement.E.: Responsibilities of SupervisorsStandard: Members with supervisory responsibilities, authority, or the ability to influence the conduct of others shall exercise reasonable supervision over those subject to their supervision or authority to prevent any violation of applicable statutes, regulation, or provisions of the Code and Standards. In so doing, members are entitled to rely on reasonable procedures designed to detect and prevent such violations.??Compliance: The supervisor and the compliance officer should:1.Disseminate the compliance procedures.2.Update the procedures as necessary.cate the staff and issue periodic reminders.4.Incorporate a professional conduct evaluation into the employee’s performance review.5.Review employee actions to ensure compliance and identify violators, initiatingprocedures once a violation has occurred. A supervisor should respond promptly to the violation by conducting a thorough investigation, and placing limitations on thewrongdoer until the investigation is complete.2-IV.: Standards of Professional Conduct: IV. Relationships with and Responsibilities to Clients and ProspectsA.: The Investment ProcessIV(A.1) Reasonable Basis and Representations. Members shall:a.Exercise diligence and thoroughness in making investment recommendations or in takinginvestment actions.b.Have a reasonable and adequate basis, supported by appropriate research and investigation,for such recommendations or actions.c.Make reasonable and diligent efforts to avoid any material misrepresentation in anyresearch report or investment recommendation.d.Maintain appropriate records to support the reasonableness of such recommendations oractions.Compliance:1.Analyze the investment’s basic characteristics (records must show the characteristicsof the investment and the basis for the recommendation).2.Analyze the needs of the portfolio (includes the client’s needs, as well as the needsof the total portfolio).3.Maintain files to support investment recommendations.IV(A.2) Research Reports. Members shall:e reasonable judgment regarding the inclusion or exclusion of relevant factors inresearch reports.b.Distinguish between facts and opinions in research reports.c.Indicate the basic characteristics of the investment involved when preparing for publicdistribution a research report that is not directly related to a specific portfolio or client.Compliance: Members should consider including the following information in research reports:1.Expected annual rates of return, calculated on a total return basis.2.Annual income expectations.3.Current rate of return or yield.4.The degree of uncertainty associated with the cash flows, and other risk factors.5.The investment’s marketability or liquidity.IV(A.3) Independence and Objectivity. Members shall use reasonable care and judgment to achieve and maintain independence and objectivity in making investment recommendations or taking investment actions.Compliance:1.Protect integrity of opinions. Reports should reflect the analyst’s unbiased opinion.2.Disclose all corporate relationships (i.e., directorships, underwriting arrangements oracting as a market maker).3.Disclose personal holdings and beneficial ownerships.4.Create a restricted list.5.Restrict special cost arrangements. Members should pay for their commercialtransportation and hotel charges.6.Limit gifts (US$100 is the maximum acceptable value for a gift or gratuity).7.Restrict investments (strict limits should be imposed on private placements).8.Review procedures (supervise the personal investment activities of the employees).B.: Interactions with Clients and ProspectsIV(B.1) Fiduciary Duties: In relationships with clients, members shall use particular care in determining applicable fiduciary duty and shall comply with such duty as to those persons and interests to whom the duty is owed. Members must act for the benefit of their clients and place their clients' interests before their own.Compliance:1.Follow all applicable rules and laws.2.Establish the investment objectives of the client.3.Diversify.4.Deal fairly with all clients with respect to investment actions.5.Disclose all possible conflicts of interest.6.Disclose compensation arrangements.7.Preserve the confidentiality of client information.8.Maintain loyalty to the plan beneficiaries.IV(B.2)Portfolio Investment Recommendations and Actions: Members shall:a.Make a reasonable inquiry into a client's financial situation, investment experience,and investment objectives prior to making any investment recommendations and shall update this information as necessary, but no less frequently than annually, to allow the members to adjust their investment recommendations to reflect changed circumstances.b.Consider the appropriateness and suitability of investment recommendations or actionsfor each portfolio or client (including the needs and circumstances of the portfolio or client, the basic characteristics of the investment involved, and the basiccharacteristics of the total portfolio).c.Distinguish between facts and opinions in presenting recommendations.d.Disclose