Effects of goals on decisions under risk conditions_ Goals can help to make better choices

国开电大本科《管理英语4》机考真题(第0005套)说明：2023年4月整理资料。

第一大题、交际用语(单选题)1-5题:选择正确的语句完成下列对话。

1.—Reading is the best way to pass time on the train.—_________,I never go traveling without a book.A.You are jokingB.That’s trueC.It sounds like fun[答案]B2.―How did your meeting go yesterday?―________actually,it was really frustrating.A.Not so goodB.Very goodC.Nothing special[答案]A3.―Jack,I’d like to have your opinions about my written report.―________But I have one suggestion.A.It looks fine to me.B.You are too modest.C.That’s a good idea.[答案]A4.―Terribly sorry to interrupt,but may I use your dictionary?―Yes,________.A.of course.B.it doesn’t matter.C.no hurry.[答案]A5.―This project is too big for me to finish on time.―__________________A.Please dome a favor.B.You may ask for help.C.I’ll give you a hand.[答案]C第二大题、词汇与结构(单选题)1-15题:阅读下面的句子,从A、B、C三个选项中选出一个能填入空白处的正确选项。

大学思辨英语教程写作1练习答案 - Unit 3 Growth and Maturity一、词汇学习1. Command - Verb: to give an authoritative order. - Noun: an authoritative order.2. Accumulate - Verb: to gather or collect.3. Inevitable - Adjective: certain to happen; unavoidable.4. Rites - Noun: a religious or other solemn ceremony or act;a way of behaving or doing something that is customary.5. Entail - Verb: involve (something) as a necessary or inevitable part or consequence.二、短文改写原文： Growth and maturity entail several stages and experiences that shape who we become. It is inevitable that we encounter challenges and difficulties along the way. However, it is through overcoming these obstacles that we gain maturity and wisdom.改写： Becoming mature and growing up involve a series of stages and experiences that influence our personal development. It is unavoidable that we face various challengesand hardships throughout this process. Nevertheless, it is by successfully conquering these obstacles that we acquire wisdom and maturity.三、完形填空原文： Ad vertisements in today’s society often try to 1 the idea that people can purchase happiness. They try to 2 us that buying certain products will make us happier and more fulfilled. While it is true that having some material possessions can bring us temporary joy, true happiness and fulfillment come from 3 sources.Money is a 4 tool that can be used for good or for evil. It can provide us with security and opportunities, but it can also make us 5 and lead to dissatisfaction if we become too focused on accumulating wealth. We must remember that there are certain things that money cannot 6. It cannot buy love, friendship, or personal growth, which are all essential for true happiness.In order to truly be happy and fulfilled, we must 7 on developing meaningful relationships, pursuing our passions, and 8 to become the best version of ourselves. This requires self-reflection and self-improvement. 9 happiness comes from within and is not dependent on external factors such as possessions or wealth. It comes from living a life aligned with our values and finding fulfillment in the things that truly matter to us.It is 10 to sometimes be tempted by the notion that possessions can bring us happiness. However, it is important toremember that true happiness is not something that can be bought; it is something that comes from within.完形填空： 1. A. persuade 2. B. convince 3. D. inner 4. C. neutral 5. A. greedy 6. D. acquire 7. B. focus 8. A. striving 9. C. True 10. B. natural四、阅读理解1.原文： A 2016 study found that the average person spends nearly six hours a day on their phone. For many of us, our phone has become an extension of ourselves and a constant source of entertainment and distraction. However, what are the effects of this constant screen time on our mental health?One study conducted by researchers from the University of Pittsburgh found a correlation between increased social media use and feelings of depression and loneliness. The study followed over 1,700 adults and found that those who spent more time on social media platforms were more likely to report feelings of isolation and dissatisfaction with their lives.Another study published in the journal Computers in Human Behavior found that excessive smartphone use can lead to symptoms of addiction. Researchers surveyed over 300 college students and found that those who reported higher levels of dependence on their smartphones were more likely to experience symptoms of anxiety, depression, and loneliness.While smartphones and social media can provide us with a sense of connection and entertainment, it is important to bemindful of our usage. Excessive screen time can have negative effects on our mental health and well-being. It is essential to find a balance and engage in activities that promote our mental and emotional well-being.改写： According to a study conducted in 2016, the average person spends nearly six hours a day on their mobile phones. For many individuals, their phone has become an integral part of their lives, providing constant entertainment and distraction. However, what impact does this excessive screen time have on our mental health?Researchers from the University of Pittsburgh conducted a study that found a correlation between increased use of social media and feelings of loneliness and depression. The study, which involved over 1,700 adults, discovered that those who spent more time on social media platforms were more likely to feel isolated and dissatisfied with their lives.Another study published in the journal Computers in Human Behavior revealed that excessive use of smartphones can lead to symptoms of addiction. The study surveyed more than 300 college students and found that those who reported higher levels of smartphone dependency were more likely to experience symptoms of anxiety, depression, and loneliness.While smartphones and social media can offer a sense of connectivity and entertainment, it is crucial to be mindful of our usage. Spending excessive time on screens can have adverse effects on our mental health and overall well-being. Striking a balance and engaging in activities that promote our mental and emotional well-being is essential.2.原文： Growth and maturity involve taking responsibility for our actions and choices. As we grow older, we gain the autonomy to make decisions that shape our lives. This freedom comes with the need to take ownership of our actions and accept the consequences that result from them.Taking responsibility requires recognizing our role in the outcomes of our choices. It means acknowledging that the decisions we make have an impact on ourselves and those around us. By taking responsibility, we demonstrate our maturity and willingness to learn from our mistakes and grow as individuals.However, taking responsibility does not mean that we are entirely to blame for every negative outcome. It means understanding that we have the power to control how we respond to situations and make choices that align with our values and goals. It also means acknowledging that we have the ability to change and improve ourselves, even in challenging circumstances.Taking responsibility is a sign of personal growth and maturity. It allows us to demonstrate integrity, accountability, and resilience. By embracing responsibility, we develop a sense of ownership over our lives and take an active role in shaping our future.改写： Developing and maturing involves assuming responsibility for our actions and decisions. As we age, we obtain the independence to make choices that impact our lives. With this freedom comes the necessity to acknowledge the consequences that arise from our actions and accept them.Assuming responsibility entails understanding our involvement in the outcomes resulting from our decisions. It means recognizing that the choices we make have an influence on ourselves and those around us. By shouldering responsibility, we exhibit our maturity and willingness to learn from our errors and evolve as individuals.However, accepting responsibility does not imply that we bear full blame for every negative consequence. It means comprehending that we possess the power to control our responses to situations and make choices that are in line with our values and aspirations. It also means acknowledging our ability to adapt and better ourselves, even in the face of challenging circumstances.Taking responsibility signifies personal growth and maturity. It enables us to demonstrate integrity, accountability, and resilience. By embracing responsibility, we foster a sense of ownership over our lives and actively shape our own future.五、写作题目： Write an essay discussing the importance of personal growth and maturity in academic and professional settings.写作： In both academic and professional settings, personal growth and maturity play an indispensable role in our success and development. They not only shape our character but also determine our ability to handle challenges and make wise decisions.First and foremost, personal growth and maturity are fundamental for academic excellence. As students, we are constantly faced with the need to acquire new knowledge and skills. It is through personal growth that we can develop a thirst for learning, curiosity, and an open mind. By cultivating these qualities, we become more receptive to new ideas and perspectives, enhancing our ability to grasp complex concepts and apply them in academic endeavors.Furthermore, personal growth and maturity enable us to take responsibility for our academic progress. They teach us to prioritize our commitments, manage our time effectively, and persevere through obstacles. As we grow and mature, we recognize that success is not solely determined by intelligence but also by discipline and hard work. This self-discipline and work ethic become the driving forces behind our academic achievements.In addition to academic pursuits, personal growth and maturity are equally critical in professional settings. As professionals, we must navigate complex work environments, collaborate with diverse individuals, and handle challenging situations. Personal growth equips us with the necessary emotional intelligence and interpersonal skills to thrive in such environments.Moreover, personal growth encourages us to strive for continuous improvement in our professional lives. By being self-aware and open to feedback, we can identify areas for growth and actively seek opportunities for development. This may involve attending workshops, exploring new roles or responsibilities, or seeking guidance from mentors. Ultimately, personal growth and maturity enable us to adapt to evolving job demands and contribute meaningfully to our organizations.In conclusion, personal growth and maturity are essential components of success in academic and professional settings. They not only enhance our ability to acquire knowledge and overcome challenges, but also equip us with the skills necessary to excel in our chosen fields. By investing in our personal growth and embracing maturity, we position ourselves for an enriching and fulfilling academic and professional journey.。

