电动汽车安全指南英文资料

Electric VehiclesAs the world's continuing energy crisis, and war and oil consumption and energy ----- car full with the amount of increase, decrease energy day by day, one day it will disappear without a trace. Oil is not living resources. Oil consumption in the net must be to find a substitute before. With the development of technology and social progress, it was the invention of electric vehicles. Electric cars will become the ideal means of transport.Calvary in the development of the world have achieved fruitful results, especially with the computer and automotive electronic technology and the rapid development of the information age. Electronic control technology is widely used in motor vehicles, automotive applications, electronic devices has become increasingly diverse, electronic technology not only to improve and enhance the tradition of quality and performance of electric vehicles, but also improve the car's power, fuel economy , reliability, and the purification of exhaust gas emissions. Widely used in automotive electronic products not only reduces costs, and reduce maintenance complexity. From the engine's fuel injection ignition, air control, emission control, faultself-diagnosis to the body aids are commonly used by the electronic control technology, can be said that the development of future cars mainly mechanical and electrical integration. Widely used in automotive electronic control ignition system with electronic control of the major fuel injection system, ignition system, electronic control, electronically controlled automatic transmission, electronically controlled anti-skid (ABS / ASR) control system, electronic control suspension system, electronically controlled power steering system , vehicle dynamics control system, airbag system, active seat belt systems, electronic control automatic air conditioning system, leadThere are GPS navigation systems, etc.. With the quick response of these systems car, functionality, high reliability, is to ensure the engine power and reduces fuel consumption, and they meet emissions regulations standards.Car is essential to modern means of transport. The electric car has brought us fun things to us can be a hard day of physical and mental relaxation. Take for instance automatic transmission, the car is moving, you can not step on the clutch pedal, you can achieve automatic transmission and the engine will not turn off, so effectively improve the convenience of driving to reduce driver fatigue. Mainly by the torque converter automatic transmission, gear transmission, oil pump, hydraulic control system, Electronic control system, oil cooling system, etc..Electronically controlled suspension is used to buffer the main road to face the body of the impact and reduce vibration to ensure ride comfort and handling stability. When the car driving on uneven road car chassis and according to the road to a high degree of automatic adjustment. When the vehicle height higher than the set low, on to the inflatable air chamber or tank or oil-filled. If it is the contrary, they put the oil gas or diarrhea. To ensure the level of car travel, improving driving stability. Power steering system with variable power can significantly change due to the efficiency and status of the driver, so widely used in electric vehicles. VDC on the car has a vitalrole in its performanceAccording to need to take the initiative to change the wheel to brake the car motion state, so that the best driving car status and control performance, and increase the car's adhesion, control and stability. Other than that, 4WS, 4WD has significantly increased ,the value and performance of electric vehicles simultaneously improve. ABS to reduce braking distances and a shift operation ability to maintain effective driving directions to improve the stability while reducing tire wear. Airbag in a great program to protect the driver and passenger safety, reducing car collision on the driver and passenger cushion to protect the lives over to the purpose.Intelligent electronics in the car to make the car to promote safe driving and other higher level functions. Through a variety of sensors for automatic driving. In addition to those outside the Smart Car is equipped with a variety of sensors can be fully aware of traffic facilities and the environment information and can readily determine whether the vehicles and drivers at risk, with self-seeking way, navigation, collision avoidance, toll collection and other functions. Improve the safety during transport, to reduce driver fatigue manipulation to enhance passenger comfort. Of course, battery electric vehicles is the keyElectric vehicle batteries are: lead-acid batteries, nickel cadmium batteries, sodium sulfur batteries, sodium sulfur batteries, lithium batteries, zinc - air batteries, flywheel batteries, fuel cells and solar batteries. In many kinds of batteries, fuel cells, is by far the most promising vehicles which the power source of energy shortage. Clean and efficient fuel cell with characteristics different from other batteries, it does not need charging, as long as the external continuous supply of fuel, can be a continuous and stable power. Fuel cell vehicles (FCEV) is comparable with the dynamic performance of internal combustion engine vehicles, the emissions, fuel economy is better than internal combustion vehicles.With the computer and electronic products continue to open-class ride, electric car technology has matured and improved, making driving safer, convenient, flexible and comfortable. Now, the electric car from the ordinary consumer from very far, only a few people in a hurry fashionable it. Electric cars can really traditional fuel vehicles to compete in the future automotive market will eventually be electric cars and smart cars are replaced. This is only a matter of time that day will come for. ABS, GPS, 4WS, 4WD, and various new age electronics and modern high performance vehicles, understanding composition, perfect match,Bring our unparalleled precision driving comfort and driving safety.电动汽车作为世界上持续的能源危机，战争和石油消费的增加，与汽车数量的能源-----充分，能源日益减少，有一天它会消失得无影无踪。

电动汽车安全指南英文版With the increasing popularity of electric vehicles (EVs) worldwide, it is important to address the safety concerns surrounding them. While EVs have many benefits, such as reduced emissions and lower operating costs, they also come with their own set of safety considerations. In this guide, we will discuss some key safety aspects to consider when owning and operating an electric car.1. Battery SafetyOne of the main safety concerns with EVs is the battery. Lithium-ion batteries, which are commonly used in electric vehicles, have the potential to catch fire if damaged or improperly charged. To mitigate the risk of battery fires, it is important to follow these guidelines:- Avoid overcharging the battery, as this can cause it to overheat and catch fire.- Inspect the battery regularly for signs of damage, such as swelling or leaks.- Do not attempt to repair or modify the battery yourself – always seek professional help.2. Charging SafetyCharging an electric vehicle is a routine activity for EV owners, but it is important to do so safely. Here are some tips to ensure safe charging:- Use only the charging equipment provided by the manufacturer or a reputable third-party supplier.- Ensure that the charging station is installed correctly and is in good working condition.- Do not use extension cords or power strips to charge your EV, as this can pose a fire hazard.3. Driving SafetyWhile driving an electric car is not fundamentally different from driving a conventional vehicle, there are some safety considerations specific to EVs:- Be aware of the reduced noise level of EVs, which can make them less noticeable to pedestrians and cyclists.- Familiarize yourself with the regenerative braking system, which can cause the vehicle to slow down more quickly than expected.- Follow the manufacturer's guidelines for maintaining and servicing your EV to ensure safe operation.4. Emergency ResponseIn the event of an accident or fire involving an electric vehicle, it is important to know how to respond effectively: - If you are involved in an accident, turn off the vehicle and exit it safely.- Call emergency services immediately and inform themthat the vehicle is electric.- Keep a safe distance from the vehicle and do notattempt to extinguish a battery fire yourself.5. General Safety TipsIn addition to the specific safety guidelines mentioned above, it is important to follow these general safety tips when owning an electric car:- Keep your EV well-maintained and serviced regularly to ensure its safe operation.- Do not store flammable materials in or near the vehicle, as this can increase the risk of fire.- Educate yourself about the basic principles of electric vehicle safety to make informed decisions.By following these safety guidelines, EV owners can enjoy the many benefits of electric vehicles while minimizing therisks associated with their use. Remember that safety should always be a top priority when driving an electric car.。