to clients and prospects the basic format and general principles of theinvestment processes by which securities are selected and portfolios are constructed and shall promptly disclose to clients and prospects any changes that might significantly affect those processes.Compliance: Know basic nature of your client; know objectives and constraints.IV(B.3) Fair Dealing: Members shall deal fairly and objectively with all clients and prospects when disseminating investment recommendations, disseminating material changes in prior investment recommendations, and taking investment action.Compliance:1.Limit the number of people privy to recommendations and changes.2.Shorten the time frame between initiation and dissemination.3.Publish personnel guidelines for pre-dissemination.4.Simultaneous dissemination.5.Establish rules about employee trading activities.6.Establish procedures for determining material changes.7.Maintain a list of clients and their holdings.8.Develop trade allocation procedures.9.Make sure one account is not being used to bail out other accounts.10.If the firm offers differing levels of service, this fact should be disclosed to allclients.IV(B.4) Priority of Transactions: Clients and employers shall have priority over transactions in securities or other investments of which a member is the beneficial owner so that such personal transactions do not operate adversely to their clients' or employer's interests. If members make a recommendation regarding the purchase or sale of a security or other investment, they shall give their clients and employer adequate opportunity to act on the recommendation before acting on their own behalf.Compliance:1.Define personal transactions.2.Define covered investments.3.Limit the number of access persons. “Fire Walls” should be built to prevent the flowof information from one group or department to other groups within the firm.4.Define prohibited transactions. The text specifically mentions equity based IPOs.5.Establish reporting procedures and prior-clearance requirements.6.Ensure that procedures will be enforced and establish disciplinary procedures.IV(B.5) Preservation of Confidentiality: Members shall preserve the confidentiality of information communicated by clients, prospects, or employers concerning matters within the scope of the client-member, prospect-member, or employer-member relationship unless the member receives information concerning illegal activities on the part of the client, prospect, or employer. Compliance: The simplest and most effective way to comply is to avoid discussing any information received from a client except to colleagues working on the same project.IV(B.6) Prohibition against Misrepresentation: Members shall not make any statements, orally or in writing that misrepresent:a.the services that they or their firms are capable of performing.b.their qualifications or the qualifications of their firm.c.the member's academic or professional credentials.Members shall not make or imply, orally or in writing, any assurances or guarantees regarding any investment except to communicate accurate information regarding the terms of the investment instrument and the issuer's obligations under the instrument.Compliance: Firms can provide guidance to employees who make written or oral presentations to clients or prospects by providing a written list of the firm’s available services and a description of the firm’s qualifications.IV(B.7) Disclosure of Conflicts to Clients and Prospects: Members shall disclose to their clients and prospects all matters, including beneficial ownership of securities or other investments, that reasonably could be expected to impair the member's ability to make unbiased and objective recommendations.Compliance: Members should report to their employers, clients, and prospects any material beneficial interest they may have in securities, corporate directorships, or other special relationships they may have with the companies they are recommending. Members should make the disclosures before they make any recommendations or take any investment actions regarding these investments.IV(B.8) Disclosure of Referral Fees: Members shall disclose to clients and prospects any consideration or benefit received by the member or delivered to others for the recommendation of any services to the client or prospect.Compliance:1.Disclose all agreements in writing to any client or prospect who has been referred.2.Describe in the disclosure the nature of the consideration and the estimated dollar valueof the consideration.3.Consult a supervisor and legal counsel concerning any prospective arrangement regardingreferral fees.2-V.: Standards of Professional Conduct: V. Relationships with and Responsibilities to the Investing PublicA.: Prohibition against Use of Material Nonpublic InformationStandard: Members who possess material nonpublic information related to the value of a security shall not trade or cause others to trade in that security if such trading would breach a duty or if the information was misappropriated or relates to a tender offer. If