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1.马克思主义通货膨胀理论与西方货币学派比较2.价值的生产与分配理论3.资本的周转与循环理论2012年四川大学博士生入学试题《资本论》与社会主义市场经济理论1.马克思地租理论及其现实意义；2.马克思价格理论及其现实意义；3.马克思失业理论与西方经济学失业理论的比较.2012年四川大学博士生入学试题《政治经济学研究》1.从经济增长方面看通胀的管理；2.欧债危机；3.工业化、城镇化和现代农业化三化关系。
2010年四川大学博士生入学试题《政治经济学研究》1、论我国城镇化中的土地流转2、论我国现阶段的收入分配3、论新时期我国的宏观经济政策2011年四川大学博士生入学试题《资本论》与社会主义市场经济理论1.大宗商品价格波动的意义及其传导机制2.社会主义的生产目的；3.我国的工资理论2011年四川大学博士生入学试题《政治经济学研究》1.马克思的通货膨胀理论及其与西方通货膨胀理论比较2.实体经济与虚拟经济的关系3.论述转变经济发展方式2007年四川大学博士生入学试题《资本论》与社会主义市场经济理论1.马克思的商品理论及其现实意义2.马克思的扩大再生产理论？3.马克思的收入分配理论与西方经济学的收入分配理论比较1.马克思的货币理论及其现实意义2.马克思的资本循环与周转理论3.马克思的经济危机理论与西方经济周期理论的比较2009年四川大学博士生入学试题1.马克思的经济理论与当前金融危机2.马克思的地租理论及其现实意义3.劳动力价格的形成四川大学博士考试辅导，结合中央经济工作会议，我们提出以下问题请加以思考：1.实现经济自主增长的意义及途径（从原来的政策推动经济增长转到……）2.通货膨胀的成因及对策3.高通胀与低增长之间的关系（统筹速度、结构、物价三者的关系）4.经济风险的形成原因及化解对策5.金融风险的形成原因及化解对策6.发展实体经济的意义及途径7.提供发展包容性的途径8.经济金融潜在风险与宏观调控的方向及途径9.宏观调控的“稳中求进”的意义及其途径学科专业代码、专业名称及研究方向导师姓名招生人数考试科目101 经济学院45人020101 政治经济学12人01 中国经济改革杨继瑞杨明洪陈永正①1001 英语或1002 日语或1003 俄语②2001 《资本论》与市场经济理论③3001 政治经济学研究020102 经济思想史3人01 马克思主义经济理论的形成与发展研究蒋永穆蒋和胜陈永正①1001 英语或1002 日语或1003 俄语②2001 《资本论》与市场经济理论③3002 经济思想史四川大学经济学院定于2012年3月12～19日开设“《资本论》与社会主义经济理论”专题研讨班。
四川大学2005年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题B考试科目：中国文学典籍科目代码：205选用专业：文艺学、语言学及应用语言学、汉语言文字学、中国古代文学、中国现当代文学、比较文学与世界文学、文艺与传媒、文化批评、文学人类学、佛教语言文学、广播影视文艺学一.填空（每题2分，共10分）1.请写出《尔雅》各篇篇名：。
释诂，释言，释训，释亲，释宫，释器，释乐，释天，释地，释丘，释山，释水，释草，释木，释虫，释鱼，释鸟，释兽，释畜。
2.请写出《文心雕龙》的十篇篇名：。
原道第一，征圣第二，宗经第三，正纬第四，辨骚第五，明诗第六，乐府第七，诠赋第八，颂赞第九，祝盟第十，序志第五十。
3.请写出《十三经》各经经名：。
《易经》、《尚书》、《诗经》、《周礼》、《仪礼》、《礼记》、《春秋左传》、《春秋公羊传》、《春秋谷粱传》、《论语》、《孝经》、《尔雅》、《孟子》十三部儒家的经典4.请写出《二十五史》各史书名：。
二十五史是中国历代官修的二十五部纪传体史书的总称。
它包括《史记》、《汉书》、《后汉书》、《三国志》、《晋书》、《宋书》、《南齐书》、《梁书》、《陈书》、《魏书》、《北齐书》、《周书》、《隋书》、《南史》、《北史》、《旧唐书》、《新唐书》、《旧五代史》、《新五代史》、《宋史》、《辽史》、《金史》、《元史》、《明史》、《清史稿》等二十五部史书。
它上起传说中的黄帝（前2550年），止于清朝宣统四年（1912年），用本纪、列传、表、志等统一的体裁的编写。
二十五史之中，除第一部《史记》是通史之外，其余皆为断代史。
5.《庄子》共多少篇＿？其中内篇是哪七篇。
33；《庄子·内篇·逍遥游第一》，《庄子·内篇·齐物论第二》，《庄子·内篇·养生主第三》，《庄子·内篇·人间世第四》，《庄子·内篇·德充符第五》，《庄子·内篇·大宗师第六》，《庄子·内篇·应帝王第七》。
博士研究生考试题目一：中国传统文化的保护与传承中国作为一个拥有悠久历史的文明古国，拥有着丰富的传统文化。
这些传统文化是中国人民的宝贵财富，不仅展示了中华民族博大精深的智慧，也体现了我们的价值观和思维方式。
在当代社会，随着全球化的发展与信息技术的快速进步，中国传统文化面临着诸多挑战和冲击。
如何保护和传承中国传统文化已成为一个亟待解决的问题。
首先，保护中国传统文化需要加强对文化遗产的保护工作。
中国拥有世界上众多的文化遗产，例如长城、故宫等，它们不仅代表着中国古代建筑艺术的高度，更是中国传统文化的重要组成部分。
加强对这些文化遗产的修复、保护和管理，不仅可以保护其历史价值，还能吸引游客，促进文化旅游产业的发展。
此外，相关政策法规的制定也是保护文化遗产的重要手段，需要加强对文化遗产保护意识的普及，同时加强文物出口管理，防止非法流失。
其次，传承中国传统文化需要注重教育的力量。
学校教育是传承传统文化的重要途径之一。
应该加强对中国传统文化的教育，包括中华经典诵读、国学教育等。
此外，还需要加强对传统文化的研究和推广，培养更多的文化传承者和研究者。
另外，家庭教育也是传承传统文化的重要环节。
父母应该注重培养子女的文化兴趣，开展文化活动，例如家庭经典诵读、观赏传统戏曲等，让传统文化融入日常生活中，从小树立对传统文化的尊重和热爱。
最后，保护和传承中国传统文化需要注重与现代社会的结合。
传统文化的传承不能停留在学院派的理论研究中，而应该寻找与现代社会、时代浪潮的结合点。
新媒体、互联网等现代科技手段可以成为传统文化传承的重要渠道。
可以通过社交媒体、网络课堂等形式，向大众传播传统文化知识，提高传统文化的影响力和传播力。
综上所述，保护和传承中国传统文化是一项重要且紧迫的任务。
只有加强对文化遗产的保护，注重教育的力量，以及与现代社会的结合，才能实现中国传统文化的保护和传承。
我们应该共同努力，让中国传统文化在当代社会焕发出新的活力。
题目二：大数据时代下的隐私保护与安全问题随着科技的快速发展和互联网的普及应用，大数据已逐渐成为现代社会的一项重要资源。
四川大学2010年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题一、分别指出下列文句、诗句、词句所属作者和篇（书）名。
（10分）1，桑之未落，其叶沃若。
于嗟鸠兮，无食桑葚。
于嗟女兮，无与士耽。
2，朝晦不知晦朔，蟪蛄不知春秋，此小年也。
楚之南有冥灵者，以五百岁为春，五百岁为秋；上古有大椿树，以八千岁为春，八千岁为秋，此大年也。
3，日出东南隅，照我秦氏楼。
秦氏有好女，自名为罗敷。
4，被褐出阊阖，高步追许由。
振动千仞冈，濯足万里流。
5，夫天地者，万物之逆旅也；光阴者，百代之过客也。
6，香稻啄馀鹦鹉粒，碧梧栖老凤凰枝。
7，文起八代之衰，道济天下之溺，忠犯人主之怒，而勇夺三军之帅。
8，长条故惹行客，似牵衣待话，别情无极。
9，碧云天，黄花地，西风紧，北雁南飞。
晓来谁染霜林醉，总是离人泪。
10，玉树歌残秋露，胭脂井坏寒蛰泣。
到如今只有蒋山青，秦淮碧。
二，简答题（20分，每小题10分）1，什么叫“四六”？结合苏轼等人作品简要谈谈宋四六的艺术特点。
2，宋代有哪几部诗话总集？试说出书名、编撰者、编排体例和文献价值。
三，论述题（任选一题，50分）1，阅读刘子健《略论南宋的重要性》两段话并根据提问说出你的看法。
（1）中国近八百年的文化，是以南宋为领导的模式，以江浙一带为重心。
（2）以这重心领导的文化模式，虽然起源于北宋，可是北宋在生长中，变化中，到南宋才又改变加定型。
问题：这两个相关的论断是否合理？南宋文化是否属于这一文化模式？宋代文学发展是否与这一文化模式发展同步？2，阅读刘再复《双典阅读笔记》两段话并根据提问说出你的看法：（1）终于意识到和《水浒传》的逻辑划清界限，和《三国演义》的逻辑划清界限，才有灵魂的健康，无论是对于自己还是自己出生的民族，都是如此。
（2）《水浒传》与《三国演义》是压在中国人身上心上的大山。
问题：刘再复所说的《水浒传》和《三国演义》的逻辑分别指向什么？“双典”为何如“大山”？你如何理解“双典”？2009年中国古代文学一，分别指出下列文、诗、词、曲句所属作者和篇（书）名。
四川大学2015年博士研究生入学考试英语试题I. Reading Comprehension (30%; one mark each)Directions: Read the following six passages. Answer the questions below each passage by Choosing [A], [B], [C], or [D]. Write your answers on the Answer Sheet.Passage OneSpeech is so familiar a feature of daily life that we rarely pause to define it. It seems as natural to man as walking, and only less so than breathing. Yet it needs but a moment's reflection to convince us that this naturalness of speech is but an illusory feeling. The process of acquiring speech is, in sober fact, an utterly different sort of thing from the process of learning to walk. In the case of the latter function, culture, in other words, the traditional body of social usage, is not seriously brought into play. The child is individually equipped, by the complex set of factors that we term biological heredity, to make all the needed muscular and nervous adjustments that result in walking. Indeed, the very conformation of these muscles and of the appropriate parts of the nervous system may be said to be primarily adapted to the movements made in walking and in similar activities. In a very real sense, the normal human being is predestined to walk, not because his elders will assist him to learn the art, but because his organism is prepared from birth to take on all those muscular adaptations that result in walking. To put it concisely, walking is an inherent, biological function of man.Not so language. It is of course true that in a certain sense the individual is predestined to talk, but that is due entirely to the circumstance that he is born in the lap of a society that is certain to lead him to its traditions. Eliminate society and there is every reason to believe that he will learn to walk, if, indeed, he survives at all. But it is just as certain that he will never learn to talk, that is, to communicate ideas according to the traditional system of a particular society. Or, again, remove the new-born individual from the social environment into which he has come and transplant him to an utterly foreign one. He will develop the art of walking in his new environment very much as he would have developed it in the old. But his speech will be completely at variance with the speech of his native environment. Walking then is a general human activity that varies only within a restricted limit as we pass from individual to individual. Its variability is purposeless. Speech is a human activity that varies without assignable limit as we pass from social group to social group, the product of long-continued social usage. It varies as all creative effort varies ... not as consciously, perhaps, but none the less as truly as do the religions, the beliefs, the customs, and the arts of different peoples. Walking is an organic, an instinctive, function; speech is a non-instinctive, acquired, “cultural” function.1. The first sentence of Paragraph Two, "Not so language", is the closest in meaning to（）[A] This is not the case with language[B] So is language and net anything else[C] No such a thing exists in language[D] Not so much with language2. The real difference between the ability to walk and the ability to talk is that （）.[A] the former is like breathing while the latter is not[B] the former does not require social interaction while the latter does[C] the former requires muscular movement while the latter does not[D] the former is predestined while the latter is not3. Which of the following is NOT an idea of the author? （）[A] Language is biologically programmed but has to be acquired later on.[B] Only when a child grows up in a community can he learn to talk.[C] Language interaction is a way to impart culture.[D] Formal education is necessary for the learning of language.4. When the author says the variability of walking "is purposeless", he means that（）.[A] any person who walks would not have a purpose[BI in all cultures people walk aimlessly[C] culture does affect the ways people walk[D] purpose in walking varies with one's ability5. The author wrote this passage in order to（）.