课程思政《管理学（全英）》课程教学大纲一、课程基本信息课程代码：18220743课程名称：《管理学（全英）》英文名称：《Management》课程类别：学科基础课学时：48学分：3适用对象:2019财务管理1班（2+2中外合作人才培养实验班）考核方式：考试先修课程：西方经济学等二、课程简介Management is a basic course for management majors,which is set for junior students of management majors.This course serves as an introduction to the discipline of management.It is designed to integrate the accepted theories in the area with real world applications to provide students with the basic knowledge and skills needed for managing others.This course begins with a discussion of the current issues in management and then proceeds to cover the traditional functions of management:planning,organizing,leading, and controlling.Lecture and class assignments given in the course are intended to help students understand the needs of modern public and private organizations,including emerging national and international trends.三、课程性质与教学目的The course“management(all English)”aims to give a comprehensive and preliminary introduction to management and arouse students'thinking on current management issues. This course is a basic course for the related major of management,which provides the foundation for the study of subsequent subjects.This course will systematically expound the four basic aspects of management:planning,organization,leadership and control,andwill try to apply the theory into case analysis under the guidance of teachers.At the end of the course,students should be able to analyze problems in the management field from a more professional perspective and master common technical terms in the field.Due to the basic course of management,the study of this course also lays a foundation for the subsequent study of related courses,such as strategic management,human resource management,e-commerce,organizational behavior,etc.This course uses English textbooks and the classroom language is English.Therefore,it has a higher requirement for the teaching object.Students should generally have a high level of English,and have strong oral English ability.Through the study of this course,four teaching objectives can be achieved:1.The construction of management knowledge system:to enable students to master thebasic concepts and connotations of management,various management theories, knowledge construction and curriculum system construction.2.The improvement of various skills:to enable students to think and analyze themanagement phenomenon in today's business environment with all kinds of knowledge, and break through traditional knowledge to achieve thinking innovation.3.The improvement of English listening,speaking,reading and writing ability:as thiscourse is an all-English teaching form,it will have requirements on students'English skills in all aspects.4.The strengthening of ideological and political education:to enable students tocomprehensively and objectively understand contemporary China and look at the outside world,be good at distinguishing right from wrong,and form a stand,viewpoint and method for observing and understanding contemporary world and contemporary China.四、教学内容及要求Chapter1The introduction of management：history，concepts and framework Chapter main Contents:1.Tell who managers are？2.What three characteristics do all organizations share?3.What’s the definition of management?4.Make comparison between managers and non-managerial employees.5.Three ways to look at what managers do.6.Explain why it’s important to study management.7.Describe the factors that are reshaping and redefining management.8.Scientific Management,General Administrative Theory,Behavioral Approach,Systems Approach.Chapter Objectives:Emphasis：1.Understand three Common Characteristics of Organizations.2.what’s the difference between Managers and non-managerial Employees?Difficulties:what does a manager do?Elements of ideological and political education:patriotismChapter Assignments：Please list at least three kinds of job titles in modern company and attribute these titles to four management levels.Chapter2The management environment analyses and applicationChapter main Contents:1.Explain what the external environment is and why it’s important?2.Discuss how the external environment affects managers?3.Define what organizational culture is?4.Describing the dimensions of organizational culture.5.How organizational culture affects managers?Chapter Objectives:Emphasis：what does external environment include?And how these factors affect the management?Difficulties:know the organizational culture?And how to evaluate an organization’s culture?Elements of ideological and political education:an international visionChapter Assignments：Please select one industry you are interested in and make the analyses about it’s external environment?Chapter3Integrative managerial issuesChapter main Contents:1.How to understand the concept of“globalization”and its reflection.2.What’s the influence of globalization on organizations?3.How organizations go global?And what are the different types of globalorganizations?4.What managers need to know about the management in global business?5.Discuss how society’s expectations are influencing managers and organizations.6.Discuss the factors that lead to ethical and unethical behavior in organizations.7.Describe how the workforce is changing and its impact on the way organizations aremanaged.Chapter Objectives:Emphasis：1.The meaning of globalization and it’s effect on management2.the diversity of workforceDifficulties:understanding the effect of firm globalization on company management.Elements of ideological and political education:an holistic viewChapter Assignments：Please conclude the effects of globalization effects on company management.Chapter4Foundation of decision makingChapter main Contents:1.Describe the decision-making process and some points about every step.2.What common errors are committed in the decision-making process?(12commondecision errors)3.Explain the three approaches managers can use to make decisions.4.Describe the types of decisions and decision-making conditions managers face.5.Discuss group decision-making,knowing the advantage and disadvantage of groupdecision making.6.When are groups most effective?7.Discuss contemporary issues in managerial decision making(national culture，creativity and design thinking，big data)Chapter Objectives:Emphasis：The three levels of analysis in the OB model.Difficulties:The need for a contingency approach to the study of OB.Elements of ideological and political education:socialism with Chinese characteristicsChapter Assignments：Think over whether you have made some errors in decision making?What’s it?Chapter5Foundation of planningChapter main Contents:1.Discuss the nature and purposes of planning?2.Since changing is ever-stopping,is the formal planning necessary?3.Explain what strategic includes and what managers do in the strategic managementprocess?4.What strategies do mangers use?pare approaches to goal setting and planning.6.How do managers set goals and develop plans?7.What contemporary issues in planning do managers face?Chapter Objectives:Emphasis：1.The company strategy system2.The content of MBO3.The steps and methods of goal-settingDifficulties:1.The essence of MBO2.The company strategy systemElements of ideological and political education:confidence in our path,in our theoriesChapter Assignments：If“The don’t change thing is change itself”is the real fact，what’s the meaning of planning？Chapter6Organizational structure and designChapter main Contents:1.What are the six key elements in organizational design?(specialization,departmentalization,authority,span of control,centralization,formalization)2.Identify the contingency factors that favor either the mechanistic model or theorganic model of organizational design.pare traditional and contemporary organizational designs.4.Discuss the design challenges faced by today’s organizations.(keep employeesconnected,global difference,building a learning organization,flexible workarrangement and so on)Chapter Objectives:Emphasis：The six key elements in organizational design.Difficulties:The design challenges faced by today’s organizations.Elements of ideological and political education:confidence in our systemChapter Assignments：Do you think the traditional hierarchical structure still have life today? Chapter7Managing human resourcesChapter main Contents:1.Describe the key components of the human resource management process andthe important influences on that process.2.What’s employment planning?And what’s the two steps of it?3.How do organizations recruit employees?And how to handle layoffs?4.How do managers select competent employees?5.What is employees are provided with needed skills and knowledge?6.Describe strategies for retaining competent,high-performing employees.7.Discuss contemporary issues in managing human resources.Chapter Objectives:Emphasis：1.The process of human resource management;2.How to compensate the employees;3.How to retain competent,high-performing employees.Difficulties:Grasping the process of HRM and how to match the job requirements and employee?Elements of ideological and political education:China’s national conditionChapter Assignments：How to retain the90s and00s employees?Chapter8Managing change and innovationChapter main Contents:1.Define organizational change and the categories of organizational change.2.what forces lead to organizations make change?pare the change process.(CALM WATERS VS.WHITE-WATERMETAPHOR)4.what forces resist the organization change?5.Explain how to manage resistance to change?6.What managers need to know about employee stress?7.Discuss techniques for stimulating innovation.Emphasis：1.What’s organizational change are companies confronted with?2.What can the companies do to eliminate the employees’stress?3.How to create innovation?Difficulties:What can companies do to make the organization more creative?Elements of ideological and political education:a sense of prideChapter Assignments：1.What method do you know about prompting one more creative?2.Do you have some method to decrease the stress?Chapter9Group and managing work teamsChapter main Contents:1.What’s the definition of group and what are the stages of group development?2.Describe the five major concepts of group behavior.(roles,norms andconformity,status systems,group size,group cohesiveness)3.How groups are turned into effective teams?From context,composition,workdesign and process perspectives.4.What contemporary issues do managers face in managing teams?(managingglobal team,)Chapter Objectives:Emphasis：1.how to build an effective work team?2.what issues does a manager must confronted with in new environments?Difficulties:How to build an effective work team?Elements of ideological and political education:organization confidenceChapter Assignments：Do you want to work in team or work individually?Why?Chapter10Motivating and rewardingChapter main Contents:1.Define and explain motivation and what’s three elements of motivation?pare four early theories of motivation(Maslow’s Hierarchy of NeedsTheory,X-Y Theory,Two-Factor Theory,McClelland’s Three-needs Theory)3.What’s goal-setting theory?4.How does job design influence motivation?5.What’s equity theory?6.What current issues do managers face in motivating employees?Chapter Objectives:Emphasis：Compare and integrate the classical and modern motivation theoryDifficulties:How to apply these motivation theories to realities?Elements of ideological and political education:responsibilityChapter Assignments：What factors can motivate you working harder?Chapter11Leadership and trustChapter main Contents:1.Who is leader and what is leadership?2.What traits do leaders have according trait theory?3.What behaviors do leaders exhibit?4.Describe the four major contingency leadership theories.5.Describe modern views of leadership and the issues facing today’s leaders.6.Why trust is the essence of leadership?Chapter Objectives:Emphasis：How to understand the contingency leadership theory?Difficulties:How to understand the essence role of trust in leadership?Elements of ideological and political education:integrity and honestyChapter Assignments：Imaging you are a leader,what do you want to do to build the trust relationship with employees?Chapter12Managing communication and informationChapter main Contents:1.Describe what managers need to know about communicating effectively.2.Explain how technology affects managerial communication.3.Discuss contemporary issues in communication.Chapter Objectives:Emphasis：1.What’s the process of communication?paring written communications and verbal communication.3.Which factors will lead to the ineffectiveness in communication?4.How to enhance the communication effect?5.Understanding the effects of some technology on managing communication.6.What communication issues do managers face today?Difficulties:How to tackle the resistance when communication?Elements of ideological and political education:development and innovationChapter Assignments：Please recall the last low-efficient communication case in your daily life and analyze the reason.Chapter13Foundation of controlChapter main Contents:1.What is control and why control is important?2.Describe the three steps in the control process.(get measuring,compare actualperformance to planned goals,take actions)3.When does control take place?4.Discuss the types of controls organizations and managers use.5.What contemporary control issues do managers confront?Chapter Objectives:Emphasis：Grasp three kinds of control.Difficulties:When does control take place?Elements of ideological and political education:ideal and faithChapter Assignments：Which method do you think is most effective when controlling?why?五、各教学环节学时分配Presentation and debate033 Chapter9Group and managing work teams33 Chapter10Motivating and rewarding(I)33 Chapter10Motivating and rewarding(II)213 Chapter11Leadership and trust33 Chapter12Managing communication and213 informationChapter13Foundation of control33 Review and answering033六、推荐教材和教学参考资源1、《21世纪的管理挑战》，彼得.德鲁克著2、《创新者的窘境》&《创新者的解答》，克莱顿•克里斯坦森著3、《竞争战略》迈克尔.波特著4、《影响力》罗伯特.西奥迪尼著5、《定位》艾·里斯，杰克·特劳特著6、《商战》杰克•特劳特/阿尔•里斯著7、《联盟：互联网时代的人才变革》里德·霍夫曼著8、《重新定义管理》布赖恩·罗伯逊著七、其他说明大纲修订人：田野修订日期：2020/12/10大纲审定人：赵明审定日期：2020/12/16。