members receive material nonpublic information in confidence, they shall not breach that confidence by trading or causing others to trade in securities to which such information relates. Members shall make reasonable efforts to achieve public dissemination of material nonpublic information disclosed in breach of a duty.Compliance: Fire walls, minimum elements are:1.Control over interdepartmental communications.2.Review employee trading against restricted lists.3.Restrict proprietary trading while the firm is in possession of material nonpublicinformation.Additional procedures:1.Restrict personal and proprietary employee trading.2.Place securities on a restricted list when the firm has material nonpublic information.3.Disseminate material nonpublic information only to those with a need to know.4.Designate a supervisor who decides when trading is appropriate.B.: Performance presentationStandard:1.Members shall not make any statements, orally or in writing, that misrepresent theinvestment performance that they or their firms have accomplished or can reasonably be expected to achieve.2.If members communicate individual or firm performance information directly or indirectlyto clients or prospective clients, or in a manner intended to be received by clients or prospective clients, members shall make every reasonable effort to assure that suchperformance information is a fair, accurate, and complete presentation of suchperformance.Compliance: Misrepresentation about the investment performance of the firm can be avoided if the member maintains data about the firm’s investment performance in written form. Investment accounts should be combined into composites by investment class and risk groups.3: Standards of Practice Handbooka: Demonstrate a thorough knowledge of the Standards of Professional Conduct by recognizing and applying the Standards to specific situations.This is an application of many different ethics concepts to different scenarios. After having learned the ethics material in earlier learning outcomes you will be able to apply these concepts to various scenarios as you take the quizzes.b: Distinguish between conduct that conforms to the Code and the Standards and conduct that violates the Code and the Standards.This requires looking at different scenarios and possibly applying several ethics concepts to each scenario. After you learn and understand the ethics concepts you will be able to apply them to specific situations through the quizzes.4: AIMR Performance Presentation Standards Handbooka: Explain the goals of the AIMR-PPS Standards.The Standards have been designed to meet the following goals:∙To achieve greater uniformity and comparability among performance presentations.∙To improve the service offered to investment management clients.∙To enhance the professionalism of the industry.∙To bolster the notion of self-regulation.Note: The Presentation Standards are intended primarily to be performance presentation standards, not performance measurement standards. Portions of the AIMR-PPS are required while some are recommended. AIMR strongly encourages the adoption of both required and recommended components of the Standards. Also, performance presentations may have to provide more than the minimum requirements of the AIMR-PPS to meet the full intent of the Standards.b: Identify the parties affected by the AIMR-PPS standards.∙Firms. The PPS Standards are voluntary. The PPS are widely recognized as fair and accurate reporting guidelines for investment performance.∙AIMR Members, CFA Charterholders, and CFA Candidates. The PPS are not explicitly incorporated into the AIMR Code and Standards of Professional Conduct. The PPS does, however, help insure that members, charterholders and candidates are in compliance with Standard V(B), Performance Presentation, so that they will make no materialmisrepresentation of their performance results.∙Prospective and Current Clients. The PPS helps clients compare investment performance across firms. The PPS helps clients evaluate their investment manager’s performance.c: Identify the four main topics of the AIMR-PPS standards (i.e., creation and maintenance of composites, calculation of returns, presentation of results, and disclosures).∙Creation and maintenance of composites. A composite is a set of portfolios that follow the same investment style.∙Calculation of returns.∙Presentation of results.∙Disclosures.d: Identify what constitutes a valid claim of compliance with the AIMR-PPS standards.To claim compliance, firms must meet all composite, calculation, presentation, and disclosure requirements. Adherence to the basic requirements, however, does not guarantee fair and adequate performance reporting. Compliance with the standards also requires adherence to all applicable laws and regulations.If the firm has made every reasonable effort to ensure that their performance presentation is in compliance with the PPS, the firm can use the following legend:?XYZ Firm has prepared and presented this report in compliance with the Performance Presentation Standards of the Association for Investment Management and Research. AIMR has not been involved with the preparation or review of this report.∙Any use of the mark “AIMR” except as shown above is prohibited.∙If results are not in full compliance, performance cannot be presented as: Being in compliance with the AIMR-PPS except for …∙Statements referring to the calculation methodology used in a presentation as being in accordance or compliance with AIMR-PPS standards are prohibited.专注国际财经教育 AIMR members who misuse the term AIMR, AIMR-PPS standards, or the Compliance Statement are subject to disciplinary sanctions under Standard V(B).。

