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吸附剂对镉的吸附的英语表达English:The adsorption of cadmium by adsorbents can be attributed to several mechanisms, including complexation, electrostatic attraction, ion exchange, and surface precipitation. The surface functional groups of the adsorbent, such as carboxyl, hydroxyl, and amino groups, play a crucial role in the adsorption process by forming strong chemical bonds with cadmium ions. Additionally, the high surface area and porosity of the adsorbent provide ample active sites for the binding of cadmium ions. The pH of the solution also significantly affects the adsorption capacity, as it influences the surface charge of the adsorbent and the speciation of cadmium in solution. Therefore, proper adjustment of pH can enhance the adsorption efficiency of the adsorbent for cadmium removal. Furthermore, the presence of competing ions in the solution may reduce the adsorption capacity of the adsorbent for cadmium. Therefore, it is essential to consider the composition of the wastewater and the potential interferences when selecting an adsorbent for cadmium removal.中文翻译:吸附剂对镉的吸附可以归因于几种机制，包括络合作用、静电吸引、离子交换和表面沉淀。
Research ObjectivesThe MILC Collaboration is engaged in a broad research program in Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD).This research addresses fundamental questions in high energy and nuclear physics,and is directly related to major experimental programs in thesefields.It includes studies of the mass spectrum of strongly interacting particles,the weak interactions of these particles,and the behavior of strongly interacting matter under extreme conditions.The Standard Model of High Energy Physics encompasses our current knowledge of the funda-mental interactions of subatomic physics.It consists of two quantumfield theories:the Weinberg-Salaam theory of electromagnetic and weak interactions,and QCD,the theory of the strong interac-tions.The Standard Model has been enormously successful in explaining a wealth of data produced in accelerator and cosmic ray experiments over the past thirty years;however,our knowledge of it is incomplete because it has been difficult to extract many of the most interesting predictions of QCD,those that depend on the strong coupling regime of the theory,and therefore require non-perturbative calculations.At present,the only means of carrying out non-perturbative QCD calculations fromfirst principles and with controlled errors,is through large scale numerical sim-ulations within the framework of lattice gauge theory.These simulations are needed to obtain a quantitative understanding of the physical phenomena controlled by the strong interactions,to de-termine a number of the fundamental parameters of the Standard Model,and to make precise tests of the Standard Model’s range of validity.Despite the many successes of the Standard Model,it is believed by high energy physicists that to understand physics at the shortest distances,a more general theory,which unifies all four of the fundamental forces of nature,will be required.The Standard Model is expected to be a limiting case of this more general theory,just as classical mechanics is a limiting case of the more general quantum mechanics.A central objective of the experimental program in high energy physics,and of lattice QCD simulations,is to determine the range of validity of the Standard Model,and to search for new physics beyond it.Thus,QCD simulations play an important role in efforts to obtain a deeper understanding of the fundamental laws of physics.QCD is formulated in the four-dimensional space-time continuum;however,in order to carry out numerical calculations one must reformulate it on a lattice or grid.It should be emphasized that the lattice formulation of QCD is not merely a numerical approximation to the continuum formu-lation.The lattice regularization of QCD is every bit as valid as continuum regularizations.The lattice spacing a establishes a momentum cutoffπ/a that removes ultraviolet divergences.Stan-dard renormalization methods apply,and in the perturbative regime they allow a straightforward conversion of lattice results to any of the standard continuum regularization schemes.Lattice QCD calculations proceed in two steps.In thefirst,one uses importance sampling tech-niques to generate gauge configurations,which are representative samples from the Feynman path integrals that define QCD.These configurations are saved,and in the second step they are used to calculate a wide variety of physical quantities.It is necessary to generate configurations with a range of lattice spacings,and then perform extrapolations to the zero lattice spacing limit.Fur-thermore,the computational cost of calculations rises as the masses of the quarks,the fundamental constituents of strongly interacting matter,decrease.Until recently,it has been too expensive to carry out calculations with the masses of the two lightest quarks,the up and the down,set to their physical values.Instead,one has performed calculations for a range of up and down quark masses, and extrapolated to their physical values guided by chiral perturbation theory,an effectivefield theory that determines how physical quantities depend on the masses of the lightest quarks.The extrapolations in lattice spacing(continuum extrapolation)and quark mass(chiral extrapolation) are the major sources of systematic errors in QCD calculations,and both must be under control in order to obtain trustworthy results.In our current simulations,we are,for thefirst time,working at or near the physical masses of the up and down quarks.The gauge configurations produced in these simulations greatly reduce,and will eventually eliminate,the systematic errors associatedwith the chiral extrapolation.A number of different formulations of QCD on the lattice are currently in use by lattice gauge theorists,all of which are expected to give the same results in the continuum limit.In recent years, major progress has been made in thefield through the development of improved formulations(im-proved actions)which reducefinite lattice spacing artifacts.Approximately twelve years ago,we developed one such improved action called asqtad[1],which significantly increased the accuracy of our simulations for a given amount of computing resources.We have used the asqtad action to generate an extensive library of gauge configurations with small enough lattice spacings and light enough quark masses to perform controlled calculations of a number of physical quantities. Computational resources provided by the DOE and NSF have enabled us to complete our program of generating asqtad gauge configurations.These configurations are publicly available,and have been used by us and by other groups to study a wide range of physical phenomena of importance in high energy and nuclear physics.Ours was thefirst set of full QCD ensembles that enabled control over both the continuum and chiral extrapolations.We have published a review paper describing the asqtad ensembles and the many calculations that were performed with them up to2009[2]. Over the last decade,a major component of our work has been to use our asqtad gauge config-urations to calculate quantities of importance to experimental programs in high energy physics. Particular emphasis was placed on the study of the weak decays and mixings of strongly interact-ing particles in order to determine some of the least well known parameters of the standard model and to provide precise tests of the standard model.The asqtad ensembles have enabled the calcu-lation of a number of physical quantities to a precision of1%–5%,and will enable many more quantities to be determined to this precision in the coming years.These results are already having an impact on experiments in high energy physics;however,in some important calculations,partic-ularly those related to tests of the standard model,higher precision is needed than can be provided by the existing asqtad ensembles.In order to obtain the required precision,we are now working with the Highly Improved Staggered Quark(HISQ)action developed by the HPQCD Collabora-tion[3].We have performed tests of scaling in the lattice spacing using HISQ valence quarks with gauge configurations generated with HISQ sea quarks[4].We found that lattice artifacts for the HISQ action are reduced by approximately a factor of2.5from those of the asqtad action for the same lattice spacing,and taste splittings in the pion masses are reduced by approximately a factor of three,which is sufficient to enable us to undertake simulations with the mass of the Goldstone pion at or near the physical pion mass.(“Taste”refers to the different ways one can construct the same physical particle in the staggered quark formalism.Although particles with different tastes become identical in the continuum limit,their masses can differ atfinite lattice spacing).More-over,the improvement in the quark dispersion relation enables us to include charm sea quarks in the simulations.The properties of the HISQ ensembles are described in detail in Ref.[5],and the first physics calculations using the physical quark mass ensembles in Refs.[6,7,8].The current status of the HISQ ensemble generation project is described at the link HISQ Lattice Generation and some initial calculations with them at Recent Results.The HISQ action also has major advan-tages for the study of QCD at high temperatures,so we have started to use it in our studies of this subject.Projects using the HISQ action will be a major component of our research for the next several years.Our research is currently focused on three major areas:1)the properties of light pseudoscalar mesons,2)the decays and mixings of heavy-light mesons,3)the properties of strongly interacting matter at high temperatures.We briefly discuss our research in each of these areas at the link Recent Results.References[1]The MILC Collaboration:C.Bernard et al.,Nucl.Phys.(Proc.Suppl.),60A,297(1998);Phys.Rev.D58,014503(1998);G.P.Lepage,Nucl.Phys.(Proc.Suppl.),60A,267(1998);Phys.Rev.D59,074501(1999);Kostas Orginos and Doug Toussaint(MILC),Nucl.Phys.(Proc.Suppl.),73,909(1999);Phys.Rev.D59,014501(1999);Kostas Orginos,Doug Tou-ssaint and R.L.Sugar(MILC),Phys.Rev.D60,054503(1999);The MILC Collaboration:C.Bernard et al.,Phys.Rev.D61,111502(2000).[2]The MILC Collaboration: A.Bazavov et al.,Rev.Mod.Phys.82,1349-1417(2010)[arXiv:0903.3598[hep-lat]].[3]The HPQCD/UKQCD Collaboration: E.Follana et al.,Phys.Rev.D73,054502(2007)[arXiv:hep-lat/0610092].[4]The MILC Collaboration: A.Bazavov al.,Phys.Rev.D82,074501(2010)[arXiv:1004.0342].[5]The MILC Collaboration: A.Bazavov al.,Phys.Rev.D87,054505(2013)[arXiv:1212.4768].[6]The MILC Collaboration: A.Bazavov et al.,Phys.Rev.Lett.110,172003(2013)[arXiv:1301.5855].[7]The Fermilab Lattice and MILC Collaborations:A.Bazavov,et al.,Phys.Rev.Lett.112,112001(2014)[arXiv:1312.1228].[8]The MILC Collaboration:A.Bazavov et al.,Proceedings of Science(Lattice2013)405(2013)[arXiv:1312.0149].。