关于电动车安全的英语作文Electric Vehicle Safety: Ensuring a Secure Future for Transportation Introduction:Electric vehicles (EVs) have gained significant attention in recent years as a sustainable and eco-friendly alternative to traditional gasoline-powered vehicles. However, alongside the numerous benefits they offer, it is crucial to address the concerns related to their safety. This essay aims to explore the various aspects of electric vehicle safety and provide insights into ensuring a secure future for transportation.1. Battery Safety:One of the primary concerns surrounding electric vehicles is the safety of their battery systems. Lithium-ion batteries, commonly used in EVs, have the potential to pose risks if not handled properly. Manufacturers must adhere to stringent safety standards to prevent battery overheating, fires, and explosions. Advanced cooling systems, robust battery management systems, and strict quality control measures are essential to ensure the integrity and safety of EV batteries.2. Electrical System Safety:The electrical systems in electric vehicles must be designed with a focus on reliability and safety. Proper insulation, grounding, and protection against electrical faults are crucial to prevent accidents and potential hazards. Regular maintenance and inspection of the electricalcomponents are also necessary to identify and rectify any issues that may arise.3. Vehicle Stability and Control:Electric vehicles often have a higher weight due to the battery packs, which can affect vehicle stability and control. Manufacturers need to incorporate advanced stability control systems, anti-lock braking systems, and traction control to ensure that EVs maintain stability and maneuverability under various driving conditions. Additionally, proper tire selection and maintenance are vital for safe EV operation.4. Crashworthiness and Occupant Protection:To ensure the safety of occupants in the event of a collision, electric vehicles must be designed with robust structures and crumple zones. Advanced safety features such as airbags, seat belts with pre-tensioners, and reinforced cabins are essential to minimize the risk of injury. Moreover, the placement of the battery packs should be carefully considered to avoid intrusion into the passenger compartment during a crash.5. Charging Infrastructure Safety:The availability of safe and reliable charging infrastructure is crucial for the widespread adoption of electric vehicles. Charging stations should be installed following safety guidelines, with proper grounding, overvoltage protection, and emergency shutdown systems. Additionally,public charging areas should be well-maintained and monitored to prevent unauthorized access and potential hazards.6. Driver Education and Awareness:Educating drivers about the specific characteristics and safety aspects of electric vehicles is essential. Understanding the correct charging practices, battery care, and the unique driving dynamics of EVs can help drivers make informed decisions and prevent accidents. Campaigns and training programs should be conducted to raise awareness about EV safety among both existing and prospective EV owners.Conclusion:Electric vehicles have the potential to revolutionize transportation, offering environmental benefits and cost savings. However, ensuring their safety is paramount for the acceptance and growth of the EV market. By addressing battery safety, electrical system reliability, vehicle stability, occupant protection, charging infrastructure safety, and driver education, we can work towards a secure future for electric vehicle transportation. With continuous advancements in technology and strict adherence to safety standards, electric vehicles can become a trusted and safe mode of transportation for the masses.。

以驱动类型划分的识别特征. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13 2. 驱动方案概览. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25混合动力汽车. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27电动汽车. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29车辆识别代号. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30燃料电池汽车. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32车辆识别代号. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33 3. 安全提示高压系统. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37准备. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38安全须知. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39拖车/运输. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40关闭. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42 4. 在事发地的操作故障/事故救援. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49清障救援. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50驻停车辆. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51 5. 运输拖车/拖运装置. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53拖运策略. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54车辆停放. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56版权声明. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57ADR Accord.européen.relatif.au.transport.international.des.marchandises.Dangereuses.par.Route.(ADR).–.危险货物国际道路运输欧洲公约BEV Battery.Electric.Vehicle（纯电动汽车）CCS Combined.Charging.SystemCFK碳纤维增强塑料CNG Compressed.Natural.GasCTIF Comité.Technique.International.de.prévention.et.d’extinction.du.Feu.–.国际防火和灭火技术委员会F-CELL Fuel-CELL（氢基燃料电池）ESG单层安全玻璃HEV Hybrid.Electric.Vehicle（带电动内燃机两个驱动装置的汽车）HV Hybrid.Vehicle（混合动力汽车）ICE bustion.Engine（内燃机）LPG Liquefied.Petroleum.GasISO anisation.for.Standardization.–.国际标准化组织LV Low.Voltage（低压）NGD Natural.Gas.Drive（天然气发动机）NGT Natural.Gas.TechnologyPHEV Plug-in.Hybrid.Electric.Vehicle（带电动内燃机两个驱动装置的汽车以及用于高压电池充电的车载插座）PWA Progressive.Web.AppRESS Rechargeable.Energy.Storage.Systems（可重复充电的蓄能器）REX Range.Extended.Electric.VehicleSOC State.Of.Charge（充电状态）SRS Supplemental.Restraint.SystemVSG夹层安全玻璃亲爱的读者，非传统动力汽车正日益成为风尚。

The Importance of Electric Vehicle Safety: ACall for AwarenessIn recent years, the rise of electric vehicles (EVs) has transformed the automotive industry, offering cleaner, more efficient alternatives to traditional gasoline-powered cars. However, with this shift comes new safety considerations that must be addressed. Electric vehicle safety is crucial, not only for the safety of drivers and passengers but also for the safety of pedestrians and other road users.One of the key safety concerns with electric vehiclesis their batteries. Battery packs can store a significant amount of energy, which, if not handled properly, can pose a risk of fire or explosion. It is crucial for EV owners and drivers to be aware of the safety precautions involved in charging and maintaining their vehicle's batteries. Using the correct charging equipment and following manufacturer's instructions are vital to preventingbattery-related accidents.Another safety issue with electric vehicles is their increased weight compared to traditional cars. The addedweight of the battery pack can affect the vehicle'shandling and braking capabilities, making it more challenging to control in certain situations. Drivers of electric vehicles need to be extra vigilant when driving, particularly in high-risk scenarios like wet or icy roads.Moreover, the quiet operation of electric vehicles can pose a challenge for pedestrians and other road users. Without the familiar sound of an engine, it can bedifficult for pedestrians to detect the presence of an approaching EV. Drivers of electric vehicles should be particularly careful when approaching intersections orareas where pedestrians may be present, taking extra measures to ensure their safety.To address these safety concerns, it is essential to raise awareness about electric vehicle safety among drivers, pedestrians, and policymakers. Drivers need to be educated about the specific safety considerations of EVs, including proper charging techniques, safe driving practices, and the importance of maintaining their vehicles. Pedestriansshould also be made aware of the quiet operation of EVs and taught to be extra vigilant when crossing the road.Policymakers play a crucial role in promoting electric vehicle safety. They can introduce safety standards and regulations for EVs, ensuring that they meet certain safety criteria before being sold to the public. Additionally,they can invest in infrastructure like charging stationsand EV-friendly road designs to make it safer and more convenient for people to use electric vehicles.In conclusion, electric vehicle safety is a crucial aspect of their widespread adoption and use. By raising awareness, educating drivers and pedestrians, and implementing safety standards and regulations, we canensure that electric vehicles continue to be a safe and viable transportation option for everyone.**电动车安全宣传的重要性：呼吁提高认识**近年来，电动车的兴起改变了汽车行业，为传统汽油车提供了更清洁、更高效的替代方案。