[A] argue for a point [B] provide information[C] narrate a legend [D] debate with his rivalsPassage TwoThe observer does not have to look far to discover that Western society is youth oriented and youth worshiping. The phenomenon shows itself in many ways. First, adults do all they can to be youthful and to remain young because old age is feared and youthfulness admired. Beauty and cosmetic industries have made billions of dollars by encouraging this emulation of agelessness.Second, much of what parents do is for their young. Thousands of parents make daily sacrifices for their children. The numerous benefits heaped upon children are evident. Many mothers say: "I would give my life for my children." This feeling does not apply to all parents, but it applies to enough of them to be proof positive that today's adults care about their young people.Third, most adults say that the majority of youth today are "pretty good kids." This point of view can be fairly well substantiated. Most studies that focus on normal adolescents agree that the majority are not problems, not in turmoil, not deeply disturbed, not at the mercy of their impulses, not resistant to parental values, not politically active, and not rebellious. In a recent Gallup poll, 97 percent of teens said they got along with their parents either very well or fairly well. Only 3 percent said they did not get along at all well. Sometimes, parents carry a positive view of their teenagers to an over-idealized extreme. They refuse to believe their children are ever at fault or ever capable of doing wrong, and they tend to attack any friend, teacher, or town official who tries to tell them otherwise. Despite this over-idealization most youths are not problems --- to themselves or to their communities. Misconceptions are foraged by focusing only on the drug-addicted, delinquent, and disturbed or on the social rebels who are in fact a minority.Finally, although most youths today are not activist rebels like those of the late 1960s and early 1970s; youthful idealism is still much in evidence. Adolescents are much concerned about social issues such as juvenile crime, drug abuse, the energy crises, unemployment, women's liberation, materialism and indifference in society, pollution, and the environment. They also show genuine concern for the underdog, indicated by their frequent political alliance with blacks or the poor. They will give generously and work hard to help the starving overseas or will come to the defense of convicted criminals if they feel their cause is just. Clergy and other caring adults applaud youths who join the "love" generation to find more meaningful relationships than thosebetween their parents at home or between business elements in a highly competitive society. These adults-emphasize that parents ought not to be critical of their young for hating corruption, injustice, or superficial values. Although they are a little awed by youths who will work for months to keep a wilderness area from being mined by developers, value-oriented adults tell parents to admire their Young and admit that their activities are more worthwhile than swallowing goldfish or seeing how many kids can crowd themselves into a telephone booth.6. By "youth worshiping", the author expressed the idea that in Western society the adults[A] worship the young people [B] are all religious believers[C] desire to stay young [D] worship God like the youth7. According to the passage, teenagers in Western society are.[A] unmotivated students in schools[B] sympathetic with the unfortunate[C] highly competitive on the job market[D] equipped with all kinds of values8. All of the following can be inferred from the passage EXCEPT that .[A] young people are more active than adults in protecting their environment[B] a majority of families live in peace and harmony[C] adults used to believe that adolescents are rebellious[D] it is not right for adults to criticize the youths9. Which of the following is the best paraphrase of the idea of the last sentence of the passage ?[A] Youths may go too far in their social activities, but that's 'better than their doing mischievous things or wasting their time.[B] Youths may oppose development, and that's worthwhile because goldfish and telephone booth are far less important.[C] Youths are environment protectionists, but they may also cause damage to wildlife or to public properties.[D] Youths stay too long in wilderness, since they love things in nature instead of goldfish or telephone booths in modem cities.10. Most likely, the author of this passage is .[A] a sociologist [B] a loving parent[C] a political official [D] a clergymanPassage ThreeCrocodiles are incredibly strong, agile and aggressive. They are merciless killers and it's their nature to be brutal. They are estimated to kill up to 200 people per year in Africa and they can eat up to half their body weight in one meal. This is why in Burkina Faso, the lakeside Bazoule village is famous for its unique tradition.For many generations the villagers have lived harmoniously with about 200 wild crocodiles. Crocodiles have remained the same for over 200 million years. They are feared and avoided by humans and animals alike. But the people of Bazoule revere the sacred crocodiles in the lake. This unique tradition started many generations ago at a time when the people of Bazoule were facing a great drought and there was no water. Women used to walk 40 kilometers searching for water. The crocodiles lived apart and hence there was no co-habitation betweenthe crocodiles and the people of Bazoule.Legend says that one day the women were passing close to the crocodiles and one woman attempted to collect water in the lake and the crocodile let her fetch water without attacking her. From then onwards all the women in Bazoule village could fetch water from the lake. The villagers named the ferocious animals the sacred crocodiles for they had saved them and they could not only fetch drinking water but also water their plants and they survived the famine."The crocodiles of Bazoule are sacred because they are the totems of the village. They're the ancestors of the village because they saved the villagers and that is why they' are called sacred," says Prosper Kabore, Head Crocodile guide.Prosper was born into this tradition. His job is to safeguard the unique relationship between the people and the sacred crocodiles. Every child in Bazoule is taught to be kind and respectful. They are constantly reminded that the life they enjoy today is as a result 'of the kindness and compassion shown to their ancestors. Kindness and help provided to them by the most unlikely animals, the crocodile. At one point in time the crocodiles cried for one month. Everybody wondered what was wrong. When Prosper told the local chief who is entirely in charge of the conservation of the sacred crocodiles, he prohibited children from picking grass at the lake. Then one night a child went into the water and did not return. The crocodiles cried a lot. The day that followed people saw somebody drowned in the water. "We tried to retrieve the body but we couldn't. Then we saw the crocodile bringing the body. He pushed it out of the water and we took the body and buried," recalls Kabore.Hence this unique co-existence is what draws people from all over and they are shocked to see this phenomenon that has been in this village for many generations. They get a chance to ride on the backs of the sacred crocodiles, feed them with chickens. The chickens fed to the crocodiles come from Bazoule village, any chicken outside the village is not fed to the crocodiles; This is meant to appease the ancestors.The sacred crocodiles and Bazoule people have a great interdependency. The crocodiles allow the villagers to use the water and the villagers allow the crocodiles to feed on their plants and the cycle of life goes on harmoniously. The money attained from tourists goes directly to help the needy children in Bazoule. Hence not only does the community help in conserving the crocodiles and the old tradition but it also, uplifts the lives of its community members.11. All of the following about crocodiles are true EXCEPT that they .[A] move swiftly and flexibly [B] need a lot of food to eat[C] have a mild temperament [D] live in waters12. According to the passage, the Bazoule villagers respect the crocodiles as sacred beings because the crocodiles there .[A] live far away from the village[B] are respected as the emblem of the villagers[C] eat chickens and plants only[D] would feel sad when a human being dies13. Which of the following statements can be inferred from the passage?[A] The Bazoule villagers are active animal protectionists.[B] Even crocodiles can be tamed just like dogs are domesticated.[C] Ecological harmony may lead to the prosperity of tourism.[D] Human beings have treated ferocious animals in a wrong way.14. Which of the following is opposite in meaning to "uplift" in the last sentence of the passage?[A] degrade [B]downplay [C] downpour [D]delimit15. Which of the following may be the most appropriate title for this passage?[A] Animal Protection and Development of Tourism[B] An Unbelievable Tradition in an African Tribe[C] Crocodiles and Villagers in Mutual Understanding[D] Crocodile Conservation: a Human EndeavorPassage FourExcessive sun exposure is bad for our health. But sun deprivation is also harmful - contributing to ailments from depression to disturbed sleep, obesity and even cancer. People inhabiting the far northern hemisphere are particularly vulnerable, forced to endure long, dark winter nights and sometimes only seeing the sun for three quarters of an hour per day in December.But relief could be on its way, with Swedish researchers exploring a range of projects that could bring light to the wider population. They are working on a device that could transform people's homes and lives by regulating the amount of light to which they are exposed. At Lund University, in southern Sweden, Prof Thorbjorn Laike shows off what he calls an "artificial sun", a collection of bright bluish lights that wouldn't look out of place in a giant's dentist surgery.The "sun" has pride of place in the architecture department, reflecting Prof Laike's passion for light and the benefits it can bring. He is Spearheading the "Healthy Homes" project, which aims to ensure that people living in the dark upper reaches of the northern hemisphere receive the right amount of the "right sort" of light at the right time. They are developing a device called a Daysimeter, which monitors a person's exposure to light radiation during the day. When the user returns home, the Daysimeter automatically sends this information to a central control hub, which works out whether the person has received sufficient sunlight. If that turns out to be either too much or not enough, a smart system will adjust the lighting in the home to compensate: By rebalancing a individual's light exposure, the idea is to help people maintain a more normal and healthy circadian rhythm.Humans are programmed to wake and sleep on a roughly 24-hour cycle, and the timing is regulated by exposure to light. According to a statement from the Healthy Homes project: "Disruption of a regular, daily pattern of light and dark can lead to poor sleep, fatigue and decreased performance，as well as poor health ranging from obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease and even cancer."In places where sunlight is in short supply, bright electric lighting delivered at the right time of day can act as a substitute. "We anticipate that this will make it easier for people, especially.16. Which of the following statements is true according to the passage?