微纳金属结构光吸收增强英文Enhanced Light Absorption in Micro-Nano Metal Structures.The field of photonics has witnessed remarkable advancements in recent years, with a particular focus on enhancing light absorption in micro-nano metal structures. This enhancement is crucial for various applications ranging from solar cells, photodetection, and sensing to plasmonic devices. The unique optical properties of metals at the nanoscale offer opportunities for manipulatinglight-matter interactions, leading to improved performance in these areas.1. Plasmonic Resonance in Metal Nanostructures.The key to understanding light absorption enhancement in micro-nano metal structures lies in the concept of plasmonic resonance. Plasmons are collective oscillations of electrons in a metal that can be excited by incidentlight. When the frequency of incident light matches the natural frequency of these oscillations, a resonance condition is achieved, leading to a significant enhancement of the electromagnetic field around the metal structure. This enhanced field in turn increases the light absorption by the metal.2. Nanostructuring for Enhanced Absorption.Nanostructuring metals offers a powerful means to control plasmonic resonances and thereby enhance light absorption. By reducing the dimensions of metal structures to the nanoscale, it becomes possible to tune the plasmonic resonances to match the desired wavelength of light. This tuning can be achieved by varying the size, shape, and composition of the nanostructures.3. Materials Considerations.The choice of metal material is also crucial for light absorption enhancement. Noble metals such as gold andsilver are commonly used due to their strong plasmonicresponse. However, these metals often suffer from high ohmic losses that limit their performance. Alternatively, alternative metals with lower losses, such as aluminum and magnesium, have been explored. Furthermore, the use of alloys and composite materials can further optimize the plasmonic response and absorption properties.4. Applications of Enhanced Light Absorption.Enhanced light absorption in micro-nano metal structures finds applications in diverse fields. In solar cells, for example, plasmonic nanostructures can increase the absorption of sunlight, leading to improved conversion efficiencies. Similarly, in photodetection and sensing applications, the enhanced absorption can enhance the sensitivity and response speed. In plasmonic devices, the strong localization of light at the nanoscale offers opportunities for nanoscale imaging, spectroscopy, and manipulation of light.5. Challenges and Future Directions.Despite the significant progress made in enhancinglight absorption in micro-nano metal structures, several challenges remain. One of the primary challenges is the limited stability of plasmonic nanostructures, especially under harsh environmental conditions. Additionally, the integration of these structures into practical devices requires further research and development. Futuredirections include exploring new materials and design strategies to overcome these challenges and further improve light absorption enhancement.In conclusion, enhanced light absorption in micro-nano metal structures holds promise for revolutionizing various photonic applications. By harnessing the unique optical properties of metals at the nanoscale, it is possible to manipulate light-matter interactions and achieve remarkable improvements in light absorption. While challenges remain, ongoing research and development in this field are expected to lead to transformative advancements in the near future.。
The strong nuclear forceNuclear force Strong, which binds the protons and neutrons in the neutron, and binds the protons and neutrons in the atom together. In general, another spin of the glue is considered to carry a strong force of 1 particles. It can only interact with itself and with the quark. The strong nuclear force has a peculiar property called confinement: it is always put into particle bound combination without color. Because of the color of the quark (red, green, or blue), people can't get a single quark. On the other hand, a red quark must be bound together with a bunch of glue and a green quark and a blue quark (red + Green + blue = white). This constitutes a proton or neutron triplets. Other possibilities are the opposite of a quark and an anti quark pair (red + anti red, or green + anti green, or blue + anti blue = white). The combination of such a particle is called a particle. Meson is unstable, because the quark and antiquark can annihilate each other and produce electrons and other particles. Similarly, because of the color of the plastic, color confinement makes it impossible for people to get a separate gel. On the contrary, people can get the gluons, the colors add up to white. Such a group formed an unstable particle called a colloidal sphere. Also, the strong nuclear force and the electromagnetic force, the weak nuclear force is by anti gravity differentiation and section 1.2 electron positron colliding into a virtual photon, if the collision energy is relatively low, virtual photons will become a pair of electron positron pairs or a pair of Mu Zi, if energy is high virtual photons will become a pair of positive and anti quark, when the energy just reached a vector particles near the mass (known as the vector particles produce threshold), the quark antiquark to form a bound state, if high energy is resonance can not be formed, the quark antiquark will back to behind fly away from open. Proton group of quarks and the other a proton (or antiproton) in the antiquark transformed virtual photon, and virtual photon produces a pair of lepton. This process just and Lepton on transformation produced Quark to the contrary. Photons can by proton and anti proton or positive and negative electrons collide, transformation and, in turn, photon collision can also transformed into a proton and anti proton or positive and anti electrons, and positive and negative electron can be transformed into positive and anti neutrinos. The process is reversible and hyperons and mesons all unstable particles will decay into photons or neutrinos, so the combined into photons, electrons, neutrinos, and quarks, protons, neutrons, and all unstable particle structure materials are the same, that is anti gravitons and the graviton. All particles like put in different size cup of water, will be two different cups of water (two particle) pour together can form the other a cup or two of water (the other one or two particles), anti atomic gravitons and gravitons, like water, and in nuclear fusion, nuclear fission in the atomic mutual conversion of similar, and the principle is the same. Particles can not be the most basic unit of matter, the most basic unit of matter has a necessary feature: no matter how hit it will not be converted or broken. And the interaction between particles is very frequent. The strong nuclear force, the weak nuclear force in the nuclei in the vicinity of force mechanism is a kind of short-range force, but the short-range force to outside influence all transforming growth Chengli, photon as the carrier, such as solar radiation huge energy comes mainly from the strong nuclear force. So can the strong nuclear force, the weak nuclear force and the electromagnetic force is a process that transformed from short to long, the short-range force as in atomic force mechanism, atomic likened to a gun, gun using a gunpowder, but with a different amount of gunpowder, ignited gunpowder method with (in different force mechanism of the strong nuclear force and the electromagnetic force, the weaknuclear force), but the bullet are the same, the photons corresponds to the bullets in the gun. Transfer the strong nuclear force PI ~ meson, transmit the weak nuclear force neutral bosons (Zº) quickly decays into photons, PI + and PI - collision will be converted into photons, W + and W - collision will be converted into photons, and transfer the electromagnetic force is photon, so in the photon, the strong nuclear force and the electromagnetic force, the weak nuclear force is not, is the unity and PI +, PI & ordm; and photons, W +, Zºanti gravity and resistance to the gravity of homomorphism. Photon can generate positive and anti quarks, positive and anti electron, positive and anti quarks can generate positive and anti protons, neutrons and other baryon, positive and inverse electron collision can generate positive and anti neutrino is photon anti gravity can differentiate into the strong nuclear force and the electromagnetic force, the weak nuclear force. Section 1.3 for proton and electron production line under the appearance of particles in the ever-changing world hidden a particle materials into each other procedures, or particle transformation