压力给人带来的积极和消极作用作文英语The Positive and Negative Effects of Stress on PeopleIntroductionStress is a common experience for many people in today's fast-paced world. It can have both positive and negative effects on individuals. In this essay, we will explore the ways in which stress can impact people both positively and negatively.Positive Effects of Stress1. Motivation: Stress can be a powerful motivator for individuals to push themselves to achieve their goals. When faced with a challenging situation, the pressure can drive people to work harder and strive for success.2. Resilience: Dealing with stress can help individuals develop resilience and coping skills. Going through stressful experiences can teach people how to manage their emotions, problem-solve, and adapt to difficult situations.3. Performance: In some cases, stress can actually improve performance. A moderate amount of stress can enhance focus, concentration, and alertness, leading to better productivity and performance.4. Growth: Overcoming stressful situations can lead to personal growth and development. People can learn valuable lessons from stressful experiences, which can help them become stronger and more resilient individuals.Negative Effects of Stress1. Health Problems: Prolonged or chronic stress can have a negative impact on physical and mental health. It can contribute to a variety of health problems, including heart disease, high blood pressure, anxiety, and depression.2. Impaired Decision-making: When under a lot of stress, individuals may have difficulty making clear and rational decisions. Stress can cloud judgment and lead to impulsive or poorly thought-out choices.3. Relationship Strain: Stress can put a strain on relationships with family, friends, and colleagues. It can lead to communication breakdowns, conflicts, and distancing from loved ones.4. Burnout: Excessive stress can lead to burnout, where individuals feel emotionally drained, overwhelmed, and exhausted. Burnout can impact performance at work and overall quality of life.ConclusionIn conclusion, stress can have both positive and negative effects on individuals. While some amount of stress can be beneficial and motivating, too much stress can have harmful consequences on mental and physical well-being. It is important for individuals to find healthy ways to manage and cope with stress in order to maintain a balance in their lives.。

做出合理的决定的英语作文1. Trust your instincts: Sometimes, the best decisions are made based on gut feelings. Trusting your instincts can lead to surprising and successful outcomes.2. Weigh the pros and cons: It's important to consider the advantages and disadvantages of a decision before making it. By carefully evaluating the potential outcomes, you can make a more informed choice.3. Seek advice from others: Consulting with others can provide valuable insights and perspectives that you may not have considered. It's important to listen to different opinions and gather as much information as possible before making a decision.4. Analyze the risks: Every decision carries some level of risk. It's crucial to assess the potential risks and evaluate whether you are willing to take them. Risk analysis helps in making calculated decisions andminimizing potential negative consequences.5. Consider the long-term effects: While it's easy to focus on immediate benefits or consequences, it's important to consider the long-term effects of your decision. Think about how it will impact your future and whether it aligns with your goals and values.6. Prioritize your values: Making decisions that align with your core values can bring a sense of fulfillment and satisfaction. Consider what is truly important to you and let that guide your decision-making process.7. Take a step back: Sometimes, it's helpful to take a break and gain some perspective before making a decision. Stepping away from the situation can provide clarity and help you make a more rational choice.8. Learn from past experiences: Reflecting on past decisions and their outcomes can provide valuable lessons. Use your past experiences to inform your current decision-making process and avoid repeating previous mistakes.9. Consider the opinions of experts: If you are facinga complex or specialized decision, it can be beneficial to seek the advice of experts in the field. Their knowledge and expertise can provide valuable guidance in making informed choices.10. Trust yourself: Ultimately, you are the one who has to live with the consequences of your decisions. Trust yourself and have confidence in your ability to make the best choices for your own life.。