关于电车充电的英文安全作文$$Electric Vehicle Charging Safety Guidelines$$In the age of technological advancements, electric vehicles (EVs) have emerged as a sustainable and environmentally friendly alternative to traditionalgasoline-powered cars. However, with this shift towards electric transportation, it is crucial to prioritize safety, especially when it comes to charging EVs. This article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of EV charging safety, highlighting essential safety measures and best practicesto ensure a safe and seamless charging experience.Firstly, it is important to understand the varioustypes of EV charging stations available. These range from level 1, which uses a standard household outlet andprovides the slowest charging speed, to level 3 or DC fast charging stations, which offer the fastest charging rates but require specialized equipment. Each type of charging station has its own set of safety considerations. For instance, level 1 charging is generally considered saferdue to its low voltage and amperage, but it's crucial to ensure that the outlet is properly grounded and thecharging cable is in good condition. On the other hand, level 3 charging stations require extra caution as they involve higher voltages and amperages, making it essential to use approved and well-maintained equipment.When charging an EV, it is essential to follow basic safety guidelines. Always use the charging cable and adapter provided by the EV manufacturer or an approvedthird-party supplier. Do not use damaged or frayed cables as they can pose a fire hazard. Ensure that the charging station is properly grounded and free from any debris or obstacles that could pose a tripping hazard. Additionally, it is advisable to avoid charging the EV in enclosed or poorly ventilated spaces as this could increase the risk of fire or heat-related issues.One crucial aspect of EV charging safety is to be aware of the environmental conditions. Extreme temperatures, whether hot or cold, can affect the performance and safety of the charging process. High temperatures can cause overheating of the battery and charging equipment, while low temperatures can slow down the charging rate and potentially damage the battery. It is therefore advisableto park the EV in a shaded area during hot weather and to use a cover or blanket to protect the battery from extreme cold.Moreover, it is essential to follow the manufacturer's recommendations for charging the EV. Each EV model has its own specific charging requirements, and it is crucial to adhere to these guidelines. This includes using the appropriate charging mode, avoiding overcharging, and regularly checking the battery's health and performance. Overcharging can damage the battery and increase the risk of fire, while ignoring battery maintenance can lead to decreased performance and potential safety issues.In addition to these basic safety measures, it is also advisable to be familiar with emergency procedures in case of a charging-related accident. This includes knowing how to safely disconnect the EV from the charging station, how to use any emergency shut-off switches, and how to contact emergency services if necessary. It is also important to have a basic understanding of EV battery chemistry and the potential hazards associated with lithium-ion batteries, which are commonly used in EVs.Furthermore, the installation of charging stations should be handled by qualified professionals. Improper installation can lead to electrical hazards and pose a significant risk to both the EV and the charging infrastructure. It is crucial to ensure that the charging station is compatible with the EV and meets all local and national safety regulations.In conclusion, EV charging safety is a crucial aspectof electric vehicle ownership. By following basic safety guidelines, using approved equipment, and adhering to manufacturer recommendations, EV owners can ensure a safe and reliable charging experience. Additionally, staying informed about new developments in EV technology and charging infrastructure can help to further enhance safety and convenience. As the popularity of EVs continues to grow, it is essential that we prioritize safety and promote a culture of responsible charging practices.。

Seat Belts Your Honda automobile is provided with seat belts to minimize the chance of injury to yourself and your passengers in a sudden stop or accident.For precautions on using seat belts for children, babies and pregnant women. See pages 15 — 17.Seat belts are most effective when the driver and passengers are sitting up straight and well back in the seat.In the event of a collision, occupants not wearing seat belts could be seriously or fatally injured. Make sure you and all your passengers ALWAYS put on the seat belts before driving away. CAUTION:Be careful the seat belts are not damaged by catching or entangling in the door or seat mechanism.Front Seat BeltsThe front seats have automatic ("passive") restraint systems consisting of shoulder belts and knee bolsters. For your safety, the manual lap belts must be worn together with the automatic shoulder belts. The shoulder belts must remain permanently latched. The automatic and manual belts have emergency locking retractors designed to lock only during a sudden stop or impact. Otherwise, they allow some freedom of movement in the seat.Operation1.Enter the car and close the doorcompletely. Move the seat acomfortable distance from thesteering wheel, sit straight up andwell back in the seat.Never drive the car with the doorsajar. The front doors must beclosed completely for the frontseat belts to function properly.2. Turn the ignition ON. The shoulder belt buckle will move to itsrear locked position. The length of the shoulder belt will adjust automatically to your body and seating position.Make sure the shoulder belt goes over your shoulder and across your body to evenly distribute the belt's restraining force.If the belt is too near your neck and throat, move toward the center of the seat.(cont'd)Seat Belts (cont'd)Normal movement of the shoulder belt buckle may cause injury.Be sure all parts of your body, especially fingers and hands, are clear of the shoulder buckle while it is moving.CAUTION:If the sunvisor is positioned near the door area, movement of the seat belt buckle can damage the sunvisor. Before opening or closing a front door, turning the ignition on or removing the key from the ignition, make sure the sunvisor is returned to its clip above the windshield.NOTE:If the door is not closed completely, the shoulder belt buckle will not move and the door warning light will come on (see page 25).If the door is opened with the ignition on, the buckle will releaseitself from its locked position and move forward.If the shoulder belt buckle stops halfway or does not move at all,see page 126 for shoulder belt buckle operation.3. Take hold of the lap belt's tongue plate and pull it from its retractor. Be sure the belt is not twisted or caught on anything.NOTE:If pulled too fast, the belt will lock. If this happens, allow the belt to retract then pull it out more slowly.4. Push the tongue plate into the buckle until it clicks locked.Position the belt across your lap, low on your hipbone and below your abdomen. This way, if the car is involved in an accident youwould be less likely to slide under the seat belts.Avoid placing the lap belt across your abdomen. In the event of a collision, the pressure of the belt on the abdomen mayincrease the extent of injury.Never use one belt for more than one person, child or adult.Comfort clips sold on the open market are not recommended since they could impair the function and safety of the belts.Keep belowhip bone.TONGUE PLATEPull the beltacross yourlap.Make sure the strap of the shoulder belt and the lap belt are notcrossed.Do not wear the shoulder portion of the belt under your arm or out of position. Such use could increase the chance and amount of injury in an accident.Releasing the Seat Belts 1. To release the manual lap belt, push the "PRESS" button in the buckle, the belt should retract automatically when released.2. The driver's shoulder belt buckle will release and travel to its off position when the key is removed from the ignition.3. The shoulder belt buckle will also release and travel to its off position when the door is opened.Emergency Belt Release The shoulder belt should always re-main buckled. In case of an emergen-cy, however, the shoulder belt can be released from the shoulder belt buckle by pushing the button.Relatch the shoulder belt before operating the car, making sure the belt is not twisted.Driving with a twisted seat belt can increase your chance and extent of Injury during a collision. Be sure the shoulder belt is not twisted before driving the car.