[A] Too little sunning is just as harmful as too much sunning.[B] Artificial sunlight can be used to treat illnesses such as cancer.[C] People living on the equator do not develop obesity.[D] Northerners sleep more poorly than southerners do.17. Which of the following statements can be inferred from the passage?[A] Ultimately, artificial sun will substitute the natural sunlight to keep people healthy.[B] Even sports and other activities cannot compensate for the lack of sunlight.[C] In the sunlight, only its bluish ray is important for human health.[D] People on the equator do not have to worry about biological cycle.18. Human beings need sunlight exposure especially in the morning because[A] their body clock would stop regulating work at night[B] the sunlight regulates certain hormone to keep people energetic[C] the morning sun gives off the full spectrum of rays[D] the 19dl century architects had already found it necessary to maximize the sun penetration19. Most likely, the author of this passage is[A] a medical doctor [B] a student who loves sports[C] a news reporter [D] a town official in Sweden20. In "the Healthy Homes researchers plan to kit out the first experimental home within two years", the phrase "kit out" means "to[A] rule out [B] install in the kitchen[C] equip and use [D] send kids outdoorsPassage FiveMigratory birds may be spreading viruses that cause bird flu around the world, say scientists. Outbreaks in poultry may become more common in the future, especially in ill-prepared countries, they warn. A severe strain found at a duck farm in the UK last year may have been carried by wild birds out of Russia, according to Dutch researchers. The virus is a low human health risk, but wild birds on long migratory routes should be monitored, they say.H5N8 is a strain of bird flu that appeared late last year in Russia, East Asia, North America and four European .countries, including the UK. The infections led to millions of poultry being culled. In the UK, ducks were affected at a farm in Driffield, Yorkshire. Another outbreak of bird flu in Hampshire this week is of the H7N7 form of the virus, which is less severe.Scientists at the Erasmus Medical Center in Rotterdam, Netherlands, say the presence of the H5 virus in a migratory bird in Russia and other detections in wild birds and poultry is "worrisome". "More poultry outbreaks could occur in the future, especially in countries that are ill-prepared," a team led by Dr Ron Fouchier wrote in the journal, Science. "Despite the currently low public health risk, the outbreaks should be monitored closely, given that several animal species are susceptible and that influenza viruses are generally unpredictable." Wild birds with long migratory routes should be monitored for exposure to H5N8 and control measures in poultry should be updated, as they appear to be "insufficient", they added.Scientists are also investigating other ways that bird flu viruses can spread around the world, including through illegal poultry trade and contamination of vehicles or equipment. A recent report from the European Food Safety Authority said the route of spread of the disease remained uncertain. It said all affected farms in Europe had kept birds inside, suggesting direct transmission from wild birds to farmed poultry was unlikely.Experts said there were no known direct migration routes from East Asia to Europe, but infected migratory birds from East Asia could in theory pass the virus on to other species at breeding and stopover places in Eurasia. Dr Derek Gatherer of Lancaster University said moreresearch into flu in wild bird populations in the UK was needed, especially in species migrating in from Europe. "The British response to bird flu is oriented towards agriculture - that's fine because of course we need to protect our poultry industry - but in order to really understand bird flu we should also study it in its natural setting," he told BBC News. "Then we'll have a better 'early warning system' for what might be a threat to agriculture in the future."UK officials said tests had confirmed the Hampshire outbreak was of a low severity H7 strain of the disease, which is a much less severe form than the HSN8 strain found in Yorkshire in November. Chief vet Nigel Gibbens said: "We have taken immediate action to contain this outbreak as part of our robust procedures for dealing swiftly with avian flu. "This is a low severity form of the virus and we are taking action to ensure that the disease does not spread or develop into a more severe form. We are investigating the possible sources of the outbreak. I would urge poultry keepers in the surrounding area to be vigilant for any signs of disease and to ensure they are maintaining good bio-security on their premises."The Department for Environment, Food &Rural Affairs said warden patrols for diseased wild birds occurred in eight Wildfowl and Wetlands Trust reserves in Great Britain, and a number of other reserves were patrolled by volunteers from October to March. Anyone finding five or more wild birds dead in the same location is advised to report them to the Delta helpline.21. In "The infections led to millions of poultry being culled", the word "culled" means[A] canceled [B] raised in cult[C] sold [D] killed22. The outbreak of bird flu should be monitored, because .[A] poultry industry threatens bio-security in many countries[B] the H5 virus from Russia is more dangerous than other species[C] wild birds spread virus all along their migratory routes[D] it is not sure how many animals can be affected by bird flu23. Which of the following statements can be inferred from the passage?[A] The southern hemisphere of the earth is free from bird flu.[B] Even if birds are kept indoors, they may not be safe from bird flu.[C] If a country is well-prepared, it never suffers from flu outbreaks.[D] At present scientists have found control measures to prevent bird flu.24. Which of the following statements is known to be true of bird virus?[A] It may survive even if it is not in the bird body.[B] It transmits directly through the air and blood transfusion.[C] It is unlikely to cause illness early in Spring.[D] It leads to illegal poultry trades.25. This passage is most likely to be .[A] a warning for tourists issued by the government[B] a medical advice from university research center[C] a. newspaper report for public information[D] an academic essay published in professional magazinePassage Six"Education" means different things to different people. To some elementary and secondary school children, it can. be an exciting intellectual experience; to those poorly motivated or presented with a dull and unimaginative curriculum, it can be a deadening ordeal; to college students, education may be a means to acquiring the qualifications for a job, a way of escaping lowly social class origin, or .a time for experimenting with a variety of social and personal identities; to parents,, education for their children may represent the realization of their own unfulfilled aspirations; to those who operate the schools .... teachers, principals, and administrators --- education means a job, a place where career aspirations may be realized or frustrated, where viable relationships with colleagues and supervisors must be worked out. This list of the meanings of education could be expanded indefinitely. However, it should be sufficient to illustrate the multiple meanings of education to people in various roles and subgroups in the society.What does education mean to the sociologist? How does he begin to structure and make sense out of this multifaceted phenomenon called education? Basically, sociologists regard education as a distinctively social phenomenon or "institution" which, like other social phenomena, is amenable to objective scientific analysis. A sociological perspective on education