To dear IE91ersEssentials of Contemporary management—made by yiwen 关于这份总结：这份总结是根据于瑞峰最后一节课所画的考试范围整理的，不考的内容一点没有涵盖^_^。

06、07年三套考题中简答、案例题出现过的重点内容结合答案的给分点详细整理在内，笑脸是最好背下来的，实在记不住至少加阴影的得理解性背下，毕竟作答大题时出现了关键词分数也就到手了。

最重要的三个提醒：一是最好的资料就是三份考题（不解释），二是考试时小简答题写两行就足够了（总得留点时间给案例题啊），三是祝考试顺利！奕雯Chapter 1.The Management Process Achieving High Performance【efficiency】A measure of how well or productively resources are used to achieve a goal. 【effectiveness】A measure of the appropriateness of the goals an organization is pursuing andManagerial FunctionsPlanning】Identifying and selecting appropriate goals【Organizing】Structuring working relationships in a way that allows organizational members to work together to achieve organizational goals.【Leading】Articulating a clear vision and energizing and enabling organizational members so that they understand the part they play in achieving organizational goals.【Controlling】Evaluating how well an organization is achieving its goals and taking action to maintain or improve performance.3.Levels of management【first-line manager】A manager who is responsible for the daily supervision of non managerial employees【Middle manager】A manager who supervises first-line managers and is responsible for finding the best way to use the resources to achieve organizational goals.【first-line manager】Identifying and selecting appropriate goals【top managers】A manager who establishes organizational goals, decides how departments should interact, and monitors the performanceof middle managers.4.Managerial Roles and skills(1) Managerial Roles Identified by Mintzberg【Decisional】→Entrepreneur(commit resources, decide expansion) →Disturbance Handler(deal with unexpected problems) →Resource Allocator → Negotiator交涉者(work with suppliers, distributors, labor unions, other organization)【Informational】→Monitor(evaluate managers,watch environment) →Disseminator传播者→Spokesperson代言人【Interpersonal】→Figurehead (直译是傀儡，意会下)→leader →liaison(establish alliances between different departments or different organizations)(2) Managerial Skills【conceptual skills】The ability to analyze and diagnose a situation and to distinguish between cause and effect. 【human skills】The ability to understand, alter, lead, and control the behavior of other individuals and groups. 【technical skills】Job specific knowledge and techniques that are required to perform an organizational roles.5.Management in a Global Environment(1) Building a Competitive AdvantageIncreasing efficiency →Increasing quality →Increasing speed, flexibility, and innovation→Increasing responsiveness to customers(2)Maintaining Ethical Standards(3)Managing a Diverse Workforce(4)Utilizing Information Technology and E-commerceChapter 3.Maintaining Ethical Standards1.Factors Influencing Behaviors:→External pressures from stockholders for increased organizational financial performance.→Internal pressures from top management on lower-level managers to increase the organization’s competitive performance and profitability.→Societal, cultural, and environment demands on the organization.2. Ethics and Stakeholders【stakeholders】Shareholders, employees, customers, suppliers, and others who have an interest, claim, or stake in an organization and in what it does.→Each group of stakeholders wants a different outcome and managers must work to satisfy as many as possible.→Managers have the responsibility to decide which goals an organization should pursue to most benefit stakeholders—decisions that benefit some stakeholder groups at the expense of others.【Ethics】Moral principles or beliefs about what is right or wrong.→Ethics guide managers in their dealings with stakeholders and others when the best course of action is unclear.→Managers often experience an ethical dilemma in choosing between theconflicting interests of stakeholders.3. Ethical Decision Models【Utilitarian Model】produces the greatest good for the greatest number of people.【Moral Rights Model】best maintains and protects the fundamental rights and privileges of the people affected by it.【Justice Model】distributes benefits and harms among stakeholders in a fair, equitable, or impartial way.Chapter 4.Managing in a global environment 【organizational environment】A set of forces and conditions that operate beyond an organization’s boundaries but affect a manager’s ability to acquire and utilize resources1. The task environment【suppliers】Individuals and organizations that provide an organization with the input resources that it needs to produce goods and services. (eg. Raw materials, component parts, labor) 【distributors】Organizations that help other organizations sell their goods or services to customers. 【customers】Individuals and groups that buy goods and services that an organization produces. 【competitors】Organizations that produce goods and services that are similar to a particular organization’s goods and services. Barriers to Entry —Government regulations, Brand loyalty, Economies of scale2. The general environment【Economic Forces】Interest rates, inflation, unemployment, economic growth, and other factors that affect the general health and well-being of a nation or the regional economy of an organization【Technological Forces】Outcomes of changes in the technology that managers use to design, produce, or distribute goods and services.【Sociocultural Forces】Pressures emanating from the social structure of a country or society or from the national culture.【Demographic Forces】Outcomes of change in, or changing attitudes toward, the characteristics of a population, such as age, gender, ethnic origin, race, sexual orientation, and social class.【Political and legal Forces】Outcomes of changes in laws and regulations, such as the deregulation of industries, the privatization of organizations, and increased emphasis on environmental protection.【Global Forces】Outcomes of changes in international relationships3. The changing global environment(1)The role of national culture【Values】Ideas about what a society believes to be good, desirable and beautiful【Norms】Unwritten rules and codes of conduct that prescribe how people should act in particular situations.【Hofstede’s Model of National Culture】【Individualism versus Collectivism】Individualism values individual freedom and self-expression and holds a strong belief in personal rights and the need for persons to be judged by their achievements rather their social background. Collectivism values subordination of the individual to the goals of the group.(Japan )【Power Distance】A society’s acceptance of differences in the well bei ng of citizens due to differences in heritage, and physical and intellectual capabilities (individualism).In high power distance societies, the gap between rich and poor becomes very wide (e.g., Panama and Malaysia).In the low power distance societies of western cultures (e.g., United States and Germany), the gap between rich and poor is reduced by taxation and welfare programs.【Achievement versus Nurturing Orientation】Achievement-oriented societies value assertiveness, performance, and success and are results-oriented. (United States and Japan)Nurturing-oriented cultures value quality of life, personal relationships, and service.( Sweden and Denmark)【Uncertainty Avoidance】Societies and people differ in their tolerance for uncertainty and risk. Low uncertainty avoidance cultures (e.g., U.S. and Hong Kong) value diversity and tolerate a wide range of opinions and beliefs.High uncertainty avoidance societies (e.g., Japan and France) are more rigid and expect high conformity in their citizens’ beliefs and norms of behavior.【Long Term Outlook】Cultures (e.g., Taiwan and Hong Kong) with a long-term in outlook are based on the values of saving, and persistence.Short-term outlook societies (e.g., France and the United States) seek the maintenance of personal stability or happiness in the present.【National Culture and Global Management】Management practices that areeffective in one culture often will not work as well in another culture.(2)Declining barriers of distance and culture(3)Declining barriers to trade and investment(4)Effects of free trade on managersChapter 5.Decision Making, Learning, Creativity, and Innovation1. The Nature of Managerial Decision Making【Decision Making】The process by which managers respond to opportunities and threats byanalyzing options and making determinations about specific organizational goals and courses of action.(1) Programmed and Non-programmed Decision Making【Programmed Decision Making】Routine, nearly automatic decision making that follows established rules or guidelines.【Non-programmed Decision Making】Non-routine decision making that occurs in response to unusual, unpredictable opportunities and threats.Faced with non-programmed decision making, managers must search for information about alternative courses of action and rely on intuition and judgment to choose wisely among alternatives. →Intuition直觉Ability to make sound decisions based on one’s past experience and immediate feelings about the information at hand. →Judgment(better than intuition)Ability to develop a sound opinion based on one’s evaluation of the importance of the information at hand.