(cont'd)PushSeat Belts (cont'd)Buckling the Rear Seat Combination Lap/Shoulder BeltsIn the rear seat, there are two one-piece combination lap/shoulder belts and a center lap belt.The seat-backs and seat belts provide best restraint when the occupant is sitting well back and straight up in the seat.The combination lap/shoulder belts with emergency locking retractors are designed to lock only during a sudden stop or impact.Otherwise, they allow you some freedom of movement in the seat.NOTE:The emergency locking system of the rear seat belts will also be activated if you pull the belt too fast. If this happens, release the belt slightly then pull it out more slowly.1. Take hold of the tongue plate and pull the belt across your lap. Be sure the belt is not twisted or caught on anything.2. Push the tongue plate into the buckle until it clicks locked.The seat belt should fit snugly against your body. The shoulder portion of the belt should go over your shoulder and across your body to evenly distribute the belt's restraining force.Check that the lap portion of the belt is positioned low on your hipbone and below your abdomen. This way, if the car is involved in an accident, you will be less likely to slide under the seat belts.If the belt is too near your neck and throat, move toward the center of the seat.Avoid placing the lap belt across your abdomen. In the event of a collision, the pressure of the belt on the abdomen may increase the extent of injury.TONGUE PLATE Put the belt across your lap.Take up slack Too highKeep below hip hone.3. To release the seat belt, push the "PRESS" button in the buckle;the belt should retract automatically when released. If the belt does not fully retract, pull it out and check for kinks or twists.CAUTION:Make sure both rear shoulder belts are positioned in front of the rear seat-backs whenever the seat-backs are in their upright position.Rear Center Seat Belt Adjust the center lap belt length to fit snugly but comfortably when buckled.A slack belt will greatly reduce the protection afforded to the wearer. Hold the tongue plate perpendicular to the belt as shown.* To shorten, pull the end of the belt away from the tongue plate.* To lengthen, pull the tongue plate.Push the tongue plate into the buckle until it clicks locked. Position the belt across your lap, not your abdomen, as low on your hips as possible.If worn across your abdomen, pressure of the seat belt on your abdomen may increase the extent of injury in the event of an accident.(cont'd)TONGUE PLATE BUCKLETo shortenTo lengthen。

第1篇Ladies and Gentlemen,Good morning/afternoon/evening. It is an honor to stand before you today to discuss a topic that is not only shaping the future of transportation but also has profound implications for public safety and human life—intelligent vehicle safety. As we delve into the era of autonomous and connected vehicles, it is imperative that we prioritize safety above all else. In this speech, I will outline the current state of intelligent vehicle safety, the challenges we face, and the steps we can take to ensure that our roads remain safe havens for all.The Rise of Intelligent VehiclesIn recent years, the automotive industry has witnessed a remarkable transformation with the advent of intelligent vehicles. These vehicles, equipped with advanced sensors, AI algorithms, and communication systems, are poised to revolutionize the way we travel. However, this technological leap forward comes with its own set of challenges, particularly when it comes to safety.Current State of Intelligent Vehicle SafetyThe current state of intelligent vehicle safety can be characterized by several key developments:1. Advanced Driver-Assistance Systems (ADAS): These systems, such as adaptive cruise control, lane-keeping assist, and automatic emergency braking, are becoming increasingly common in modern vehicles. While they have the potential to significantly reduce accidents, their reliability and effectiveness are still being tested.2. Autonomous Driving Technologies: Companies like Waymo, Tesla, and General Motors are actively working on fully autonomous vehicles. While these vehicles are still in the experimental phase, they offer a glimpse into the future of transportation. However, the safety of these vehicles remains a major concern.3. Connected Vehicles: The ability of vehicles to communicate with each other and with traffic infrastructure holds great promise for enhancing safety. However, ensuring secure and reliable communication is critical to prevent hacking and ensure that vehicles can trust the information they receive.Challenges in Ensuring Intelligent Vehicle SafetyDespite the progress made, several challenges persist in ensuring the safety of intelligent vehicles:1. Reliability of Sensors and AI: The accuracy and reliability of sensors and AI algorithms are crucial for the safe operation of intelligent vehicles. Errors in perception or decision-making can lead to catastrophic consequences.2. Cybersecurity: As vehicles become more connected, they become more vulnerable to cyber attacks. Ensuring the cybersecurity of these vehicles is a complex and evolving challenge.3. Regulatory Framework: The lack of a standardized regulatory framework for intelligent vehicles creates inconsistencies and uncertainties in their deployment and operation. Establishing clear guidelines and regulations is essential for ensuring safety.4. Public Trust: The public's perception of intelligent vehicle safety is crucial for their widespread adoption. Addressing concerns and building trust through transparent communication and demonstration of safety measures is vital.Steps to Ensure Intelligent Vehicle SafetyTo address these challenges and ensure the safety of intelligent vehicles, several steps can be taken:1. Research and Development: Ongoing investment in research and development is crucial to improve the reliability and safety of intelligent vehicle technologies.2. Cybersecurity Measures: Implementing robust cybersecurity measures, including regular software updates and intrusion detection systems, is essential to protect vehicles from cyber threats.3. Regulatory Collaboration: Governments and international organizations should work together to establish a unified regulatory framework that promotes safety and innovation.4. Public Education and Engagement: Educating the public about the benefits and limitations of intelligent vehicles is essential for building trust and fostering a positive perception of these technologies.5. Safety Testing and Validation: Rigorous testing and validation procedures should be in place to ensure that intelligent vehicles meet safety standards before they are released to the market.6. Collaboration with Stakeholders: Collaboration between automotive manufacturers, technology providers, government agencies, and other stakeholders is essential to address the complex challenges ofintelligent vehicle safety.In conclusion, as we embrace the future of intelligent vehicles, safety must remain our top priority. By addressing the challenges, taking proactive steps, and fostering collaboration, we can ensure that our roads are safe and that intelligent vehicles contribute to a safer and more efficient transportation system.Thank you for your attention, and I welcome your questions and thoughts on this critical topic.第2篇Ladies and gentlemen,Good morning/afternoon/evening. It is my great honor to stand before you today to discuss a topic that is not only revolutionizing the automotive industry but also reshaping our lives in countless ways - intelligent vehicles. As we delve into this exciting new era, one cannot overlook the paramount importance of safety. In this speech, I will discuss thesignificance of safety in intelligent vehicles, the challenges we face, and the solutions we can implement to ensure a secure driving experience.I. The Significance of Safety in Intelligent Vehicles1.1 Saving LivesThe primary objective of any vehicle, whether it is traditional or intelligent, is to ensure the safety of its occupants. According to the World Health Organization, road accidents are the leading cause of death among young people aged 15-29. With the advent of intelligent vehicles, we have the opportunity to significantly reduce this number. Advanced safety features such as collision avoidance systems, adaptive cruise control, and lane departure warnings can prevent accidents and save countless lives.1.2 Economic BenefitsIn addition to the human cost, road accidents have a significant economic impact. The cost of medical treatment, vehicle repairs, andlost productivity can be astronomical. By prioritizing safety in intelligent vehicles, we can reduce these costs and create a more sustainable and prosperous society.1.3 Trust and AdoptionThe widespread adoption of intelligent vehicles depends on public trust. If consumers believe that these vehicles are safe, they are more likely to embrace them. Ensuring