requires that one "step back" from that which he is examining, set aside his personal and cultural biases, and take a long, hard look at the phenomenon of education. This is not an easy task. At times it is made more difficult by the fact that teachers, administrators, and concerned segments of the public may expect immediate answers to the questions of policy and technique to emerge from the sociologist's research on education. Sociologists, on the other hand, are primarily concerned with building a body of verified knowledge about education and only secondarily with the problem of applying their findings and conclusions to the concerns of the educational practitioners. Though most research on education by sociologists has some policy implications, sociologists vary in title extent to which .they spell out these implications, in their work. Ultimately, the extent to which this is done is a matter of style and most sociologists have adopted a style in which policy implications are left implicit rather than one in which explicit programmatic statements and policy recommendations are made. The readers are then left to extract (if they care to) the implications of the research and ideas presented for questions of policy and action.26. According to the author, education enables students to have all the following EXCEPT[A] an explanation of school education[B] an enriched life of learning[C] a chance to move up the social ladder[D] enlarging one's circle of friends27. The phrase "this multifaceted phenomenon" most likely means "a phenomenon that[A] is facilitated in multiple ways [B] has many aspects of significance[C] does multiplications [D] undergoes many changes28. It can be inferred from the first paragraph that •[A] Every student can realize their dreams in one way or another through education.[B] For teachers job opportunities are rare outside the area of education.[C] Parents hope to have their own dreams come true in their children.[D] Students with low motivation usually do not have dreams.29. Which of the following conclusions can be derived from this passage?[A] Educational sociologists must step back from the real-tire problems of education.[B] Educational technology is a topic for research in educational sociology.[C] Researchers of educational sociology are all impartial in their observations.[D] Educational theories and practices are two different enterprises.30. What question might the author most likely continue to discuss after this passage?[A] Why is education multifaceted?[B] What does sociology mean to students, teachers, parents and others concerned?[C] What is the role of educational technology in teaching practices?[D] Why is educational research necessary and what are its topics?II. Vocabulary (10%; 0.5 mark each)31. The two men are well with each other since they once studied in the same university.[A] recognized [B] acquainted [C] acknowledged [D] identified32. When hysteria about AIDS first infected the media in early 1980s, those identified aswere all at the margins of society.[A] feasible [B] accessible [C] vulnerable [D] attainable33. You'd better from talking too much, for the more you talk, the more mistakes you may commit.[A] refrain [B] resort [C] reframe [D] resist34. How can you be so to the sufferings of people in poverty in the world?[A] unpopular [B] indifferent [C] neutral [D] vigorous35. He was so absorbed in his work that he was to things going on around him.[A] oblivious [B] digestible [C] dormant [D] introvert36. Because all the parts of this machine are , it is convenient to replace them.[A] normalized [B] mechanized [C] modernized [D] standardized37. This Canon camera can be to take pictures in cloudy or night conditions.[A] adapted [B] adjusted [C] adopted [D] addressed38. A teacher is one who preaches the way of life, knowledge and help the students out of their difficulties.[A] inherit [B] intervene [C] interpret [D] impart39. Many poets and artists have drawn their from Nature as well as the real life experiences of ordinary people.[A] affectation [B] inspiration [C] intervention [D] convention40. We cannot guarantee the take-off of the flight, since we are having such a foggy day.[A] puncture [B] pinpoint [C] punctual [D] pernicious41. What is in store in the future is unknown, but we can that it gives us many hopes.[A] affirm [B] confide [C] confer [D] overrun42. In China, all parents have to send their children to school beginning from age 7, according to the Law of Education.[A] Compelling [B] Forced [C] Obliged [D] Compulsory43. Although it was his first experience as chairman, he over the meeting with great skill.[A] presided [B] administered [C] mastered [D] executed。
![2015年四川大学334新闻与传播专业综合能力[专业硕士]考研真题【圣才出品】](https://uimg.taocdn.com/7f89518058fb770bf68a5569.webp)
2015年四川大学334新闻与传播专业综合能力[专业硕士]考研真题四川大学2015年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题考试科目：新闻与传播综合能力科目代码：334适用专业：新闻与传播一、论述题（共40分）1．请结合实例比较分析新闻APP产品与传统媒体的新闻产品在采编及传播上的差异。
（20分）2．请结合实例概述我国会议新闻的改进轨迹。
（20分）二、案例分析题（共30分）请仔细阅读下面这则报道后回答两个问题：1．该报道的新闻价值是什么？（15分）2．该报道的采写方式有哪些？（15分）中共中央党史研究室主任披露7常委参观《复兴之路》出行不封路中共中央总书记习近平带领6位政治局常委和书记处同志，从中南海出发到国家博物馆参观《复兴之路》展览，沿途不封路，而是跟着社会车辆过来的。
4日，在我市市委会议中心的全市学习贯彻十八大精神研讨班上，十八大报告起草组成员、中央宣讲团成员、中共中央党史研究室主任欧阳淞在作辅导报告时，披露了这一细节。
巧的是，就在4日当天，中央政治局审议通过了改进工作作风密切联系群众的“八项规定”，出行不封路不清场，是其中重要一项。
昨日，经媒体发布，这“八项规定”受到广泛关注和好评。
欧阳淞讲述，11月29日，习近平和中央政治局常委李克强、张德江、俞正声、刘云山、王岐山、张高丽等一起到国家博物馆参观《复兴之路》展览。
作为这一展览主办单位的负责人之一，他当天上午在展览现场静候参观团队到来。
等待中，欧阳淞等接到中央办公厅电话，称习总书记已从中南海出发。
从中南海到国家博物馆，欧阳淞说按感觉，车队大约只要5分钟就到了，可当天10分钟过去了，也没看到车队到达。
后来问了原因，原来一路上，习近平等一行的车队是随着社会车辆一起走的，沿途没有清道。
欧阳淞介绍，通常情况下，在北京行车如果清道封路，一般要留两股道，其中一股道让车队走，另一股道站着维持秩序的警察，“一旦清道封路，交通会变得较拥挤”。
“这虽是一次具体安排，一个小细节，但反映了新一届党中央集体良好的亲民作风”，欧阳淞4日评价说。
2015四川大学考博英语真题阅读理解精练A report consistently brought back by visitors to the US is how friendly,courteous,and helpful most Americans were to them.To be fair,this observation is also frequently made of Canada and Canadians, and should best be considered North American.There are,of course, exceptions.Small-minded officials,rude waiters,and ill-mannered taxi drivers are hardly unknown in the US.Yet it is an observation made so frequently that it deserves comment.For a long period of time and in many parts of the country,a traveler was a welcome break in an otherwise dull existence.Dullness and loneliness were common problems of the families who generally lived distant from one another.Strangers and travelers were welcome sources of diversion,and brought news of the outside world.The harsh realities of the frontier also shaped this tradition of hospitality.Someone traveling alone,if hungry,injured,or ill, often had nowhere to turn except to the nearest cabin or settlement. It was not a matter of choice for the traveler or merely a charitable impulse on the part of the settlers.It reflected the harshness of daily life:if you didn't take in the stranger and take care of him, there was no one else who would.And someday,remember,you might be in the same situation.Today there are many charitable organizations which specialize in helping the weary traveler.Yet,the old tradition of hospitality to strangers is still very strong in the US,especially in the smallercities and towns away from the busy tourist trails.I was just traveling through,got talking with this American,and pretty soon he invited me home for dinner-amazing.Such observations reported by visitors to the US are not uncommon,but are not always understood properly.The casual friendliness of many Americans should be interpreted neither as superficial nor as artificial,but as the result of a historically developed cultural tradition.As is true of any developed society,in America a complex set of cultural signals,assumptions,and conventions underlies all social interrelationships.And,of course,speaking a language does not necessarily mean that someone understands social and cultural patterns.Visitors who fail to translate cultural meanings properly often draw wrong conclusions.For example,when an American uses the word friend,the cultural implications of the word may be quite different from those it has in the visitor's language and culture. It takes more than a brief encounter on a bus to distinguish between courteous convention and individual interest.Yet,being friendly is a virtue that many Americans value highly and expect from both neighbors and strangers.（PS:The way to contact yumingkaobo TEL:si ling ling-liu liu ba-l iu jiu qi ba QQ:si jiu san san qi yi liu er liu）1.In the eyes of visitors from the outside world,________.(A)rude taxi drivers are rarely seen in the US(B)small-minded officials deserve a serious comment(C)Canadians are not so friendly as their neighbors(D)most Americans are ready to offer help2.It could be inferred from the last paragraph that________.(A)culture exercises an influence over social interrelationship(B)courteous convention and individual interest are interrelated(C)various virtues manifest themselves exclusively among friends(D)social interrelationships equal the complex set of cultural conventions3.Families in frontier settlements used to entertain strangers ________.(A)to improve their hard life(B)in view of their long-distance travel(C)to add some flavor to their own daily life(D)out of a charitable impulse4.The tradition of hospitality to strangers________.(A)tends to be superficial and artificial(B)is generally well kept up in the United States(C)is always understood properly(D)has something to do with the busy tourist trails参考答案：DACB本文由“育明考博”整理编辑。