(2) Classical Decision Making Model【Classical Decision Making Model】A prescriptive approach to decision making based on the assumption that the decision maker can identify and evaluate all possible alternatives and their consequences and rationally choose the most appropriate course of action. 【Optimum Decision】The most appropriate decision in light of what managers believe to be the most desirable future consequences for their organization.【Administrative Model】An approach to decision making that explains why decision making is inherently uncertain and risky and why managers usually make satisfactory rather than optimum decisions. The administrative model is based on three important concepts: bounded rationality, incomplete information, and satisficing. 【Bounded Rationality】Cognitive认知的limitations that constrain束缚one’s ability to interpret, process, and act on information. 【Incomplete Information】Information is incomplete because of risk and uncertainty, ambiguity, and time constraints. → Risk : The degree of probability that the possible outcomes of a particular course of action will occur. (有明确的数据表示)→Uncertainty : Unpredictability. (Future is unknown and probabilities cannot be determined) →Ambiguous Information : Information that can be interpreted in multiple and often conflicting ways. →Time Constraints and Information Costs. (记得少女老妇人的画不)【Satisficing】Searching for and choosing an acceptable, or satisfactory, response to problems and opportunities, rather than trying to make the best decision.2. Steps in the Decision-making Process(1)Recognize the Need for a Decision(2)Generate Alternatives(3)Assess alternativesLegality →Ethicalness →Economic Feasibility(与钱有关的) →Practicality(have the ability and resources, not threaten other organizational goals)(4)Choose Among Alternatives(5)Implement the Chosen Alternative(6)Learn from Feedback3. Group Decision Making→【Groupthink】A pattern of faulty and biased decision making that occurs in groups whose members strive for agreement among themselves at the expense of accurately assessing information relevant to a decision. Solutions to groupthink: (i)【Devil’s Advocacy唱反调】Critical analysis of a preferred alternative, made in response to challenges raised by a group member who, playing the role of devil’s advocate, defen ds unpopular or opposing alternatives for the sake of argument. (ii)【Diversity Among Decision Makers】(决策者构成的多样性)4. Organizational Learning and Creativity【Organizational Learning】The process through which managers seek to improve employees’ desire and ability to understand and manage the organization and its task environment. 【Learning Organization】An organization in which managers try to maximize the ability of individuals and groups to think and behave creatively and thus maximize the potential for organizational learning to take place. The heart of the organizational learning is creativity. 【Creativity】A decision maker’s ability to discover original and novel (adj.新奇的) ideas that lead to feasible alternative courses of action. 【Innovation】(创新) The implementation of creative ideas in an organization.Creating a Learning Organization (Senge)(1)Develop personal mastery.(2)Build complex, challenging mental models.(3)Promote team learning.(4)Build shared vision.(5)Encourage systems thinking.Promoting Individual CreativityPromoting Group Creativity【Brainstorming】Brainstorming is a group problem-solving technique in which managers meet face-to-face to generate and debate a wide variety of alternatives from which to make a decision. →Production Blocking: A loss of production in brainstorming sessions due to the unstructured nature of brainstorming.【Nominal Group Technique】民意群体法Nominal Group Technique is a decision-making technique in which group members write down ideas and solutions, read their suggestions to the whole group, and discuss and then rank the alternatives. Nominal Group Technique is especiallyuseful when an issue is controversial有争议的and when different managers might be expected to champion different courses of action. The main improvement of nominal group technique: It provides a more structured way of generating alternatives in writing and gives each manager more time and opportunities to generate alternative solutions.Promoting Creativity at the Global LevelChapter 6.Planning, Strategy, and Change 【Strategy】A cluster of decisions about what goals to pursue, what actions to take, and how to use resources to achieve goals. 【Mission】A broad declaration of an organization’s purpose that identifies the organization’s products and customers and distinguishes the organization from its competitors. Overview: Planning process includes three major steps:(1) Determining an organization’s mission and major goals;(2) Choosing strategies to realize the mission and goals;(3) Selecting the appropriate way of organizing resources to implement the strategies.1. Planning【Planning】Identifying and selecting appropriate goals and courses of action; one of the four principle functions of management. Planning is a three-step activity:(1) Determining the organization’s mission and goals;(2) Formulating strategy;(3) Implementing strategy and changing the organization.In large organizations planning usually takes place at three levels of management: corporate, business or division, and department or functional. 【Division】A business unit that has its own set of managers and functions or departments and competes in a distinct industry. 【Divisional Managers】Managers who control the various divisions of an organization. 【Corporate-level plan】Top management’s decisions pertaining to the organization’s missi on, overall strategy, and structure. 【Corporate-level strategy】A plan that indicates in which industries and national markets an organization intends to compete. 【Business-level plan】Divisional managers’ decisions pertaining to division’s long-term goals, overall strategy, and structure.【Business-level strategy】A plan that indicates how a division intends to compete against its rivals in an industry. 【Functional-level plan】Functional managers’ decisions pertaining to the goals that they propose to pursue to help the division attain its business-level goals. 【Functional-level strategy】A plan that indicates how a function intends to achieve its goals. 【Function】A unit of department in which people have the same skills or use the same resources to perform their jobs. 【Functional Manager】Managers who supervise the various functions, such as manufacturing, accounting, and sales, within a division. Functional goals and strategies should be consistent with divisional goals and strategies, which in turn should be consistent withdivisional goals and strategies, which in turn should be consistent with corporate goals and strategies. Although ultimate responsibility for planning may lie with certain select managers within an organization, all managers and many non-managerial employees typically participate in the planning process.Time Horizons of Plans【Time Horizon周期】The intended duration of a plan. 【Long-term Plan】five years or more. 【Immediate-term Plan】between one and five years. 【Short-term Plan】one year or less. 【Rolling Plan】A plan that is updated and amended every year to take account of changing conditions in the external environment.Standing Plans and Single-use Plans【Standing Plans】Used in situations in which programmed decision making is appropriate.(1) Policy: A general guide to action;(2) Rule: A formal, written guide to action;(3) Standing Operating Procedure (SOP): A written instruction describing the exact series of actions that should be followed in a specific situation.【Single-use Plans】Developed to handle non-programmed decision making in unusual orone-of-a-kind situations.Planning’s Importance(1) Planning is a useful way of getting managers to participate in decision making about the appropriate goals and strategies for an organization.(2) Planning is necessary to give the organization a sense of direction and purpose.(3) A plan helps coordinate managers of the different functions and divisions of an organizationto ensure that they all pull in the same direction.(4) A plan can be used as a device for controlling managers within an organization.Effective plans should have four qualities ( By Henri Fayol ):(1) Unity (一致性): At any one time only one central, guiding plan is put into operation to achieve an organizational goal.(2) Continuity (持续性): Planning is an ongoing process in which managers build and refine (精炼) previous plans and continually modify plans at all levels.(3) Accuracy (准确性): Managers need to make every attempt to collect and utilize all available information at their disposal in the planning process.(4) Flexibility (灵活性)2. Determining Mission and GoalsDefining the Business(1) Who are our customers?(2) What customer needs are being satisfied?(3) How are we satisfying customer needs?Establishing Major GoalsGoals must be challenging but realistic with a definite period in which they are to be achieved. 3. Formulating Strategy: SWOT Analysis【Strategy Formulation】Analysis of an organization’s current situation followed by the development of strategies to accomplish its mission and achieve its goals.