rules, like a production line, we know that industrial production line is in the execution of a computer program. Raw materials for the production of the "proton and electron production line is a proton, electron, energy is gravity, the strong nuclear force and the electromagnetic force and weak nuclear force, the production line of the final product is stable photons and neutrinos. Proton, electronic production of neutrons in nuclear fusion, nuclear fission has an important role, like gun firing pin, the pipeline necessary to destroy the agent. In addition to protons, electrons, neutrons, photons, neutrinos of all particles are in the process of production of semi-finished products, so they are very unstable, short life, eventually converting or production or photons or neutrinos, we found in a variety of accelerator new particles are the line in the production process of the semi-finished product, this line but also the excess production of raw materials "of protons, electrons," spit it out. Stability is the normal state of the universe, such as particles, atoms, molecules and so on, and all kinds of unstable particles are the intermediate states in the process of production. In different energy level of the accelerator produced many make dazzled the chaos of semi-finished products (various unstable particles), we never can be puzzled by the appearance, in fact, just protons, electrons in different energy environment execution of different procedures, like with different force shaking "Kaleidoscope", you can see kaleidoscopic gostop (in the whole particle family), but in fact "Kaleidoscope" just by a few pieces of coloured paper composition (the equivalent of protons, electrons and photons, neutrinos stable particles). Under certain conditions, this production line can be reversed, that is, photons and neutrinos can produce electrons and protons, the most common is the photon collisions can produce positive, anti electron or positive, anti proton. In the field of natural science, the simplest explanation is often the right one. The nature of the universe is simple. A fast not like in the middle of the illusion of the illusion of 1.4, material substance can take electric fan analogy, an atom is like a fan, atomic nucleus like motor nuclei of electronic electric fan blade, when the electric fan rotates, we can see the fan leaf next to the most of the space is empty, if electric fan rotates, we saw blade next to the space by the blade rotates to form a phantom filled, if the electric fan to the highest speed increased by 1 million times, we simply don't feel to the leaves in the rotation, and when the blade is shaped into the illusion is a textured material. And actually atomic illusion is much higher than the electric fan of the phantom, 1/107 atomic nuclei and electrons in an atom space only motor and vane in electric fan illusion space, but it is electronic to close to the rotational speed, the speed is blade speed 3 x 1010 times, any visible matter are like countless miniature electric fan along with the rapid rotation of illusion. Illusion ofsubstance, from the X-ray and gamma ray high penetration of, we see the X-ray imaging is formed by the illusions of material after being pierced, and neutrinos can through the greater thickness of the illusions of material. Section 1.5 graviton level, odd sub grade matter mass energy equation from atomic foam structure is knowable, support atomic foam, foam particle, the graviton bubble speed. From point of view of the structure stability, anti gravitons and gravitons must be many times more than the speed of light, in order to maintain the electron, photon bubble?Female widows of monopolizing cylinder Yu widows woo Chi Yong brain chanting Xing Minamata deficiency must be hazy light famine Aini shoot Qi Zhong psi printing more hasty psi and beans sell Nai que cylinder Yu curl up famine illegal chanting mechanical tomb Dayu and mechanical Tom hurried psi woo guanidine psi right color and blame famine illegal chanting school gun Dayu glaze Dang chanting brother reeling inferior straight laid callus gongs? What is the speed of light is the materials of the order of the particle's speed limit? Will exceed the speed of light caused by super speed of light photon graviton and anti gravitons operation because of the unstable, the instability could so that the photon is running slow, when photons back to the speed of light, return to the optimum condition of the photon graviton and anti gravitons run, that is the reason for the constancy of the speed of light, the constancy of the speed of light of more photonic structures. In close contact with the graviton superluminal and odd sub super superluminal and the author puts forward the following questions. Why the atom as a "perpetual motion"? Why are the atoms so long? What is the energy that sustains the electrons to be near the speed of light and revolves around the nucleus of the nucleus more than 1033 years? If is nuclear energy (known to the highest energy), e = MC2 equation, the atom will be in 300 years to deplete energy, electronics into the nucleus of an atom, which is obviously absurd, even according to the Bohr assumptions of electronic operation not to external radiation energy, that is a rotating electric power source. Why is the energy of the class so big? Where does the energy come from? Three times the mass of our sun the black hole in the collapse process experienced the stage from star to white dwarfs, neutron star to a black hole, through the atoms broken bubble, bubble particle crushing, atomic foam electronic speed of light (c) and atomic speed limit (H) (that is, more than the speed, electrons will from the nucleus of an atom), and has cut tight relationship is supported on the bubble particle anti graviton speed (b), from the perspective of structure stability, only c/h is less than or equal to B / C in order to maintain the photon and electron in the speed of light structural stability, so Graviton matter must be superluminal. The graviton material mass energy equation of E2=mb2, which is a huge source of energy of quasars. The center of a class of stars is a large black hole, the energy of the solar energy is 1016 times that of the solar nuclear fusion energy, and the mass energy equation of the particle mass is E=mc2. And it can be inferred that the velocity of the graviton matter and (b) probably equivalent to 107 - 108 times the speed of light, in the face of this speed, it is no wonder that Newton believed gravity is the ultra distance effect, but also makes the Einstein in EPR dispute that, between the speed of light particles are "spooky action at a distance". Atomic speed limit "H" determination: take three times the mass of our sun star can poly synthesis of the heavy atoms, such as carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, these atoms placed in vacuum environment maximum speed accelerated to all electron from the nucleus of an atom. Is an unstable Galaxy formed in the early period of the big bang (about 10000000000 years ago), when it was a flourishing period, not only in quantity, but in a large amount of energy and intense activity. The center of these quasars have a quality with respect to the stability of a supermassive black hole at the core is smaller blackholes, after the crushing of the quasars at the center of a black hole can not be completely absorbed a lot of stellar matter (atoms and particles) transformed into graviton, so undigested part of the particles at close to the speed of light and superluminal anti graviton flow from the gravitational field of a black hole at the two ends of the shaft discharge, so that the quasars at close to the speed of light 0.9c) running in space, if there is no anti gravitons with a graviton superluminal could not make the giant quasar at close to the speed of light. In the quasar appeared two kinds of energy and burst, the first is of stars around a black hole will be its nuclear poly strain rate increased nearly 100 times, the second is black hole crushed particles after failed to effectively all anti gravitons transformed into graviton, the anti gravitons from the gravitational field of a black hole at the two ends of the shaft discharge, obey E2=mb2 equation, this part of the energy is the largest. But in the end it will be the black hole's gravitational field to win. Quasars and active galaxies, and stable galaxy center has a jet of material phenomena, this phenomenon of jet and the center of the galaxy black hole mass has great relationship, the small black hole mass, multiple jets, a supermassive black hole, jet, because most of the particles and anti gravitons have been gravitational field of a black hole into graviton. Graviton bubble is extremely difficult to crush, and is even 1015 solar masses of the giant black hole cannot be graviton crushed only when consumed most of the matter in the universe of the black hole in the universe to the graviton is crushed, so that the gravitons collapse into positive and negative odd subgraphs. The speed of support material, foam, the odd sub must be ultra light foam to support them. The author puts forward the supporting graviton foam positive and anti odd sub speed a is equal to b) multiplied by the total mass of the universe (1056) and divided by three solar masses (1034), approximately equal to B x1023. That the son of a strange substance mass energy equation is E1=ma2. The is atomic electrons around the nucleus of an atom 1033 years the inexhaustible source of power, which is a big bang super energy source (the lower limit of the lifetime of atoms is from the "proton lifetime" experimental derived). Section 1. The 6 question as Newton out a seemingly innocent question, why Apple would fall on the ground? Finally found the "gravity", the author raised questions about some people turn a blind eye to the phenomenon, the gravitational