四川大学马克思主义学院历年考博真题考试科目：马克思主义发展史科目代码：267适用专业：马克思主义中国化一、马克思、恩格斯在《家庭、私有制和国家的起源》中提出的“两种生产”理论及其对我国经济社会发展战略的启示。
（40分）二、试论马克思、恩格斯思想发展过程中的几个里程碑及其相应阶段的重要理论贡献。
（30分）三、列宁的新经济政策对马克思主义的贡献。
（30分）几点说明：1，本考题为100分，答卷可以不抄题，也可以不按顺序回答，但务必写准题号。
2，答案要求观点正确、完备；论述清楚、紧扣题意、符合逻辑；既要有深入的理论分析，又要理论联系实际。
3，考卷字迹清晰、端正。
4，考试时间为3小时考试科目：马克思主义发展史科目代码：267适用专业：马克思主义中国化1、试述马克思、恩格斯关于东方社会发展道路的思想及其对中国特色社会主义道路的启示。
（40分）2、试述1875年马克思在《哥达纲领批判》中论述的未来社会的按劳分配理论及其对我国当前分配制度改革的重大意义。
（30分）3、试述列宁关于一国建成社会主义的思想，苏东剧变是否否定了列宁这一思想。
（30分）几点说明：1，本考题为100分，答卷可以不抄题，也可以不按顺序回答，但务必写准题号。
2，答案要求观点正确、完备；论述清楚、紧扣题意、符合逻辑；既要有深入的理论分析，又要理论联系实际。
3，考卷字迹清晰、端正。
4，考试时间为3小时。
四川大学2007年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题考试科目：中国化马克思主义理论与实践科目代码：3200适用专业：马克思主义中国化（答案必须写在答题纸上，写在试题上不给分）一、试述马克思主义中国化的科学内涵以及中国共产党人对中国化的马克思主义理论与实践贡献。
（40分）二、马克思主义的公平、效率思想及其对构建马克思主义和谐社会的价值。
（30分）三、论述城乡协调发展战略的必要性与实现途径。
（30分）几点说明：1，本考题为100分，答卷可以不抄题，也可以不按顺序回答，但务必写准题号。
2015年全国医学统考考博博士英语真题与答案目录医学考博英语历年真题 (2)2015年全国医学博士英语统一入学考试试卷 (2)2015年全国医学博士英语统一入学考试试题答案 (17)2015年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷录音原文 (19)医学考博英语历年真题2015年全国医学博士英语统一入学考试试卷Part I Listening Comprehension(30%)Section ADirections:I n this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers.At the end of each conversation,you will hear a question about what is said.The question will be read only once.After you hear the question,read the four choices marked A,B,C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Listen to the following example.You will hear:Woman:I fell faint.Man:No wonder You haven't had a bite all day.Question:What's the matter with the woman?You will read:A.She is sick.B.She is bitten by an ant.C.She is hungry.D.She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Sample AnswerA B●D Now let's begin with question number1.1. A.How to deal with his sleeping problem. B.The cause of his sleeping problem.C.What follows his insomnia.D.The severity of his medical problem.2. A.To take the medicine for a longer time. B.T o discontinue the medication.C.To come to see her again.D.To switch to other medications.3. A.To tale it easy and continue to work. B.To take a sick leave.C.To keep away from work.D.To have a follow-up.4. A.Fullness in the stomach. B.Occasional stomachache.C.Stomach distention.D.Frequent belches.5. A.extremely severe. B.Not very severe.C.More severe than expected.D.It's hard to say.6. A.He has lost some weight. B.He has gained a lot.C.He needs to exercise more.D.He is still overweight.7. A.She is giving the man an injection. B.She is listening to the man's heart.C.She is feeling the man's pulse.D.She is helping the man stop shivering.8. A.In the gym. B.In the office.C.In the clinic.D.In the boat.9. A.Diarrhea. B.Vomiting.C.Nausea.D.A cold.10. A.She has developed allergies. B.She doesn't know what allergies are.C.She doesn't have any allergies.D.She has allergies treated already.11. A.Listen to music. B.Read magazines.C.Go play tennis.D.Stay in the house.12. A.She isn't feeling well. B.She is under pressure.C.She doesn't like the weatherD.She is feeling relieved.13. A.Michael's wife was ill B.Michael's daughter was ill.C.Michael's daughter gave birth to twins.D.Michael was hospitalized for a check-up.14. A.She is absent-minded. B.She is in high spirits.C.She is indifferent.D.She is compassionate.15. A.Ten years ago. B.Five years ago.C.Fifteen years ago.D.Several weeks ago.Section BDirections:In this section you will hear one conversation and two passages'after each of which,you will hear five questions.After each question,read the four possible answers marked A,B,C and D.Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Dialogue16. A.A blood test. B.A gastroscopy.C.A chest X-ray exam.D.A barium X-ray test.17. A.To lose some weight. B.To take a few more tests.C.To sleep on three pillows.D.To eat smaller,lighter meals.18. A.Potato chips. B.Chicken. C.Cereal. D.fish.19. A.Ulcer B.Cancer C.Depression. D.Hernia.20. A.He will try the diet the doctor recommended.B.He will ask for a sick leave and relax at home.C.He will take the medicine the doctor prescribed.D.He will take a few more tests to rule out cancer.Passage One21. A.A new concept of diabetes.B.The definition of Type1and Type2diabetes.C.The new management of diabetics in the hospital.D.The new development of non-perishable insulin pills.22. A.Because it vaporizes easily.B.Because it becomes overactive easily.C.Because it is usually in injection form.D.Because it is not stable above40degrees Fahrenheit.23. A.The diabetics can be cured without taking synthetic insulin any longer.B.The findings provide insight into how insulin works.C.Insulin can be more stable than it is now.D.Insulin can be produced naturally.24. A.It is stable at room temperature for several years.B.It is administered directly into the bloodstream。
四川大学2008年博士研究生入学考试基础英语试题考试注意事项1、本试题共12页，考试时间180分钟。
2、1-70题答案请填在机读卡上相应处，否则不给分。
3、翻译和作文写在答题纸上，写在试题上无效。
中、英文翻译应做到字迹清晰、书写工整。
I.Reading Comprehension (30%; one mark each):Passage OneThe period of adolescence, i.e., the period between childhood and adulthood,may be long or short, depending on social expectations and on society’s definition as to what constitutes maturity and adulthood. In primitive societies adolescence was frequently a relatively short period of time, while in industrial society with patterns of prolonged education coupled with laws against child labor, the period of adolescence is much longer and may include most of the second decade of one’s life. Fuethermore, the length of the adolescent period and the definition of adulthood status may change in a given society as social and economic conditions change. Examples of this type of change are disappearence of the frontier in the latter part of the nineteenth century in the United States, and more universally, the industrialization of an agricultural society.In modern society, ceremonies for adolescence have lost their formal recognition and symbolic significance and there no longer is agreement as to what constitutes initiation ceremonies. Social ones have been replaced by a sequence of steps that lead to increased recognition and social status. For example, grade school graduation, high school graduation and college graduation constitute such a sequence, and while each step implies certain behavioral changes and social recognition, the significance of each depends on the socio-economic status and the educational ambition of the individual. Ceremonies for adolescence have also been replaced by legal difinitions of status, roles, rights, privileges and responsibilities. It is during the nine years from the twelfth birthday to the twenty-first that the protective and restrictive aspects of childhood and minor status are removed and adult privileges and responsibilities are granted. The twelve-year-old is no longer considered a child and has pay full fare for train, ariplane, theater and moive tickets. Basically, the individual at this age loses childhood privilleges without gaining significant adult right. At the age of sixteen the adolescence is granted certain adult rights which increase his social status by providing him with more freedom and choices. He now can obtain a driver’s license; lie can leave public schools; and he can work without the restrictions of child labor laws. At the age of eighteen the law provides adult responsibilities as well as rights. The yong man can now be a soldier, but he also can marry without parental permission. At the age of twenty-one the individual obtains his full legal rights as anadult. He now can vote, he can buy liquor, he can enter into finacial contacts, and he is entitled to run for public office. No additional basic rights are acquired as a function of age after maturity status has been attained. None of these legal provisions determine at what points adulthood has been reached but they do point to the prolonged period of adolescence.1.The period of adolescence is much longer in industrial societies because _____.A.the definition of maturity has changedB.the industrialized society is more developedC.more education is provided and laws against child labor are madeD.ceremonies for adolescence have lost their formal recognition and symbolicsignificance2.Former social ceremonies that used to mark adolescence have given place to_____.A.graduations from schools and collegesB.social recognitionC.socio-economic statusD.certain behavioral changes3.No one can expect to fully enjoy the adulthood priviledges until he is _____.A.eleven years oldB.sixteen years oldC.twenty-one years oldD.between twelve and twenty-one years old4.Starting from 22 _____.A.one will obtain more basic rightsB.the older one becomes, the more basic rights he will haveC.one won’t get more basic rights than when he is 21D.one will enjoy more right granted by society5.According to this passage, it is TURE that_____.A.in the late 19th century in the United States the dividing line between adolescenceand adulthood no longer existedB.no one can marry without the permission of his parents until the age of twenty-oneC.one is considered to have reached adulthood when he has a driver’s licenseD.one is not free from the restrictions of child labor laws until he can join the armyPassage TwoAt home Theodore Roosevelt had affection, not compliments, whether these were unintentional and sincere or were thinly disguised flattery. And affection was what he most craved from his family and nearest friends, and what he gave to them without stint. As I have said, he allowed nothing to interrupt the hours set apart for his wife and children while he was at the White House; and at Oyster Bay there was always time for them. A typical story is told of the boys coming in upon him during a conference with some important visitor, and saying reproachfully, “it’s long after four o’clock, and you promised to go with us at four.”