Temporal Method vs Current MethodIntroductionIn the field of accounting, there are various methods used to translate the financial statements of foreign subsidiaries back into the reporting currency of the parent company. Two common methods used are the temporal method and the current method. These methods have different approaches to handling the translation of various balance sheet and income statement items. In this article, we will explore the differences between the temporal method and the current method, as well as their respective advantages and disadvantages.Temporal MethodThe temporal method is an accounting method used for translating the financial statements of foreign subsidiaries when the functional currency of the subsidiary is different from the reporting currency of the parent company. Under the temporal method, monetary items, such as cash, accounts receivable, and accounts payable, are translated at the current exchange rate. However, non-monetary items, such as property, plant, and equipment, are translated at historical exchange rates.Advantages of the Temporal Method1.Reflects economic reality: The temporal method reflects theeconomic reality of the transactions by using historical exchange rates to translate non-monetary items. This provides a moreaccurate representation of the subsidiary’s financial position. 2.Less volatility: The temporal method tends to have lessvolatility compared to the current method. This is because thetranslation of non-monetary items at historical exchange ratesreduces the impact of exchange rate fluctuations.3.Aligns with tax regulations: In some countries, tax regulationsrequire the use of historical exchange rates for translatingcertain balance sheet items. The temporal method aligns with these regulations, making it easier to comply with tax requirements.Disadvantages of the Temporal Methodplexity: The temporal method can be complex to implement andrequires a thorough understanding of accounting principles andexchange rate movements. It may require the use of multipleexchange rates for different balance sheet items.2.Limited usefulness: The temporal method may not provide ameaningful representation of the subsidiary’s financial resultsand cash flows. This is because it does not take into account the impact of changing exchange rates on income statement items.Current MethodThe current method is an alternative accounting method used for translating the financial statements of foreign subsidiaries. Unlike the temporal method, the current method translates both monetary and non-monetary items at the current exchange rate.Advantages of the Current Method1.Simplicity: The current method is relatively simpler to implementcompared to the temporal method. It uses a consistent exchangerate for all balance sheet items, making it easier to understandand apply.2.Full reflection of exchange rate fluctuations: The current methodfully reflects the impact of exchange rate fluctuations on thefinancial statements. This provides a more accurate representation of the subsidiary’s financial position and perfor mance.3.Relevant for income statement items: The current method takesinto account the impact of changing exchange rates on incomestatement items. This allows for a better understanding of thesubsidiary’s profitability and financial performance.Disadvantages of the Current Method1.Higher volatility: The current method tends to have highervolatility compared to the temporal method. This is because allbalance sheet items are translated at the current exchange rate,which can exaggerate the impact of exchange rate fluctuations.2.Inconsistency with tax regulations: The current method may notalign with tax regulations in certain countries that require theuse of historical exchange rates for translation. This couldresult in additional complexities and potential non-compliancewith tax requirements.ConclusionIn conclusion, the choice between the temporal method and the current method depends on various factors, including the nature of the subsidiary’s operations, tax regulations, and the reporting needs of the parent company. The temporal method offers a more stable and accurate representation of the subsidiary’s financial position, while the current method provides a more comprehensive view of the subsidiary’s financial performance. Ultimately, it is crucial for companies to carefully consider these factors and select the method that best suits their specific circumstances.。