safety in intelligent vehicles is crucial for fostering trust and encouraging the adoption of this innovative technology.II. Challenges in Ensuring Safety2.1 Integration of Advanced TechnologiesIntelligent vehicles rely on a complex array of technologies, including sensors, cameras, and artificial intelligence. Integrating these technologies into a cohesive and reliable system is a significantchallenge. Ensuring that these components work seamlessly together is crucial for maintaining safety.2.2 Data SecurityWith the increasing amount of data generated by intelligent vehicles, data security becomes a paramount concern. Protecting this data from cyber threats is essential to prevent unauthorized access and potential misuse.2.3 Ethical ConsiderationsAs intelligent vehicles make decisions on our behalf, ethical considerations arise. For instance, how should a vehicle prioritize between two potential collisions? Addressing these ethical dilemmas is essential to ensure that intelligent vehicles make decisions that align with our values and moral principles.III. Solutions to Enhance Safety3.1 Continuous Research and DevelopmentInvesting in research and development is crucial to address the challenges of ensuring safety in intelligent vehicles. By advancing technologies such as sensor fusion, machine learning, and cybersecurity, we can create more reliable and secure intelligent vehicles.3.2 Collaboration and StandardizationCollaboration between governments, industry leaders, and academia is essential to establish standards and regulations for intelligent vehicles. By working together, we can create a framework that ensures safety and fosters innovation.3.3 Public Awareness and EducationRaising public awareness about the benefits and limitations ofintelligent vehicles is crucial for their successful adoption. By educating consumers about safety features and ethical considerations, we can empower them to make informed decisions.3.4 Government SupportGovernments play a critical role in ensuring the safety of intelligent vehicles. By providing funding for research and development,establishing regulations, and investing in infrastructure, governments can help create a conducive environment for the growth of intelligent vehicles.ConclusionIn conclusion, the era of intelligent vehicles presents a unique opportunity to transform the automotive industry and improve our lives. However, we must not overlook the importance of safety. By prioritizing safety, addressing the challenges we face, and implementing solutions, we can create a future where intelligent vehicles are not only innovative but also secure. Let us work together to ensure that intelligent vehicles bring us closer to a safer and more sustainable world.Thank you for your attention.第3篇Ladies and Gentlemen,Good morning/afternoon/evening. It is a great pleasure to stand before you today to discuss a topic that is not only shaping the future of transportation but also has the potential to revolutionize the way we perceive and experience safety on the roads. The topic I am referring to is the advent of intelligent vehicles, and more specifically, the role they play in ensuring the safety of our journeys.As we all know, the automobile has been a cornerstone of modern society, providing us with unparalleled convenience and mobility. However, despite the numerous advancements in automotive technology over the years, accidents and fatalities on our roads continue to be a persistent issue. It is here that intelligent vehicles come into play, offering a glimpse into a future where safety is paramount.Let us begin by defining what we mean by "intelligent vehicles." These are vehicles equipped with advanced technologies such as artificial intelligence, sensors, and connectivity, which enable them to perceive their environment, make decisions, and react to potential hazards with unprecedented precision and speed. Now, let's delve into the key aspects of intelligent vehicle safety and why they are a game-changer for our transportation systems.1. Enhanced Perception: The Eyes of the FutureThe first and foremost aspect of intelligent vehicle safety is their enhanced perception capabilities. Traditional vehicles rely heavily on the driver's eyes and senses to navigate the road. However, human error is a leading cause of accidents. Intelligent vehicles, on the other hand, are equipped with a myriad of sensors, including radar, LiDAR, cameras, and ultrasonic sensors, which provide a comprehensive view of the surroundings.These sensors enable the vehicle to detect pedestrians, cyclists, other vehicles, and even animals on the road, thereby reducing the likelihood of collisions. Furthermore, the integration of AI algorithms allows the vehicle to interpret this data in real-time, making split-second decisions that are far superior to human reflexes.2. Predictive Analytics: Anticipating the UnpredictableOne of the most remarkable features of intelligent vehicles is their ability to predict and anticipate potential hazards. By analyzing vast amounts of data from various sources, including traffic patterns, weather conditions, and historical accident data, these vehicles can foresee and avoid risky situations before they even occur.For instance, an intelligent vehicle can detect a sudden change in weather conditions and adjust its speed and driving style accordingly, reducing the risk of hydroplaning or skidding. Similarly, it can predict the actions of other drivers and take evasive maneuvers to prevent collisions.3. Autonomous Emergency Braking: A Lifesaver on Four WheelsAutonomous emergency braking (AEB) is another crucial safety featurethat has been integrated into many intelligent vehicles. This technology uses radar and camera systems to detect potential collisions and automatically apply the brakes to prevent or mitigate the severity of an accident.The effectiveness of AEB in reducing accidents is well-documented. According to a study by the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, vehicles equipped with AEB experienced a 38% reduction in rear-end collisions compared to those without the technology.4. Connectivity: The Internet of Moving ThingsThe connected nature of intelligent vehicles is another significant factor contributing to their safety. These vehicles can communicate with each other, traffic infrastructure, and even pedestrians, creating a network of information that enhances overall road safety.For example, if a vehicle detects an obstacle ahead, it can immediately alert nearby vehicles, allowing them to take evasive action before the collision occurs. This type of vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication has the potential to significantly reduce the number of accidents caused by human error.5. Driver Assistance Systems: The Guardians of the RoadDriver assistance systems (DAS) are designed to assist the driver in maintaining control of the vehicle and preventing accidents. Features such as adaptive cruise control, lane-keeping assist, and blind-spot monitoring all work together to create a safer driving experience.These systems not only reduce the workload on the driver but also provide an additional layer of safety in the event of driver distraction or fatigue. In fact, studies have shown that DAS can reduce the risk of lane departure accidents by up to 80%.6. The Road to a Safer FutureWhile the adoption of intelligent vehicles is still in its infancy, the progress made in recent years is nothing short of remarkable.Governments, automotive manufacturers, and technology companies are collaborating to accelerate the development and deployment of theselife-saving technologies.However, the transition to a fully autonomous driving future is not without its challenges. We must address concerns related to privacy, cybersecurity, and ethical decision-making. Nevertheless, the potential benefits of intelligent vehicles in terms of safety, efficiency, and sustainability are too significant to ignore.In conclusion, intelligent vehicles are poised to transform the way we travel, making our roads safer and more efficient. By harnessing the power of advanced technologies, these vehicles are not just a step forward in automotive innovation; they are a critical component in our journey towards a safer, more connected world.Thank you for your attention. I encourage you to embrace the era of intelligent vehicles and support the efforts to make our roads a safer place for everyone. Together, we can pave the way for a future where accidents are a thing of the past.Thank you.。

SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising therefrom, is the sole responsibility of the user.”SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be reaffirmed, revised, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions.QUESTIONS REGARDING THIS DOCUMENT: (724) 772-8512 FAX: (724) 776-0243TO PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER; (724) 776-4970 FAX: (724) 776-0790SAE WEB ADDRESS 4.Technical Safety Guidelines (5)4.1Electric Vehicle Crashworthiness (5)4.2Single Point Failure (5)4.3Electrical Safety (5)4.3.1Automatic Hazardous Voltage Disconnects (5)4.3.1.1Typical Automatic Disconnect Function Inputs (6)4.3.1.1.1Vehicle Crash Sensor (6)4.3.1.1.2Detected Loss of Battery Isolation (Ground Fault) (6)4.3.1.1.3Hazardous Voltage Interlock Loop (6)4.3.1.1.4Overcurrent (6)4.3.1.2Other Automatic Disconnect Function Guidelines (6)4.3.2Manual Disconnects (6)4.3.2.1Suggested Disconnect Location and Type (6)4.3.2.2Disconnect Function (6)4.3.2.3Disconnect Operation (7)4.3.3Interlocks (7)4.3.3.1Hazardous Voltage Bus Discharge (7)4.3.3.2Access Cover Interlocks (7)4.3.3.3Hazardous Voltage Interlock Loop (7)4.3.3.4Charge Interlocks (7)4.3.4Special Tools (7)4.3.5Grounding (7)4.3.6High-Voltage Wiring Assemblies (7)4.3.7Fusing (8)4.4Fault Monitoring (8)4.5Hazardous Liquid Leakage (8)4.6Hazardous Gas Leakage (8)4.7Vehicle Immersion (8)4.8Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) and Electrical Transient (8)4.9Safety Labeling (9)4.10Mechanical Safety (9)4.10.1Shift Mechanisms with “P” Position (9)4.10.2Other Types of Shift Mechanisms (9)4.10.3Towability Design Criteria (9)4.11Battery State-of-Charge (9)1.Scope—This SAE Information Report identifies and defines the preferred technical guidelines relating tosafety for Electric Vehicles (EVs) during normal operation and charging. Guidelines in this document do not necessarily address maintenance, repair, or assembly safety issues.1.1Purpose—The purpose of this SAE Information Report is to provide introductory safety guideline informationthat should be considered when designing electric vehicles for use on public roadways.1.2Field of Application—This document covers electric vehicles having a gross vehicle weight rating of 4536 kg(10 000 lb) or less that are designed for use on public roads.1.3Product Classification—Not available.1.4Form—Not available.2.References2.1Applicable Publications—The following publications form a part of this information report to the extentspecified. Unless otherwise indicated, the latest version of SAE publications shall apply.Applicable FMVSS standards and regulations shall supersede any SAE recommended practices as described in this document.2.1.1SAE P UBLICATIONS—Available from SAE, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA. 15096-0001.SAE551-1—Performance Levels and Methods of Measurement of Electromagnetic Compatibility of Vehicles and Devices (60 Hz to 18 GHz)SAE J551-2—T est Limits and Methods of Measurement of Radio Disturbance Characterisitics of Vehicles, Motorboats, and Spark-Ignited Engine-Driven DevicesSAE J551-4—T est Limits and Methoeds of Measurement of Radio Disturbance Characteristics of Vehicles and Devices, Broadband and Narrowband, 150 kHz to 1000 MHzSAE J551-5—Performance Levels and Methods of Measurement of Magnetic and Electric Field Strength from Electric Vehicles, Broadband, 9 kHz to 30 MHzSAE J551-11—Vehicle Electromagnetic Immunity—Off-Vehicle SourceSAE J551-12—Vehicle Electromagnetic Immunity—On-Board Transmitter SimulationSAE J551-13—Vehicle Electromagnetic Immunity—Bulk Current InjectionSAE J1766—Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Battery Systems Crash Integrity TestingSAE J1718—Hydrogen Gas EmissionsSAE J1772—Electric Vehicle Conductive CouplingSAE J1773—Electric Vehicle Inductive CouplingSAE J1654—High Voltage Primary CableSAE J1673—High Voltage Wiring2.1.2ANSI/IEEE—Available from ANSI, 11 West 42nd Street, New Y ork, NY 10036-8002.ANSI/IEEE—C62.41—Surge Voltages in Low-Voltage AC Power CircuitsANSI/IEEE—C62.45—Equipment Connected to Low-Voltage AC Power Circuits, Guide on Surge Testing for 2.1.3CISPR P UBLICATIONS—Available from ????CISPR 12CISPR 252.1.4FMVSS P UBLICATION—Available from the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office,Mail Stop: SSOP, Washington, DC 20402-9320.FMVSS—(Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards)2.1.5IEC P UBLICATIONS—Available from International Electrotechnical Commission, 3, rue de Verambe, P.O. Box131, 1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland.IEC 801-4IEC 555-2IEC 555-32.1.6ISO P UBLICATION—Available from ANSI, 11 West 42nd Street, New Y ork, NY 10036-8002.ISO11451—Road vehicles—Electrical disturbances by narrowband radiated electromagnetic energy—Vehicle Test Methods2.1.7UL P UBLICATIONS—Available from Underwriters Laboratories, 333 Pfingsten Road, Northbrook, IL 60062-2096.UL 2202—-Electric Vehicle Charging Equipment October 1996UL2231—Personnel Protection Systems for Electric Vehicle (EV) Supply Circuits: Part 1: General Requirements, July 1,19962.1.8O THER P UBLICATIONS—The following documents should be consulted for additional information regarding EVsafety.Applicable State and Local laws and regulations.FCC Rules and Regulations Parts 15 and 18.Canada's ICEs 002European Union 72/245/EEC as amended by 95/54/EC2.2Related Publications—The following publications are provided for information purposes only and are not arequired part of this document.2.2.1SAE P UBLICATIONS—Available from SAE, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001.SAE TSB 001—SAE Technical Standards Board Rules and RegulationsSAE TSB 002—SAE Preparation of SAE Technical ReportsSAE TSB 003—Rules for the SAE Use of SI (Metric) UnitsSAE J1115—Guidelines for Developing and Revising SAE Nomenclature and DefinitionsSAE J1142—Towability Design Criteria and Equipment Use-Passenger Cars, Vans, and Light-Duty Trucks SAE J1715—Electric Vehicle TerminologySAE Report—Format Guidelines for Electronic Capture of SAE DocumentsSAE Committee Guidelines Manual2.2.2ISO P UBLICATIONS—Available from ANSI, 11 West 42nd Street, New Y ork, NY 10036-8002.ISO/WD 6469-1—Electric Road Vehicles—Safety Specifications—Part 1: On-board energy storageISO/WD6469-2—Electric Road Vehicles—Safety specifications—Part 2: Functional safety means and protection against failures.ISO/WD6469-3—Electric road vehicles—Safety Specifications—Part 3: Protection of users against electrical hazards.2.2.3F EDERAL AND M ILITARY P UBLICATION—Available from the U. S. Government, DOD SSP, Subscription ServiceDivision, Building 4D, 700 Robbins Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094MIL SPEC -1472 B for Thermal Hazards3.Definitions3.1Motor Vehicle—Means any vehicle driven or drawn by mechanical power manufactured primarily for use onthe public streets, roads, and highways.3.2Motor Vehicle Safety Standard—Means a minimum standard for motor vehicle performance (written by theNational Highway Traffic Safety Adminstration), or motor vehicle equipment performance, which is practicable, which meets the need for motor vehicle safety and which provides objective criteria.3.3Motoring—Defined as the Key (power-enabling device) in the “on” postion and that mode in which thetransmission selector is in a forward or reverse drive position.3.4Potentially Hazardous Voltage—Means voltage levels that can harm humans through electric shock.Hazardous voltage levels are defined in the Outline of Investigation for Personnel Protection Systems for Electric Vehicle (EV) Supply Circuits; General Requirements, UL 2231 July 1996 in Section 5 and in UL 2202 Electric Vehicle Charging Equipment October 1996 in Section 6. Systems which are 60 VDC and above should be designed to protect against direct contact.3.5Potentially Hazardous Energy—Means the capability for damage to property or injury to persons, other thanby electric shock. Potentially hazardous energy is considered to exist, if between a live part and an adjacent dead metal part or between live parts of different polarity, there exists a potential of 2 V or more and either an available continuous power level of 240 V-A or more, or a reactive energy level of 20 J or more. (reference - UL 2202)3.6Hazardous Voltage Interlock Loop (HVIL)—Means a continuous electrical circuit which begins and ends inan automatic disconnect device and sends a small (non-hazardous) electric current through a loop, where hazardous voltage is present, to check for electrical continuity.3.7Electrical Isolation—Means the electrical resistance between the vehicle traction battery high-voltage systemand any vehicle conductive structure. A value greater than or equal to 500 Ω/V at the maximum battery pack working voltage, is defined as “isolated”. Isolation is measured from both the positive and negative battery terminals relative to the vehicle conductive structure.3.8Electrical isolation—Means a condition in which the traction battery is deliberately disconnected fromexternal circuitry, as for example by an automatic disconnect device. Such isolation normally requires that both the positive and negative battery leads be disconnected.4.Technical Safety Guidelines4.1EV Crashworthiness—Crashworthiness