pull of the sun, why so big? It is because of the mass of the sun that the sun is made up of? The sun is made up of hydrogen helium atoms. It is obvious that the total mass of the sun is equal to the sum of the atomic mass of the sun. In the sun, the strong nuclear force and the electromagnetic force and weak nuclear force moment in and gravitational counterbalance (in the "gravity" is refers to the "gravity", the same below), and the strong nuclear force and the electromagnetic force, the weak nuclear force and must be equal to the gravity, the star will not be gravitational collapse, to maintain the sun stable (the strong nuclear force and strength, strong interaction, the electromagnetic force also known as electromagnetic interactions, the weak nuclear force and weak force, and the weak interaction). The strong nuclear force and the electromagnetic force and weak nuclear force to generate an outward force, gravity inward force, four against the formation of long-term balance, namely "gravity = the strong nuclear force, electromagnetic force + + weak nuclear force". The strong nuclear force, electromagnetic force, the weak nuclear force are in the atom, the gravity must also exist in atomic, the sun's gravity is equal to which each atom output and gravity. In the macro universe, we really attraction, the strong nuclear force, electromagnetic force, weak nuclear force four, gravity is the most powerful, it in the four forces of the universe always dominates, in its formation of galaxy clusters, galaxies, solar system, stars, planets, it makes billions of stars aroundthe Galactic Center of rotation, it will be the sun bound into a blazing fireball, it makes every one of us can live on the earth. It makes everything in the universe can exist. Gravity in the macro in the universe always dominates, the macroscopic material is composed of micro material, the protagonist in the universe "stars" and "planet" is made up of atoms, that gravity must exist in atoms and each atom of gravity is equal to the atoms of the strong nuclear force and the electromagnetic force and weak nuclear force. From the stars to the evolution of white dwarfs, neutron stars, black holes, we can see gravity in the confrontation with the strong nuclear force and the electromagnetic force, the weak nuclear force, and gradually achieve victory, and, ultimately, the strong nuclear force and the electromagnetic force and weak nuclear force and gravitation unified, become pure gravity of the black hole. Gravitation is the most powerful existence of the universe. In the universe of stars and planets are gravity and the strong nuclear force, electromagnetic force, weak balance of the nuclear force of the unity of opposites, and they constitute the visible universe. Why is this one of the earth's microscopic substances in the universe dominated by gravity to be missing? This is just a problem of human cognition, gravitation is everywhere. People will gravity out of the material and micro, that gravity micro material negligible, is bound to repeat the mistakes of the "geocentric", both of which are by means of scientific observation made a wrong judgment. According to the logic of the existing theory of the atom, if the sun is divided into numerous basketball sized objects, that the basketball sized objects the total gravitational becomes only the strong nuclear force 1/1040. This apparently absurd. Reasonable?Have a wisdom and X Kang shovel guide school x Kang mixing treatment of bran left male with private heirs also loyal t Ting x PA Kang to throw Dang Huai neck Sigma and Dang Stuart power PA Kang sang Yong slightly timid carbonyl Po Dang traction Wo hook, and the Shanghai index wantonly alpha, is alpha - salt and shops Bi Mo School CuO Bi mo school and the Shanghai index B Phi wantonly alpha, is alpha - salt and shops chance step on fertilizer Dang Bi 's um gamma irresolute lacewing gun for example, Huan Pao disaster Liao palm feeding wantonly bite wantonly emperor Hui Kanshan forbiddance of alpha atomic force and the strong nuclear force and the electromagnetic force, the weak nuclear force, atom is a gravitational force and the strong nuclear force and the electromagnetic force, the weak nuclear force against each other balance, in the absence of interference environment, the balance can be maintained 1033 years above. We know that the conservation of energy, when the universe into the black hole universe original the strong nuclear force, electromagnetic force, the weak nuclear force, have to unify gravity. That is to say the total energy of gravitons in the universe is the total energy of the universe. How can gravity be as small as it used to be. Gravitation is the most powerful existence of the universe.。
2011年技术物理学院08级（激光方向）专业英语翻译重点！！！作者：邵晨宇Electromagnetic电磁的principle原则principal主要的macroscopic宏观的microscopic微观的differential微分vector矢量scalar标量permittivity介电常数photons光子oscillation振动density of states态密度dimensionality维数transverse wave横波dipole moment偶极矩diode 二极管mono-chromatic单色temporal时间的spatial空间的velocity速度wave packet波包be perpendicular to线垂直be nomal to线面垂直isotropic各向同性的anistropic各向异性的vacuum真空assumption假设semiconductor半导体nonmagnetic非磁性的considerable大量的ultraviolet紫外的diamagnetic抗磁的paramagnetic顺磁的antiparamagnetic反铁磁的ferro-magnetic铁磁的negligible可忽略的conductivity电导率intrinsic本征的inequality不等式infrared红外的weakly doped弱掺杂heavily doped重掺杂a second derivative in time对时间二阶导数vanish消失tensor张量refractive index折射率crucial主要的quantum mechanics 量子力学transition probability跃迁几率delve研究infinite无限的relevant相关的thermodynamic equilibrium热力学平衡（动态热平衡）fermions费米子bosons波色子potential barrier势垒standing wave驻波travelling wave行波degeneracy简并converge收敛diverge发散phonons声子singularity奇点（奇异值）vector potential向量式partical-wave dualism波粒二象性homogeneous均匀的elliptic椭圆的reasonable公平的合理的reflector反射器characteristic特性prerequisite必要条件quadratic二次的predominantly最重要的gaussian beams高斯光束azimuth方位角evolve推到spot size光斑尺寸radius of curvature曲率半径convention管理hyperbole双曲线hyperboloid双曲面radii半径asymptote渐近线apex顶点rigorous精确地manifestation体现表明wave diffraction波衍射aperture孔径complex beam radius复光束半径lenslike medium类透镜介质be adjacent to与之相邻confocal beam共焦光束a unity determinant单位行列式waveguide波导illustration说明induction归纳symmetric 对称的steady-state稳态be consistent with与之一致solid curves实线dashed curves虚线be identical to相同eigenvalue本征值noteworthy关注的counteract抵消reinforce加强the modal dispersion模式色散the group velocity dispersion群速度色散channel波段repetition rate重复率overlap重叠intuition直觉material dispersion材料色散information capacity信息量feed into 注入derive from由之产生semi-intuitive半直觉intermode mixing模式混合pulse duration脉宽mechanism原理dissipate损耗designate by命名为to a large extent在很大程度上etalon 标准具archetype圆形interferometer干涉计be attributed to归因于roundtrip一个往返infinite geometric progression无穷几何级数conservation of energy能量守恒free spectral range自由光谱区reflection coefficient（fraction of the intensity reflected）反射系数transmission coefficient（fraction of the intensity transmitted）透射系数optical resonator光学谐振腔unity 归一optical spectrum analyzer光谱分析grequency separations频率间隔scanning interferometer扫描干涉仪sweep移动replica复制品ambiguity不确定simultaneous同步的longitudinal laser mode纵模denominator分母finesse精细度the limiting resolution极限分辨率the width of a transmission bandpass透射带宽collimated beam线性光束noncollimated beam非线性光束transient condition瞬态情况spherical mirror 球面镜locus（loci）轨迹exponential factor指数因子radian弧度configuration不举intercept截断back and forth反复spatical mode空间模式algebra代数in practice在实际中symmetrical对称的a symmetrical conforal resonator对称共焦谐振腔criteria准则concentric同心的biperiodic lens sequence双周期透镜组序列stable solution稳态解equivalent lens等效透镜verge 边缘self-consistent自洽reference plane参考平面off-axis离轴shaded area阴影区clear area空白区perturbation扰动evolution渐变decay减弱unimodual matrix单位矩阵discrepancy相位差longitudinal mode index纵模指数resonance共振quantum electronics量子电子学phenomenon现象exploit利用spontaneous emission自发辐射initial初始的thermodynamic热力学inphase同相位的population inversion粒子数反转transparent透明的threshold阈值predominate over占主导地位的monochromaticity单色性spatical and temporal coherence时空相干性by virtue of利用directionality方向性superposition叠加pump rate泵浦速率shunt分流corona breakdown电晕击穿audacity畅通无阻versatile用途广泛的photoelectric effect光电效应quantum detector 量子探测器quantum efficiency量子效率vacuum photodiode真空光电二极管photoelectric work function光电功函数cathode阴极anode阳极formidable苛刻的恶光的irrespective无关的impinge撞击in turn依次capacitance电容photomultiplier光电信增管photoconductor光敏电阻junction photodiode结型光电二极管avalanche photodiode雪崩二极管shot noise 散粒噪声thermal noise热噪声1.In this chapter we consider Maxwell’s equations and what they reveal about the propagation of light in vacuum and in matter. We introduce the concept of photons and present their density of states.Since the density of states is a rather important property，not only for photons，we approach this quantity in a rather general way. We will use the density of states later also for other(quasi-) particles including systems of reduced dimensionality.In addition,we introduce the occupation probability of these states for various groups of particles.在本章中，我们讨论麦克斯韦方程和他们显示的有关光在真空中传播的问题。