“So I did.”said Roosevelt. And hequickly hinished his business with the visitor and went. When the children were yong, he usually saw them at supper and into bed, and he talked of the famous pillow fights they had with him. House guests at the White House some times unexpectedly caught sight of him crawling in the entry near the children’s rooms, with two or three children riding on his back. Roosevelt ‘s days were seldom less than fifteen hours long, and we can guess how he regarded the laboring men of today who clamor for eight and six, and even fewer hours, as the normal period for a day’s work. He got up ar half past seven and always finished breakfast by nine,when what many might call tile real work of his day began.The unimaginative laborer probably supposes that most of the duties which fall to an industrious President are not strictly work at all; but if any one had to meet for an hour and a half every forenoon such Congressmen and Senators as chose to call on him, he would understand that that was a job involving real work, hard work. They came every day with a grievance, or an appeal, or a suggestion, or a favor to ask, and he had to treat each one, not only politely, but more or less differently. Early in his Administration, I heard it said that he offended some Congressmen by denying their requests in so loud a voice that others in the room could hear him, and this seemed to some a humiliation. President Mckinley, on the other hand, they said, lowered his voice, and spoke so softly and sweetly that even his refusal did not jar on his visitor, and was not heard at all by the bystanders.if this happened, I suspect it was bacause Roosevelt spoke rather explosively and had a habit of emphasis, and not because he wished in any way to send his petitioner’s rebuff through the room.Nor was the hour which followed this, when he received general callers, less wearing. As these persons came from all parts of the Union, so they were of all sorts and temperaments. Here was a worthy citizen from Colorado Who, on the strength of having once heard the President make a public speech in Denver, claimed immediate friendship with him. Then might come an old lady from Georgia, who remembered his mother’s people there, or the lady from Jacksonville, Florida, of whom I have already spoken. Once a little boy, who was almost lost in the crush of grown-up visitors, managed to reach to the President, “What can I do for you?”the President asked; and the boy told how his father had died leaving his mother with a large family and no money, and how he was selling typewriters to help support her. His mother, he said, would be most grateful if the President would accept a typewriter from her as a gift. So the President told the little fellow to go and sit down until the other visitors had passed, and then he would attend to him. Np doubt, the boy left the White House well contended—and richer.6.From the stories which exemplify Roosevelt’s affection for his family members,we can infer that _____.A.he was not flexible with his scheduleB.the President tried to fulfill his promise to themC.he would stopped whatever he was doing for themD.the President apologized to them when he could not stay with them7.According to the author, theodore Roosevelt ______.A.was a hard-working PresidentB.tried to reduce the length of his workdayC.really appreciated the idea of eight or six hours per workdayD.wished to work with the laboring men of today8.What might an unimaginative laborer think of the President’s duties?A.Those duties were nothing for President Roosevelt.B.What the President did was to meet Congressmen and Senators.C.Many Congressmen and Senators liked to meet the President.D.The President thought his duties involved real and hard work.9.How was President Roosevelt’s offending denial of some Congressmen’s requestsexplained?A.The Congressmen fell humiliated.B.The President was easy to lose his temper.C.President Mckinley helped to change the embarrassing situations.D.President Roosevelt had a rather forceful speaking manner.10.How did the President treat the boy who had lost his father.A.He asked the boy to leave immediately.B.He accepted a typewriter as a gift from the boy’s mother.C.He would rather stay alone with the boy.D.He would help the boy and the poor family.Passage ThreeWoild Trade Organization Director-general Renato Ruggiers predicted that the WTO would boost global incomes by $ 1 trillion in the next ten years. The pact paves the way for more foreign investment and competition in telecom makers. Many governments are making telecom deregulation a priority and making it easier for outsiders to enter the telecommunication business.The pace varies widely. The U.S. and Britain are well ahead of the pack, while Thailand won’t fully open until 2006. only 20% of the $ 601 billion world market is currently open to competition. That should jump to about 75% in a couple of years—largely due to the Telecom Act in the U.S. last year that deregulated local markets, the opening up of the European Union’s markets from Jan. 1, 1998 and the deregulation in Japan. The WTO deal now provides a forum for the inevitable disputes along the way. It is also symbolic: the first major trade agreement of the post-industrial age. Instead of being obsessed with textile quotas, the WTO pact is proof that governments are realizing that in an imformation age, telecom is the oil and steel of economies in the future. Businesses around the world are already spending more in total on telecom services than they do on oil.Consumers, meanwhile, can look forward to a future of lower prices— by some estimates, international calling rates should drop 80% over several years—and better service. Thanks in part to the vastly increased call volume carded by the fiber-optic cables that span the globe today, calling half a world away already costs little more than telephoning next door. The monopolies can no longer srt high prices for international calls in many countries. In the U.S., the world’d most fiercelycompetitive long distance market, frequent callers since last year have been paying about 12 cents a minute to call Britain, a price not much more than domestic rates.The new competitive environment on the horizon means more opportunities for companies from the U.S. and U.K. in particular because they have plenty of practice at the rough-and-tumble of free markets. The U.S. lobbied hard for the WTO deal, confident that its firms would be big beneficiaries of more open markets. Britain has been deregulated since 1984 but will see even more competition than before; in December, the government issued 45 new international licenses to join Britain Telecom so that it will become a strong competitor in the international market. However, the once-cosseted industry will get rougher worldwide. Returns on capital will come down. Risks will go up. That is how free markets work. It will look like any business.11.Which of the following statements can best describe the main theme of thepassage?A.There is a great potential in the world telecom market.B.The WTO pact has boosted a rapid development of telecom all over the world.C.The WTO pact has opened up bigger telecom markets to competition.ernments have realized the importance of telecommunication.12.What does “well ahead of the pack” mean in respect of the U.S. and Britain?A.Their telecom technology is much more advanced.B.Their telecom markets are much more open.C.They have more money invested in foreign telecom business.D.They have more competition in the telecom markets.13.We can reasonably conclude from the passage that _____.A.the world telecom market has been fully explored since the signing of the WTOpactB.telecom companies of the U.S. and U.K. will undoubtedly dominate the worldtelecom marketC.many governments have granted a great investment in their telecom businessD.the WTO pact means tougher competition for telecom companies and gentler pricefor callers14.In last paragraph, the word “lobby” probably means “_____”.A. persuadeB.ApproveC. SeparateD. imitate15.The tone of this passage can be described as _____.A. informative and neutralB. serious