guidelines for EVs are contained in SAE J1766.4.2Single-Point Failure—A single-point hardware/software failure or single failure of trained personnel to followdocumented procedures should not result in an unreasonable safety risk to any person.4.3Electrical Safety—EVs typically contain potentially hazardous levels of electrical voltage or current. It isimportant to protect persons from exposure to this hazard. Under normal operating conditions, adequate electrical isolation is achieved through physical separation means such as the use of insulated wire, enclosures, or other barriers to direct contact. There are conditions or events that can occur outside normal operation that can cause this protection to be degraded. Some means should be provided to detect degraded isolation or loss of separation, so that action can be taken to mitigate the degradation. In addition, processes and/or hardware should be provided to allow for controlled access to the high-voltage system for maintenance or repair. A number of alternative means may be used to achieve these electrical safety goals, including Automatic Hazardous Voltage Disconnects, Manual Disconnects, Interlock System(s), Special Tools, and Grounding. The intention of all these means is either to prevent inadvertant contact with hazardous voltages or to prevent damage or injury from the uncontrolled release of electrical energy.4.3.1A UTOMATIC H AZARDOUS V OLTAGE D ISCONNECTS—An automatic hazardous voltage disconnect functionprovides a means of electrically isolating hazardous voltage within a battery pack from external circuitry or components without user intervention, based on some input triggering event. An automatic disconnect device should also provide a reset capability for restoring the traction voltage after the initiating condition has been cleared. Several types of events are commonly used as inputs to an automatic disconnect function.4.3.1.1Typical Automatic Disconnect Function Inputs4.3.1.1.1Vehicle Crash Sensor—Actuating an automatic disconnect in the event of a crash may be an appropriatemeans for assuring that the electrical isolation required by SAE J1766 is maintained after a crash,provided that the automatic disconnect function is qualified to operate in the crash tests described inSAE J1766 .4.3.1.1.2Detected Loss Of Battery Isolation (Ground Fault)—It is desirable to monitor the degree of electricalisolation between traction battery voltage and vehicle conducting structures. Loss of such isolation is notin and of itself an unsafe condition; however, detection of a loss of isolation may be used to activate anautomatic disconnect. If the vehicle is in operation when the loss of isolation is detected, the disconnectaction should occur only in the non-motoring mode (e.g., Examples: Key (power-enabling device) off, keyremoved, or in Park).4.3.1.1.3Hazardous Voltage Interlock Loop (HVIL)—The general intent of a HVIL is to monitor the integrity of aloop where hazardous voltage is present which could expose persons to potentially hazardous voltage ifopened or disconnected. In general, the response to loss of continuity in a HVIL should be to actuate anautomatic hazardous voltage disconnect.4.3.1.1.4Overcurrent—In addition to other functions as described in the preceding sections, an automaticdisconnect device may be used to perform either a primary or secondary/redundant overcurrentprotection function. If some other device acts as the primary overcurrent protection means, it may alsobe desirable to actuate the automatic disconnect device in the event of an overcurrent condition, either toperform its disconnect function or to provide more accurate overcurrent protection.4.3.1.2Other Automatic Disconnect Function Guidelinesa.It is desirable for the automatic disconnect device to be located as close to the battery output terminalsas possible to minimize the external circuitry which is not de-energized when it actuates.b.Reset of an automatic disconnect device should require a deliberate action of the operator. Resetshould not expose the operator to hazardous voltages.c.An automatic disconnect should,where practical, detect failures of its function (e.g.,welded contacts)and provide an indication of such condition to a manufacturer-specified interface such that the driver orservice personnel may be alerted to the existence of this condition.d.An automatic disconnect should not require power to actuate, i.e., it should be normally open (“fail-safe”) when in the unpowered state.e.An automatic disconnect should actuate when any associated supply voltage(s) falls to a level belowwhich the disconnect may not function properly.f.An output signal may be needed from the automatic disconnect to permit de-energizing other powersources on the load side of the automatic disconnect.4.3.2M ANUAL D ISCONNECTS—A Manual Disconnect can provide manually operated hazardous voltage electricalisolation for vehicle assembly, service, and maintenance operations. The following guidelines are provided for manual disconnects:4.3.2.1Suggested Disconnect Location and Type—A single-pole manual disconnect, if used, should be located asclose as possible to the electrical center of the battery pack. Alternatively, a single two-pole manual disconnect can be used to disconnect both the positive and negative terminals of the battery. The use of multiple manual disconnects is not recommended.4.3.2.2Disconnect Function—Opening a manual disconnect should remove any voltage between positive andnegative battery pack output terminals.4.3.2.3Disconnect Operation—Removal of or opening the manual disconnect should not require tools and shouldrequire a force that a person can easily provide. Manual disconnect devices should be electrically insulated to prevent personnel from inadvertently completing a conductive path.4.3.3I NTERLOCKS4.3.3.1Hazardous Voltage Bus Discharge—When high-voltage circuitry is disconnected from the battery pack(e.g., when the hazardous voltage automatic disconnect or manual disconnect is opened), it may benecessary to discharge the capacitance of the hazardous voltage bus to a non-hazardous level. This is a manufacturer-specific choice depending on the voltage and energy present and the time required for voltage to decay. (See UL 2202 for guidance.)4.3.3.2Access Cover Interlocks—An interlock, or other means, may be provided on any cover whose removalprovides direct access to exposed conductors with hazardous voltage. If a Hazardous Voltage Interlock Loop is used (see next section), such interlocks should be a part of this monitoring loop.4.3.3.3Hazardous Voltage Interlock Loop—A Hazardous Voltage Interlock Loop (HVIL) is a type of interlocksystem which typically uses a small (non-hazardous) signal through a loop connecting a set of conductors and connectors where hazardous voltage is present to check for electrical continuity. In the event of a loss of electrical continuity through the loop, for example due to opening a connector, the automatic disconnect device is opened to remove hazardous voltage from potentially exposed points. Methods other than a HVIL may be used to detect the loss of electrical continuity. The HVIL may also be routed through other vehicular devices at the vehicle manufacturer’s option, e.g., a power-enabling switch or a “manual disconnect" which could be used as a lock out device for system maintenance operations.4.3.3.4Charge Interlocks—There should be no accessible contacts carrying hazardous voltage during or inconnection with charging operations. The vehicle should be equipped with an interlock that will prevent application of drive power while the vehicle is still mechanically connected to the charging power source.