【SWOT Analysis】A planning exercise in which managers identify organizational strengths (S), weaknesses (W), environmental opportunities(O), and threats.4. Formulating Strategy: Corporate-levelConcentration on a Single Business (全力做好一项业务)Can become a strong competitor, but can be risky.Diversification (多角化)【Diversification】Expanding operations into a new business or industry and producing new goods or services. 【Related Diversification】Entering a new business or industry to create a competitive advantage in one or more of an organization’s existing divisions or business.Synergy协同效应Performance gains that result when individuals and departments coordinate their actions. 【Unrelated Diversification】Entering a new industry or buying a company in a new industry that is not related in any way to an organization’s current businesses or industries. The reasons to pursue unrelated diversification: (1) Managers can buy a poorly performing company, transfer their management skills to it, turn around its business, and increase its performance. (2) Portfolio Strategy 投资组合战略There is evidence that too much diversification can cause managers to lose control of their organization’s core business.International Expansion (国际化扩张)【Global Strategy】Selling the same standardized product and using the same basic marketing approach in each national market. 【Multidomestic Strategy】(本土化战略) Customizing products and marketing strategies to specific national conditions.Vertical Integration (纵向一体化)A strategy that allows an organization to create value by producing its own inputs or distributing its own products. 【Backward Vertical Integration投入方面（原材料等）】a firm seeks to reduce its input costs by producing its own inputs. 【Forward Vertical Integration】产出方面（分销，销售等 a firm distributes its outputs or products to lower distribution costs and ensure the quality service to customers.5. Formulating Strategy: Business-levelLow-cost Strategy (低成本)Driving the organization’s total costs down below the total costs of rivals.Differentiation Strategy (差异化)Distinguishing an organization’s products from the products of compet itors in dimensions such as product design, quality, or after-sales service.Focused Low-cost Strategy (专一低成本)Serving only one market segment and being the lowest-cost organization serving that segment.Focused Differentiation Strategy (专一差异化)Serving only one market segment as the most differentiated organization serving that segment.6. Formulating Strategy: Functional-level7. Implementing Strategy and Changing the OrganizationStrategy Implementing is a five-step process:(1) Allocate implementation responsibility to the appropriate individuals or groups.(2) Draft detailed action plans for implementation.(3) Establish a timetable for implementation.(4) Allocate appropriate resources.(5) Hold specific groups or individuals responsible for the attainment of corporate, divisional, and functional goals.Chapter anizing: Designing Organizational Structure【Organizational Architecture】The organizational structure, control systems, and culture that together determine how efficiently and efficiently and effectively organizational resources are used.1. Designing Organizational Structure【Organizational Structure】A formal system of task and reporting relationships that coordinates and motivates organizational members so that they work together to achieve organizational goals. 【Organizational Design】The process by which managers make specific organizing choices that result in a particular kind of organizational structure. According to contingency theory, managers design organizational structures to fit the factors or circumstances that are affecting the company the most and causing them the most uncertainty. Thus, there is no one best way to design an organization. In some situations stable, mechanistic structures may be most appropriate while in others flexible, organic structures might be the most effective. In some situations flexible, organic structures might be the most effective. Four factors are important determinants of the type of organizational structure of organizing method managers select: (1) The nature of the organizational environment(2) The type of strategy the organization pursues(3) The technology the organization uses(4) The characteristics of the organization’s human resourcesThe Organizational EnvironmentThe more quickly the external environment is changing and the greater the uncertainty within it, a more organic structure is suitable for the situation. If the external environment is stable, resources are readily available, and uncertainty is low, a more formal structure is suitable for the situation.StrategyA differentiation strategy needs a flexible structure, low cost may need a more formal structure. Increased vertical integration or diversification also requires a more flexible structure.TechnologyMore complex technology makes it harder for managers to regulate the organization. 【Technology】The combination of skills, knowledge, tools, equipment, computers and machines used in the organization. 【Small-batch Technology小批量技术】Technology that is used to produce small quantities of customized, one-of-a-kind products and is based on the skills of people who work together in small groups. 【Mass-production Technology大批量生产技术】Technology that is based on the use of automated machines that are programmed to perform the same operations over and over. A structure that decentralizes authority to employees and allows them to respond flexibly is most appropriate with small-batch technology. A formal structure is the preferred choice because it gives managers the most control over the production process.Human ResourcesHighly skilled workers whose jobs require working in teams usually need a more flexible structure. Higher skilled workers (e.g., CPA’s and doctors) often have internalized professional norms.【Job Design】The process by which managers decide how to divide tasks into specific jobs. 【Division of Labor】Splitting the work to be performed into particular tasks and assigning tasks to individual workers. 【Job Simplification】The process of reducing the number of tasks that each worker performs. →Too much simplification may reduce efficiency. Workers may find their jobs boring and monotonous单调的.Job Enlargement and Job Enrichment【Job Enlargement】Increasing the number of tasks for a given job by changing the division of labor. →The intention is to reduce boredom and fatigue疲乏by increasing variety of tasks performed. 【Job Enrichment】Increasing the degree of responsibility a worker has over a job. →The intention is to increase worker involvement. And it requires a flexible organizational structure to allow employees to act flexibly and creatively. →There are four ways to enrich thejob:(1) Empowering workers to experiment to find better ways of doing the certain job.(2) Encouraging workers to develop new skills.(3) Allowing workers to decide how to respond to unexpected situations.(4) Allowing workers to monitor and measure their own performance.The Job Characteristics Model (工作特征模型)By Hackman & Oldham Every job has five characteristics that determine how motivating the job is.(1) Skill Varity: (技能多样性)The extent to which a job requires an employee to use a wide range of different skills, abilities, or knowledge.(2) Task Identity: (任务完整性)The extent to which a job requires a worker to perform all the tasks required to complete the job from the beginning to the end of the production process.(3) Task Significance: (任务重要性)The degree to which a worker feels his or her job is meaningful because of its effect on people inside the organization.(4) Autonomy: (自主性)The degree to which a job gives an employee the freedom and discretion决定权needed to schedule different tasks and decide how to carry them out.(5) Feedback: (反馈)The extent to which actually doing a job provides a worker with clear and direct information about how well he or she has performed the job.The more employees feel that their work is meaningful and that they are responsible for work outcomes and responsible for knowing how those outcomes affect others, the more motivating work becomes and the more likely employees are to be satisfied and to perform at a high level.3. Grouping Jobs into Functions and DivisionsFunctional Structure (职能型结构)【Function】A function is a group of people, working together, who possess similar skills or use the same kind of knowledge, tools, or techniques to perform their jobs. 【Functional Structure】An organizational structure composed of all the departments that an organization requires to produce its goods or services. →Advantages Encourages learning from others doing similar jobs. Easy for managers to monitor and evaluate workers. →Disadvantages Difficult for departments to communicate with others. Preoccupation with own department and losing sight of organizational goals.Divisional Structures (分部型结构)【Divisional Structure】An organizational structure composed of separate business units within which are the functions that work together to produce a specific product for a specific customer. Divisions develop a business-level strategy to compete. And Functional managers report to。