and cautiousC. enthusiastic and optimisticD. analytical and worriedPassage FourFor me, scientific knowledge is divided into mathematical sciences, natural sciences or sciences dealing with the natural world (physical and biological sciences), and sciences dealing with mankind (psychology, sociology, all the sciences of cultural achievements, every kind of historical knowledge). Apart from these sciences in philosophy about which we will talk shortly.In the first place, all this is pure or theoritical knowledge, sought only for the purpose of understanding, in order to fulfill the need to understand what is essential and substantial to man. What distinguishes man from animal is that he knows and needs to know. If man did not know that the world existed, and the world was of a certain kind, that he was in the world and that he himself was a certain kind, he wouldn’t be man. The technical aspects of applications of knowledge are equally necessary for man and are of the greatest importance, because they also contribute to defining him as man and permit him to pursur a life increasingly more truly human.But even while enjoying the results of technical progress, he must defend the primacy and independence of pure knowledge. Knowledge sought directly for its practical applications will have immediate and foreseeable success, but not the kind of important result whose revolutionary acope is in large part unforeseen, except by the imagination of the Utopians. Let me recall a well-known example. If the Greek mathematicians had not applied themselves to the investigation of conic sections, zealously and without the least suspicion that it someday be useful, it would not have been possible centuries later to navigate far from shore. The first men to study the nature of electricity could not imagine that their experiments, carried on because of mere intellectual curiosity, would eventually lead to modern electrical technology, without which we can scarcely conceive of contemporary life. Pure knowledge is valuable for its own sake, because the human spirit cannot resign itself to ignorance. But, in addition, it is the foundation for practical results that would not have been reached if this knowledge had not been sought disinterestedly.16.In the author’s opinion, _____.A.both social and natural sciences are aimed at understanding onlyB.both pure knowledge and its applications are equally essencial ti manC.philosophy is totally independent of the sciences referred to in the textD.the revolutionary results of pure science can hardly be imagined by Utopians17.The most important advances made by man come from _____.A.technical applicationsB.apparently useless informationC.the natural sciencesD.the study of philosophy18.The Greeks who studied conic sections _____.A.invented modern mathematical applicationsB.were interested in navigationsC.were unware of the value of their studiesD.were forced to resign themselves to failure19.The title below that best expresses the ideas of this passage is _____.A.The Importance of Technical ProgressB. A Little Learning Is a Dangerous ThingC.Learning For Its Own SakeD.Man’s Distinguishing Characteristics20.It can be inferred from the passage that man’s need to know is chiefly important inthat it _____.A.allows the human race to progress technically.prises both the physical and social sciencesC.demonstrates human adaptabilityD.defines his essential humanityPassage FiveOne of the good things for men in women’s liberation is hat men no longer have to pay women the old-fashioned courtesies.In an article on the new manners, Mrs Holmes says that a perfectly able woman no longer has to act helplessly in public as if she were a model. For example, she doesn’t need help getting in and out of cars. “Women get in and out of ears twenty times a day with babies and dogs. Surely the can get out by themselves at night just as easily.”She also says there is no reason why a man should walk on the outside of a woman on the sidewalk. “Historically, the man walked on the inside so he caught the garbage thrown out of a window. Today a man is supposed to walk on the outside. A man should walk where he wants to. So should a woman. If, out of love and respect, he actually wants to take the blows, he should walk on the inside—because that’s where attackers are all hiding these days.As far as manners are concerned, I suppose I have always been a suppoter of women’s liberation. Over the years, out of a sense of respect, I imagine, I have refused to trouble women with outdated courtesies.It is usually easier to follow rules of social behavior than to depend on one’s own taste. But rules may he safely broken, of course, by those of us with the gift of natural grace. For example, when a man and a woman are led to their table in a restaurant and the waiter pulls out a chair, the woman is expected to sit in the chair. That is according to Ms. Ann Clark. I have always done it the other way, according to my life.It came up only the other night. I followed the hostess to the table, and when she pulled the chair out I sat on it, quite naturally, since it happened to be the chair I wanted to sit in.“Well,” my wife said, when the hostess had gone, “you did it again.”“Did what?” I asked, utterly confused.“Took the chair.”Actually, since I’d walked through the restaurant ahead of my life, it would have been awkward, I should think, not to have taken the chair. I had got there first, after all.Also, it has always been my custom to get in a car first, and let the woman get in by herself. This is courtesy I insist on as the stronger sex, out of love and respect. In times like these, there might be attackers hidden about. It would be unsuitable to put a woman in a car and then shut the door on her, leaving her at the mercy of some had fellow who might be hiding in the back seat.21.It can be concluded from the passage that _____.A.it can break rules of social behaviorsB.in women’s liberation men are also liberatedC.women are becoming more competent than beforeD.men should walk on the outside of a pavement22.What’s the author’s attitude about the whole question of manners and women’sliberation?A. SeriousB.CriticalC.JokingD.Satirical23.Ms. Ann Clark would most probably agree that _____.A.Ms. Holmes’s opinions on the new manners are justifiedB.the author is a man with the gift of natural graceC.one should follow social custom instead of his own tasteD.men and women are equal in most of the social events24.By saying “you did it again” (Para.7), the author’s wife means that _____.A.the author should have shown his politeness by pulling out the chair for herB.the author should not have sat down before she didC.the author should not have sat in the chair pulled out by the waitressD.the author should have walked behind her25.Which of the following is NOT the reason why the author gets into a car before awoman?A.He intends to be polite to the woman.B.He does that by force of habit.C.He wants to protect the woman from hidden danger.D.He thinks women nowadays are as capable as men.Passage Six“Youth”and “culture”have been a rather more familiar pairing within sociology than “old age”and “culture”. Young people’s spending on clothes, stereo equipment and cosmetics meant that the “teenager”became a vitally important consumer of leisure goods and services. These features of young people’s experiences, along with their increasing proportion within the total population, inevitably caught the attention of serveral influential sociologists who went on to describe and analyze the phenomenon of “youth culture”. In recent decades, the situation has changed somewhat. With the aging of the population, it is older people who represent an incasing proportion within the total population, some of whom enjoy relative affluence with high levels of disposable income. Consequently, it is older people, rather than young people, who are increasingly regarded as important consumers of leisure goods and services. Serveral sociologists have begun to analyze the cultural implications of population aging. Andrew Blaikie in his book first addressed the phenomenon of “gray culture” at length.Blaikie focuses in particular on the change in styles of growing old embodied in notion of the third Age. This is the stage of the life course after retirement from paid work, where activity, leisure and pleasure are enjoyed before the onset of old age proper brings social dependency, physical imfirmities and death. Blailie’s book is notabout how individuals with an accumulation of chronological years actually experience later life, but is instead an examination of the changing discourses of growing old as these are expressed in popular culture.Blailie’s analysis is sensitive to issues raised by the reconstruction of old age as a “leisure and pleasure” filled life course stage, including its meaningfulness to those without the financial or other resources necessary to enjoy it. Importantly, he also discusses what the cultural reconstruction of the post-retirement phase of life course means for our understandings and representations of “deep old age”and biological inevitability of