(Refer to SAE J1772 and SAE J1773)4.3.4S PECIAL T OOLS—In general, special tools should not be used as a substitute for fail-safe design features.However, they may be appropriate in some cases as a substitute for interlocks or automatic disconnects for restricting access to non-user-serviceable functions. Use of such tools should be coupled with appropriate safety handling procedures and/or labeling practices.4.3.5G ROUNDING—If hazardous voltages are contained within a conductive exterior case or enclosure that may beexposed to human contact as installed in the vehicle, this case should be provided with a conductive connection to the vehicle chassis.Energy storage components (i.e., batteries) and major power electronics components should have their external conductive cases connected directly to the vehicle conductive structure (chassis) by a ground strap, wire, welded connection or other suitable low-resistance mechanical connection. Case ground connectors routed from other components (as noted as follows) should be connected to this grounding means.Other components which receive hazardous voltages from sources outside their conductive enclosures may have their cases grounded either directly as previously stated or indirectly through the wiring harness which carries the voltage(s) from the external source. The intent of this guideline is that disconnecting a wiring harness used to provide indirect case grounding should also disconnect the source of hazardous voltages.4.3.6H IGH-V OLTAGE W IRING A SSEMBLIES—It is recommended that high-voltage wiring assemblies for EVs shouldfollow the guidelines established in both SAE J1654 and SAE J1673.4.3.7F USING—Fuses are protective devices designed to interrupt the electrical circuit when subjected to excessivecurrent. They are nonreversible and must be replaced after the circuit malfunction is corrected. They should not be used as personnel protection devices, since they do not respond sensitively enough to protect persons from injury due to contact with hazardous high voltage.4.4Fault Monitoring—The vehicle operator should be alerted to the existence of a propulsion system fault orcondition that could lead to further damage to propulsion system hardware and should not be allowed to persist uncorrected. The following are instances of faults which might need to be indicated (as applicable to a particular design):Loss of Battery System IsolationLow State-of-ChargeLow Oil Pressure (analogous to Engine Oil Pressure)Over Temperature, Temperature Fault, or Temperature Out-of-RangeHazardous Voltage FaultFailure of Contactor to Open When Commanded (Welded Contacts)4.5Hazardous Liquid Leakage—The propulsion system shall not leak any hazardous liquids in any positionduring normal storage, shipment, assembly, driving, or charging. Post-crash leakage guidelines are provided in SAE J1766.4.6Hazardous Gas Leakage—Hydrogen gas accumulation, in EV battery packs should be limited to less than2% of the total free volume of the battery pack as described in SAE J2289. For other vehicle compartments, outside the battery pack, it is recommended that the vehicle design preclude accumulation of hazardous gas beyond the same limit stated previously. Specific atttention to placement of vent tube exhausts is required in order to assure the limits are met. Vehicle level testing for hydrogen gas emissions during charging are described in SAE J1718.4.7Vehicle Immersion—Total or partial immersion of an EV in water should not result in electric potential orcurrent flow, gas or liquid emissions, or explosion that is hazardous to any person inside or outside the vehicle.4.8Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) and Electrical Transient—All electrical assemblies on an EV whichcould affect safe operation of the vehicle should be functionally tolerant of the electromagnetic environment to which the vehicle will be exposed. This includes fluctuating voltage and load conditions which will occur during normal operation of the vehicle during driving and charging. Also, electrical transients resulting from normal operation of the vehicle should not cause false shutdowns of the vehicle.Several industry standards and guidelines exist including:Complete Vehicle Documents—SAE J551-1, SAE J551-2, SAE J551-4, SAE J551-5,SAE J551-11, SAE J551-12, SAE J551-13, SAE J1812, CISPR 12, CISPR 25, ISO 11451 series.Component/Electrical Assemblies—SAE J1113 series, SAE J1752 series, CISPR 25, ISO 11452 series.Other Industry Documents—ANSI/IEEE C62.41, ANSI/IEEE C62.45, IEC 801-4, IEC 555-2, IEC 555-3 The foregoing guidelines on EMC safety are in addition to applicable government regulatory requirements for EMC, such as:FCC Rules and Regulations Parts 15 and 18.Canada's ICEs 002European Union 72/245/EEC as amended by 95/54/EC4.9Safety Labeling—Safety labels should be adequate to warn of reasonably foreseeable hazards associatedwith operation and service of the propulsion system hardware.4.10Mechanical Safety—The primary aim of this section is to prevent unintended motion of the vehicle when it isstopped. EVs may or may not include a conventional multi-speed transmission, and the control mechanism provided for changing from forward to reverse operation may resemble a manual transmission shift lever, a "PRND" shift lever like an automatic transmission, or something else entirely. Because an unenergized electric motor will typically have much lower resistance to rotation than an internal combustion engine, the vehicle may be subject to "rollaway" at any time when it is not actually being driven. The means provided to prevent unitended “rollaway” should be either transparent or readily apparent to novice drivers of the vehicle.4.10.1S HIFT M ECHANISMS WITH "P" P OSITION—A vehicle whose shift mechanism resembles an automatictransmission, i.e., includes a position marked "P" or "Park", should incorporate a mechanical interlock in this position which is functionally equivalent to the parking pawl on an automatic transmission and which will prevent the vehicle from rolling in either direction on level ground or moderate inclines.4.10.2O THER T YPES OF S HIFT M ECHANISMS—A vehicle whose shift mechanism does not include a designated"Park" position should provide an obvious means of preventing unintended "rollaway", e.g., automatic application of the parking brake when the key is "off", a prominently displayed label to caution the operator, or other means determined to be appropriate by the vehicle manufacturer.4.10.3T OWABILITY D ESIGN C RITERIA—Specific procedures for sling, wheel-lift, or car-carrier towing shall beconsidered normal service information and included in the owner’s manual/guide. Included in the procedures should be photographs or line drawings describing recommended attachment points. (For further information on towing, refer to SAE J1142)4.11Battery State-Of-Charge—EVs should be equipped with a gauge that indicates propulsion battery state-of-charge. This gauge should be similar in format and operation to fuel gauges used on conventional ICE vehicles. The ISO symbol for battery state-of-charge should be used as the identifying icon for this EV state of charge gauge. Vehicle performance capability (maximum speed, acceleration, hill climbing ability, etc.) should not vary appreciably throughout the span from indicated 'FULL ' to 'EMPTY' on the EV state-of-charge gauge.If the EV is designed to provide a reduced level of performance as battery state-of-charge becomes depleted (to protect battery life, provide a "limp home" feature, etc.), a separate indicator shall be activated to alert the driver when this reduced level of performance is invoked. This indicator and its corresponding reduced level of vehicle performance should be explained in the owner's manual.Whenever there is sufficient battery state-of-charge to propel the EV, including all normal and reduced performance operating modes, there shall be no discernible degradation in the performance of critical vehicle safety systems such as lighting, braking, steering, etc.PREPARED BY THE SAE ELECTRIC VEHICLE SAFETY STANDARDS COMMITTEE OF THESAE ELECTRIC VEHICLE STANDARDS FORUM COMMITTEERationale—Not applicable.Relationship of SAE Standard to ISO Standard—Not applicable.Application—This SAE Information Report identifies and defines the preferred technical guidelines relating to safety for Electric Vehicles (EVs) during normal operation and charging. Guidelines in this document do not necessarily address maintenance, repair, or assembly safety issues.Reference SectionSAE TSB 001—SAE Technical Standards Board Rules and RegulationsSAE TSB 002—SAE Preparation of SAE Technical ReportsSAE TSB 003—Rules for the SAE Use of SI (Metric) UnitsSAE551-1—Performance Levels and Methods of Measurement of Electromagnetic Compatibility of Vehicles and Devices (60 Hz to 18 GHz)SAE J551-2—T est Limits and Methods of Measurement of Radio Disturbance Characterisitics of Vehicles, Motorboats, and Spark-Ignited Engine-Driven DevicesSAE J551-4—T est Limits and Methoeds of Measurement of Radio Disturbance Characteristics of Vehicles and Devices, Broadband and Narrowband, 150 kHz to 1000 MHzSAE J551-5—Performance Levels and Methods of Measurement of Magnetic and Electric Field Strength from Electric Vehicles, Broadband, 9 kHz to 30 MHzSAE J551-11—Vehicle Electromagnetic Immunity—Off-Vehicle SourceSAE J551-12—Vehicle Electromagnetic Immunity—On-Board Transmitter SimulationSAE J551-13—Vehicle Electromagnetic Immunity—Bulk Current InjectionSAE J1115—Guidlines for Developing and Revising SAE Nomenclature and DefinitionsSAE J1142—Towability Design Criteria and Equipment Use-Passenger Cars, Vans, and Light-Duty TrucksSAE J1654—High Voltage Primary CableSAE J1673—High Voltage WiringSAE J1715—Electric Vehicle TerminologySAE J1766—Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Battery Systems Crash Integrity TestingSAE J1718—Hydrogen Gas EmissionsSAE J1772—Electric Vehicle Conductive CouplingSAE J1773—Electric Vehicle Inductive CouplingSAE Report—Format Guidelines for Electronic Capture of SAE Documents。