有关于压力的英语作文The Impact of Stress on Our Lives。

Stress is an inevitable part of life. It can come from various sources, such as work, relationships, financial problems, or health issues. While some stress can be motivating and help us perform better, chronic stress can have a detrimental impact on our physical and mental well-being. In this essay, we will explore the effects of stress on our lives and discuss ways to manage and reduce it.Firstly, stress can have a significant impact on our physical health. When we are under stress, our body releases hormones such as cortisol and adrenaline, which can lead to increased heart rate, elevated blood pressure, and a weakened immune system. Prolonged exposure to these hormones can increase the risk of developing various health problems, including heart disease, diabetes, and obesity. Furthermore, stress can also lead to unhealthy behaviors such as overeating, smoking, or excessive drinking, whichcan further exacerbate these health issues.In addition to its effects on physical health, stress can also take a toll on our mental well-being. Chronic stress has been linked to the development of anxiety disorders, depression, and other mental health issues. It can also impair our cognitive function, making it difficult to concentrate, make decisions, and solve problems. Moreover, stress can negatively impact our relationships with others, as it can make us irritable, moody, and less patient, leading to conflicts and misunderstandings.Furthermore, stress can also have a significant impact on our productivity and performance. When we are under stress, it can be challenging to focus on tasks and meet deadlines. This can lead to decreased productivity at work or school, which can further contribute to feelings of stress and anxiety. Moreover, chronic stress can also lead to burnout, a state of emotional, physical, and mental exhaustion caused by prolonged exposure to stress. This can result in decreased motivation, increased absenteeism, and a decline in overall performance.Given the negative impact of stress on our lives, it is essential to find ways to manage and reduce it. One effective way to do this is through stress management techniques such as relaxation exercises, meditation, and mindfulness. These practices can help calm the mind and body, reduce the production of stress hormones, and promote a sense of well-being. Additionally, engaging in regular physical activity, maintaining a healthy diet, and getting an adequate amount of sleep can also help reduce stress levels.Moreover, seeking social support and building strong relationships with others can also help alleviate stress. Talking to friends, family members, or a mental health professional about our concerns and feelings can provide a sense of relief and support. Furthermore, setting realistic goals, managing time effectively, and learning to say no to additional responsibilities can also help reduce stress and prevent burnout.In conclusion, stress is a common and unavoidable partof life, but it is essential to recognize its impact on our lives and take steps to manage and reduce it. By addressing the physical, mental, and emotional aspects of stress, we can improve our overall well-being and lead a healthier and more fulfilling life. It is crucial to prioritize self-care and seek help when needed to maintain a balanced andstress-free lifestyle.。

Impulse Decisions: Impacts andConsiderationsImpulse decisions are often made in the heat of the moment, driven by emotions and a lack of forethought. While these decisions can sometimes lead to positive outcomes, they often carry significant risks and consequences. Understanding the impacts of impulse decisions and learning to make more considered choices is crucial for personal growth and success.In today's fast-paced world, the urge to act quickly and spontaneously is tempting. We may feel the pressure to make immediate decisions, whether it's in our personallives or in the workplace. However, acting impulsively can often lead to regrettable outcomes. For instance, making a hasty purchase without considering the cost or practicality can result in financial strain or unused items gathering dust. Similarly, reacting angrily to a provocation without thinking through the consequences can damage relationships and create unnecessary conflict.Impulse decisions are often influenced by emotional factors. When we are feeling emotional, our judgment can beclouded, and we may make decisions that are not in our best interests. Anger, fear, or excitement can all lead to impulsive behavior. It's important to recognize these emotions and take a step back to allow rational thinking to prevail.Moreover, impulse decisions can have long-term effects on our lives. Career choices, romantic relationships, and financial decisions are just a few examples of areas where impulsive decisions can have significant impacts. These choices can affect our happiness, well-being, and future opportunities.So, how can we avoid making impulse decisions? First and foremost, it's crucial to pause and reflect before making a decision. Take a moment to consider the potential consequences and alternatives. Ask yourself if the decision aligns with your values and goals. Seek advice from trusted friends or mentors if you need a second opinion.Additionally, it's helpful to develop a habit of mindfulness. Be aware of your emotions and thoughts, and don't react impulsively to them. Practice patience andacceptance, and allow yourself to respond in a calm and considered manner.Lastly, it's important to remember that making mistakes is part of the learning process. If you do make an impulse decision that doesn't work out as planned, don't be too hard on yourself. Use it as an opportunity to learn and grow, and make more informed decisions in the future.In conclusion, impulse decisions carry significantrisks and consequences that can have long-term effects on our lives. By understanding the impacts of these decisions and learning to make more considered choices, we can avoid regrettable outcomes and move forward with confidence and clarity. By pausing, reflecting, and developing a habit of mindfulness, we can make decisions that align with our values and goals, leading to a more fulfilling and successful life.**冲动决策：影响与考量**冲动决策往往是在情绪激动、缺乏深思熟虑的情况下做出的。