death.For a book so concerned with the analyses of visual representations of later life, there are few actual illustrations. This must be regarded as a weakness. More often than not, the reader is wholly reliant on Blaikie’s own description of visual sources and his interpretation of how these represent later life. The reproduction of a greater number of cartoons or photographs would have greatly improved the persuasiveness of his analysis. Nevertheless, this is a timely book which makes an important contribution to the literature on the cultural reconstruction of later life.26.According to the first sentence of the article, you can conclude that _____.A.youth are more familiar with sociology than elderlyB.the elderly are more familiar with sociology than youthC.there are more researches on behaviors and life styles of youth than those of theelderly within sociology.D.there are more researches on behaviors and life styles of the elderly than youthwithin sociology27.What are the main contents of Blaikie’s book?A.The problems raised by the aging of population.B.The change in styles of growing old.C.The consuming tendency of the older people.D.The analysis of visual description of later life.28.What caused the appearance of the “gray culture” phenomenon?A.An increasing proportion of older people within the total population.B.Older people are regarded as important consumers of leisure goods and services.C.Some sociologists have begun to study the cultural implications of an agingpopulation.D.All of the above.29.Which of the following statements about the Third Age in paragraph 2 is true?A.The elderly can’t work in this stage.B.The elderly’s lives are full of pleasure during the whole stage.C.For the elderly, depending on society and death are inevitably finally.D.The elderly are afraid of death very much.30.The significance of the cultural reconstruction of old age mainly lies in _____.A.helping old people in financial difficulties to enjoy their livesB.helping the elderly to communicate with youth easilyC.helping the elderly to improve their life standardsD.helping us to understand the elders and deathII.Vocabulary(10%; 0.5 mark each):31.By Christmas _____ I in this office for ten years.A.will workB.will be workingC.will have been workingD.will have worked32.The individual TV viewer invariably senses that he or she is _____ anonymous,statistically insignificant part of a huge and diverse audience.A.everything exceptB.anything butC.no less thanD.nothing more than33.Apart from an interesting-looking carved dagger, he box was full of crockery,much of it _____.A.breakB.to breakC.breakingD.broken34.Jim's score on the test is the highest; he _____hard.A.should have studiedB.could have studiedC.must have studiedD.could study35.The newspapers in my hometown don't have as many pages as they _____ here.A.areB.doC.haveD.can be36."That English fellow's songs are very portic." "_____ the words to the songs, buthe also composes the music."A. He also writeB. Although he writesC. Not only does he writeD. It is not all that he writes37._____ a research student, I would at least master two foreign languages.A. Should I becomeB. I should becomeC. Would I becomeD. Have I become38.When the stranger walked towards him, he fled, the door _____behind him.A.slammedB.to slamC.slantD.slamming39.It is important that an undergraduate _____ a grade point average of B in hismajor field.A.maintainsB.maintainC.will maintainD.shall maintain40.The farmer out up iron fences around the flower _____ garden neighbor's sheepshould break in.A.on condition thatB.now thatC.lestD.but41.She agreed to take the naughty boy along _____ he behaved himself.A.whetherB.thatC.providedD.in case42._____ more important, not only the lost cities were recovered, but the new citieswere built.A. That isB. It isC. BecauseD. What is43.She bought a knife from the shop _____ to peel an apple.A.whichB.with thatC.with whichD.at which44.If it hadn't been for the doctor's care, I _____ speaking to you now.A.would not beB.would not have beenC.will not beD.will not have been45.To a highly imaginative writer, _____ is a pad of paper and a pen.A.all are requiredB.all which is requiredC.all is requiredD.all that is required46.In November 1987 the government _____ a public debate on the future directionof the official sports policy.A.initiatedB.designedC.inducedD.promoted47.It is unfortunate that the members of the committee do not _____ in opinion.A.coincideB.conformplyD.collaborate48.All draughts must be _____ from the room.A.ejectedB.expelledC.excludedD.exiled49.Planning our vocation we must take the frequent _____ of the weather intoconsideration.A.transformationB.transmissionC.transactionD.transitionA is one of the Powers in the world, but it's a(n) _____ that in such a richcountry there should be so many poor people.A.paradoxB.prejudiceC.dilemmaD. ConflictIII.Cloze(10%;0.5 mark each):There are three separate sources of hazard (51) _____ to the use of nuclear reaction to supply us with energy. Firstly, the radioactive material must travel from its place of manufacture to the power station (52) _____ the power stations themselves are solidly built, the container used for transport of the material are not. Unfortunately, there are (53) _____ only two methods of transport available, (54) _____ road or rail, and both of these (55) _____ close contact with the general public, (56) _____ routes are (57) _____ to pass near, or even through, (58) _____ populated areas.Secondly, there is a problem of wasters. All nuclear power stations produce wastes which (59) _____ will remain radioactive for thousands of years. It is (60) _____ to de-active these wastes, and so they must be stored (61) _____ one of the ingenious but cumbersome ways that scientists have invented. For example, they must be buried under the ground (62) _____ sunk in the sea. However, these (63) _____ do not solve the problem completely, they merely store it, since an earth-quake could (64) _____ open the containers like nuts.Thirdly, there is the problem of accidental exposure (65)_____ to a leak or an explosion at the power station. (66)_____ with the other two hazards, this is not very likely and does not provide a serious (67)_____ to the nuclear program, (68) _____ it can happen, as the inhabitants of Harrisburg will tell you.Separately, and during short periods, these three types of risk are no great cause for concern. (69)_____, though, and especially (70) _____ much longer periods, the probability of a disaster is extremely high.51.A.related B.connected C.associated D.affiliated52.A. Hence B. Although C. Therefore D. However53.A.regularly B.typically C.normally monly54.A.such as B.for example C.for instance ly55.A.concern B.involve C.include D.contain56.A.since B.although C.while D.so。
四川大学2006-2015年博士研究生入学考试《史学通论》试题四川大学2006年博士研究生入学考试《史学通论》试题一，论历史比较研究及其意义二，对以下评论加以评说程颐：唐太宗，后人只知是英主，元不曾有人识其恶，至如杀兄取位，若以功业言，不过只做得个功臣，岂可夺元良之位。
朱熹：唐太宗一切假仁借义以行其私。
四川大学2007年博士研究生入学考试《史学通论》试题一，论历史主义二，评柯文著《在中国发现历史》四川大学2008年博士研究生入学考试《史学通论》试题一、结合本专业实际论历史记忆与历史书写之关系二、如何认识历史领域后现代主义的当代挑战四川大学2009年博士研究生入学考试《史学通论》试题一，结合实例说明历史学的社会功能二，史学领域的后现代主义思潮评述四川大学2010年博士研究生入学考试《史学通论》试题一，论历史思维的方法二，结合史学理论与实践谈谈你对史学即史料学这一观点的认识四川大学2011年博士研究生入学考试《史学通论》试题1、结合专业与史实论20世纪上半叶中国史学的转型2、论历史真理性的相对性与绝对性。
四川大学2012年博士研究生入学考试《史学通论》试题1，论述历史研究者如何构建合理的知识结构2，结合史实论述历史比较研究方法四川大学2013年博士研究生入学考试《史学通论》试题1.辨析历史事实的主观性与客观性2. 结合实际谈谈史料的收集、整理、辨析四川大学2014年博士研究生入学考试《史学通论》试题1.评述历史认识的过程2.试比较历史定量分析与定性分析的关系四川大学2015年博士研究生入学考试《史学通论》试题1.论述历史学在科学发展的作用以及历史学的社会功能2.试论历史研究方法中的整体研究以及跨学科研究。
博士研究生入学考试历年试题(新闻传播学)博士研究生入学考试历年试题（新闻传播学）一、名词解释（6分/个，共30分）1、个案研究方法2、熵3、XXX模式4、社会责任理论5、XXX二、简答（20分/个，共40分）1、简述芝加哥学派对传播学的贡献。
2、简述XXX在大众传播研究方面提出的主要命题。
三、论述（1题20分，2、3题各30分，共80分）1、比较中国和西方的媒介产业制度，请结合现实论述媒介控制对社会的影响。
2、在文化日益多样化，大众传播向“小众传播”发展的趋势下，一些像世界杯、奥运会这样的媒介事件仍能引起大量受众广泛关注，请谈谈对这一问题的认识。
3、用说服理论分析下面XXX副主任XXX在批“台独”分子“公投制宪”义正严词的讲话中运用了哪些说服技巧。
“‘公投制宪’是一项极其危险的举动。
XXX为了谋求自己连任，不惜将台湾的利益作为竞选工具，把广大台湾人民作为赌注，把台湾同胞推到与祖国大陆冲突的边缘，这是极不道德的，是在破坏台海和平。
其所作所为，是要把台湾同胞多年来的艰辛成果毁于一旦。
”“台独”是一条底线。
我们一再表示，我们希望和平解决台湾问题，因为台湾同胞是我们的骨肉兄弟，我们不愿看到兵戎相见。
但最终能否实现和平统一的目标，并不是完全取决于祖国大陆方面。
如果台湾的当权者，与社会上“台独”分裂势力相互勾结一起公开搞“台独”，公然向祖国大陆挑衅，那武力恐怕就难以避免。
“台独”就是战争，也就是这个道理。
XXX为了给“台独”分裂势力壮胆，为了消除中间选民对他们搞“台独”的忧虑，一再误导舆论，甚至说什么“中共是纸老虎”，宣传什么如果大陆对台动武，美国会保护台湾。
这是很危险的，是极不负责任的说法。
不管是从历史上还是法理上看，台湾都是中国神圣领土不可分割的一部分。
海峡两岸同属一个中国，这是两岸过去一直的共识。
任何人企图用公投的方式，达成“台独”分裂的目的，都是不能容忍的，也是非法的。
打着民主的旗号搞“台独”，利用民意搞分裂，这是XXX的一大特色。
四川⼤学考博B中国⽂学典籍真题与答案四川⼤学2005年攻读博⼠学位研究⽣⼊学考试试题B考试科⽬：中国⽂学典籍科⽬代码：205选⽤专业：⽂艺学、语⾔学及应⽤语⾔学、汉语⾔⽂字学、中国古代⽂学、中国现当代⽂学、⽐较⽂学与世界⽂学、⽂艺与传媒、⽂化批评、⽂学⼈类学、佛教语⾔⽂学、⼴播影视⽂艺学⼀.填空（每题2分，共10分）1.请写出《尔雅》各篇篇名：。
释诂，释⾔，释训，释亲，释宫，释器，释乐，释天，释地，释丘，释⼭，释⽔，释草，释⽊，释⾍，释鱼，释鸟，释兽，释畜。
2.请写出《⽂⼼雕龙》的⼗篇篇名：。
原道第⼀，征圣第⼆，宗经第三，正纬第四，辨骚第五，明诗第六，乐府第七，诠赋第⼋，颂赞第九，祝盟第⼗，序志第五⼗。
3.请写出《⼗三经》各经经名：。
《易经》、《尚书》、《诗经》、《周礼》、《仪礼》、《礼记》、《春秋左传》、《春秋公⽺传》、《春秋⾕粱传》、《论语》、《孝经》、《尔雅》、《孟⼦》⼗三部儒家的经典4.请写出《⼆⼗五史》各史书名：。
⼆⼗五史是中国历代官修的⼆⼗五部纪传体史书的总称。
它包括《史记》、《汉书》、《后汉书》、《三国志》、《晋书》、《宋书》、《南齐书》、《梁书》、《陈书》、《魏书》、《北齐书》、《周书》、《隋书》、《南史》、《北史》、《旧唐书》、《新唐书》、《旧五代史》、《新五代史》、《宋史》、《辽史》、《⾦史》、《元史》、《明史》、《清史稿》等⼆⼗五部史书。
它上起传说中的黄帝（前2550年），⽌于清朝宣统四年（1912年），⽤本纪、列传、表、志等统⼀的体裁的编写。
⼆⼗五史之中，除第⼀部《史记》是通史之外，其余皆为断代史。
5.《庄⼦》共多少篇＿？其中内篇是哪七篇。
33；《庄⼦·内篇·逍遥游第⼀》，《庄⼦·内篇·齐物论第⼆》，《庄⼦·内篇·养⽣主第三》，《庄⼦·内篇·⼈间世第四》，《庄⼦·内篇·德充符第五》，《庄⼦·内篇·⼤宗师第六》，《庄⼦·内篇·应帝王第七》。