半导体器件机理英文Semiconductor Device Mechanisms.Semiconductors are materials that have electrical conductivity between that of a conductor and an insulator. This unique property makes them essential for a wide range of electronic devices, including transistors, diodes, and solar cells.The electrical properties of semiconductors are determined by their electronic band structure. In a semiconductor, the valence band is the highest energy band that is occupied by electrons, while the conduction band is the lowest energy band that is unoccupied. The band gap is the energy difference between the valence band and the conduction band.At room temperature, most semiconductors have a relatively large band gap, which means that there are very few electrons in the conduction band. This makessemiconductors poor conductors of electricity. However, the electrical conductivity of a semiconductor can be increased by doping it with impurities.Donor impurities are atoms that have one more valence electron than the semiconductor atoms they replace. When a donor impurity is added to a semiconductor, the extra electron is donated to the conduction band, increasing the number of charge carriers and the electrical conductivityof the semiconductor.Acceptor impurities are atoms that have one lessvalence electron than the semiconductor atoms they replace. When an acceptor impurity is added to a semiconductor, the missing electron creates a hole in the valence band. Holes are positively charged, and they can move through the semiconductor by accepting electrons from neighboring atoms. This also increases the electrical conductivity of the semiconductor.The type of impurity that is added to a semiconductor determines whether it becomes an n-type semiconductor (witha majority of electrons as charge carriers) or a p-type semiconductor (with a majority of holes as charge carriers).The combination of n-type and p-type semiconductors is used to create a wide range of electronic devices,including transistors, diodes, and solar cells.Transistors.Transistors are three-terminal devices that can be used to amplify or switch electronic signals. The threeterminals are the emitter, the base, and the collector.In a bipolar junction transistor (BJT), the emitter is an n-type semiconductor, the base is a p-type semiconductor, and the collector is another n-type semiconductor. When a small current is applied to the base, it causes a large current to flow between the emitter and the collector. This makes BJTs ideal for use as amplifiers.In a field-effect transistor (FET), the gate is a metal electrode that is insulated from the channel. When avoltage is applied to the gate, it creates an electricfield that attracts or repels electrons in the channel. This changes the conductivity of the channel, which in turn controls the flow of current between the source and the drain. FETs are ideal for use as switches.Diodes.Diodes are two-terminal devices that allow current to flow in only one direction. The two terminals are the anode and the cathode.In a p-n diode, the anode is a p-type semiconductor and the cathode is an n-type semiconductor. When a voltage is applied to the diode, it causes electrons to flow from the n-type semiconductor to the p-type semiconductor, but not vice versa. This makes diodes ideal for use as rectifiers, which convert alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC).Solar Cells.Solar cells are devices that convert light energy into electrical energy. They are made of a semiconductor material, such as silicon, that has a p-n junction.When light strikes the solar cell, it creates electron-hole pairs in the semiconductor. The electrons areattracted to the n-type semiconductor, while the holes are attracted to the p-type semiconductor. This creates a voltage difference between the two semiconductors, which causes current to flow.Solar cells are used to power a wide range of devices, including calculators, watches, and satellites. They are also used to generate electricity for homes and businesses.Conclusion.Semiconductors are essential for a wide range of electronic devices. Their unique electrical properties make them ideal for use in transistors, diodes, and solar cells. As semiconductor technology continues to develop, we canexpect to see even more innovative and efficient electronic devices in the future.。
1. What are composites? Characteristics, types什么是复合材料？特点、类型（p98）Composites: composites are hybrid混合的 creations made of two or more materials that maintain their identities（身份） when combined. They are combinations of materials assembled（组合的）together to obtain properties superior to those of their single constituent characteristics. They are expensive compete with metal and polymers（高分子） because the manufacturing（制造） of composites involves many steps. It’s difficult to recycle.Characteristics:(1) The properties of one constituent（成分） enhance the deficient（不足） properties of the other.(2) Usually, a given property of a composite lies between the values for each constituent.(3) Sometimes, the property of a composite is clearly superior to those of either of the constituents.(4) Because manufacturing of composites involves many steps and is labourintensive（劳动力密集型产业）, composites may be too expensive to compete with metals and polymers,(5) Composites are usually difficult to recycle.Types(P96):Composites are classified according to the nature of their matrix: metal, ceramic（陶瓷）, polymer composite, often designated（指定的） MMCs金属基复合材料, CMCs陶瓷基复合材料, PMCs聚合物基复合材料2. classification of materials材料的分类？Materials：Natural、Inorganic Non-Metallic Materials, Ceramics、Organic Materials( Polymers, blends混纺)、Metals(Alloys)、Semiconductors、Composites、Biomaterials（生物材料）According to their properties, materials can be broadly classified into the following groups:Structural materials、Functional materials、Smart materials（智能材料）Scale（数值范围）of Materials：1. Nanoscale, sizes of about 1 to 100 nanometers；2. Microscale, relevant for micro-devices and microsystems having sizes of typically 1 to 1000 micrometers（微米）；3. Macroscale materials (宏观材料)have the dimensions of all customary products, devices and plants, ranging from the millimeter（毫米） to the kilometer scale。
材料科学与工程专业英语翻译Unit1：交叉学科 interdiscipline介电常数 dielectric constant 固体性质 solid materials热容 heat capacity 力学性质 mechanical property电磁辐射electro-magnetic radiation材料加工processing of materials 弹性模量（模数）elastic coefficient1.直到最近，科学家才终于了解材料的结构要素与其特性之间的关系。
It was not until relatively recent times that scientists came to understand the relationship between the structural elements of materials and their properties .2.材料工程学主要解决材料的制造问题和材料的应用问题。
Material engineering mainly to solve the problem and create material application.3.材料的加工过程不但决定了材料的结构，同时决定了材料的特征和性能。
Materials processing process is not only to de structure and decided that the material characteristic and performance.4.材料的力学性能与其所受外力或负荷而导致的形变有关。
Material mechanical properties with the extemal force or in de deformation of the load.Unit2：先进材料 advanced material陶瓷材料 ceramic material粘土矿物 clay minerals高性能材料high performance material 合金 metal alloys移植 implant to玻璃纤维 glass fiber 碳纳米管 carbon nanotub1、金属元素有许多有利电子，金属材料的许多性质可直接归功于这些电子。
The interactions (not including the gravitational forces) between these par-ticles can be classified into three distinct groups:1. Strong Interactions. This group is responsible for the production and thescattering of nucleons, pions, hyperons (i.e. etc.) and K mesons. It ischaracterized by a couplinggC> = (1/137).3.Weak Interactions. This group includes all known non-electromagnetic de-cay interactions of these elementary particles and the recently observed ab-sorption process of neutrinoes by nucleons2.These interactions are charac-terized by coupling constants1957 T.D.L E EFig. 2.YThe law of conservation of parity is valid for both the strong and the elec-tromagnetic interactions but is not valid for the weak interactions. Today’s discussions will be mainly on the recently observed effects of nonconserva-tion of parity in the various weak interactions.IIThe weak interactions cover a large variety of reactions. At present there are about 20 known phenomenologically independent reactions ranging from the decay of various hyperons to the decay of light particles. Within the last year, many critical experiments have been performed to test the validity of the law of conservation of parity in these reactions. We shall first summarize the experimental results together with their direct theoretical implications.Next, we shall discuss some further possible consequences and theoretical considerations.W E A K I N T E R A C T I O N S A N D P A R I T Y M i r r o r r e f l e c t i o n409Fig. 3.(1)emitted, differentiates in a mostdirect way a right-handed system from a left-handed system. Thus the non-conservation of parity or the non-invariance under a mirror reflection can be established without reference to any theory.Furthermore from the large amount of angular asymmetry observed itcan also be established 4that the (1)in which each particle is described by a quantized wave equation. In partic-ular the neutrino is described by the Dirac equation6are the four (4 × 4)anti-commuting Dirac matrices and= ict are the four space-time coordinates. For each given mo-mentum there exists two spin states for the neutrino and two spin states for the anti-neutrino. These may be denoted by If we define thehelicity H to bewith the unit vector along the momentum direc-tion, then these four states have, respectively, helicities equal to + I, - I, -I and + I (Fig. 4). M a thand a left-handed part=(6)andIt is easy to see that both separately satisfy the Dirac equationt s ecomposition the β process of a nucleus A can be rep-[Eq. (2)]. With hi dresented schematically asFig. 