成为领导者最重要的品质是责任感英文作文全文共10篇示例，供读者参考篇1Title: The Most Important Quality to Become a Leader is ResponsibilityHey guys! Today I want to talk to you about the most important quality that a leader should have, and that is responsibility. Being responsible means taking ownership of your actions and decisions, and being accountable for the consequences that follow. It's like being the captain of a ship, where you are in charge and have to make sure everything runs smoothly.One of the key aspects of being a responsible leader is being reliable. This means that you can be trusted to do what you say you will do, and to follow through on your commitments. If you promise to do something, you need to make sure you do it, even if it's difficult or takes extra effort. This shows others that they can depend on you, and that you are someone they can look up to.Another important part of being responsible is being honest. Leaders need to be truthful and transparent in their actions and decisions. You need to be able to admit when you make a mistake, and to learn from it instead of trying to cover it up. People will respect you more if they know they can trust you to tell the truth, even when it's not easy.Responsibility also means taking care of those around you. A good leader looks out for the well-being of their team members, and makes sure they have what they need to succeed. This can include providing support, guidance, and resources, as well as being a positive role model for others to follow.In conclusion, being responsible is the most important quality for a leader to have. It shows that you are trustworthy, honest, and caring, and that you can be counted on to lead others in the right direction. So remember, if you want to be a great leader, always take responsibility for your actions and decisions!篇2Becoming a leader is a big responsibility – that's what my teacher always tells us in class. She says that the most importantquality a leader can have is a sense of responsibility. But what does that mean exactly?Responsibility means taking charge and making sure things get done. It means being accountable for your actions and making sure you do the right thing, even when no one is watching. It also means looking out for others and making sure they are taken care of.When you have responsibility, you become someone that others can rely on. You become a role model for your friends and classmates. You set a good example and show others how to behave and how to make the right choices.Leaders with responsibility are always thinking about what is best for the group as a whole. They put the needs of others before their own and make decisions that benefit everyone, not just themselves. They are fair and just, and they always think about the consequences of their actions.Responsibility is not always easy, but it is important if you want to be a good leader. It means being honest, reliable, and trustworthy. It means doing your best and never giving up, even when things get tough.So if you want to become a leader, remember that responsibility is key. Take charge, be accountable, and always think about what is best for the group. With responsibility, you can become a leader that others look up to and respect.篇3Becoming a leader is a big responsibility and it requires many qualities to be successful. However, the most important quality a leader should have is a sense of responsibility. Responsibility means that you are willing to take ownership of your actions and decisions, and you are committed to doing your best to achieve the goals of your team or organization.When you have a sense of responsibility, you are reliable and dependable. You show up on time, meet deadlines, and follow through on your commitments. You take accountability for your mistakes and learn from them. This builds trust with your team and they will see you as someone they can count on.Being responsible also means that you think about the consequences of your actions before you act. You consider how your decisions will impact others and take steps to minimize any negative effects. This shows that you are a thoughtful and considerate leader who cares about the well-being of your team.Moreover, a responsible leader leads by example. You set high standards for yourself and demonstrate a strong work ethic. Your team will be inspired by your dedication and commitment, and they will be more likely to follow your lead.In conclusion, responsibility is the most important quality a leader should possess. It is the foundation of trust, reliability, and accountability, all of which are essential for effective leadership. By being responsible, you can inspire and empower your team to achieve great things together. So, remember to always take your responsibilities seriously and lead with integrity.篇4As a primary school student, I want to talk about the most important quality to become a leader, which is responsibility. Responsibility means being accountable for your actions and decisions. It also means taking charge of a situation and making sure everything runs smoothly.Being responsible is crucial for a leader because it shows that they can be trusted to do the right thing. A responsible leader will always think about how their actions will affect others and will try to make the best decisions for everyone involved.When a leader is responsible, they inspire others to follow their lead. People want to work with someone who can be relied upon to get things done and make sure everything is taken care of. A responsible leader sets a good example for others and shows them the importance of taking ownership of their work.In addition, being responsible also means being able to admit when you make a mistake and learn from it. A good leader knows that no one is perfect, and they are not afraid to take responsibility for their actions. By owning up to their mistakes, a leader shows that they are honest and trustworthy.Overall, responsibility is the most important quality for a leader to have. It shows that they are reliable, trustworthy, and able to make good decisions. By being responsible, a leader can inspire others to do the same and create a positive and productive work environment. So, if you want to be a great leader, remember to always take responsibility for your actions!篇5Becoming a leader is a big deal! You gotta be super responsible if you wanna be a good leader. Being responsible means you gotta take charge and make sure things get done right.First of all, being responsible means doing what you say you're gonna do. If you promise to get something done, you gotta follow through and make it happen. People are counting on you to keep your word and do your part.Another important part of being responsible is taking care of others. As a leader, you gotta look out for your team and make sure they're okay. If someone needs help or is struggling, it's up to you to lend a hand and support them.Being responsible also means owning up to your mistakes. Nobody's perfect, and it's okay to mess up sometimes. But a good leader takes responsibility for their actions and learns from their errors. It's all about growing and improving.Finally, a responsible leader leads by example. You gotta show others how to be responsible by being a role model. If you're organized, reliable, and accountable, your team will follow suit and be better because of it.So remember, if you wanna be a leader, you gotta have a strong sense of responsibility. It's the most important quality you can have, and it'll help you succeed in any leadership role you take on.篇6Being a leader is not an easy task. It requires a lot of qualities and skills to be successful in this role. But one of the most important qualities that a leader must possess is a sense of responsibility.Responsibility means taking ownership of your actions and decisions. It means being accountable for your words and behavior. A responsible leader is someone who can be trusted to follow through on their commitments and promises. They are reliable and dependable, always striving to do the right thing, even when it is difficult.A responsible leader is also someone who cares about the well-being and success of their team. They take care of their people and make sure they have the resources and support they need to thrive. They lead by example, showing their team how to work hard and achieve their goals.When a leader has a strong sense of responsibility, they are able to inspire and motivate others to do their best. They set high standards for themselves and their team, pushing everyone to reach their full potential. They are willing to make tough decisions and take risks in order to achieve success.In conclusion, responsibility is the key quality that every leader must possess. Without it, a leader cannot be effective inguiding and inspiring others. So if you want to be a successful leader, make sure you always act with responsibility in everything you do.篇7Being a leader is a big responsibility. It's not just about telling people what to do, it's about setting a good example and taking care of others. One of the most important qualities a leader can have is a sense of responsibility.Responsibility means doing what you say you will do. It means taking care of your responsibilities and making sure things get done. A good leader is someone who can be trusted to do what they say they will do. They take ownership of their actions and are accountable for the results.When you have a sense of responsibility, you are reliable and dependable. People know they can count on you to get things done. You don't make excuses or blame others when things go wrong. Instead, you take responsibility for your actions and learn from your mistakes.Being responsible also means looking out for others. A good leader takes care of their team and makes sure everyone isincluded and supported. They help others succeed and take responsibility for their well-being.In conclusion, responsibility is a key quality for a leader. It shows that you are trustworthy, reliable, and caring. If you want to be a successful leader, make sure you have a strong sense of responsibility.篇8Becoming a leader is a big responsibility, and one of the most important qualities a leader should have is a sense of responsibility. What does it mean to have responsibility as a leader? Well, it means taking charge and making sure things get done, even when they are tough or challenging.First of all, a responsible leader is someone who always takes ownership of their actions and decisions. They don't blame others when things go wrong, instead they learn from their mistakes and find ways to make things right. This shows others that they can trust and rely on their leader to be honest and accountable.Secondly, a responsible leader is someone who cares about the well-being of their team members. They make sure everyone is treated with respect and fairness, and they take the time tolisten to their concerns and offer support when needed. This helps to build a strong and positive team environment where everyone feels valued and motivated to do their best.Lastly, a responsible leader is someone who leads by example. They show dedication and commitment to their work, and they inspire others to do the same. By demonstrating hard work and perseverance, they set a high standard for their team to follow and encourage them to reach their full potential.In conclusion, responsibility is a key quality that every leader should possess. It is the foundation of trust, accountability, and integrity that allows a leader to guide and support their team effectively. So, if you aspire to become a great leader, remember that being responsible is the first step towards success.篇9Becoming a leader is a big deal. And you know what? The most important quality a leader should have is responsibility. Yeah, that's right! Responsibility is super important because it means you take charge and do what you're supposed to do.When you have responsibility, people trust you and look up to you. They know they can count on you to get things done. And guess what? That feels really great! Plus, when you'reresponsible, you show that you care about others and want to help them succeed too. It's like being a superhero, but without the cape!Being responsible also means you don't make excuses or blame others when things go wrong. Instead, you take ownership of the situation and figure out how to fix it. That's how you learn and grow as a leader. And let me tell you, learning and growing is a big part of being a leader.So, remember, if you want to be a great leader someday, start by being responsible. Show others that you can be trusted and relied upon. Take charge and make things happen. That's what being a leader is all about. And hey, who knows? Maybe one day you'll be the leader of your own superhero team!篇10Becoming a leader is a big responsibility! It's not just about telling people what to do, it's about taking care of everyone and making sure things get done right. The most important quality a leader can have is a sense of responsibility.Responsibility means taking charge of your actions and decisions. When you're a leader, you have to think about how your choices will affect others. You have to make sure everyoneis safe and happy. You have to be a role model for your team, showing them the right way to do things.Being responsible also means being accountable. If something goes wrong, as a leader, you need to take ownership and find a solution. You can't just blame other people or make excuses. You have to step up and fix the problem. This builds trust with your team and shows them that you are reliable.A responsible leader is also organized and on top of things. You need to be able to plan ahead and delegate tasks effectively. You have to be able to prioritize and make tough decisions. Your team is relying on you to lead them in the right direction, so you have to be prepared and ready to take action.In conclusion, responsibility is the most important quality a leader can have. It's what sets great leaders apart from the rest. When you take responsibility for your actions and decisions, you earn the trust and respect of your team. So, if you want to be a successful leader, remember to always be responsible!。

人生中有好的坏的决定的英语作文Life is a journey filled with choices. Each day, we make decisions that shape our path and determine our destiny. Some decisions lead us down a positive road, while others may lead us astray. It is our ability to make good choices that ultimately define who we are and where we end up in life.Good decisions can have a profound impact on our future. They can open doors, create opportunities, and lead us to success and happiness. For example, choosing to pursue a higher education can provide us with the knowledge and skills needed to secure a fulfilling career. Deciding to prioritize our health and well-being can lead to a longer, more enjoyable life. By making good decisions in our relationships, we can cultivate strong bonds with others and build a support system to lean on in times of need.On the other hand, poor decisions can have negative consequences that linger for years to come. Making impulsive choices, succumbing to peer pressure, or neglecting to think things through can all lead us down a path of regret and hardship. For example, giving in to temptations such as drugs or alcohol can have damaging effects on our physical and mental health. Making reckless financial decisions can lead to debt andfinancial instability. Choosing to surround ourselves with negative influences can hinder our personal growth and lead to feelings of dissatisfaction and emptiness.It is important to remember that no one is perfect, and everyone makes mistakes from time to time. What sets us apart is our ability to learn from those mistakes and make better choices moving forward. By reflecting on our past decisions, understanding their impact, and taking responsibility for our actions, we can grow and evolve into better versions of ourselves.In conclusion, the decisions we make in life play a crucial role in shaping our future. It is up to us to weigh the consequences, consider our options, and make choices that align with our values and goals. By making good decisions, we can set ourselves up for success and fulfillment. And even when we stumble and make a misstep, it is important to learn from our mistakes and use them as opportunities for growth. Ultimately, it is the combination of both good and bad decisions that shape our journey and make our life a unique and rewarding experience.。