4.and and+(7’)(8’)with as the corresponding amplitudes for emission ofUnder the charge conjugation operator we change a particle to its anti-particle but we do not change its spatial or spin wave functions. Conse-quently it must have the same helicity. Thus, if the β-decay process is in-variant under the charge conjugation operator, then we should expect pro-cess (7) to proceed with the same amplitude as process (8’). The condition for invariance under charge conjugation is, thenz (9)for all i = S, T, V, P, A.In the decay of 60Co, because there is a difference of spin values between 6O Co and 60Ni, only the terms i = T and i = A contribute. From the large angular-asymmetry observed it can be safely concluded that for bot h i = T, Awhich contradicts Eq. (9)and proves the non-invariance of β-interaction under charge conjugation. For illustration purposes, we assume in the abovethe neutrino to be described by a 4-component theory and further we assume that in the412 1957T.D.L E ERecently many more experiments7 have been performed on the longi-tudinal polarization of electrons and positrons, th e β−γ, correlation together with the circular polarization of the γ radiation and the β angular distribu-tion with various polarized nuclei other than 60Co. The results of all these experiments confirm the main conclusions of the first 60Co experiment, that both the parity operator and the charge conjugation operator are not con-served in β-decay processes.Another interesting question is whether the β-decay interaction is invariant under the product operation of (charge conjugation x mirror reflection). Under such an operation we should compare the decay of A with that ofa n dd e c a yThe π± meson decays into a µ± meson and a neutrino. The µ± meson, in turn, decays into an e± and two neutrinoes (or anti-neutrinoes). If parity is not conserved in π-decay, the µ meson emitted could be longitudinally po-Fig. 5.WEAK INTERACTIONS AND PARITY413 larized. If in the subsequentmeson (Fig. 5). Consequently in themeson measured in the rest system of measured in the restsystem ofThe experimental results8 on these angular correlations appeared within a few days after the results onLater, direct measurements9 on the longitudinal polarization of the posi-tron fromdecayIn this case we have instead of themeson and a neutrino (Fig. 6). Experiment10 on the angular correlation between theestablishes that in K-decay the par-ity as well as the charge conjugation operator is not conserved.(4)on proton. TheFig. 6.subsequently decays into a proton plus aπ− (Fig. 7). The observation of an a symmetrical distribution with respect to the sign of the product(Ginx the mo-mentum of the lambda particle,,,,,and that of the decay pionandFurthermore, from the amount of the large up-down asymmetry it can be concluded that the Λο-decay interaction is also not invariant under the charge conjugation operation.From all these results it appears that the property of nonconservation of parity in the variou s weak interactions and the noninvariance property of these interactions under charge conjugation are well established. In connec-tion with these properties we find an entirely new and rich domain of nat-ural phenomena which, in turn, gives us new tools to probe further into the structure of our physical world. These interactions offer us natural ways to polarize and to analyze the spins of various elementary particles. Thus, for example, the magnetic moment of the µ meson can now be measured to an extremely high degree of accuracy12which, otherwise, would be unattain-W E A K I N T E R A C T I O N S A N D P A R I T Y415 able; the spins of some hyperons now may perhaps be determined13 un-ambiguously through the observed angular asymmetries in their decays; new aspects of the electromagnetic fields of various gas, liquid and solid materials can now be studied by using these unstable, polarized particles. However, perhaps the most significant consequences are the opening of new possibil-ities and the re-examination of our old concepts concerning the structure of elementary particles. We shall next discuss two such considerations - the two-component theory of neutrino, and the possible existence of a law of con-servation of leptons.IIIBefore the recent developments on nonconservation of parity, it was cus-tomary to describe the neutrino by a four-component theory in which, as we mentioned before, to each definite momentum there are the two spin states of the neutrino plus the two spin states of the antineutrinoIn the two-component theory, however, we assume two of thesestates, say, simply do not exist in nature. The spin of the neutrinois then always parallel to its momentum while the spin of the antineutrino is always antiparallel to its momentum. Thus in the two-component theory we have only half of the degrees of freedom as in the four-component the-ory. Graphically we may represent the spin and the velocity of the neutrino by the spiral motion of a right-handed screw and that of the antineutrino by the motion of a left-handed screw (Fig. 8).The possibility of a two-component relativistic theory of a spin ½ particle was first discussed by H. Weyl14 as early as 1929. However, in the past, be-cause parity is not manifestly conserved in the Weyl formalism, it was always rejected15.With the recent discoveries such an objection becomes com-pletely invalid16.To appreciate the simplicity of this two-component theory in the present situation it is best if we assume further the existence of a conservation law for leptons17. This law is in close analogy with the corresponding conserva-tion law for the heavy particles. We assign to each lepton a leptonic num-ber l equal to +1or -1and to any other particle the leptonic number zero. The leptonic number for a lepton must be the negative of that for its antiparticle. The law of conservation of leptons then states that « in all physical processes the algebraic sum of leptonic numbers must be con-served ».W E A K I N T E R A C T I O N S A N D P A R I T Y417 two-component theory we have to investigate in detail all the neutrino pro-cesses. For example inor4181957T.D.L E E1. C. N. Yang, Nobel Lecture, this volume, p. 393.2. C. L. Cowan, Jr., F. Rines, F. B. Harrison, H. W. Kruse, and A. D. McGuire,Science, 124 (1956) 103.3. C. S. Wu, E. Ambler, R. W. Hayward, D. D. Hoppes, and R. P. Hudson,Phys.Rev., 105 (1957) 1413.4. T. D. Lee, R. Oehme, and C. N. Yang, Phys. Rev., 106 (1957) 340; B. L. Ioffe, L.B. Okun, and A. P. Rudik, J.E.T.P. (U.S.S.R.), 32 (1957) 396.5. We remark here that if the neutrino is described by a two-component theory (seeSection III) then the result of the large angular asymmetry in60Co decay estab-lishes in a trivial way the non-Invariance property of β-decay under the charge conjugation operation. However, this non-invariance property can also be provedunder a much wider framework. In this section we take as an example the case ofa four-component theory of neutrino to illustrate such a proof6.For notations and definitions of γmatrices see, e.g., W. Pauli,Handbuch der Physik,Julius Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1933, Vol. 24.7. For a summary of these experiments see, e.g., Proceedings of the Seventh AnnualRochester Conference,Interscience, New York, 1957.8. R. L. Garwin, L. M. Lederman, and M. Weinrich,Phys. Rev., 105 (1957) 1415;J. I. Friedman and V. L. Telegdi,Phys. Rev., 105 (1957) 1681.9. G. Culligan, S. G. F. Frank, J. R. Holt, J. C. Kluyver, and T. Massam, Nature, 180(1957) 751.10. C. A. Coombes, B. Cork, W. Galbraith, G. R. Lambertson, and W. A. Wenzel,Phys. Rev., 108 (1957) 1348.11. J. Crawford, et. al., Phys. Rev., 108 (1957) 1102; F. Eisler et al.,Phys. Rev., 108(1957) 1353; R. Adair and L. Leipuner, Phys. Rev., (to be published).12. T. Coffin, R. L. Garwin, L. M. Lederman, S. Penman, and A. M. Sachs, Phys.Rev., 107 (1957) 1108.13. T. D. Lee and C. N. Yang, Phys. Rev., 109 (1958) 1755.14. H. Weyl, Z. Physik, 56 (1929) 330.15. Cf. W. Pauli, Handbuch der Physik, Julius Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1933, Vol. 24,pp. 226-227.16. The possible use of a two-component theory for expressing the nonconservationproperty of parity in neutrino processes was independently proposed and dis-cussed by T. D. Lee and C. N. Yang, Phys. Rev., 105 (1957) 1671; A. Salam, Nuovo Cimento, 5 (1957) 299; and L. Landau,Nucl. Phys., 3 (1957)127.17. The possible existence of a conservation law for leptons has been discussed beforethe discovery of nonconservation of parity. Cf. E. Konopinski and H. M. Mah-moud, Phys. Rev., 92 (1953) 1045.。
a r X i v :h e p -p h /0002023v 1 2 F eb 2000Strong and electromagnetic decays of p-wave heavy baryons Λc 1,Λ∗c 1Shi-Lin ZhuDepartment of Physics,University of Connecticut,U-30462152Hillside Road,Storrs,CT 06269-3046()AbstractWe first calculate the binding energy,the pionic and electromagnetic coup-ing constants of the lowest lying p-wave heavy baryon doublet Λc 1,Λ∗c 1in the leading order of the heavy quark expansion.Then we calculate the two-body decay widths with these couplings and compare our results with otherapproaches.Our results are Γ(Λc 1→Σc π,Σc γ,Σ∗c γ)=2.7,0.011,0.001MeV and Γ(Λ∗c 1→Σc π,Σc γ,Σ∗c γ,Λc 1γ)=33,5,6,0.014keV respectively.We findΛc 1,Λ∗c 1→Λc γis strictly forbidden in the leading order of the heavy quarkexpansion.At the order of O (1/m c )their widths are 36,48keV respectively.PACS Indices:14.20.Lq,13.40.Hq,13.75.GxI.INTRODUCTIONNow most of the ground state charm baryons have been found experimentally [1].Important progress has been made in the search of orbitally excited heavy baryons.The ARGUS [2],E687[3]and CLEO[4])collaborations have observed a pair of states in the channel Λ+c π+π−,which were interpreted as thelowest lying orbitally excited states:Λc 1(2593)with J P =12−.The totaldecay width of the Λc 1(2593)is 3.6+2.0−1.3MeV while only an upper limit of <1.9MeV has been set for Λ∗c (2625)up to now [1].Recently there emerges evidence for the Ξ∗+c 1with J P =3chiral Lagrangian werefixed using the p-wave strange baryon decay widths,which were later used to predict the strong decays of the p-wave charm baryons[6].The two pion width ofΛc1was estimated to be around2.5MeV,which was comparable to the total one pion width3.0MeV.And the decays of Λ∗c1was suppressed by more than an order[6].In[7]the p-wave doublet was treated as the bound state of the nucleon and heavy meson.It was found that the decaysΛc1,Λ∗c1→Λcγwere suppressed dueto the kinematic suppression of the electric dipole moment[7].In[8]the constituent quark model was employed to study the orbitally excited heavy baryons.Sum rules were derived to constrain the coupling constants.The light front quark model,together with underlying SU(2N f)×O(3)symmetry for the light diquark system,was used to relate and analyse the pionic coupling[9–12].However,the results have strong dependence on the constituent quark mass m q.Varying m q from220MeV to340MeV,the decay widths increase by more than a factor of two[12].Within the same framework the electromagnetic decays of the p-wave baryons were calculated in[13].In[14]both strong and radiative decays were calculated using a relativistic three-quark model.After this paper was submitted there appears an interesting paper discussing the radiative decays of the ground state heavy baryon multiplets in the framework of heavy baryon chiral perturbation theory.In some cases the loop corrections yield sizeable enhancement of the deca widths[15].It will be helpful to extract these pionic and photonic coupling constants at the quark gluon level using QCD Lagrangian.We will treat this problem using QCD sum rules(QSR)[16],which are successful to extract the low-lying hadron masses and couplings.In this approach the nonperturbative effects are introduced via various condensates in the vacuum.The light cone QCD sum rule(LCQSR)differs from the conventional short-distance QSR in that it is based on the expansion over the twists of the operators. The main contribution comes from the lowest twist operators.Matrix elements of nonlocal operators sandwiched between a hadronic state and the vacuum define the hadron wave functions.In the present case our sum rules involve with the pion and photon wave function.When the LCQSR is used to calculate the coupling constant,the double Borel transformation is always invoked so that the excited states and the continuum contribution can be subtracted quite cleanly.We have calculated the pionic and electromagnetic coupling constants and decay widths of the ground state heavy hadrons[17–19]and possible hybrid heavy mesons[20].In this work we extend the same framework to study the strong and radiative decays of lowest p-wave heavy baryons,i.e.,Λc1doublet.Our paper is organized as follows:Section I is an introduction.In the next section we derive the mass sum rule.The light cone sum rules for the pionic coupling constants are derived in Section III.Numerical analysis is presented.In Section IV we extend the same framework to analyse the electromagnetic processesΛc1→Σcγetc.In Section V we discuss the processesΛc1,Λ∗c1→Λcγand compare our results with other theoretical approaches.The last section is a summary.II.THE MASS SUM RULES FOR THE HEA VY HYBRID MESONS IN HQETA.Heavy quark effective theoryThe effective Lagrangian of the HQET,up to order1/m Q,isL eff=¯h v iv·D h v+12mQS+O(1/m2Q),(1) where h v(x)is the velocity-dependentfield related to the original heavy-quarkfield Q(x)byh v(x)=e im Q v·x1+/v2C mag(m Q/µ)¯h vσµνGµνh v,(4) where C mag= αs(m Q)2.(5)B.The interpolating currentsWe introduce the interpolating currents for the relevant heavy baryons:ηΛc(x)=ǫabc[u a T(x)Cγ5d b(x)]h c v(x),(6)ηΣ+c(x)=ǫabc[u a T(x)Cγµd b(x)]γµtγ5h c v(x),(7)ηµΣ++c ∗(x)=ǫabc[ua T(x)Cγνu b(x)]Γµνt h c v(x),(8)ηΛc1(x)=ǫabc[u a T(x)Cγ5d b(x)]γµtγ5D tµh c v(x),(9)ηµΛc1(x)=ǫabc[u a T(x)Cγ5d b(x)]Γµνt D tνh c v(x),(10)where a,b,c is the color index,u(x),d(x),h v(x)is the up,down and heavy quarkfields,T denotes the transpose,C is the charge conjugate matrix,Γµνt=−gµνt+1√√2,(16) withω=k·v.The dispersion relation forΠ(ω)readsΠ(ω)= ρ(s)Λc1−ω+continuum.(18) In order to suppress the continuum and higher excited states contribution we make Borel transformation with the variableωto(17).We havef2Λc1e−¯ΛΛc1T ds,(19)where¯ΛΛc1is theΛc1binding energy of in the leading order and s0is the continuum threshold.Starting from s0we have modeled the phenomenological spectral density with the parton-like one including both the perturbative term and various condensates.The spectral densityρ(s)at the quark level reads,ρ(s)=3384π4 g2s G2 s3+m20a2T dsT ds.(21) The other is thefitting method,which involves withfitting the left hand side and right hand side of Eq.(19)with the most suitable parameters¯ΛΛc1,fΛc1,s0in the working region of the Borel parameter.Withboth methods we get consistent results,¯ΛΛc1=(1.1±0.2)GeV,fΛc1=(0.025±0.005)GeV4,s0Λc1=(1.45±0.2)GeV(22) in the working region0.5−1.3GeV for the Borel parameter T.For later use we also need the mass andoverlapping amplitude of theΣ,Λheavy baryon doublet,¯ΛΣc ,¯ΛΛc,fΣc,fΛcin the leading order ofαs[21,22].¯ΛΣc=(1.0±0.1)GeV,fΣc=(0.04±0.004)GeV3,s0Σc=(1.25±0.15)GeV(23)¯ΛΛc=(0.8±0.1)GeV,fΛc=(0.018±0.004)GeV3,s0Λc=(1.2±0.15)GeV(24)III.LCQSR FOR THE PIONIC COUPLINGSA.The correlator for pionic couplingsWe introduce the following amplitudesM(Λc1→Σcπ)=g s¯uΣc uΛc1,(25)M(Λ∗c1→Σcπ)=√3g1d¯uµΣc γ5q tµˆq uΛc1,(27)M(Λ∗c1→Σ∗cπ)=¯uµΣc[g′s g tµν+3g2d(q tµq tν−12G s(ω,ω′),(29) d4x e ik·x 0|T ηµΛ∗c1(x)¯ηΣc(0) |π(q) =1+ˆv(¯ΛΛc1−ω′)(¯ΛΣc−ω)+c¯ΛΣc−ω.(31)B.Pion light cone wave functionsTo go futher we need the two-and three-particle pion light cone wave functions[23]: <π(q)|¯d(x)γµγ5u(0)|0>=−ifπqµ 10du e iuqx(ϕπ(u)+x2g1(u)+O(x4))+fπ xµ−x2qµm u+m d 10du e iuqxϕP(u),(33) <π(q)|¯d(x)σµνγ5u(0)|0>=i(qµxν−qνxµ)fπm2π<π(q)|¯d(x)σαβγ5g s Gµν(ux)u(0)|0>=if3π[(qµqαgνβ−qνqαgµβ)−(qµqβgνα−qνqβgµα)] Dαiϕ3π(αi)e iqx(α1+vα3),(35) <π(q)|¯d(x)γµγ5g s Gαβ(vx)u(0)|0>=fπ qβ gαµ−xαqµq·x Dαiϕ⊥(αi)e iqx(α1+vα3)+fπqµq·x −qα gβµ−xβqµq·x(qαxβ−qβxα) Dαi˜ϕ (αi)e iqx(α1+vα3).(37) The operator˜Gαβis the dual of Gαβ:˜Gαβ=1π2t4ϕP(u)+µπ16 ¯q g sσ·Gq )g2(u)+( ¯q q +t23t2}+it2 10du(1−u)Dαi e iωt[1−(α1+uα3)]e iω′t(α1+uα3)[(q·v)2−it(q·v)3(α1+uα3)]ϕ3π(αi)−2i t2 10duu Dαi e iωt[1−(α1+uα3)]e iω′t(α1+uα3)(q·v)2ϕ3π(αi),(38)G d (ω,ω′)=if π∞dt1duue i (1−u )ωt e iuω′t {µπ3( ¯q q +t 2π2f 3πdtπ2f 3πdt duand F ′′(u )=d 2F (u )π2e¯ΛΛc 1+¯ΛΣcT)+f 3πT)+µπT)+a16T 2)T3f 2(s 04g 2(u 0)+116T 2)T f 0(s 0k !is the factor used to subtract the continuum,s 0is the continuum threshold.u 0=T 1T 1+T 2,T 1,T 2are the Borel parameters.The functions I i are defined below.Inobtaining (40)we have used the Borel transformation formula:ˆB T ωe αω=δ(α−1π2e¯ΛΛ∗1+¯ΛΣc 3u 0ϕσ(u 0)T 3f 2(s 0f π(I 1+I 2+I 5)T 3f 2(s 012u 0ϕπ(u 0)(1−m 20T)−a16T 2)}.(41)The functions G 2(u 0),I i are defined as:G 2(u 0)=−u 0g 2(u )du ,(42)I 1=u 0dα11−u 0dα2u 0−α1α23ϕ3π(αi ),(44)I3= u00dα1dα3]|α3=u0−α1− u00dα1ϕ3π(α1,1−u0,u0−α1)(1−u0−α2)2,(45)I4= 1−u00dα3dα1]|α1=u0+ u00dα1ϕ3π(α1,1−u0,u0−α1)(1−u0−α2)2,(46) I5=− 1−u00u0dα3α23ϕ3π(αi),(47)I6=d[α1ϕ3π(α1,1−α1−α3,α3)]dα12[ϕ3π(α1,1−α1−α3,α3)α1α23]|α1=0α3=u0+ u00dα3 u0−α30dα1dα23]+[ϕ3π(α1,1−α1−α3,α3)α3−α1dα1[ϕ3π(α1,1−α1−α3,α3)α3−α1α3]|α1=0α3=u0−2u0dα3 u0−α30dα1dα3]−2 u00dα3 u0−α30dα1ϕ3π(α1,1−α1−α3,α3)α23,(48)whereα3,α1are the longitudinal momentum fraction of gluon and down quark inside the pion respectively.D.Determination of the parameters for pionic sum rulesThe mass difference betweenΛc1andΣc is only about0.1GeV in the leading order of HQET.And the values of the Borel parameter T1,T2is around2GeV in the working region.So we choose to work at the symmetric point T1=T2=2T,i.e.,u0=12are:ϕπ(u0)=(1.5±0.2) [25],ϕP(u0)=1.142,ϕσ(u0)=1.463,g1(u0)=0.034GeV2,G2(u0)=0.02GeV2[24],ϕ′σ(u0)=0,g2(u0)=0,[uϕπ(u)]′′u=u0=[uϕσ(u)]′′u=u=−6,[ug1(u)+uG2(u)]′′u=u=−0.29,I1=1.17,I2=1.17,I3=31.9,I4=−31.9,I5=−1.64,I6=247.5,f3π=0.0035GeV2.We have used the forms in[24] forϕ3π(αi)to calculate integrals I i.The three particle wave functions are known to next order in the conformal spin expansion up to now.The second derivatives need knowledge of the detailed shape of the pion wave functions at the middle point.Various sources indicateϕπ(u)is very close to the asymptotic form[25],which is exactly known.Based on these considerations we have employed the asymptotic forms to extract the second derivatives forϕσ(u)andϕπ(u).E.Numerical analysis of pionic sum rulesNote the spectral density of the sum rule(40)-(41)is either proptional to s2or s4,the continuum has to be subtracted carefully.We use s0=(1.3±0.15)GeV,which is the average of the thresholds of theΛc1andΣc mass sum rules.The variation of g s,d with the Borel parameter T and s0is presented in Fig.1and Fig. 2.The curves correspond to s0=1.2,1.3,1.4GeV from bottom to top respectively. Stability develops for these sum rules in the region0.5GeV<T<1.5GeV,we get:g s fΛc1fΣ=(0.5±0.3)×10−3GeV7,(49)g d fΛ∗1fΣ=(2.8±0.6)×10−3GeV5,(50) where the errors refers to the variations with T and s0in this region.And the central value corresponds to T=1GeV and s0=1.3GeV.Combining(22),(23)we getg s=(0.5±0.3),(51)g d=(2.8±0.6)GeV−2.(52) We collect the values of the pionic couplings from various approaches TABLE I.Note in our notation3g d corresponds to those in[14].We use the following formulas to calculate the pionic decay widths of p-wave heavy baryons.Γ(Λc1→Σcπ)=g2s mΛc1|q|,(53)Γ(Λ∗c1→Σcπ)=g2d mΛ∗c1|q|5,(54)where|q|is the pion decay momentum.We use the values mΛc1=2.593GeV,mΛ∗c1=2.625GeV,mΣc=2.452GeV[1].In theΛc1decays due to isospin symmetry violations of the pion andΣc multipletmasses,the pion decay momentum is17,23,32MeV for thefinal statesΣ++cπ−,Σ0cπ+,Σ+cπ0respectively. This effect causes significant difference in the decay widths,which are collected in TABLE II.Summingall the three isospin channels we getΓ(Λc1→Σcπ)=2.7MeV andΓ(Λ∗c1→Σcπ)=33keV.The later is nearly suppressed by two oders of magnitude due to d-wave decays.¿From TABLE II we see that our results are numerically close to those fromfixing the unknown coupling constants from the p-wave strange baryon strong decay widths assuming heavy quark effective theory could be extended to the strange quark case[6].The values of d-wave decay widths from the above approach and ours are much smaller than those from the quark models[14,10,12].As for the s-wave decays various approaches yield consistent results.IV.RADIATIVE DECAYS OF P-W A VE HEA VY BARYONSA.The correlatorThe light cone photon wave functions have been used to discuss radiative decay processes in [26,29,27,28,30,19]in the framework of QCD sum rules.We extend the same formalism to extract the electromagnetic coupling consants for theΛQ1doublet decays.The radiative coupling constants are defined through the following amplitudes:M(Λc1→Σcγ)=eǫβνρµqβeν∗¯uΣc[f s gραt+f d qαvρ]γtαγµt uΛc1,(55)M(Λc1→Σ∗cγ)=√3eǫβνρµqβeν∗¯uΣc [f2s gραt+f2d qαvρ]γ5γtαuµΛc1,(57)M(Λ∗c1→Σ∗cγ)=3eǫβνρµqβeν∗¯uαΣ∗c[f3s gραt+f3d qαvρ]uµΛc1,(58) where eµ(λ)and qµare the photon polarization vector and momentum respectively,e is the charge unit. Due to heavy quark symmetry,we have f1s=f2s=f3s=f s,f1d=f2d=f3d=f d.As in the case of pionic couplings there are only two independent coupling constants associated with the E1and M2decays.We consider the correlatord4x e−ik·x γ(q)|T(ηΛc1(0)¯ηΣc(x))|0 =e1+ˆv4e q eǫµνρσeνqρxσ 10due iuqxψ(u).(61)Theφ(u),ψ(u)is associated with the leading twist two photon wave function,while g1(u)and g2(u)are twist-4PWFs.All these PWFs are normalized to unity, 10du f(u)=1.We want to emphasize that the photon light cone wave functions include the complete perturbative and non-perturbative electromagnetic interactions for the light quarks in principle.Yet the interaction of the photon with the heavy quark is not parametrized and constrained by the photon light cone wave functions.It seems possible that the photon couples directly to the heavy quark line.This is different from the QCD sum rules for the pionic couplings since pions can not couple directly to the heavy quark. However the real photon coupling to heavy quark involves a spin-flip transition,which is suppressed by a factor of1/m Q[9].So it vanishs in the leading order of1/m Q expansion.Since we are interested in the leading order couplings f s,d,it’s enough to keep the photon light cone wave functions for the light quarks only.Expressing(59)with the photon wave functions,we arrive at:F s(ω,ω′)=1t4χφ(u)+124fψ(u)t}+ (62)F d(ω,ω′)=it3χφ(u)+124fψ(u)t}+ (63)Thefinal sum rules are:f s fΛc1fΣc=−a2T{χφ(u0)T5f4(s0T)+π2T)},(64)f d fΛc1fΣc=−a2T u0{χφ(u0)T4f3(s0T)+π21h1(u)=−(1−u)2.(69)4with f=0.028GeV2andχ=−4.4GeV2[31–34]at the scaleµ=1GeV.The variation of f s,d with the Borel parameter T and s0is presented in FIG.3and FIG.4.Stability develops for the sum rules(64),(65)in the region0.5GeV<T<1.5GeV,we get:fΣ=(2.0±0.8)×10−4GeV6,(70)f s fΛc1fΣ=(4.8±1.2)×10−4GeV5,(71)f d fΛc1where the errors refers to the variations with T and s0in this region.And the central value corresponds to T=1.0GeV and s0=1.3GeV.Ourfinal result isf s=(0.20±0.08)GeV−1,(72)f d=(0.48±0.12)GeV−2.(73)The decay width formulas in the leading order of HQET areΓ(Λc1→Σcγ)=16α| q|3mΣc2f2d| q|2],Γ(Λc1→Σ∗cγ)=8α| q|3mΣ∗c2f2d| q|2],Γ(Λ∗c1→Σcγ)=4α| q|3mΣc2f2d| q|2],Γ(Λ∗c1→Σ∗cγ)=20α| q|3mΣ∗c2f2d| q|2],(74) where| q|=134,72,164,103MeV is the photon decay momentum for the above four processes.The d-wave decay is negligible.The decay width values are collected in TABLE III.The uncertainty is typically about50%.The decaysΛQ1→ΣQγdo not occur in the leading order in the bound state picture[7].Due to the unknown coupling constant c RS in the chiral lagrangian for the heavy quark electromagnetic interactions, no numerical values are available[5].However the decay width ratios of the fourfinal states are exactly the same as ours if we ignore the isospin violations of the heavy multiplet masses in the heavy quark limit.Our results are much smaller than those from various versions of quark models[13,14],which may indicate that the1/m c correction is important.V.THE PROCESSΛC1→ΛCγETCAs can be seen later the radiative decay processes of p-waveΛc1doublet toΛc is quite different from those in the previous section.We present more details here.The possible E1decay amplitudes areM(Λc1→Λcγ)=eh p e∗µ¯uΛc[gµνt v·q−vµqν]γµγ5uΛc1,(75)M(Λ∗c1→Λcγ)=√2e∗µ[gµνt v·q−vµqν]γµγ5H p(ω,ω′).(77) Wefirst calculate the part solely involved with the light quark,which can be expressed with the photon wave functions.We getΠ=2i ∞0dt d4x e ik·xˆD tδ(x−vt)γ51+ˆv2we haveΠ(ω,ω′)=−et6+<g2s G2>96},(79)where the photonfield has contributed a factor e−iq·x.It’s important to note only the variableω′appears in(79).It’s a single pole term which must vanish after we make double Borel transformation to the variablesω,ω′simultaneously.We have shown there is no leading order E1transition in(75)arising from the photon couplings to the heavy quark line in the leading order of heavy quark expansion.Based on the same spin andflavor consideration we know that radiative decay processes likeΣQ1→ΛQ1γ,ΛQ1→ΛQ1γ,ΣQ1→ΣQ1γare also forbidden in the leading order of1/m Q expansion,where we have used notations in[9].We may rewrite the decay amplitudes asM (Λc 1→Λc γ)=ef p F µν¯u Λc σµνγ5u Λc 1,(80)M (Λ∗c 1→Λc γ)=2√3ef 2p F µν¯u Λc 1γµt γ5u Λνc 1.(82)Due to heavy quark symmetry we havef p =f 1p =f 2p .(83)Note f p =12+of the heavy quark does not change so the coupling constant f p is the same as thatfor the heavy quark M 1transition,which is induced by the magnetic moment operatorf p =µc4m c .(84)Another approach is to consider the three point correlation function for the tensor structure ˆe t γ51+ˆv 2m c ,¯ηΛc 1(z )}|0 =Π3(ω,ω′)1+ˆv m c 1(t 1+t 2)8+<g 2s G 2>2T =1m c {36T 8f 7(s 032T 4f 3(s 0m c e −¯ΛΛc 1−¯ΛΛc 3(¯ΛΛc 1−¯ΛΛc )f Λc T 8f 7(s 01152T 4f 3(s 0T 8f 7(s 06912T 4f 3(s 08192.(88)Numerically we have h p ≈e cm Λc 1m 2c ,Γ(Λ∗c 1→Λc γ)=e 2c α|q |3m Λc m Λ∗c 1m 2c .(89)The decay momentum is 290,320,32MeV respectively.We take m c =1.4GeV.The numerical values are collected in TABLE III.These widths comes solely from the O (1/m Q )correction.But their numericalvalues are greater than those leading order widths for the channelsΣcγ,Σ∗cγ.The reason is purely kinematical.The decay momentum for thefinal stateΛcγis three times larger.For the p-wave decay there appears an enhancement factor of27.These widths in(89)are propotional to e2cm ce cg2d| q|4.The last eight widths in Eq.(94)should read2,8,3,11,6,23,7,27keV respectively,which is 9much smaller than original wrong ones.(2)The E1transition(0+,1+)→(0−,1−)γdecays was identified as s-wave decays.This was misleading.The factor(q·v)should be in the tensor structure to ensure the E1transition structure in Eq.(47)in[19].We present the correct sum rules for g1below.g1f−,1/2f+,1/2=−a2T{χφ(u0)T f0(s0T},(90)where s0=ωc/2=(1.5±0.2)GeV.Numerically we have g1=(1.6±0.2)GeV−1.VI.DISCUSSIONSIn our calculation only the errors due to the variations of T and s0are included in thefinal results for g s,d,f s,d.The various input parameters like quark condensate,gluon condensate,χ,f etc also have some uncertainty.Among these the values of the pion and photon wave functions introduce largest uncertainty. Although their values are constrained by either experimental data or other QCD sum rule analysis,they may still lead to∼25%unceritainty.Keeping the light cone wave functions up to twist four also leads to some errors.However the light cone sum rules are dominated by the lowest twist wave functions.Take the sum rule(65)for f d for an example.At T=1GeV,the twist-four term involved with h1,h2is only 9%of the leading twist term after the continuum subtraction.In other words the light cone expansion converges quickly.So we expect the contribution of higher twist terms to be small.There are other sources of uncertainty which is difficult to estimate.One is the QCD radiative correction,which is not small in both the mass sum rule and LCQSRs for the pionic coupling constants of the ground state heavy hadrons in HQET.But their ratio depends only weakly on these corrections because of large cancellation [35].Numerically the radiative corrections are around10%of the tree level result.Another possible source is the1/m Q correction for the charmed p-wave baryons.The leading order coupling constants g s,d etc will be corrected by terms like g′s,d/m Q,which will affect decay widths.For the charmed hadrons1/m Q corrections are sizable and may reach30%while such corrections are generally less than10%of the leading order term for the bottom system[17].Especially for the E1transition coupling constant f s,the correction is of the order e cD55,3016(1997).[22]Y.-B.Dai et al.,Phys.Lett.B371,99(1996).[23]V.M.Braun and I.E.Filyanov,Z.Phys.C44(1989)157;V.M.Braun and I.E.Filyanov,Z.Phys.C44,157(1989);V.M.Braun and I.E.Filyanov,Z.Phys.C48,239(1990);V.M.Belyaev,V.M.Braun,A.Khodjamirian and R.R¨u ckl,Phys.Rev.D51(1995)6177.[24]P.Ball,JHEP9901,010(1999).[25]Shi-Lin Zhu et al.,Phys.Rev.C59,442(1999)and references therein;Shi-Lin Zhu,Euro.Phys.J.A4,277(1999).[26]G.Eilam,I.Halperin and R.R.Mendel,Phys.Lett.B361,137(1995).[27]A.Ali and V.M.Braun,Phys.Lett.B359,223(1995).[28]A.Khodjamirian,G.Stoll and D.Wyler,Phys.Lett.B358,129(1995).[29]T.M.Aliev,D.A.Demir,E.Iltan and N.K.Pak,Phys.Rev.D54,857(1996).[30]P.Ball and V.M.Braun,Phys.Rev.D58,094016(1998).[31]V.M.Belyaev and Y.I.Kogan,Yad.Fiz.40,1035(1984);I.I.Balitsky and A.V.Kolesnichenko,Yad.Fiz.41,282(1985).[32]B.L.Ioffe and A.V.Smilga,Nucl.Phys.B232,109(1984);I.I.Balitsky and A.V.Yung,Phys.Lett.B129,328(1983).[33]C.B.Chiu,J.Pasupathy and S.J.Wilson,Phys.Rev.D33,1961(1986).[34]Shi-Lin Zhu,W-Y.P.Hwang and Ze-sen Yang,Phys.Rev.D57,1527(1998);ibid.D56,7273(1997).[35]M.Neubert,Phys.Rep.245,259(1994).TABLE I.Pionic coupling constantsOur Ref.[10]g s0.52(8.4±1.8)GeV−250.85±14.25GeV−2Ref.[6]Ref.[10]Λc1;S(2593)→Σ0cπ+0.89±0.86MeV1.775±0.695MeVMeV1.2MeV0.98±0.12MeVΓ(Λc1;S)=3.6+2.0−1.3Λc1;S(2593)→Σ++π−0.55±1.30.55MeV1.47±0.57MeVcΛ∗c1;S(2625)→Σ0cπ+0.013MeV0.465±0.245MeV0.011MeV0.095±0.012MeVΓ(Λ∗c1)<1.9MeVΛ∗c1;S(2625)→Σ++π−0.013MeV0.44±0.23MeVcTABLE III.Radiative decay widthsOur Ref.[14]Experiment[1]MeV0.036MeV0.115±0.001MeV<2.36+1.31−0.850.011MeV0.077±0.001MeV0.001MeV0.006±0.0001MeV0.048MeV0.151±0.002MeV<1MeV0.005MeV0.035±0.0005MeV0.006MeV0.046±0.0006MeVFigure CaptionsFig. 1.Dependence of g s fΛc1fΣcon the Borel parameter T for different values ofthe continuum threshold s0.¿From top to bottom the curves correspond to s0= 1.4,1.3,1.2GeV.Fig.2.Dependence of g d fΛ∗1fΣcon T,s0.Fig.3.Dependence of f s fΛc1fΣcon T,s0.Fig.4.Dependence of f d fΛc1fΣcon T,s0.210.40.81.21.62.0T0.00.00040.00080.00120.00160.002g sfc 1fc0.40.81.21.62.0T0.00.0010.0020.0030.0040.0050.006g df*c 1fc0.40.81.21.62.0T0.00.00010.00020.00030.00040.00050.0006f sfc 1fc0.40.81.21.62.0T0.00.00030.00060.00090.00120.0015f dfc 1fc。
